Evolution and Community Ecology

Ouizlet Chapter 5 Section 1
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8. adaptation inherited characteristic tiiat increases an
oisanism's chance of survival
21. allopatric The formation of new species in populations
speciation tiiat are geographically isolated from one
22. sympatric The creation of a species due to a mutation that
speciation causes the inability to reproduce together
4. threatened a species that could become endangered in the
s p e c i e s n e a r fi x t u r e
another
18. artificial process of selection conducted under human
selection direction
10. behavioral
adaptation
5. endan^red
species
1. evolution
an inherited behavior that helps an organism
survive
a species whose numbers are so small that the
species is at risk of extinction
generation-to-generation change in the
proportion of different inherited genes in a
population that account for all of the changes
that have transformed life over an immense
14. extinct
no longer in existence
a species that was once present on Earth but
species
has died out
species that have disappeared from an area, but
still exist dsewhere
1 7 . fi t n e s s
describes how rq)roductively successful an
oiganism is in its environment
15. giene
a sequence of DNA that codes for a particular
trait
16. genetic
biological evolution that occurs by chance
d r i f t
13. instinct
Pd
a complex bdiavior that is rigidly patterned
throughout a species and is unlearned
(migration)
11 . n n n u c r y
an adaptation that allows an animal to protect
itself by looking like another kind of animal or
like a plant
19. mutation
any event that changes genetic structure
2.
process by which individuals that are better
natural
selection
suited to their environment survive and
rq)roduce most successfully
1 2 . r e fl e x
an automatic instinctive unlearned reaction to a
stimulus, an automatic response that occurs
very rapidly and widiout conscious control
(playing dead)
20. speciation
Formation of a new species
9. structural
a physical feature of an organism's bo^ having
a specific function that contributes to the
adaptation
survival of the organism
3. survival of
t h e fi t t e s t
a natural process resulting in the evolution of
organisms best adapted to the environment
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CJK.5
Qyi^let Interaction-Chapter 5 Section 2
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9. coevolntion
two spedes evolve in response to changes in each other
6. commensalism
symbiotic relationship in whidi one member of the association benefits and the olber is neither hdped nor
harmed
11. competition
Interaction among organisms that vie for the same resource in an ecosystem
12. herbivory
An interaction in which one animal feeds on producers
5. Timtiiali.gni
symbiotic rdationship in which both species benefit from the relationship
10. niche
An organism's particular role in an ecosystem, or how it makes its living
4. parasitism
symbiotic rdationship in which one organism lives in or on another organism (tibe host) and consequently
harms it
1. predator
animal thathunts and eats other animals
2.
animal hunted or caught for food
8.
prey
resource
species divide the resource thgr use in conmion specializing in different ways
partitioning
3. symbiosis
rdationship in which two species live dosdy together over a long period of time
7, tolerance
the ability to survive and reproduce under changing environmental conditions
Ollizl^ Ecological Communities Chapter 5 Section 3
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19. biomass
the total mass of living matter in a given
miitarea
7.
carnivore
organism tiiat obtains energy by eating
animals
16. cdlular
respiration
u. chemosynthesis
A process in which cells use oxygen to
rdease energy stored in sugars
Sugars are produced from eneigy stored
chemicals instead of from eneigy from the
4.
consumer
an organism that obtains energy
feeding on other organisms
11. decomposer
organism that breaks down and obtains
energy from dead organic matter
IS. detritivores
cyde the nutrients of nonliving organic
matter, including leaf litter, waste
products, and the dead bodies of other
community members
13. energy pyramid
diagram that shows the energy available to
each trophic level in an ecosystem; io96 is
passed on to iq>per levds, the rest is lost as
heat
1. food chain
series of steps in an ecosystem in which
organisms transfer energy by eating and
being patpn
2. foodwd>
consists of the many overlapping food
chains in an ecosystem
5. herbivore
organism that obtains energy by eating
only plants
18. keystone
species
8.
