Aquifers, Renewable Energy and Desalination in Baja

Aquifers, Renewable Energy and Desalination in
Baja California Sur: Integrated Energy and Water
Responses to Development and Climate Changes
by
Andrés Aranda Martínez, Centro Mario Molina
Magdalena AK Muir, Associate Adjunct Research Scholar,
Columbia Climate Center, Earth Institute, Columbia University;
Visiting Scholar, Center for Carbon-free Power Integration and
Mangone Center for Marine Policy, University of Delaware;
Researcher, AINA; and Associate Professor, Aarhus University
Kyle Leinweber, Engineer in Training, Calgary
for
IWA International Water, Energy and Climate
Conference 2014 in Mexico City, May 23, 2014
This is Fulbright Research for Baja California Sur Aquifer Desalination
Renewable Energy Project Jointly Implemented with IMPLAN Los Cabos,
Centro Mario Molina, SCI Energy Lab and Coastal and Marine Union (EUCC).
Presentation and Discussion
1. Energy and Water Nexus for Baja California Sur
2. Baja California Sur aquifers, hydraulic subbasins and precipitation maps
3. Aquifers within Muncipalities of Los Cabos and
La Paz
4. Renewable Energy and Desalination in Public
and Private Sector in Baha California Sur
5. IMPLAN Los Cabos PDU 2040: The Water Case
6. Centro Mario Molina sustainable water case for
Municipalities of Los Cabos and La Paz
7. Suggested Next Steps for Baja California Sur
Aquifer Desalination Renewable Energy Project
8. Appendix (provided separately)
Energy and Water Nexus
• Baja California Sur is arid region that relies on
primarily on precipitation for water resources.
• This precipitation becomes groundwater and is
collected in aquifers and aquifer systems.
• There is a public desalination concession in Los
Cabos (2006). A second desalination concession
has been proposed for Los Cabos, and an initial
concession has been proposed for La Paz.
• Many hotels, golf courses and marinas have
private desalination and waste water treatment.
• Most electricity is generated by diesel generation.
• While water resources and desalination are
required to support economic growth, renewable
energy has a role for water resources.
CONAGUA Baja California Sur Hydrologic Sub-basins
CONAGUA Baja California Sur State Aquifers
CONAGUA Baja California Sur Precipitation 1971 to 2000
CONAGUA Baja California Sur Precipitation 2011
Baja California Sur Study Region:
Los Cabos and La Paz Municipalities
Geology of Baja California Study Region
Baja California Sur Aquifers
• Sustainability of aquifer and aquifer systems can
be considered for quantity factors (i.e., flow
volumes, recharge, discharge, time, scale,
permeability, storage and pressure).
• Sustainability of the aquifers and aquifer based
on quality (i.e., land-based and coastal
contamination, saline intrusion, and diffusion
through aquifers and connected aquifer
systems).
• Further knowledge required of capacity and
dimensions of aquifers for the Municipalities of
Los Cabos and La Paz, including issues such as
whether the aquifers are connected in aquifer
system which has quantity and quality
implications.
CONAGUA Aquifer Clave No
CONAGUA: Estimates of Aquifer Water Availability
IMPLAN Los Cabos Baja California Sur Precipitation
Aquifers in Municipality of Los Cabos .
Aquifer Analysis: Porosity
ࢂ࢙࢖ࢇࢉࢋ
࣋࢈࢛࢒࢑
Porosity is the
=૚−
࣐=
fraction (or
ࢂ࢈࢛࢒࢑
࣋࢖ࢇ࢚࢘࢏ࢉ࢒ࢋ
percentage) of
void space within Where:
࣐ : Porosity (-)
the aquifer
ࢂ࢙࢖ࢇࢉࢋ : Volume of empty space (m^3)
formation.
ࢂ࢈࢛࢒࢑ : Volume of sample or aquifer (m^3)
࣋࢈࢛࢒࢑ : Density of sample or medium
Water can be
(kg/m^3)
࣋࢖ࢇ࢚࢘࢏ࢉ࢒ࢋ :Density of rock particles
stored in pores.
(kg/m^3)
Pores can be
interconnected.
Aquifer Analysis: Permeability
Permeability is the
property of a porous
material to transmit
fluids under a
pressure differential.
