Faba Bean Production 101

Faba Bean Production 101
Agriculture and Agri-Food Research Station
Lacombe, Alberta
April 1, 2014
Mark Olson
Unit Head – Pulse Crops
Robyne Bowness
Research Scientist – Pulse Crops
Alberta Agriculture and Rural Development
Crops Research and Extension Division
Food and Bio-Industrial Crop Branch
Low tannin variety
Outline
-background/uses
-field selection
-seeding management
-fertility
-weed control
-insects
-diseases
-harvest management
Tannin variety
Background

species seed size range of 200 to 1000+ g 1000-1

large seeded (> 800 g 1000-1) types known as broadbean

broadbeans are eaten fresh while still young and tender and
young leaves of the plant can also be eaten either raw or cooked
like spinach.
200 to 800 g 1000-1 are called faba or fava bean(Europe)
crude protein of 28% - 32%.


large seeded tannin types are preferred for a human edible market
(falafel, canned) in Middle East(Egypt) and Asia.

falafel is equivalent of fast food, street food in the Middle East

Falafel is so popular is offered on McDonald’s menu in some countries.
Faba bean types
Tannin
Containing
Tannin Free
Background





livestock feed - inclusion was limited due to high
tannin content (for monogastrics) but now have low
(zero) tannin varieties. Prairie Swine Research Trials
2003-2004 up 60% inclusion in the diet.
fractions (protein 60%)for fish feed and starch for
the food market.
Alliance Grain Traders (AGT) and Parkland Alberta
Commodities are active in faba bean markets.
signed production contracts a must.
historically competition has been France, UK and
Australia.
Starch
Fractions
Split seed
Protein
Hulls or fiber
Whole seed
Olson, M.A., AARD
Breeding Programs



Canadian breeding programs began in the early 1970s

SSNS-1(Dr. Gordon Rowland, Crop Development Center, University of

Saskatchewan)
mid 1980s - to present Limagrain (Netherlands)
Restarted program (late 2000s) at the Crop Development
Center, University of Saskatchewan (Dr. Albert Vandenberg)
U of S goals:



develop a small seeded, low tannin variety for animal feed or silage
develop a large seeded variety of appropriate color and shape for
Middle Eastern human consumption markets.
early maturing and disease resistant.
Source : Dr. Bert Vandenberg,
University of Saskatchewan,
Pulse Days 2013
Source : Dr. Bert Vandenberg,
University of Saskatchewan
Faba bean
the highest nitrogen fixing annual
grain legume.
 requires cool and moist growing
conditions….cool season pulse.
 early seeding highly recommended.
 excellent stand-ability.
 high yielding.

Source:
Dr. Fran Walley, U of S
PulsePoint magazine
March 2006
2008
11%
2009
2010
6%
10%
23%
Kg ha-1
50%
cv. Snowbird
Lupwayi et al AAFC, Beaverlodge, AB
Annual Insured Acreage of Faba bean in Alberta
Crop
Year
Acreage
Irrigated
Total insured
acres
Estimated total
acres*
Dryland
2004
2033
35
2068
2757
2005
2134
271
2405
3027
2006
4112
685
4797
6396
2007
1626
410
2036
2715
2008
3612
520
4132
5509
2010
2943
1336
4279
5709
2011
2289
2011
4300
5733
2012
3662
2497
6159
8212
2013
11402
4100
15502
20669
* Extrapolated based on only 75% of acres are insured
Source: AFSC 2013
Lots of new growers
Where was faba bean grown
in 2013?
• 64% were grown:
• from Olds to Westlock,
• from Stony Plain to Vegreville
• 25% in Southern Alberta
• under irrigation
• Remainder were scattered
• Legal
• Peace region
• Eastern Alberta
Field Selection



avoid manured fields unless you are looking for biomass(silage)
herbicide residues to be aware of
 2,4-D/MCPA(under dry conditions), Accent, Accord, Ally,
Amber, Assert, Attain, Atrazine, Banvel II/Oracle, Curtail M,
Eclipse, Everest, Glean, Infinity, Laddock, Lontrel, Muster,
Poast Flaxmax, PrePass, Prestige, Prevail, Primextra II
Magnum, Primextra Magnum, Shotgun, Simplicity, Simazine,
Spectrum, Sundance, Triton C, Tordon, Trophy Prism, Ultim,
Unity and Velpar DF.
avoid fields with perennial and hard to kill weeds
 examples -Canada thistle, sow thistle, narrow leaf hawks’
beard, quackgrass
Huge Biomass
July 5, 2013
July 20, 2013
Pictures courtesy of Dr. Sheri Strydhorst
Lontrel(clopyralid) residue
Seeding management
•
•
•
•
Need to seed early… really!
Seed by May 7th
Aim for about 45 plants m-2 (4 -5 plants ft-2)
If it’s getting late could consider increasing the
seeding rate to push maturity
• After May 15th – switch to another crop kind
• Watch for plugging…large seed can get hung up
• Don’t seed too shallow - seed into moisture (1.5 – 2”
depth, can go deeper)
Seeding Date Research

