Finnish EPA - Nordrocs 2014

CONTAMINATED LAND MANAGEMENT
IN FINLAND
NORDROCS 2014, September 16, Stockholm
Opening Session – Joint presentation by the Nordic EPAs
Jussi Reinikainen, SYKE
22.9.2014
Jussi Reinikainen, SYKE
CONTENT OF PRESENTATION
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History and site statistics
Legislation and administration
Remediation practice
Summary
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HISTORY
22.9.2014
Jussi Reinikainen, SYKE
MAJOR STEPS IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF REGULATORY
FRAMEWORK (AND OTHER HIGHLIGHTS...)
● 1989-1994 -> First national inventory of potentially contaminated sites
○ 10 400 sites identified
● 1993 -> Waste Act
○ Soil contamination and liabilities defined
● 1994 -> Generic/land-use related (unoficcial) guideline values for soil
○ Risk basis not reported -> unclear conception of risks -> conservative decisions
○ Remediation to GVs by excavation a “rule”
● 1995 -> Other highligts...
4
22.9.2014
FINLAND WINS WORLD ICE HOCKEY CHAMPIONSHIPS
4-1!
Jussi Reinikainen, SYKE
AND BEATS SWEDEN IN THE FINALS
http://static.iltalehti.fi/mmlatka2011/mm95_etu150511STL_jm.jpg
http://suomenkuvalehti.fi/wp-content/uploads/sk/files/2011%20Uutisen%20kuvat/MM%201.jpg
vs.
2 (WC) + 0 (OG)
9 (WC) + 2 (OG)
5
22.9.2014
Jussi Reinikainen, SYKE
MAJOR STEPS IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF REGULATORY
FRAMEWORK (AND OTHER HIGHLIGHTS...)
● 2000 -> Environmental Protection Act
○ Specific section and articles on soil and groundwater contamination
○ Excavation to guideline values still continues...
● 2000 -> Another highlight from 2000
6
Jussi Reinikainen, SYKE
22.9.2014
FINNISH MEN’S NATIONAL TEAM BEATS DENMARK
IN FOOTBALL 2-1!
Danish
B
team
http://img.mtv3.fi/mn_kuvat/mtv3/urheilu/1024px/2014/007/1882889.jpg
vs.
0 (WC or EC)
4 (WC) + 7 (EC), 1 gold
7
22.9.2014
Jussi Reinikainen, SYKE
MAJOR STEPS IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF REGULATORY
FRAMEWORK (AND OTHER HIGHLIGHTS...)
● 2007 -> Decree on Assessment of Soil Contamination and Remediation
Need
○ General requirements and trigger values for risk assessment
○ Risk-based guidelines values and separate risk assessment guidelines
● 2007 -> Soil state database
○ Information system with data from 24 600 sites (in 2014)
● 2014 -> New Environmental Protection Act
○ Implementation of Industrial Emissions Directive 2010/75/EU
● 2001 -> Going back to the highlights of the early millennium...
8
22.9.2014
FINLAND WINS GOLD IN MEN’S RELAY IN THE NORDIC
Jussi Reinikainen, SYKE
WORLD SKI CHAMPIONSHIPS AND BEATS NORWAY!
http://img.mtv3.fi/mn_kuvat/mtv3/urheilu/1024px/2012/001/1330042.jpg
http://hs12.snstatic.fi/webkuva/taysi/675/1371095995153?ts=179
vs.
0 + 4/1
6 + 36/13
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SITE STATISTICS
22.9.2014
Jussi Reinikainen, SYKE
WHAT SITES ARE WE TALKING ABOUT?
● 24 600 sites in the soil database
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Ongoing activities (36 %)
No actions needed (18 %)
Remediation or risk assessment needed (9%)
Further investigations needed (37 %)
● From large industrial and planning areas to small yards
Photo: Kimmo Järvinen
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SOIL STATE DATABASE
● Identification based on past and present activities
○ Also remediated and investigated/assessed not contaminated sites
● Designed mainly for authorities
○ Environment, town planning, construction
● Public data, but no open access
○ Partly uncertain information
Fuel stations and storages
Waste treatment (eg. landfills)
Repair shops for cars etc.
Shooting ranges
Metal industry
Saw mills and wood impregnation sites
Market gardens and plant nurseries
Other industry
Other activities
REGULATION, LIABILITIES AND
ADMINISTRATION
22.9.2014
Jussi Reinikainen, SYKE
REGULATION
OF CONTAMINATION
● Environmental Protection Act (EPA)
o
o
Regulation of contamination/pollution integrated under one law
Promotion of pollution prevention, sustainability, public participation etc
● Regarding contaminated land EPA defines
o
o
o
Prohibitions for soil and groundwater contamination
Duties to notify, investigate, assess and treat contaminated soil and groundwater
Liabilities and required administrative actions for remediation
● Decree on Assessment of Soil Contamination and Remediation
Needs
○ General requirements for risk assessment
○ Threshold and guideline values
Contamination defined by
adverse effects/risks on
multiple targets
-> site-specific assessment
http://www.hel2.fi/ymk/ymparistotila/maapera/ymptila_pohjav_suojelu.html
14
22.9.2014
LIABILITIES IN ENVIRONMENTAL LEGISLATION
● 1st category: Polluters pays -principle (=operator)
o
o
o
After 1979: 100 % responsibility
1962-1979: limited responsibility
before 1962: no responsibility
● 2nd category: Property holder/owner
o
Operator not liable or not able to fulfill his responsibilities
● 3rd category: Local municipality
o
o
Limited, if pollution before 1994
Obligatory, if pollution after 1994
● Liabilities also in other legislation, private law and agreements
Clear enough....?