Flow of a fluid in
porous media
characterized by
Darcy’s Law
There is no direct
relationship between
porosity and
permeability
Darcy’s Law:
ࡷ࡭
ࢺࡼ
ࢗ=
μ
Where:
ࢗ : Volumetric flow rate (m^3/s)
ࡷ : Permeability (m^2)
μ : Viscosity (kg/(m*s) )
ࡼ : Pressure (kg/(m*s^2))
ࣔ
࢏
ࣔ࢞
ࢺ =(
+
ࢊ
࢐
ࢊ࢟
+
ࣔ
࢑)
ࣔࢠ
: i, j, and k are
unit vector components with
respect to the directions of x, y,
and z respectfully
Pore Contamination
Diffusion of Contaminants
Diffusion is the
natural phenomenon
of a substance moving
from a state of high
concentration to low.
Concentration is the
driving force.
Transmits
contaminants through
pores and fractures.
Fick’s 2nd Law
ࣔ࡯
ࣔ૛ ࡯
ࡰ ૛=
࢚ࣔ
ࣔ࢞
Where:
ࡰ : Diffusivity constant (m^2/s)
࡯ : Concentration (mol/m^3)
࢞ : Distance (m)
࢚ : Time (s)
Graphical Illustration of Diffusion
San Jose del Cabo: Surface land use and
possible contamination of San Jose Aquifer
San Jose del Cabo
La Paz Aquifers
La Paz aquifers is in basin to the south and
south east of the Municipality of La Paz.
The precipitation model shows that the
heaviest precipitation occurs in higher
areas away from coast.
Precipitation runoff will flow towards the
lower lands near La Paz.
Best area for groundwater in basin may be
in southeast fractured granite.
Vulnerability to saline intrusion in coastal
areas of La Paz basin.
La Paz Basin
Aquifer exploitation in La Paz Basin
La Paz Basin and Elavation Map
La Paz Basin Geology Model
La Paz Basin Precipitation Model
Las Paz Basin Distribution of Recharge Areas
Proposed Gold Mining Projects in Sierra De La
Luna Mountains and Aquifer/Basin Implications
• Estimated 1.7 million ounces of gold, which
will be worth more than $2 billion.
• Argonaut Gold San Antonio mine is largest
with surface area of 46,000 hectares.
• Open pit heap leach mine with 7 hills tops and
200 M tonnes rock to be processed.
• 50 M tonnes rock to be processed with
cyanide, 150 M tonnes piled in exposed hills.
• Naturally occurring arsenic in rock.
• Water concessions from nearby ranches, or
use groundwater, seawater or desalinated
water.
Argonaut Gold San Antonio Mining Concession
San Antonio Mine and Aquifer Impacts
• Historic mining and contamination has
occurred in Sierra De La Luna Mountains
and San Juan de Los Planes basin.
• Size and nature of current proposed gold
mining operations is immense.
• San Juan de Los Planes is nearby
agricultural region, and possible
contamination risks for aquifer.
• Important questions are possible risks of
proposed San Antonio Mine and other
proposed mines to aquifers in the La Paz
Basin and San Jose Aquifer that Los Cabos
and La Paz municipalities depend upon.
IMPLAN: Los Cabos Context
North America
San José del
Cabo
Cabo San
Lucas
North West Mexico
Baja Peninsula
Baja California Sur Estate
Population:
•
Cabo San Lucas: 128,057
•
San José del Cabo: 87,488
•
Total: 215,545
Surface:
•
•
•
•
Cabo San Lucas: 3,641 Ha.
San José del Cabo: 4,234 Ha.
Corridor: 1,438 Ha.
Total: 9,313 Ha
Average annual temperature:
•
18 to 22 Celsius
200 mm of rain per year
Main economic activity:
•
Tourism (12,621 hotel rooms
available in the area)
Hurracains.
•
1970 to 2010 = 20 events.
Desalination and Renewable Energy
Public and private desalination projects underway
in the Municipality of Los Cabos.
Los Cabos Municipality receives water from a
desalination project operated under a concession,
and a further concession is being considered.
A public desalination project operated under a
concession is being considered for the Municipality
of La Paz.
Subject to private finance and concession, Los
Cabos is considering renewable energy project.
Los Cabos uses hydrocarbons to generate power.
Extensive private desalination projects in Los Cabos
in tourism sector due to tariffs and water shortfalls.
Large and small scale examples of renewable
energy and desalination briefly explored.