omnivore
a species with a strong or wide-reaching
impact on a community
organism that obtains energy eating
both plants and animal.q
17. photosyntiiesis
A process used by plants and other
autotrophs to capture light and energy and
use it to power chemical reactions that
convert carbon dioxide and water into
oxygen and energy-rich carbohydrates
(sugars)
3. producer
an organism that makes its own food
10. scavenger
a detritivore that gets its eneigy by feeding
on refuse and other decaying organic
6. secondary
An organism that eats primary consumers
c o n s u m e r
9. tertiary
An organism that eats secondary
c o n s u m e r s
12. tropbic Steps on a food/biomass pyramid tliat are defined by
lewd organisms within a community that are the same
distance from the piimaiy producers in a food web
Community Stability Chapter 5 Section 4
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12. aquatic
sediment build-up that tuTns a pond into a swamp and then into a meadow
s u c c e s s i o n
2. biodiversity the number of different species in a given area
6. rKmair The last or final Stage of succession in a community which is in equilibrium with its environment
community
3. ecolo^cal The gradual and orderly process of change in an ecosystem brought about 1^ die progressive replacement of one
succession community ty another until a stable climax is established
1. habitat loss the process in which natural habitat is rendered functionally unable to support the species present leading cause of
species decline
10.
10.
invasive
i n v a s i v e species diat enter new ecosystems and multiply, harming native species and their habitats
species
11. moss and
pioneer species diat on bare rock where th^r colonize and break it down into soil
lichens
s.
nonnative
a nonnative organism diat spreads widely in a community
species
s. pioneer
first species to populate an area during primary succession
species
4. primary
an ecological succession thatb^ins in a an area where no biotic community previously existed
succession
7. secondary Sequence of community changes that take place after a community is disrupted by natural disasters or human actions
s u c c e s s i o n
8. sustainability The concept of using the earth's resources in such th^r provide for people's needs in the present without diminishing
ability to provide for future generations
NAME
D AT E
PD
Chapter 5-Evolution and Community Ecology: Power Point Notes
Lesson 5.1 EVOLUTION
1. Zebra mussels and quagga mussels were introduced accidentally
that
means
they
are
NON.
2. They have since spread throughout the Great Lakes systems and
connecting rivers out-competing native mussels. This means they
are
.
3. Scientists have identified and described over
MILLION species.
4. A sequence of DNA that codes for a particular trait is a
are all the genes present in a
5. A
population.
6,
IS a
change in a populations gene pool over time.
7.
A
is
an
accidental
change in DNA that can give rise to variation
among individuals.
Example-albino
(albinism)
8.
(aka
migration) is the sharing of t)NA by individuals
moving into and out of a population.
a. Example-many different human races
mating a sharing genes
9.
is
evolution
that occurs by chance.
a. Example-most of a population being
caught in a fish net
/
jd&ik
10.
process
by which traits useful for survival and reproduction
are passed on more frequently.
a. Keen eyesight, strong claws, camouflage
11. Conditions for
a. Organisms produce MORE
b.
vary in
vary
reproductive success.
than can
Selection occurs under
direction.
Great
Cabbage
Dane-'"t / K /
Chihuahua ^
Satnt Bernard
I'
r
Bmssels
sprouts
r
Ancestral Brassicaoleracea plant
Ancestral wolf
13. Throughout history,
animals and plants with
have chosen and bred
traits.
is the process by which new species
speciation occurs when a single
population is geographically
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a. Long term isolation causes .
b. When the populations come back together, they can no
longer and are now two separate
3
is the disappearance of a species
16.
from Earth.
a. Occurs gradually when environmental
change
more
than
the
c a n
known
b. There are
extinction
events. Each wiped out a large proportion of Earth's
species.
i . D u r i n g t h e Tr i a s s i c e x t i n c t i o n m i l l i o n
years ago, of all land species and
of all marine species went
Lesson 5.2 SPECIES INTERACTIONS
17. The mussels has completely displaced 20
mussel species in Lake St. Clair.
18. The describes an organisms use of
a n d f u n c t i o n a l i n a c o m m u n i t y.
19. The niche is affected by the organism's _
which is its ability to and
under changing environmental conditions.
is restricted by
20. A species
Fundamental Niche
Realized Niche
Species 1 is limited in its,
rolesand/orusesonlya ;
Species 1 fulfills all its |
roles and uses all the '
--wsubset of resources.
resources H can. '
Species 1
Sperles 1
Species 2
V
Resource 1
Resource 1
occurs when organisms seek the
21.
