Practice Final CLAS Chem 109C Ch 23, 24, 25, 27 1. Give three ways a metal can catalyze a reaction. 2. Explain, with the hydrolysis of an ester as an example, the difference between general and specific acid and base catalysis. 3. Explain how I- can increase the rate of SN2 reactions. 4. Draw the suicide inhibitor used to fight cancer. How does it work? 5. Describe three ways in which enzymes can catalyze reactions. 6. What two coenzymes can decarboxylate their substrates? 7. What two coenzymes act as electron sinks? 8. Show how the pyruvate dehydrogenase complex works. What coenzymes are involved? 9. What is the group transferred by the following THF coenzyme? H2N H N N HN N O NHR O H 10. How many carbons in a sesquiterpene? 11. Serine proteases are used to cleave peptide bonds. a. Name two of the serine proteases. b. How are the amino acids in the active site different in the above two enzymes? c. How can you experimentally determine if an amino acid is involved in the catalytic process of an enzyme? 12. Polyesters containing double bonds are often crosslinked by reaction with styrene. a. Draw the structure of the copolymer of HO-CH2CH2-OH and HO2C-CH=CH-CO2H b. Draw the structure of the crosslinked polymer. 13. Fill in the missing coenzymes and/or products: O O phenylalanine aminotransferase O - O + - - O O + NH3 a. pyruvate carboxylase O O O - O b. SH S SH S R R c. O OH H d. e. O O O - - succinate dehydrogenase O f. O O - O H O g. O O O - SCoA h. O O - O SCoA 14. Predict the product and mechanism for: NAD+ OH R R D 15. Rank the following from most to least reactive: O O O O O - Br O - Br O O Br + O O O O - O O O - Br O 16. True or False: a. the oxidizing agent of NADH under aerobic conditions is pyruvate b. all coenzymes are derived from vitamins c. nucleophilic attack of a carboxylate ion at the alpha position leads to an irreversible reaction d. FAD is a reducing agent e. Thiamine pyrophosphate comes from vitamin B3 f. all the B vitamins are water soluble g. FADH2 does not dissociate from an enzyme once it has reacted h. PLP is covalently bound to an enzyme by an amide linkage i. Biotin is a cofactor for carboxylation reactions j. the metal ion in B12 is iron k. for each glucose that undergoes glycolysis, 1 ATP is produced l. disproportionation is a type of termination step in cationic polymerizations m. branched polymers are usually harder than linear ones n. carbon #1 of glucose ends up as carbon #1 in pyruvate after glycolysis 17. Give the mechanism for: a. NADH reduction of acetaldehyde b. FAD oxidation of dihydroplipoate c. pyruvate + TPP  CO2 + acetaldehyde d. glucose+ ATP  glucose-6-phosphate + ADP e. enediol rearrangement of dihydroxyacetone to glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate f. formation of polypropylene by radical polymerization g. formation of polystyrene by anionic polymerization h. formation of polyisobutylene by cationic polymerization (monomer CH2=CH(CH3)2 ) O OH ATP - i. O PPi PPi