CIPA-DCG-001-Translation-2014

Guideline of the Camera & Imaging Products Association
CIPA DCG-001-Translation-2014
“JCIA GLA03
Guideline for noting digital camera specifications in catalogs”
Revised version
This translation is based on the original guideline (CIPA DCG-001). In the event of any doubts
arising as to the contents, the original guideline in Japanese is to be the final authority.
Established in February, 2014
Prepared by
Standardization Committee
Published by
Camera & Imaging Products Association
CIPA DCG-001-Translation-2014
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Copyright © 2014 CIPA All Rights Reserved
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CIPA DCG-001-Translation-2014
A note for the revision
In recent years, along with the increase in the number of pixels in image sensors
and the rapid improvement in image processing technology, new methods have
been adopted for camera design, and further methods are expected in the future.
For example, accompanying the diversification of lens design, methods such as
using only a partial area of the image sensor, compensating variation of the image
area by image processing, and compensating geometric distortion by image
processing can be noted. In view of such a situation, we have clarified the notation
method of the “number of effective pixels” in this guideline again to avoid
misunderstanding by general consumers.
Revision history
1998-3-12
Established
2001-4-10
Revised
2001-7-17
Revised
2005-10-11
Revised
JCIA
DSGSG001-1998
JCIA
DSGSG001-2001
JCIA GLA03
2014-2-26
Revised
CIPA guideline
DCG-001-2014
CIPA guideline
DCG-001-2005
Renamed to “JCIA GLA01” later
Renamed to “JCIA GLA02” later
Changed notation rules and examples for
multi-sensor cameras
Clarified notation rules and added examples,
for multi-sensor cameras (summation
notation)
In 5., iv) was added to (1);
in (1-a), clarified notation rules for the case
in which the “number of effective pixels ”
varies along with variation of lens focal
length
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CIPA DCG-001-Translation-2014
Preface of DCG-001-2005 at the revision (for reference)
The JCIA GLA03 guideline was established on 1998-3-12, by Japan Camera
Industry Association (JCIA) and has been revised twice since then. The JCIA
GLA03 guideline was accepted as is even after Camera & Imaging Products
Association (CIPA), an LLC (Limited Liability Company), was established, and
has been observed not only by the members of the association but also widely in
the world. However, due to the subsequent advancement of technologies, some of
the descriptions no longer match the current specifications, and the guide is thus
revised this time.
The revised edition is issued here as CIPA guideline DCG-001-2005.
Note that the revised item of JCIA GLA03 is “Number of effective pixels”
in 5. (1) (1-a).
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CIPA DCG-001-Translation-2014
Guideline for noting digital camera specifications in catalogs
1. Foreword
In 1995, a request for unifying the rules for reporting Digital Still Camera (DSC) specifications in
catalogs was submitted to the JCIA Digital Camera Study Group, which is now the JCIA Digital
Camera Committee. This request was discussed in a Technical Committee in the Study Group,
and was approved without objection.
After more than two years of work by the committee, “Guideline for Noting Digital Camera
Specifications in Catalogs” was published on 1998-3-12.
Since that time, because of technical innovations and variations in the designs of DSCs, several
problems appeared which were not properly addressed in this guideline, and the guideline became
inadequate for the original purposes.
The new edition of the guideline addresses these problems.
2. Purpose of publication
The purpose of this guideline is to provide uniform information about DSCs from DSC suppliers.
Standardization of the rules for representing specifications noted in catalogs or other printed
matter will provide accurate knowledge of the products to customers, and help them when they
choose, purchase, or use DSCs.
3. Rules for implementation
To achieve the purpose above each DSC supplier shall observe the following rules with sincere
effort.
a)
When an item that is described in this guideline is noted in any matter which can be noticed
by customers, such as catalogs, printed matter which provides specifications of the product,
or software, the item shall comply with this guideline.
b)
In case of revision, the revised portions of this guideline shall apply to products that are
released to the market after the publication date of the revised edition. Even though
transitional applications are permitted if there is a reasonable cause, complete adherence to
this guideline is required for all new products which are launched 6 months after
publication (in case of no same date, 1st of the next month).
c)
Even though all responsibility, relative to the items mentioned here being used in printed
matter or on software, is left to the describer’s discretion based on the policy of the
describer’s organization, any description which differs from the actual specification, causes
customer misunderstanding concerning the excellence of the product, or impedes fair
competition by unfairly enticing customers, shall be prohibited.