T Yellow-beilied
same limited resource,
sapsuckerdnlls
a.
rows of holes
and consumes
White-breasted
nuthatch climbs
sap and insects
stuck in sap
cases, one
species can entirely exclude another from using
resources.
down trunk looking
for insects ▶
b.
To
reduce
,
species often resources, which can
lead to character displacement. This is called
Pileated
woodpecker digs
deeply into wood
to find large
insects ▶
In
< Brown
creeper climbs
up trunk
looking for
Tiny insects
22. describes a long-lasting relationship
between species, in which at least one species benefits.
a. is the process by which a predator
hunts, kills and consumes .
i. One species benefits (+), one species is harmed (-)
ii. Causes cycles in sizes
iii. Defensive traits, or adaptations, in
response to predator-prey interactions
iv. Some predator-prey relationships are examples of
. The process by which
two species evolve in response to in
e a c h o t h e r.
one organisms, the parasite, relies on
b.
another (the
) for nourishment or some
o t h e r b e n e fi t ,
c. One species benefits (+), one species is harmed (-)
5
d. Herbivory is an feeding on
i. One species benefits (+), one species is harmed (-)
e . a relationship in which two or more species
b e n e fi t
i. One species benefits (+), one or more species
benefit (+)
f . a relationship in which one species
benefits while the other is unaffected.
i. One species benefits (+), one species is unaffected
(0)
Lesson 5.3-ECOLOGICAL COMAAUNmES
23.
all
The
provides
the
of
the
ecological
for
and
almost
interactions on Earth.
24.
producers
or
capture energy from the sun and store it in the bonds of
sugars through the process of
Examples-
25. Some energy from chemicals can be captured through
. Examplerely on other organisms for
and . They must eat to live.
a. Herbivores
b. Carnivores
c.
combination
d
.
eaters
and
eat
nonliving
27. An organisms in a feeding hierarchy is its
level
Heat
Third-level y - ^
consumer/ 0.1% ^ Heat
second-level/ m V
consumer
First-level
/
^
/
\
^ ■
consumer^'
Primary
producer
^
Heat
\
f
/'
\
Light ^ - Chemical
Energy-'--or*. Energy
2 8 . p r o d u c e r s a l w a y s o c c u p y t h e fi r s t
trophic level of any community
29. Only about % of the energy at a trophic level
is passed on to the next. % is lost as heat.
30. A tropic levels is the amount of living tissue
it contains,
31.
There
are
more
and
greater
at lower trophic levels than at higher ones.
32. Linear series of feeding relationships is called a
web shows overlapping and interconnected
33.
food chains in a community.
34.
species has a strong and/or wide
A
reaching effect on a community.
3 5 . R e m o v i n g a s p e c i e s c a n s i g n i fi c a n t l y a l t e r
the structure of a community.
a. Sea otter
b.
Keyvion«
,
1
And
..
abnni
trees
L e s s o n 5 . 4 - C O M M U N I 7 Y S TA B I L I T Y
36. species cost the US $
billion/year in environmental losses and damages.
37. A community
in
is
generally
stable and balanced, with most populations at or around
38. Disturbances in the environment can throw a community into
39.
Severe
can
cause
changes to a and initiate a predictable
series of changes called .
a.
succession
occurs
when
there
are
no traces of the original community, including vegetation
and soil.
i . s p e c i e s a r e t h e fi r s t t o c o l o n i z e .
1.
ii. The changes as new species move in
adding
and
generating
succession occurs when a
disturbance dramatically alters a community but does not
completely destroy it.
c. Occurs significantly
than
succession.
9
d. Primary succession occurs when
a r e a fi l l s i n w i t h f o r t h e fi r s t t i m e .
e . can lead to secondary
succession.
40.
once
to
stable
thought
that
leads
communities.
41. Today, ecologist see communities as
ever-changing associations of species.
42. A nonnative organism that spread widely in a community is
called
an
species.
43. A lack of limiting factors such as ,
,
or
enables
their
population to grow exponentially.
44. Not all species are harmful.
10

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