ANALYSIS OF FMD OUTBREAK 2013

INDIAN VETERINARY ASSOCIATION, KERALA
Reg. No. 271/79
Veterinarians’ Building, TC 25/2067(1), Dharmalayam Road,
Thiruvananthapuram - 695 001
Ph: 0471-2321258 www.jivaonline.net; www.ivakerala.com
PRESIDENT
Dr. S. Yohannan
GENERAL SECRETARY
Dr. Kurian. K. Jacob
ANALYSIS OF
FOOT AND MOUTH DISEASE
OUTBREAK 2013
KERALA
22/01/2014
AN ANALYSIS OF FMD OUTBREAK 2013 OF KERALA WITH ATTRIBUTED
CAUSES AND RECOMMENDATIONS TO MAKE KERALA FMD FREE
TABLE OF CONTENTS
SL.NO
DESCRIPTION
PAGE NO
1
INTRODUCTION
1-2
2
ATTRIBUTED CAUSES
2-3
3
RECOMMENDATIONS
3-10
3.1
ANIMAL RELATED FACTORS
3-4
3.2
VACCINE RELATED FACTORS
4
3.3
VACCINE HANDLING RELATED
4-5
FACTORS
3.4
MISCELLANEOUS
5-8
4
CONCLUSION
8
5
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
8
INDIAN VETERINARY ASSOCIATION, KERALA AN ANALYSIS OF FMD OUTBREAK
2013, KERALA
INTRODUCTION
Foot & Mouth Disease, a highly contagious viral disease affecting mammals’ mainly cloven footed animals has a great potential of causing severe economic loss. Animal population (cattle and buffalo) in the state of Kerala was protected against the highly contagious Foot and Mouth Disease (FMD) by massive Vaccination campaign conducted by the Animal Husbandry Department under Animal Disease Control Project (ADCP) and Foot and Mouth Disease Control Project (FMDCP) from the year 2004 at six months interval. Unexpectedly a massive outbreak of the disease occurred in Kerala in 2013 leading to huge economic loss.
The current FMD outbreak in Kerala started in August 2013 and still continues with a huge morbidity rate. The disease was observed in both vaccinated and unvaccinated cattle, Buffalo, goat, pigs and wild animals of both forest and captivity including gaur, spotted deer, hog deer, sambar deer and elephants. Outbreak was observed even in organized farms taking regular vaccination. The outbreak affected all the fourteen districts and all panchayaths of the state, with varying degree of severity, having lesions in feet, mouth and udder. Serotype “O” was isolated and attributed as the cause of the present outbreak. High mortality rate was recorded. Mortality was observed not only in young ones but also in adults. Secondary infection with Haemorrhagic Septicaemia (HS) and haemoprotozoans increasing the mortality rate and mastitis reducing milk yield, in the post recovery phase of FMD, is a severe problem faced in the 1
INDIAN VETERINARY ASSOCIATION, KERALA AN ANALYSIS OF FMD OUTBREAK
2013, KERALA
outbreak. Both milk production and meat production reduced as a sequel to the outbreak. It affected the livelihood of farmers and the state economy. In these circumstances Indian Veterinary Association (IVA), the professional body of Veterinarians, Kerala has constituted an expert committee consisting of Dr. Nandakumar.S, Veterinary Surgeon, Chief Disease Investigation Office, Palode, Dr. Sunitha Karunakaran, Epidemiologist, Thrissur and Dr. Bineesh.P.P, Veterinary Surgeon, Veterinary Dispensary, Unnikulam, Calicut. The expert committee members conducted a detailed enquiry regarding the causes of vaccination failure which lead to the current FMD outbreak in the state and offered valuable suggestions for the prevention and control of such outbreaks in future. After discussing and scrutinizing the reports submitted by the expert committee members by the State committee and Executive committee, the Indian Veterinary Association, Kerala is putting forward the following precautionary measures to prevent and control such outbreaks in future and make the state FMD free.
1.
ATTRIBUTED CAUSES OF THE PRESENT FMD OUT BREAK I.
Unrestricted introduction of new animals from neighboring states (Karnataka and Tamil Nadu) having FMD outbreak.
II.
Influx of diseased animals from the neighboring states for slaughter in Kerala.
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INDIAN VETERINARY ASSOCIATION, KERALA AN ANALYSIS OF FMD OUTBREAK
2013, KERALA
III.
FMD Vaccination which was due in July 2013 was delayed by two months in the current vaccination phase.
IV.
Concomitant infections of haemoprotozoans and worms may have affected the herd immunity. Secondary infections with haemoprotozoans and HS raised the mortality rate in recovered animals.