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CIPA DCG-001-Translation-2014
4. Scope
This guideline shall apply to digital cameras (official name: digital still camera) as defined below.
It shall also apply to products that resemble digital cameras and possess the items described in
this guideline, in case they might confuse consumers.
<Definition of digital camera>
A camera which includes a lens and an image sensor, and which records captured still image
data into internal or removable digital recording media as its primary function.
Note: The term “digital camera" as used herein has the same meaning as the term “digital still
camera" until the terminology used by customers and industry is unified.
This guideline is primarily intended for the noting of specifications in catalogs, other printed
matter that describes product specifications, or on software products. However, obviously, the
objectives of this guideline shall also be observed for noting on the product, representations in
advertising or on point-of-purchase promotional materials etc., which are directly related
5. Items to be noted in catalogs
The rules of description in catalogs are described below.
(1) Description of the number of pixels
In previous guidelines, we had requested that suppliers diligently note the specifications
of image sensors in printed matter and software related materials for digital cameras.
However, with technological improvements and diversification of digital cameras, we are in
the situation that it does not match the current status enough. Therefore, to help the
general consumer to quickly and properly understand the products, suppliers shall note
heeding the following instructions.
i)
The number of effective pixels shall be written first when describing image capturing
performance.
ii)
Therefore, when noting other pixel numbers, such as the number of total pixels or number
of recorded pixels, the supplier shall ensure that they are not confused for the number of
effective pixels.
iii) When noting other pixel number along with the number of effective pixels, the number of
effective pixels shall be noted as primary notation.
iv) When both the number of effective pixels of a camera and the size of an image sensor are
noted, the number of total pixels of the image sensor shall also be noted near the number of
effective pixels.
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CIPA DCG-001-Translation-2014
(1-a) “Number of effective pixels”
Definition
The number of pixels on the image sensor which receive input light through the optical lens, and
which are effectively reflected in the final output data of the still image. The number of ring pixels
may be included. (Specification of the camera.)
Ring pixel: The reasonable and minimum pixels surrounding the image area required for the
filtering process.
Image area: The area where the area of a still image that is output from the camera is transposed
on the image sensor (focal plane).
Rules for notation
a) The number of effective pixels defined in this guideline shall be used whenever the
performance of cameras is noted. The number of effective pixels of the image sensor itself thus
shall not be used, because the latter has a different definition from the one defined here.
b) For cameras that use a plurality of image sensors, the number of image sensors and the
number of effective pixels corresponding to each image sensor shall be noted. However the
summation of the number of effective pixels may also be noted. If the summation of the number of
spatially sampled pixels (ring pixels may be included) is also noted, the description shall clearly
state that the noted number is the summation of effective pixels of all the image sensors, to avoid
consumer misunderstanding.
c) For cameras that move the position of the image sensor (including linear sensors) spatially or
optically for image capture, the number of effective pixels and the number of sampling positions
shall be noted. If the summation of the number of sampled pixels (ring pixels may be included) is
also noted, the description shall clearly state that the noted number is the summation of the
number of pixels with enough explanation, to avoid consumer misunderstanding.
d) If the number of effective pixels varies along with the variation of the focal length of the taking
lens, the minimum number of effective pixels within the variation shall be used as primary
notation*1. However, only for image processing that compensates distortion (excluding electronic
zoom*2 ), the maximum number of effective pixels within the variation may be noted as primary
notation*3 for the number of effective pixels.
*1: “Primary notation” means “notation which describes feature name and value solely or most
noticeably when noting multiple terms”.
*2: “Excluding electronic zoom” means that the resulting image includes a pixel or more of which
the compensating magnification is 1. Compensating magnification is a ratio of the distance from
the image centre (i.e. the centre of the compensation) before and after compensation on the
imaging surface. For the centre itself, the asymptotic value of the magnification of the neighbour
points is adopted. (See annex 3. Note that compensating magnification in this guideline differs
from localized magnification.)
