Energy storage

Barriers to the maximum penetration
of RES in island electrical systems
CANARY ISLANDS INSTITUTE OF
TECHNOLOGY (ITC)
Renewable Energy Department
Salvador Suárez
El Hierro, June 25th 2014
• Current energy situation of the Canary
Islands
• Overcoming barriers to RES penetration in
island systems
• Energy storage
• Grid stability analysis
• Wind and solar forecasting
• Demand management
• Distributed generation
• New RES technologies
• Economic barriers
• Other barriers
• Conclusions
CURRENT ENERGY
SITUATION OF THE
CANARY ISLANDS
Balance Energético de Canarias 2011
Navegación
OIL
7.337.665 Tep
99,32 %
4.022.634 Tep
FACTOR CONVERSION
Petróleo crudo 1,0 Tep/Tm
Gasolinas
1,1 Tep/Tm
Queroseno
1,1 Tep/Tm
Gasóleos
1,0 Tep/Tm
Fuelóleos
1,0 Tep/Tm
1.024.466 Tep
Generación Eléctrica
2.097.200 Tep
19.919 Tep
Calor
1.341.974 Tep
Electricidad
805.657 Tep
30.512 Tep
FACTOR CONVERSION
Energía Eléctrica
0,086 Tep/MWh
Eólica
0,086 Tep/MWh
Fotovoltaica
0,086 Tep/MWh
Pérdidas
Trans+Distr.
54.661 Tep
171,318 Tep
112,879 Tep
295.927 Tep
Ayunt.
Cabildos 151,777 Tep
GOBCAN
30.797 Tep
Installed Electric Power and Energy Production 2011
TOTAL
Power (MW)
3,177.3
9,368
Energy (GWh)
LANZAROTE
Power (MW)
Energy (GWh)
229.1
874.7
TENERIFE
LA PALMA
Power (MW)
Energy (GWh)
116.4
273.52
LA GOMERA
Power (MW)
Energy (GWh)
Power (MW)
Energy (GWh)
1,333
3,715
GRAN CANARIA
Power (MW)
Energy (GWh)
23.2
74.06
1,251.7
3,707
FUERTEVENTURA
Power (MW)
Energy (GWh)
EL HIERRO
Power (MW)
Energy (GWh)
13.1
44.87
210.8
677.97
Daily eletric power demand curve. Yearly peak load for Gran Canaria and
Tenerife (2011)
600
550
500
MW
450
400
350
300
250
200
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
hora
Gran Canaria (31-dic)
Peak load
Gran Canaria
Tenerife
Lanzarote
Fuerteventura
La Palma
La Gomera
El Hierro
2011
576,90 MW
573,50 MW
143,00 MW
111,80 MW
49,90 MW
12,20 MW
7,70 MW
Tenerife (16-mar)
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
Solar Potential
Hours of sun> 3.000 h/year
Radiation 6 kWh/m2 -day
Wind Potencial
Average wind spead of 6 to 8 m/s
Production in the Canary Islands:
3.000 – 4.500 h. eq.
PECAN 2006: Objetives RES 2015
Tipo
2006
PECAN (2015)
Eólica
137 MW
1.025 MW
Minihidráulica
1,3 MW
13,6 MW*
Solar Fotovoltaica
0,6 MW
160 MW
80.000 m2
460.000 m2
Solar Térmica
Solar Termoeléctrica
30 MW
Biocombustibles
30 MW
Olas
50 MW
INSTALLED WIND POWER 2011 :
143,93 MW
LANZAROTE
LA PALMA
Potencia (MW)
5,880
Energía(GWh)
11,499
% Penetracion*
Potencia (MW)
8,775
Energía(GWh)
27,273
% penetración
3,12%
4,20%
CANARIAS
TENERIFE
% Penetración eólica *
Potencia (MW)
36,680
Energía(GWh)
76,830
% penetracion
3,79%
GRAN CANARIA
2,07%
Potencia (MW)
79,050
Energía(GWh)
212,738
% penetración
5,74%
LA GOMERA
EL HIERRO
Potencia (MW)
360
Energía(GWh)
579
% penetración
Potencia (MW)
100
Energía(GWh)
297
% penetracion
0,66%
FUERTEVENTURA
0,78%
* % Penetración eólica = energía
produc. / total energía demanda
Potencia (MW)
13,085
Energía(GWh)
25,577
% penetración
3,77%
POTENCIA FOTOVOLTAICA INSTALADA 2011: 152,867 MWp
LANZAROTE
LA PALMA
Potencia (MW)
4,418
Energía(GWh)
5,7
% Penetración*
Potencia (MW)
6,468
Energía(GWh)
8,1
% Penetración
0,93%
2,10%
CANARIAS
TENERIFE
% Penetración FV *
Potencia (MW)
97,256
Energía(GWh)
160,61
% Penetración
2,47%
GRAN CANARIA
4,32%
Potencia (MW)
34
Energía(GWh)
44,5
% Penetración
1,2%
LA GOMERA
EL HIERRO
Potencia (MW)
0,009
Potencia (MW)
10,678
Energía(GWh)
16
Energía(GWh)
12,5
% Penetración
1,85%
% Penetración
Potencia (MW)
0,033
Energía(GWh)
48
% Penetración
0,11%
FUERTEVENTURA
0,02% * % Penetración FV = energía produc. /
total energía demanda
BARRIERS TO MAXIMUM
PENETRATION OF RES IN
ISLAND SYSTEMS
MAXIMIZING PENETRATION OF RENEWABLE ENERGIES
The need for enacting policies to support renewable energy is often
attributed to a variety of barriers that prevent investments from occurring.