V.
Denial by the owners to vaccinate their animals due to the misconception of reduction in milk production and due to fear of vaccination reactions.
VI.
Use of balance vaccines from previous vaccination campaign. VII.
Possibility of breach of cold chain during the storage and handling of vaccine. VIII.
Frequent withdrawals from multi dose vials (100 ml) and use of balance vaccine after a day’s vaccination in the next day may have caused deterioration in the quality of vaccine.
IX.
Immunogenicity, duration of immunity and suitability of strains offered by the present vaccine, especially for serotype O, is distrustful.
2.RECOMMENDATIONS
3.1. ANIMAL RELATED FACTORS
I.
Vaccination strategy – Three times a year vaccination of FMD in January, May and September covering 100% population of cattle and Buffalo and yearly HS vaccination in JuneJuly.
II.
After the initial vaccination in claves at 4 months, a booster vaccination after a month can be thought of.
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INDIAN VETERINARY ASSOCIATION, KERALA AN ANALYSIS OF FMD OUTBREAK
2013, KERALA
A deworming and deticking programme – Dewormers and III.
ectoparasiticides should be distributed 2 weeks prior to vaccination campaign along with health cards to the farmer. Increased death rates are reported in FMD recovered animals due to HS IV.
in the current year outbreak. Hence a region wise study of Antibiotic Sensitivity Pattern of Pasteurella multocida in the state is to be conducted.
Animals brought from other states should be allowed to enter the state V.
only after FMD vaccination and a quarantine period of three weeks. Quarantine facility should be made at the 14 check posts of the state. Animals should be under strict clinical inspection of veterinarians in these checkposts.
Slaughter houses should be set up near checkposts of the state. VI.
Slaughter animals brought from other states should be slaughtered here with ante mortem and post mortem inspection by Veterinarian. Only dressed meat or meat products should be allowed to enter the state through checkposts. Live animals should not be allowed to enter the state for slaughter.
3.2 VACCINE RELATED FACTORS I.
A study of the following factors is to be conducted preferably by a national agency.
1.
Antigenic difference/relation of vaccine strain of FMD Virus and field isolated strain of the virus from Kerala.
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INDIAN VETERINARY ASSOCIATION, KERALA AN ANALYSIS OF FMD OUTBREAK
2013, KERALA
2.
Immunogenicity, duration of immunity and suitability of strains of the present vaccine, especially of serotype O.
3.
Increasing the antigenic mass in the current vaccines to prolong the immunity.
4.
The nature of the virus, the severity of lesions, the extent of spread and the host range in the current outbreak.
II.
A pre vaccination trial is to be conducted in field conditions in order to assure required post vaccination antibody titre in serum before start of each vaccination phase.
3.3 VACCINE HANDLING RELATED FACTORS
I.
Thermal data loggers or continuous monitoring facility should be installed in all walk in coolers at district levels. Refrigerator exclusively for the storage of vaccines should be provided II.
to all field level institutions (Veterinary Dispensary/Veterinary Hospitals/Veterinary Poly Clinic). Establish an inverter or an automatic generator for refrigerator backup in every institution. A 1400 watts sine wave inverter and two 150Ah tubular batteries will be sufficient to provide 89 hour back up for a refrigerator. This may cost approx Rs 40,000/ (Rupees forty thousand only). Vaccine vials or insulated storage vessels should be fitted with non III.
reversible temperature labels for a failsafe cold chain system.
IV.
A carrier/cool pail with a special lid that can be closed frequently between vaccinations should be supplied in adequate numbers to all institutions.
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INDIAN VETERINARY ASSOCIATION, KERALA AN ANALYSIS OF FMD OUTBREAK
2013, KERALA
100 ml multi dose vials should be replaced with 30 ml vials so that V.
the vaccine in a vial can be utilized within the same day itself. Left over vaccine should be discarded at the end user site and should not be used in the next day.
3.4
MISCELLANEOUS – (Vaccination programme) Publicity – Materials should reach every institution at least two 1.
weeks before vaccination starting date.
Vaccination Time Ideally the vaccination team may start in the 2.
early hours of the day and finish off the vaccination by 12noon.
Tagging –
Tagging is needed to identify the animals. But tagging 3.
should not be the duty of the vaccinator at the time of vaccination as it may consume more time and delay the completion of vaccination target before 12 noon.
Wild life reservoir – A barrier of vaccinated animals should be 4.
created in forest boundaries. Compulsory vaccination in the forest fringes inhabited by tribal population possessing domestic livestock should be carried out with the help of Eco Development Committee and forest department.