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CIPA DCG-001-Translation-2014
*3: When explaining in a note that the number of effective pixels varies along with the variation of
the focal length, as explained in the underlined sentence beginning with “However” above, the
description shall not cause uncertainty among general users.
e) Numerical values may be rounded to two digit significant figures.
Examples of notation
a) “2.0M Effective Pixels,” “Number of Effective Pixels 3,150k (or 3.2M)”
b) “Number of Effective Pixels 340k x 3”
“3 x Number of Effective Pixels 340k CCDs”
“Number of Effective Pixels 1,020k (340k x 3)”
“Number of Effective Pixels 1.0M (340k x 3)”
c) In the case of linear sensors:
“Number of Effective Pixels 1,000 pixels x 1,500”
“Number of Effective Pixels 1,000 pixels x 1,500 steps”
In the case of area sensors:
“Number of Effective Pixels 340k x 4”
“Number of Effective Pixels 340k x 4 steps”
d) When the number of effective pixels varies along with the variation of the focal length:
“Number of Effective Pixels 13M”
“Number of Effective Pixels 13M (Maximum 15M)”
And also when distortion is compensated (excluding electronic zoom)
“Number of Effective Pixels 15M”
“Number of Effective Pixels 15M
Note; The number of pixels may decrease due to image processing that corrects image distortion”
“Number of Effective Pixels (Maximum) 15M”
e) When a partial number of pixels are used:
“Number of Effective Pixels 10M,
Number of Total Pixels 15M,
Size of image sensor 1/2.3 type”
f) When a partial number of pixels are used and also the number of effective pixels varies along
with the variation of the focal length:
“Number of Effective Pixels 10M (Maximum 12M),
Number of Total Pixels 15M,
Size of image sensor 1/2.3 type”
And also when distortion is compensated (excluding electronic zoom)
“Number of Effective Pixels 12M,
Number of Total Pixels 15M,
Size of image sensor 1/2.3 type”
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CIPA DCG-001-Translation-2014
“Number of Effective Pixels 12M,
Note; The number of pixels may decrease due to image processing that corrects image distortion
Number of Total Pixels 15M,
Size of image sensor 1/2.3 type”
“Number of Effective Pixels (Maximum) 12M,
Number of Total Pixels 15M,
Size of image sensor 1/2.3 type”
Note:
a) Number of effective pixels that includes ring pixels provides a somewhat larger value than the
maximum number of recorded pixels, even for a camera having no pixel interpolation.
b) The area used for image stabilization when shooting movies shall not be included.
c) The optical black area shall not be included.
(1-b) “Number of total pixels”
Definition
The total number of pixels possessed by the image sensor (specification of the image sensor).
Rules for notation
a) “Number of total pixels” shall be used only for explanations of the image sensor. The
“number of effective pixels” defined in this guideline shall be used when specifications of the
camera are noted.
b) Terms indicating image sensors, such as “image sensor”, “solid-state image sensor” or
“CCD”, shall be used.
c) For cameras that use multiple image sensors, the number of image sensors shall be noted.
Reporting only the total number of pixels shall not be allowed.
d) Numerical values may be rounded to two digit significant figures.
Examples of notation
a)
“2 M Effective Pixels (using CCD with 2.1 M Number of Total Pixels)”
b)
“Number of Effective Pixels 340k × 3 ( using 3 CCDs with 380k Number of Total Pixels
each)”
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CIPA DCG-001-Translation-2014
(1-c) “Number of recorded pixels”
Definition
The number of pixels comprising one picture frame which is recorded to digital recording media.
Rules for notation
a) The “number of recorded pixels” or other wording which has the same meaning shall be
used. The term “resolution” shall not be used for the number of recorded pixels.
b) The number of horizontal and vertical pixels of the luminance signal that are recorded to
digital recording media shall be reported.The horizontal dimension should be written before
the vertical dimension, unless there is no distinction between them.
c) The components of the image signal should also be noted. To describe the components of the
image signal, the chrominance signal may be noted with symbols “RGB”, “YCbCr”, etc., or
terms such “Y/C”, “line sequential system”, or “color difference system” may be used. When
there is no chrominance signal, a description without color signals such as “monochrome
signal” is to be used.
d) Further description of the composition ratio of the chrominance signal, such as “4:4:4” or
“4:2:2”, is recommended.
e) When the number of pixels is increased by means of image processing, such as interpolation,
the pixels are considered recorded pixels if the pixels are recorded.
f) Numerical values may be rounded to two digit significant figures.