Barriers to renewable energy penetration in Islands electric
power systems
Electric System
Land Planning
Economic-Administrative
issues
Estrategy for maximizing RES penetration
Grid stability
studies
Energy
storage
Forecasting of
wind and sun
Demand
Management
Distributed
generation
ENERGY STORAGE
• Solutions allowing for storage of excess RES produced during valley
hours of the electric demand curve, and feeding it back to the grid
during peak consumption.
• Short term energy storage to manage RES variability and fluctuations
• Finding energy vectors for RES applications in Transport.
Pilares
del nuevo between
paradigma –island
Almacenamiento
energía
Differences
energy de
demand
generation from wind energy systems
Electrical
demand
Wind
generation
Fuente
www.ree.es
and
100 % RES models for islands based on the
El Hierro experience
Maximizing RES Penetration in Insular Grids: Canary Islands
Several Storage Projects ongoing, promoted by the utility (ENDESA) and the
TSO (Red Eléctrica de España): NaS, ZnBr, Supercaps, Flywheels
Pumped-Hydro Storage (Peak Shaving)
4 systems planned: Gran Canaria, Tenerife, La Palma, La Gomera
HYDROGEN AS AN ENERGY CARRIER
3 kWh
Thermal
energy
1 atm
0 ºC
Electricity
H2
4.5 kWh/Nm³H2
89.9 g de H
2
89.9 g de H2
2.9 litros
350 bar
Electricity
1.5 kWh
Fuel cells
1.5 kWh
η = 50 %
Heat
HYDROGEN: ITC’S most relevant RES – H2 projects
RES2H2
HYDROBUS
H2 energy vector
Practical experiences allowing ITC to
progress on the H2 technologies learning
curve
HYDROHYBRID
H2 automotive fuel
With 1.025 MW of wind-power (PECAN:
target 2015), and by using energy
surpluses from valley time, H2 could be
produced to feed 600 urban buses.
GRID STABILITY ANALYSIS
Determining the maximum admissible levels for RES
penetration in the island electrical systems, and proposing
actions to reinforce the small and weak island grids
1
BALANCE GENERATION - DEMAND
Technical limitations and difficulties to manage power fluctuations in small
electrical grids.
High penetration of intermittent RES generated electricity induces stability
problems in the small and weak electrical islands electrical grids.
Grid parameters and quality of supply
CRITERIA
Voltage level
Fast variation of voltage
Harmonic distortion of voltage
LIMITS
+/- 10% (Integrated over 10 minutes)
+/- 8% (Integrated over 3 seconds)
THD-U < 8%
Limits of frequency variation in normal
operating regime
49,85Hz/50,15Hz (Integrated over 5 minutes)
Limits of frequency variation in a contingency
+/- 2% de 50Hz; 49Hz/51Hz (Integrated over
240ms)
The rigorous study of the grids is important to determine the weakest
Cualquier
modificación
red por ampliación,
incorporación
de nuevos
o cambios
points
which
have toenbela reinforced
in order
to strengthen
the equipos
capacity
of
de criterios
de explotación
suponer
el incumpliendo
de alguno de los requisitos de
electrical
grids
to absorb puede
the RES
electric
power.
seguridad o límites técnicos .
Analysis of the Lanzarote-Fuerteventura electrical system
Stationary and dynamic stability studies of
the electrical grid to realistically asses the
RES penetration limits, and cost effective
solutions to reinforce the grids
Lanzarote:
Peak laod
170,30 MW
Interconnection
66 kV Playa Blanca – Corralejo
132 kV Playa Blanca – La Oliva
Punta Grande
244,24 MW
Diésel and gas turbine
Isladelanzarote.com
Las Salinas
187,43 MW
Diésel and gas turbine
fuerteventuradiario.com
Fuerteventura
Peak load
123,80 MW
Modelling on PSAT
Modelling on PSS®E v32.