Call a lawyer!
15
Jussi Reinikainen, SYKE
22.9.2014
ENVIRONMENTAL
ADMINISTRATION
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22.9.2014
Jussi Reinikainen, SYKE
ROLE OF SYKE
(=
FINNISH EPA)
● Promoting work of ministry, authorities and other stakeholders
○ Preparing strategies, legislation and guidances
○ Developing tools and databases
○ Consulting on case-by-case basis
● Promoting active co-operation and knowledge exchange
○ Seminars, networks, working groups, R&D projects etc.
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CONTAMINATED LAND MANAGEMENT
PRACTICE
22.9.2014
Jussi Reinikainen, SYKE
DEVELOPMENT
OF COMMON APPROACH
1994
2007
LIMIT VALUES
Multifunctionality
”Zero” tolerance
1980s
1990s
Land-use related
soil quality
Risk-based land
management
2000s
2015
RBLM
SUSTAINABLE
LM?
2010s
Sustainable (and risk-informed)
land management
● In Finland from limit values (1994 ->)...
● ...to site-specific RA (2007->)
● From risk-based to sustainable land
management (2015->)...?
○ Guidelines on risk assessment and
sustainable risk management 9/2014
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SuRF White Paper 2009
22.9.2014
Jussi Reinikainen, SYKE
REMEDIATION
STATISTICS
● Triggers for remediation
○ Land use change, construction works, property transactions, closing down of
activities, suspicion/risks, national remediation programmes
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About 5000 sites remediated, about 250 new cases start annually
Amount of excavated contaminated soil 0,5-1,5 Mtons / year
Total annual costs 50-70 M€
Current share of costs: 2/3 private sector, 1/3 public sector
State financing only 5 M€/year
Remediation decisions (authoritative) per year
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22.9.2014
Jussi Reinikainen, SYKE
STATE FINANCING AND REMEADIATION PROGRAMMES
● State waste management work system
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Sites prioritized, but no remediation without state money
So far 370 sites with total costs of €68 million
€30 million (44 %) from state budget (2-4 M€/year), the rest from municipalities
Only 10-15 new cases annually (ca. 5 % of all the remediation works)
Finnish Oil Pollution Compensation Fund
○ For orphan oil contaminated sites; about 2 M€/year
● SOILI programme (1997-2014/15)
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Decommissioned petroleum stations or smaller fuel service sites
Funded by Oil Pollution Compensation Fund and petroleum companies
1400 applications; 1000 investigated and 650 remediated
Annual average total costs of 2,5 M€
Followed by JASKA programme for prioritized "orphan" oil contaminated sites
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22.9.2014
Jussi Reinikainen, SYKE
REMEDIATION
PRACTICE NOW...
● Remediation focuses on soil, not groundwater
○ >90% based on excavation and off-site treatment of soil
○ < 10 % based on in situ (or on-site)
○ Soil guideline values used as remediation targets > 90 %
● Excavated soils treated or reused mainly in landfills/treatment
centers
Kimmo Järvinen
22
22.9.2014
Jussi Reinikainen, SYKE
...AND
IN THE FUTURE?
● Based on present statistics, all sites will be remediated in
about 100 years
○ Total cost: 4 000 000 000 €
○ 11 000 sites -> 75 000 000 m3 of excavated soil -> 3 750 000
truck loads -> excavating and transporting equivavalent amounts
of virgin soils for backfilling -> C02 emissions and energy
consumption etc...
QUESTIONS
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Is present remediation practice efficient enough?
Is it sustainable in the long run?
Do all sites really need to be remediated ?
When they do, is there a liable party and enough money?
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22.9.2014
Jussi Reinikainen, SYKE
IN
ORDER TO CHANGE THE COURSE
● National remediation strategy
○ Objectives -> centralized desicion-making -> better prioritization
○ Funding mechanisms -> remediation programmes -> actions
● Sustainability integrated into practice
○ Objectives -> frameworks -> guidance and legislation
○ Methods/tools -> commitment -> sustainable remediation
● In Finland, the work is going on, but open dialogue and
knowledge exchange is needed continuously
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22.9.2014
Jussi Reinikainen, SYKE
SUMMARY
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Rather consistent regulatory framework exist in Finland...
...but it is not always reflected to practice the best possible way
Sustainability in remediation should be increased and promoted
National and international co-operation important
25
22.9.2014
Jussi Reinikainen, SYKE
THANK
YOU!
[email protected]
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