IMPLAN : Los Cabos Desalination Concession
Built in 2007 with an investment of $30 Million, it has been
financed by the Fondo de Inversión en Infraestructura
(FINFRA), a credit by the Banco Nacional de Obras y
Servicios Públicos, S.N.C. (BANOBRAS) and Risk Capital
Investment by (Grupo OHL).
This is the first large scale desalination plant to be
constructed in Mexico, and the Los Cabos Plant has a
capacity of 17,280 m3/ day, 200 lts/s, which is satisfying
the needs of approximately 50,000 persons.
This is a reverse osmosis plant.
Private Desalination in Los Cabos Municipality
Los Cabos Municipality receives water
from a desalination project operated
under a municipal concession.
Private desalination used to meet all or
part of water demand for many hotels,
resorts, golf courses and marinas
located in Cabos San Lucas, San Jose Del
Cabos, and the tourism corridor between
these two urban centers.
Private Desalination in Los Cabos Municipality
Desalination: Small Portable Solar Unit
Desalination: Small Scale Solar Plant in Oman.
Desalination: Large Scale Solar Energy Plant in UAE
Integration of Renewable Energy and Desalination
Two models are suggested for how renewable
energy may be used in public and private
desalination projects in Baja California Sur:
1) Separate renewable energy facilities can be
developed for each desalination project. This is
more feasible for smaller desalination projects
with energy storage, which are in an isolated
location, or where the desalination technologies
can use intermittent renewable energy.
2) Designated renewable energy can be provided
from regional or municipal electricity grids and
systems. This may be more suitable for larger
desalination projects which require more
electricity or where the desalination technologies
benefit from a more consistent electricity supply.
IMPLAN Los Cabos
Los Cabos’ Municipal Planning Institute
LOS CABOS WATER CASE
IN THE CONTEXT OF THE
URBAN DEVELOPMENT PLAN (PDU 2040)
IMPLAN: Water Consumption
Population growth in Los Cabos, 2010.
Production of water in Los Cabos, 2010.
Average consumption of water per inhabitant in
Los Cabos: 369 litres/day.
National average consumption of water per
inhabitant: 279 litres/day.
(CONAGUA, 2009)
IMPLAN Existing
key
elements
Water treatment and reuse
Water Sources
Recycled Water System
What we have:
What we have:
6 Water TreatmentPlants
1 Desalintaion Plant
10 Groundwater Wells 26 Linear Km. of Recycled
Water Lines
In what we use it?
In what we use it?
Drinking water for 2
cities
10 Golf Courses.
IMPLAN Los Cabos: Long term Vision PDU 2040
I
The open urban space as main structuring element of the city
The urban structure maintains its natural bed features
such as permeable riverbed and does not transform their
conditions and directions. The aim of urban planning in
Los Cabos is to integrate the environment and its
characteristics in the development of urban projects.
Objective: Maintain the equilibrium of aquifers’ levels.
Avoid over-exploitation of aquifers, moderating the
operation of each of the aquifers at levels that
allow recovery and maintenance.
Strategy: The implementation of Natural Sistems such as
dams and other would allow more water collection and
infiltration thus a wider spectrum of water management
strategies. The estimated impact of
infiltration
is 352.000 m3 per year in the aquifer.
150 Km. of Linear Parks on Streams or dry beds.
San José Estuary
Urban systems in areas of
extreme aridity and
sustainable water management:
Case for Los Cabos and La Paz
Selected slides extracted from complete proposal,
available in the appendix of the presentation.
Centro Mario Molina Background
“The Mario Molina Center is a bridge of practical
solutions between science and public policies on
energy and the environment to foster sustainable
development”
The Mario Molina Center for Strategic Studies
on Energy and Environment is a non-profit
independent association, constituted in 2004
to give continuity and consolidate in Mexico
the activities that throughout his life,
Professor Mario Molina has accomplished. Its
main purpose is to find practical, realistic and
in-depth solutions to problems related with
protecting the environment, the use of
energy and prevention of climate change, in
order to foster sustainable development.
The target is to achieve
Promoting
sustainable
sustainable
planning
and
urban policies to boost
management of cities, urban
economic growth socially
development promoting low
equitable
and
carbon
intensity
schemes,
environmentally
rational use of natural resources,
responsible.
particularly water and energy.