Examples of description
a) “Number of Recorded Pixels 640 × 480 (RGB 4:4:4)”
b) “Number of Recorded Pixels 1,280 × 960 (1.2M)”
c) “Image Signal Components: YCbCr 4:2:2”
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CIPA DCG-001-Translation-2014
(1-d) “Number of output pixels”
Definition
The number of pixels comprising one picture frame which is output from the camera by
transmission means.
Rules for notation
a) Wording which indicates the number of pixels output from the camera by the transmission
means, such as the “number of output pixels”, the “number of pixels communicated”, or the
“number of transmitted pixels” shall be used.
b) The number of horizontal and vertical pixels of the luminance signal output from the
camera shall be reported. The horizontal dimension should be written before the vertical
dimension, unless there is no distinction between them.
c) Description of the components of the image signal is recommended, but when the
components are described as part of the previously mentioned “number of recorded pixels”,
this additional reference may be omitted.
d) Further description of the composition ratio of the chrominance signal, such as “4:4:4” or
“4:2:2”, is recommended, but when the composition ratio of the chrominance signal is
described as part of the previously mentioned “number of recorded pixels”, this reference
may be omitted.
e) An increase in the number of pixels by means of image processing, such as interpolation, is
considered output if the pixels are output. When the number of pixels has been decreased
such as by data compression, the act of compression shall be indicated.
f) Numerical values may be rounded to two digit significant figures.
Examples of notation
a) “Number of Output Pixels 640 × 480 (RGB 4:4:4)”
b) “Number of Transmitted Pixels 1,280 × 960 (1.2M)”
Note: “Number of output pixels” shall be distinguished from “number of recorded pixels”.
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CIPA DCG-001-Translation-2014
(2) Other notations
(2-a) “Image file size”
Definition
The amount of information comprising one image frame which is recorded to the digital storage
media.
Rules for notation
a) “Image file size” or similar wording which has the same meaning shall be used.
b) Total data amount of one image frame, including image data and appended data, such as a
file header, shall be noted in bytes (symbol: B).
c) Terms such as “file” or “frame”, which indicate “per image frame”, shall be used.
d) When the file size varies by image, an explanation shall be provided. In this case, it is still
recommended to indicate the approximate file size.
e) Numerical values may be rounded to two digit significant figures.
Examples of notation
a)
“Image File Size: 40 kB/frame”
b)
“Image File Size Approx. 30-60 kB (variable file sizes)”
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CIPA DCG-001-Translation-2014
(2-b) “Recorded image file format”
Definition
The image file format and directory structure that are recorded to digital storage media.
Rules for Notation
a) “Recorded image file format” or similar wording which has the same meaning shall be used.
b) When a standard format such as DCF is used, it is recommended that the name of the
format along with its version number be provided. An original file format shall be described
as being “original”.
c) When a type of file format is used to output from the camera, a term such as “output image
file format” shall be used to distinguish from the recorded image format.
Examples of notation
a) “Recorded Image File Format: Conforms to DCF (Design rule for Camera File System) 1.0”
b) “Recorded Image File Format (Non-compressed): TIFF”
c) “Recorded Image Format: Conforms to JPEG (Exif Ver. 2.1)
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CIPA DCG-001-Translation-2014
(2-c) “35mm film equivalent lens focal length”
Definition
The value obtained when the lens focal length is converted into the focal length of a 35mm film
camera that has the same angle of view.
Rules for notation
a) “35mm film equivalent” or similar wording shall be used.
b) The value shall be calculated using the following equation:
35mm film equivalent lens focal length =
Lens focal length x
Diagonal length of 35mm film image area (43.27 mm)
Diagonal length of image area of image sensor
c) Numerical values in millimetres may be rounded to the nearest whole number.
Example of notation
a) “Lens Focal Length: 7 mm (Corresponds to 50 mm in 35mm film camera)”
Etc.