WIND AND SOLAR FORECASTING
PV AND WIND FORECASTING
Reliable wind and solar forecasting is possible through the development of
climate models for 48 hours forecast. An important tool for electrical
generation programming that would make a maximum use of available RES
MEASUREMENT STATIONS NETWORK
• 23 Radiometric stations
• 33 Wind stations
WEATHER FORECAST SERVICE: to estimate the energy to be
injected in the grid by photovoltaic and wind generators within a 696 hours time horizon (MM5, WRF).
NWP (Numerical Weather Prediction): Modells
MM5/WRF y post processing with artificial
intelligence techniques.
DEMAND MANAGEMENT
DEMAND MANAGEMENT: water desalination
20% of energy production goes to water desalination
and water distribution.
Use of desalinated water
Residential & touristic
374,000 m³/day
153 plants
Agriculture
146,000 m³/day
100 plants
Energy consumption for water desalination:
1Kgr fuel/ m³ of desalinated water.
- For 522.000 m³/day
- Import 150.000 Ton fuel /year.
DEMAND MANAGEMENT: Electric cars
30% of oil consumed in the internal
market goes to the road transport
sector.
Peak shaving: More than 1 million vehicles could charge at valley hours
of the electric demand curve
DISTRIBUTED GENERATION
DERLAB: Distributed Generation Laboratory
R&D lines
• Assessment of new approaches for electric network control
• Load and Storage Management
• Communication protocol interfaces aimed to improve management and
control strategies (ITC’s)
• Microgrid testing
• GD Interconnection elements testing
• Strategies for the integration of distributed generation sources (solar,
wind …) in the insular electric networks
ITC’s MICROGRID TESTING PLATFOTM:
Distributed generation lab
Power electronics lab
LABORATORIO DE
ELECTRÓNICA DE POTENCIA
Stand-Alone RES Systems
Punta Jandía Wind Diesel System, Fuerteventura
SDAWES
UPS
WT
WT
SM
F
T 1:1
8 x RO
VC EDRSW PUMPS
Microgrid for La Graciosa
Objectives
Minimizing the needs for fossil fuels to satisfy
the electricity demands from households,
productive activities and public services, by
maximizing the penetration of RES.
Electrric Loads
658 permanent residents
342 houses
Currently there is a submarine cable connection with power capacity of
1,030 kW, and a yearly electric consumption of 3.484.914 kWh.
Minimum power
204,08 kW
Maximum power
668,00 kW
Microgrid for La Graciosa
The microgrid will combine photovoltaic,
wind and diesel systems to supply, in a
stand alone mode, the electrical needs of
the island of La Graciosa.
Control and power
conditioning unit
Energy storage: batteries
Batteries
Loads
NEW RENEWABLE ENERGY
TECHNOLOGIES
Repowering
Urgent need to repower existing wind farms in the Canary Islands to optimize
in terms de kWh/m2
Reduction of visual impact: a new turbine can replace a group of several old
wind turbines, and the angular velocity of the rotor is lower
A 7.5 MW wind turbine is able to substitute
41 old 180 kW machines.
Off-shore wind
Integrated photovoltaic systems
BIOMASA
Waste to energy
Due to the complex topography of islands, lack of large farming areas,
difficulties to implement extensive mechanization of agriculture and water
shortages, it is not possible to develop energy crops efficiently in most
islands. Therefore biomass energy available is limited to the different residues
from which energy could be recovered.
Waste a renewable energy resource
Biomass energy complementary to other unmanageable RES such as wind and
photovoltaic
Potentially usable waste as biomass energy
• Municipal Solid Waste, MSW
• Sewage sludge
• Animal farming
• Agricultural
• Forest residues
Energy recovery from waste is a key element in the fight to reduce the
volumes of waste accumulating in
landfills in island’s landfills.
Biodigester
The biodigesters are very simple designed equipment,
and inside a controlled anaerobic digestion process
can be developed to convert the organic fraction of
waste into usable products: methane gas and fertilizer.