I.2 Methodology (determination of gaps)
Interpretation of results
Availability calculated
(theoretical)
D = 29.29 Mm3/yr
Availability reported (real)
D = 34.5 Mm3/yr
Availability calculated ≠ Availability reported
• The production (extraction) values reported by the OO are greater than the
volumes obtained following the methodology of calculation of CONAGUA.
• Surface water is not likely to benefit in full, however, to establish a baseline
was considered the theoretical value obtained from the calculation
methodology.
• Even when there is no water available in the aquifer, we continue drawing
water to supply the city.
Availability = VolREPDA + Dsurface
I.2. Methodology (determination of gaps)
Analysis bases (variation of water availability)
With the calculated values was obtained varying the availability
for each city (∆D%) considering climate change scenarios.
Changes in water availability scenario A2
Year
Period[yr]
2013
0
Availability
Mm3
42.72
2018
2028
5
∆D [Mm3]
∆D [%]
---
---
39.05
-3.67
-8.6%
10
23.21
-15.84
-40.6%
2048
20
29.01
5.80
25.0%
2078
30
34.45
5.43
18.7%
Water availability
Mm3
60.00
40.00
20.00
0.00
2009
2010
2011
2013
2018
2028
2048
Year
TAAF Consultoría Integral S.C. / www.grupotaaf.com
2078
I.2. Methodology (determination of gaps)
Analysis bases (variation of water availability)
With the calculated values was obtained varying the availability
for each city (∆D%) considering climate change scenarios.
Changes in water availability scenario A2
Year
Period [Years]
Availability
theoretical[Mm3]
∆D [Mm3]
∆D theoretical(%)
2013
2018
2028
2048
2078
0
5
10
20
30
34.18
32.28
22.86
21.46
21.74
---1.9
-9.42
-1.4
0.27
---5.60%
-29.20%
-6.10%
1.30%
Water availability [Mm3]
40.00
34.18
30.00
22.86
21.74
21.46
32.28
20.00
10.00
0.00
2012
2022
2032
2042
2052
2062
2072
TAAF Consultoría Integral S.C. / www.grupotaaf.com
2082
I.2. Methodology (determination of gaps)
Analysis bases (variation of water availability
To obtain the variation of the actual availability of water, it was
applied the theoretical ∆D% for each year to the amount of water
produced by the OO in 2010.
Variation of availability A1B
scenario “Los Cabos”
2010
2011
2013
2018
2028
2048
2078
-0.8%
AvailabilityM
m3
34.51*
34.25
0.0%
10.4%
34.25
37.82
8.9%
-13.0%
41.19
35.84
-18.2%
29.31
∆D (%)
Variation in the availability of scenario cc
45
40
Mm3
Year
35
A2
30
Variation of availability A2
scenario “Los Cabos”
Year
2010
2011
2013
2018
2028
2048
2078
-14.8%
38.6%
-8.6%
AvailabilityM
m3
34.51*
29.40
40.75
37.25
-40.6%
25.0%
18.7%
22.14
27.68
32.86
∆D (%)
A1B
25
20
2010
2011
2013
2018
2028
2048
2078
To calculate the gap variation, it was considered
the availability of the more adverse scenario (in
this case A2).
*Quantity of water produced according to information provided by the OOMSAPAS
I.2. Methodology (determination of gaps)
Basis of analysis (demand calculation)
Based on population growth scenarios, endowment per day
and drinking water coverage provided by the OO Los Cabos
(OOMSAPAS), it was calculated the water demand [Mm3/year]
Year
PARAMETER
UNIT
2013
2018
2023
2028
Population
Inhab.
253,577
280,878
311,119
344,616
Drinking water coverage
%
89.90%
90.80%
91.70%
92.50%
Annual production
l/s
1,172
1,313
1,486
1,640
Annual production
Mm3/año
36.96
41.39
46.3
51.73
Endowment
l/inhab*día
444
444
444
444
consumption
l/inhab*día
282
282
282
282
Annual increase in population
inhab.
5,133
5,686
6,298
6,976
Required extraction
l/s
26.4
29.25
32.39
35.88
Variation of drinking water coverage
%
89.86%
90.85%
91.74%
92.54%
I.2. Methodology (determination of gaps)
Analysis bases (variation of water availability)
To obtain the variation of the actual availability of water, it was
applied the theoretical ∆D% for each year to the amount of water
produced by the OO in 2013.