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CIPA DCG-001-Translation-2014
(2-d) “Image data compression ratio”
Definition
The compression ratio when image data is compressed with image processing circuitry.
Rules for notation
a) “Image data compression ratio” or similar wording shall be used.
b) The value shall indicate the ratio of the size of the compressed image data compared to the
size of the image data that was input to the compression processing circuitry.
c) It is recommended that the components of the input image signal, such as RGB or YC, be
noted.
d) It is recommended to express the value as a fraction with a numerator of 1. In this case, all
numeric values may be rounded off to the nearest whole number.
e) In cases where a variable image compression method is used, and the compression ratio
varies due to the subject in the scene, an explanation shall be added indicating that the
camera uses a variable compression ratio.
Examples of notation
a) “Image Data Compression Ratio: 1/10”
b) “Image Data Compression Ratio: Standard 1/15 (varies according to the object)”
Notes
a) A proposal to use RGB 4:4:4 (three units of data for each pixel) as the denominator for the
compression ratio was discussed. However, to avoid the difficulties associated with the
compression ratio not being 1 even though compression was not conducted, it was decided to
adopt the data to be actually compressed as reference.
b) To avoid confusing consumers with the problem of the denominator mentioned in note a), it
was decided that either the components of the compressed input image or the “image file
size” shall be reported.
c) Since the term “bit/pel” is not easily understood by consumers, it was decided not to adopt it
in this guideline.
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CIPA DCG-001-Translation-2014
(Annex 1) Relationship between each pixel-related definition
The following figure shows the relationship between each pixel-related definition.
Optical black
Image circle of lens
Ring pixels
A: Effective pixels (image area without ring pixels)
B: Effective pixels (with ring pixels)
C: Maximum available pixels (pixels guaranteed by the vendor of image sensor)
D: Effective pixels of image sensor
E: Total pixels
Figure 1. Schematic diagram of image sensor
The relationship between Number of Effective Pixels A (without ring pixels) and the Number of
Recorded Pixels and the Number of Output Pixels is as follows.
A = Number of Recorded Pixels or Number of Output Pixels (without interpolation or
sub-sampling)
A < Number of Recorded Pixels or Number of Output Pixels (with interpolation)
A > Number of Recorded Pixels or Number of Output Pixels (with sub-sampling)
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CIPA DCG-001-Translation-2014
(Annex 2) Examples of descriptions in catalogs
The following tables show examples of a specifications column.
Camera Part
Image sensor
Recording
Part
Table 1. Example one of specifications column in catalog
Number of Effective
1.97M
Pixels
Focal Length of Lens
7 mm (corresponds to 34 mm in 35mm film)
System
Interlaced CCD
Size
1/1.8 type
Number of Total Pixels
2.11M
Number of Recorded
Pixels
Recorded Image File
Format
Image File Size
1,600 × 1,200 (1.9M)
1,280 × 960 (1.2M)
Conforms to DCF (Design rule for Camera File
system) 1.0
700 kB/Frame (fine mode)
Image Data
Compression Ratio
Approx. 1/10
Table 2. Example two of specifications column in catalog
Number of Effective Pixels
2.0M
Image Sensor
1/1.8-type CCD (total number of pixels: 2,1M)
Focal Length of Lens
7 mm (corresponds to 34 mm in 35mm film)
Number of Recorded Pixels
Recorded Image File Format
1,600 × 1,200 (1.9M pixels)
1,280 × 960 (1.2M pixels)
Conforms to DCF (Design rule for Camera File System) 1.0
Image File Size
700 kB/Frame (fine mode)
Image Data Compression
Ratio
Approx. 1/10
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CIPA DCG-001-Translation-2014
(Annex 3) Example images with pixels that have a compensating magnification of 1
In the figure below;
indicates the location of pixels of that have a compensating magnification of 1.
indicates that they are located at the contact point or the centre of the picture frame
* For the images before compensation in the figure, the area that is included in the final output
image (the part corresponding to the image area) is indicated with grid lines. Arrows schematically
indicate rough shifting directions of the pixels when distortion compensation is performed; they do
not express a specific positional relationship of movement or amount of movement.
