Interim results of a longitudinal study into the perceptions of Bridge Team Management (BTM) in pilotage waters as experienced by Deck officers studying at the Australian Maritime College Captain Richard Dunham Professor Margareta Lutzhoft Bridge Team Management • “It is the implementation of a way of working that recognises that reliable and consistent standards can only be maintained if navigation is based upon sound principles and reinforced by effective organisation.” A.J.Swift – Bridge Team Management – A practical guide (Nautical institute) MAIB Bridge Watchkeeping Safety Study Recommendations of the report included: The conclusions of this study be forwarded to IMO, with the aim of reviewing …. The requirements of STCW95 so that the bridge lookout can be more effectively utilised as an integral part of the bridge team. This study • Building on work carried out as a project by a graduate student. • Questionnaire completed by volunteer students studying on the chief Mate/ master combined course. Questionnaire • Used a five stage Likert scale, asking for the subjects opinions • Questionnaire has been extended from the original to include information on subjects “at sea” experience Choice of subject • Chief mate / master class chosen because:– Large age range of students – Range of different backgrounds – Most have significant experience at sea – Class contains “fast-track” Cadets, so spreading the experience of the subjects – At the time this was the course in which Bridge Team Management was discussed. (now part of OOW requirements) Initial programme • Designed to extend over 5 years – To allow a significant number of students to answer the questionnaire STCW2010 (Manilla Amendments) • Introduced part-way through the process • Requires OOW to have BTM training. • Therefore the study will be extended to see if the pre Manilla amendment training, and the post Manilla amendment training have an effect on the perceptions Subjects so far Last Vessel Offshore 19 Bluewater 44 Undeclared 3 Total 66 Nature of trade Foreign 38 Interstate 24 Undeclared 4 Total 66 Last rank served Cadet 13 3rd Mate 11 2nd Mate 35 Chief Mate 4 Years’ experience 0–5 52 5 – 10 6 10 – 15 4 15 + 4 Age <20 1 20 – 30 31 30 – 40 23 40 – 50 10 Master 1 Total 66 Total 66 50 + 1 Total 66 Scoring • Likert scale used and scored as follows • 1 – positive, strongly agree, most likely • 3 – the neutral value • 5 – negative, strongly disagree, least likely Results Question 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 13 14 15 16 17 Area Situation Awareness Situation Awareness Situation Awareness Attitudes and Management skills Cultural awareness Average 3.648 Standard Deviation 1.148 1.677 0.670 1.888 0.754 3.000 1.123 3.785 1.091 Communication and briefing Challenge and response Short term strategy 2.246 0.961 2.461 1.144 1.953 0.734 Authority and assertiveness Management Styles Workload 2.063 0.936 2.281 0.928 2.219 0.950 Human involvement in error Judgement and decision making Leadership in emergencies Crisis and crowd management Automation awareness 2.246 0.898 2.270 1.199 1.923 0.775 1.938 0.920 2.661 1.177 • For the full results it is necessary to refer to the individual question • Time does not allow for a full discussion of the results, but here are the answers for a couple of sample questions Question 1 • During pilotage on your last vessel how often did you feel that your bridge team was unable to integrate all the information that made up the operational environment (ie. objects, events, people, systems and environmental factors) so as to perceive what was happening? Qu Area Average SD 1 Situation Awareness 3.648 1.148 Question 13 • Human errors should not be expected during pilotage operations and culprits must be singled out and blamed for their actions? Qu Area Average 13 Human 2.246 involvement in error SD 0.898 Question 17 • A bridge that is highly automated with technologies such as ECDIS (Electronic Chart Display and Information Systems) decreases workloads, reduces errors and optimises situational awareness. Qu Area Average SD 17 2.661 1.177 Automation Awareness Question 12 • On average in your current role as a watchkeeper, which of these terms best describes the general state of the bridge team during pilotage? • Answers – “Inattentive”, “Bored”, “Optimum”, “Concerned”, “Alarmed” Answers • • • • • 35/66 – Optimum 11/66 – Bored 4/66 – Inattentive 9/66 – Concerned 4/66 - Alarmed Conclusions • Volunteer subjects not a true cross section of the industry as a whole • In general the subjects working offshore (Oil and Gas industry) were less likely to use the principles of BTM than those working in the Bluewater fleet • Since this is a longitudinal study, it will give an indication of the changes as more students are exposed to BTM in their earlier studies. • Thank You