Man Power – 5.
i.
Central RRT and Vaccination Squad Team for each district for doing only vaccination to be created as a central Rapid Response Team (RRT). Livestock Inspectors of Veterinary Sub centres should be included in the central RRT. Central RRT should be under the direct 6
INDIAN VETERINARY ASSOCIATION, KERALA AN ANALYSIS OF FMD OUTBREAK
2013, KERALA
control of Animal Disease Control Project (ADCP). Vaccination squads are created from RRT. A vaccination squad should contain a livestock Inspector and an attendant. Each squad has to complete vaccination of 30 animals per day. Vaccination in a panchayath should be completed within 45 days. Sufficient number of squads is to be allotted to each panchayath based on cattle population. Vehicle facility should be provided to the squads. Ward wise allotment of vaccination duty should be given to the squads. Rotation of vaccination squads at Taluk/Block levels is to be done to cover all the panchayaths of the Taluk/Block during the vaccination period.
ii. I nvigilators Livestock inspectors of Veterinary Dispensary/Veterinary Hospitals/Veterinary Poly Clinic should be kept as invigilators of vaccination. Invigilators must verify 20% vaccinations done by each squad the very next day and report it to Veterinary Surgeon/Senior Veterinary Surgeon.
Supervising Officers 10% of invigilated vaccinations should be iii.
supervised by Veterinary Surgeon/Senior Veterinary Surgeon.
iv.
Healthy staff – Healthy staff/volunteers should accompany to assist vaccination and restrain animals along the vaccination squad.
v. Training Adequate training should be given to the Veterinay Officers and Livestock Inspectors prior to vaccination campaign.
6.
Veterinary Professionals – Animals brought from neighbouring states should be subjected to detailed Veterinary inspection. Slaughter of animals should be done only in approved slaughter houses with ante mortem and post mortem inspection by Veterinary Officer. Adequate 7
INDIAN VETERINARY ASSOCIATION, KERALA AN ANALYSIS OF FMD OUTBREAK
2013, KERALA
number of Veterinary professionals should be posted at the fourteen check posts, slaughter houses and district ADCP urgently.
Cost of vaccination Vaccination should be done free of cost 7.
considering the present outbreak as a serious disaster to farmers. At the same time vaccinating own animals should be the duty of farmers. Refusal/reluctance of vaccination should be penalised.
Health Card One health card per animal should be issued. A “Health 8.
Card” should have provisions for identifying the animal, entering the details of vaccination, treatments and deworming. Health Card should be supplied to farmers 2 weeks prior to vaccination along with dewormers and ectoparasiticides through Veterinary Dispensary / Veterinary Hospitals / Veterinary Poly Clinic / Veterinary sub centres. Necessary entries should be made in the health card by the vaccinator after vaccination. Only vaccinated animals with proper entries in the health card should be considered for Departmental Schemes and it should be made compulsory.
Incentives to farmers 9.
1.
Feed supplements After vaccination the farmers should be given feed supplements on free of cost on producing the health cards. This will help to overcome the vaccination stress and boost milk production.
2.
Gosureksha Insurance – Free insurance coverage of all animals in the state under Gosureksha has to done. It will indirectly prompt farmers to get their animals vaccinated as death from FMD and HS will not fetch claim.
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INDIAN VETERINARY ASSOCIATION, KERALA AN ANALYSIS OF FMD OUTBREAK
2013, KERALA
4.CONCLUSION
Massive FMD outbreak has implications in food safety and food security. Severe FMD outbreaks will adversely affect the livelihood of farmers and the economy of state. Hundred percentage vaccination coverage of susceptible population of domestic animals is required to create herd immunity and make the state FMD free.
Heterogeneity of strains of various serotypes of FMD virus and thermo stability of the current vaccine is a major concern to be addressed by research. The present outbreak demands a thorough study of strains of various serotypes of the virus prevalent in the state and its relationship to the vaccine strain used. A suitable vaccination strategy for major diseases in the state and a ready to refer region wise antibiotic sensitivity pattern of prevalent bacterial diseases have to be made available in the field. Strict boarder control measures, proper vaccine handling and storage facility and a systematic, well supervised and practical vaccination programme creating herd immunity will alleviate vaccination failure and offer protection to our animal population. 5.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT Indian Veterinary Association, Kerala is thankful to Dr.Nandakumar.S, Dr.Sunitha Karunakaran, Dr.Bineesh.P.P. and Dr.Asha.T.T. for their dedicated efforts in preparing this report
.
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