Image before compensation
of pincushion distortion
Images before compensation
of barrel distortion
Output image after compensation
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CIPA DCG-001-Translation-2014
6. Deliberation committee members (Revised version 2014)
Standardization Committee
Chair
Canon Inc.
Olympus Imaging Corp．
Vice Chair
Vice Chair
Sony Corporation
Vice Chair
NIKON CORPORATION
Vice Chair
FUJIFILM Corporation
Vice Chair
Panasonic Corporation
Akira Suga
Hideaki Yoshida
Naoya Katoh
Koichiro Kawamura
Mikio Watanabe
Masaaki Nakayama
Technical Working Group
Leader
Panasonic Corporation
Olympus Imaging Corp．
Sub Leader
Sub Leader
Canon Inc.
Masaaki Nakayama
Hideaki Yoshida
Yoshiro Udagawa
Image Sensors Sub-Working Group
Olympus Imaging Corp．
Chief
Sub Chief
Sony Corporation
Sub Chief
Panasonic Corporation
CASIO COMPUTER CO., LTD.
CASIO COMPUTER CO., LTD.
Canon Inc.
Canon Inc.
Canon Inc.
Canon Inc.
SAMSUNG ELECTRONICS CO., LTD
SAMSUNG ELECTRONICS CO., LTD
Xacti Corporation
SIGMA CORPORATION
Sharp Corporation
Sharp Corporation
SEIKO EPSON CORPORATION
SEIKO PRECISION INC.
Sony Corporation
Sony Corporation
Sony Corporation
Tamron Co., Ltd.
NIKON CORPORATION
NIKON CORPORATION
Panasonic Corporation
FUJIFILM Corporation
FUJIFILM Corporation
Hideaki Yoshida
Kohichi Sano
Norikazu Yamamoto
Tsuyoshi Matsunaga
Motoyuki Kashiwagi
Yoshiro Udagawa
Masao Suzuki
Makoto Sekita
Hiroyuki Ohtsuka
Hajoong Park
Junichi Takizawa
Mitsuaki Kurokawa
Naoto Yabase
Sakae Saitoh
Seiichi Tanaka
Ryuichi Shiohara
Makoto Mikami
Eiichi Ichimura
Shinichiro Saitoh
Hiroshi Shimokawa
Takaharu Aoki
Noriyoshi Tachikawa
Hideo Hoshuyama
Masaaki Nakayama
Shigeru Kondou
Mikio Watanabe
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CIPA DCG-001-Translation-2014
RICOH IMAGING COMPANY, LTD.
Ricoh Company, Ltd.
Catalogue Sub-Working Group
Olympus Imaging Corp．
Chief
Olympus Imaging Corp．
CASIO COMPUTER CO., LTD.
Canon Inc.
Canon Inc.
SAMSUNG ELECTRONICS CO., LTD
SIGMA CORPORATION
SIGMA CORPORATION
SEIKO EPSON CORPORATION
SEIKO EPSON CORPORATION
Sony Corporation
Sony Corporation
Tamron Co., Ltd.
NIKON CORPORATION
NIKON CORPORATION
Panasonic Corporation
FUJIFILM Corporation
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Koichi Sato
Hideki Kobayashi
Akinori Mitsuse
Naoki Akamatsu
Toshiyuki Suzuki
Toshihito Kimura
Dai Oshiro
Junichi Takizawa
Akira Kashiwaba
Teruaki Kuwayama
Masako Yamada
Ryuichi Shiohara
Reiko Ito
Taisuke Goda
Masamichi Kinjo
Keiji Okada
Meiichiro Okumura
Shigeo Kubota
Shougo Doi
CIPA DCG-001-Translation-2014
Any and all standards and guidelines published by CIPA have been set forth without
examining any possibility of infringement or violation of Intellectual Property Rights
(patent right, utility model right, trademark right, design right, copyright and any other
rights or legal interests of the same kind).
In no event shall CIPA be liable in terms of Intellectual Property Rights for the contents of
such standards and guidelines.
CIPA DCG- 001-Translation-2014
Established in February, 2014
Published by Camera & Imaging Products Association
JCII BLDG., 25, Ichiban-cho, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo, 102-0082 Japan
TEL +81-3-5276-3891 FAX +81-3-5276-3893
All rights reserved
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without prior permission from the publisher.
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