Variation of availability A1B
scenario “La Paz”
2013
2018
2028
2048
2078
∆D [%]
Availability[Mm ]
25.48*
9.46%
0.57%
-6.61%
-21.09%
27.89
28.05
26.2
20.67
Variation of availability A2
scenario “La Paz”
31.0
29.0
27.0
Disponibilidad
(A2)
25.0
Mm3
Year
Variation in the availability of scenario cc
3
23.0
Disponibilidad
(A1B)
21.0
19.0
17.0
Year
2013
2018
2028
2048
2078
∆D [%]
Availability [Mm3]
25.48*
-5.60%
-29.20%
-6.10%
24.07
17.05
16
1.30%
16.21
*Quantity of water produced according to information
provided by the OO SAPA
15.0
2010
2015
2020
2025
2030
Año
To calculate the gap variation, it was considered
the availability of the more adverse scenario (in
this case A2).
I.2. Methodology (determination of gaps)
Basis of analysis (demand calculation)
Based on population growth scenarios, endowment per day
and drinking water coverage provided by the OO La Paz
(SAPA), it was calculated the water demand [Mm3/year]
Year
PARAMETER
UNIT
2013
2018
2023
2028
Population
inhab.
235,268
273,005
316,795
367,609
Drinking water coverage
%
97.50%
97.90%
98.20%
98.40%
Annual production
l/s
953
1,106
1,283
1,489
Annual production
Mm3/año
30.06
34.88
40.47
46.96
Endowment
l/inhab*day
350
350
350
350
consumption
l/inhab*day
210
210
210
210
Annual increase in population
Inhab.
6,897
8,003
9,287
10,777
Required extraction
l/s
27.94
32.42
37.62
43.66
Variation of drinking water coverage
%
97.52%
97.86%
98.16%
98.41%
I.2 Methodology (determination of gaps)
Results
Gaps
50.0
47.0
45.0
40.5
40.0
34.9
35.0
30.1
30.0
Mm
3
25.5 15
24.1
%
25.0
63
%
47
%
31
%
21.26
20.0
17.0
15.0
10.0
5.0
2013
2018
Demanda anual
2023
Disponibilidad (A2)
2028
Gaps
II. 1 Identifying actions (benchmarking)
Micrometering (%)
94
100
90
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
97
96
National average coverage
47.4% CONAGUA
99
99
85
30
17
Información
PIGOO 2011
Puerto
Peñasco
La Paz
Celaya
Mazatlán
Tecate
Puerto
Vallarta
Saltillo
Los Cabos
Expenditure on water(rate of 20 m3)
$323.80
$350.00
$300.00
$240.84
$/month
$250.00
$210.40
$162.80
$200.00
$179.83
$122.92
$150.00
$100.00
$177.80
$67.50
$50.00
$0.00
Mazatlán
Information
PIGOO 2011
Puerto
Vallarta
Puerto
Peñasco
Saltillo
Celaya
Tecate
Los Cabos
La Paz
Baja California Aquifer Renewable Energy
Desalination Project: Suggested Next Steps to be
Agreed Upon By All Research Partners
Develop further understanding of aquifers and
quality and quantity issues for Municipalities of Los
Cabos and La Paz.
Explore role that renewable energy can play in
municipal energy systems, and for public and
private desalination projects in Municipalities of Los
Cabos and La Paz.
Evaluate water sources, uses and management
(including desalination) for Los Cabos and La Paz in
the context of IMPLAN’s urban development plan
and Centro Mario Molina’s sustainable water
management.
Consider sustainable destination tourism, climate
adaptation and mitigation approaches.
Acknowledgements for Presentation
Fulbright Scholarship and participating universities
implemented by Magdalena AK Muir.
Kyle Leinweber, Engineer in Training, for work on
aquifer assessment.
Alfonso Rivera, Adjunct Professor at at Université
Laval and Université du Québec, for aquifer advice.
.IMPLAN Los Cabos for slides, digital maps, data,
and information (Alex Gallardo).
Centro Mario Molina for water scenarios, water
methodology and slides on water resources (Andrés
Aranda Martínez).
Sustainable Cities International (SCI) Energy Lab
(Jane McRae and Bertine Stelzer).