AFLUENTE
Biogas
Pila de
descarga
Pila de carga
Fermentador
EFLUENTE
RATIONAL USE OF ENERGY
Solar energy
Salida
agua caliente
FORZADA
Colectores solares
Intercambiador
de calor
Entrada
agua fría
Bomba
TERMOSIFON
Depósito acumulador
de agua caliente
ITC solar collector testing lab (LABSOL)
• First in Spain accredited lab by ENAC
• SOLAR KEYMARK
Objetives
•
Optimize systems and components used
in solar installations
•
Provide the necessary technical support to Public
Administration and companies from the field of solar
thermal energy
ECONOMIC BARRIERS
Needed EC support for overcoming existing barriers to
maximum penetration of RES in European Islands
Existing barriers to RES include technical, regulatory/administrative,
marketing, but European support should focuss in existing financial barries
to private investment in RES projects
Large capital cost and little in operation:
• High initial investments cost of the infrastructure,
and relative long payback periods
• High financing costs can greatly affect the price and competitiveness of
RES energy
The EC could contribute to RES projects in European
island regions though
• Favourable loans
• Capital subsidies
• Support of tariff support schemes
ISLE-PACT
20 %
20 %
+
20 %
=
Reductions
ALL PARTNERS – Identification of projects
Number of Number of
Partners
Identified
analysed
Projects
projects
Co - WESTERN ISLES
3
3
P1 –GOTLAND
3 + 3*
3
P2 - MADEIRA
5
2
P3 – CANARY ISLANDS
7
7
P5 – GREEK ISLANDS
24
11
P6- CRETE
22
7
P7 - SARDINIA
6
6
P8 - MALTA
6
6
P9 - CYPRUS
6
3
P10 - SAMSØ.
4
2
P11 - AZORES
4
2
TOTAL
92
54
NEEDED
PUBLIC
BANKABILITY
SUPPORT
INDEX
0% - 10%
0
11% - 20%
1
21% - 30%
2
31% - 40%
3
41% - 50%
4
51% - 60%
5
61% - 70%
6
71% - 80%
7
81% - 90%
8
91% - 99%
9
100%
10
This index indicates % of public support that project needs to achieve
bankability (produce a positive return on
investment for the private investor).
RESULTS OF BANKABILITY ANALYSIS
Identify and analyse potential Renewable Energies, Energy Efficiency and
Sustainable Transport feasible projects, to foster private investment with
public support (public-private partnership)
BANKABILITY
25%
* Bankable by themselves without any
need of public support
20%
Projects
BANKABILITY
No. of
INDEX
PROJECTS
00*
6
13%
0
8
13%
1
11 20%
2
9
17%
3
6
11%
4
5
9%
5
3
6%
6
3
6%
8
1
2%
9
2
4%
TOTAL
54 100%
15%
10%
5%
0%
00
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
Bankability Index
8
9
ADMINISTRATIVE
BARRIERS
Administrative barriers
Restrictions on siting and construction of RES plants due to lack of spatial
planning
• Wind parks face specific environmental concerns related to siting along
migratory bird paths and coastal areas.
• Urban development or territorial protection affect the availability of land
where to installed RES systems
• Especially spatial planning for RES infrastructure take many years.
Lack of planning for promotion of clean renewable energies
Although ambitious objectives are set by national and regional authorities
with respect to RES promotion, not always a credible realistic planning to
achieve the objectives exists.
Lack of cooperation between different authorities and standard procedures
Authorities at local, regional and national level are involved in the
authorization processes. Complex, long, expensive not optimize
administrative procedures to obtain RES licences. Many organizations and
intermediate structures of consultation without having a coordination
between them.
TRAINING
Renewable Energies training at ITC
Project developers may lack sufficient technical, financial, and business
development skills. Managers, engineers, architects, lenders, or planners
may lack information about RES technology characteristics, economic and
financial costs and benefits, geographical resources, operating and
maintenance requirements and sources of finance.
Training on all educational levels: Installation, operation, and maintenance
courses that will contribute to improve workers technical skills and increase
their productivity.
52
SUMMARY
• The small and weak island grids limit the penetration of variable and
intermittent RES, without risking grid stability.
• Technological development of energy storage solutions will condition
future development of RES. It is necessary an R&D effort to overcome
existing technical restrictions imposed by weak and small island grids
• Wind energy is the most promising RES in the Canary Islands. The shortage
of land will require installation of offshore wind farms using available
technological solutions for deep-water
• Water desalination and electric vehicles offer interesting possibilities for
demand management
• Solar Thermal Energy could help to significantly reduce electricity demand
• Most RES projects involve technologies that lack the competitive maturity of
fossil fuel based technologies. To attract private investors regional, national
and European public support are needed.
 A key issue is the correct implementation of training activities that allow for
the elimination of an important barrier related to the lack of qualified
personal, and offers the opportunity for job creation.
• Strong Public-Private partnership needed to promote RES and energy
efficiency in European Islands.
Muchas
gracias

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