“Managing Arroyos in Los Cabos” by SCI Affiliated
Researcher Eric Porse with IMPLAN Los Cabos.
For further information contact:
Andrés Aranda Martínez, [email protected]
Centro Mario Molina, Mexico
Magdalena AK Muir [email protected] & [email protected]
Associate Adjunct Research Scholar, Columbia Climate Center at
Earth Institute, Columbia University; Visiting Scholar, Center for
Carbon-free Power Integration and Mangone Center for Marine
Policy, University of Delaware; Research Associate, Arctic Institute of
North America; Associate Professor, Aarhus University Herning &
Centre for Energy Technologies; and Advisory Board Member,
Climate, Coastal and Marine Union (EUCC)
This presentation and research supported by Fulbright Canada under
the Fulbright Canada- RBC Award; the Columbia Climate Center at
the Earth Institute, Columbia University; the Center for Carbon-free
Power Integration and the Mangone Center for Marine Policy in the
College of Earth, Ocean, and Environment, University of Delaware;
and Aarhus University Herning and the Center for Energy
Technologies.
References for IWA Conference Presentation
Following are the references for IWA
Conference presentation and the
submitted conference paper,
Preliminary Assessment of Water
Resources including Climate
Considerations for the Los Cabos and
La Paz Municipalities in the State of
Baja California Sur, Mexico by
Magdalena Muir, Kyle Leinweber and
Andrés Aranda Martínez .
References for IWA Conference Presentation
Argonaut Gold (14 March 2014)
www.argonautgold.com/_resources/projects/SanAntonio-Project-District-Schematic-Map.pdf
San Antonio Gold Project Baja California Sur, Mexico NI43101 Technical Report (2001), p. 28 (March 14, 2014)
www.argonautgold.com/_resources/projects/San_Antoni
o_NI_43-101_Technical_Report_August_2_2010.pdf
Carrilo A., Drever J.I. Absorption of arsenic by natural
aquifer material in the San Antonio-El Triunfo mining area,
Baja California, Mexico. Environmental Geology,
(September 1998), Volume 35, Issue 4, pp 251-257.
Carillo-Chavez A., Drever, J.I., Martinez M., Arsenic content
and groundwater geochemistry of the San Antonio-El
Triunfo, Carrizal and Los Planes aquifers in southernmost
Baja California, Mexico, Environmental Geology, October
2000, Volume 39, Issue 11, pp 1295-1303.
Centro Mario Molina, Sistemas Urbanos en Zonas de
Extrema Aridez, Propuestas para el Manejo Sustentable del
Agua (November 2013).
References for IWA Conference Presentation
CONAGUA: Dario Oficial, Segunda seccion (Dec. 20 2013),
and Mexican Official Standard NOM- 011 -CNA -2000
Conservation of Water Resources (2012).
Cruz-Falcón A., Troyo-Diéguez E., Fraga-Palomino H. and
Vega-Mayagoitia J. Location of the Rainfall Recharge Areas
in the Basin of La Paz: Figure 2. Delimitation of the basin of
La Paz, and Terrain elevation model (TEM); Figure 4. Geology
model of the basin of La Paz; and Figure 8. Precipitation
model of the basin of La Paz (18 March 2014).
http://www.intechopen.com/books/water-resourcesplanning-development-and-management/location-of-therainfall-recharge-areas-in-the-basin-of-la-paz-bcs-m-xico
McEvoy J. Desalination and Development: The Sociological
and Technological Transformation of the Gulf of California.
Doctorate dissertation, University of Arizona (2013).
http://arizona.openrepository.com/arizona/bitstream/1015
0/301684/1/azu_etd_12924_sip1_m.pdf (April 18, 2014).
References for IWA Conference Presentation
Pombo A., Breceda A., and Valdez Aragon A., Desalinization
and Wastewater Reuse as Technological Alternatives in an
Arid, Tourism Booming Region of Mexico. Frontera norte
v.20 n.39 México ene./June 2008.
Porse E., Managing Arroyos in Los Cabos, report of SCI
Affiliated Researcher Porse in cooperation with IMPLAN
Los Cabos (2013).
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Apoyos cartográficos: Baja California Sur: 01 precipitation
normal 71 00 (11 March 2014)
http://pronacose.uacj.mx/Carpeta1erTaller/6.%20APOYO
S%20CARTOGRAFICOS/01_Baja%20California%20Sur/

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