four cultivars seeded early and late
early was a soon as physically possible to get equipment on the
land
 late was two weeks after the first seeding date






two locations for three years(2004-2006)
double disc opener on 8” row spacing
minimum tillage
data on yield, 1000 seed weight(TSW) and plant height
seeding date did not affect TSW or plant height
Effect of time of seeding and variety on faba bean yield avearaged
averaged
acros years and locations
across
Kg · Ha-¹
9000
Early
8000
Late
7000
100 bu/acre
6000
5000
4000
3000
2000
1000
0
Ben
Snowbird
CDC Blitz
variety
VM 214
Tony
Kg · Ha-¹
Effect of time of seeding and location on faba
bean yield (across years)
9000
8000
Early
7000
Late
100 bu/acre
6000
5000
4000
3000
2000
1000
0
Namao
Westlock
Location
Effect of time of seeding and year on faba bean yield
(across locations)
Kg · Ha-¹
9000
8000
Early
7000
Late
100 bu/acre
6000
5000
4000
3000
2000
1000
0
2004
2005
Year
2006
Yields of Early verses Late Seeding
94 bu/ac
71 bu/ac
32% yield advantage with early seeding
Seeding rate




targeting 4 plants ft-2 or more
seeding rate calculation is critical because of the huge
variation in seed size between varieties (325 to 750 g
1000 seeds-1), locations and years.
i.e.

500 g 1000-1 variety would be seeded at 235 lbs acre-1or
approximately 4 bushels per acre -1.

700 g 1000-1 variety would be seeded at 329 lbs acre-1or
approximately 5.5 bushels per acre -1.
assume 60 lb bushel weight
700
600
500
400
300
200
100
2011
2012
Snowbird
Imposa
FB 9-4
FB 18-20
Snowbird
FB 9-4
Imposa
0
FB 18-20
g 1000 seeds -1
Mean 1000 - seed weight of faba bean
cultivars in Alberta Faba Bean Trial
2011& 2012
800
Seeding rateManagement

Seeding rate formula
# of plants ft-2 X 1000 TSW (g 1000-1) ÷10
% viability

What is viability?
Germination % (95) - mortality% (10) =
% viability (85% or .85)
ie. 4 plants ft -2 X 500 g ÷10 = 235 lbs/acre
0.85
Seeding rate calculator www.agric.gov.ab.ca
Regional Faba Bean Variety Trials
Cultivar, type and breeding stream
Snowdrop
Zero Tannin
University of Saskatchewan
Saskatchewan Pulse Growers
Variety Release Program
Snowbird
Zero Tannin
Limagrain Nederland BV
Imposa
Zero Tannin
Limagrain Nederland BV
Malik (9-4)
Tannin
University of Saskatchewan
Contract Variety
Saskcan Pulse Trading
FB 18-20
Tannin
University of Saskatchewan
Contract Variety
Saskcan Pulse Trading
Tabasco
Tannin
NPZ Lemke
DL seeds
100 bu/acre
Malik
Snowdrop (FB 34-2)
 Snowdrop was developed by Dr. Albert Vandenberg
University of Saskatchewan, Crop Development Centre,
Saskatoon, Saskatchewan.
 white flowered, zero tannin faba bean.
 yield in co-ops was (10%) lower than the check
Snowbird (three year summary 2009-2011) and 15%
lower in Regional Variety Trials(2013, 1 year data)
 mean days to flower were at 55 days compared to the
check Snowbird at 54 days and maturity was equal at
117 days.
 1000 seed weight 335 g 1000-1compared to Snowbird
450g 1000-1.
ACIDF, Strydhorst 2004
Faba 22 plants m-2
Faba 43 plants m-2
Faba 65 plants m-2
Faba 86 plants m-2
Seeding Management

Seed treatments
tannins are a natural seed protectant and many farmers
growing tannin types(only) do not seed treat.
 Apron Maxx RTA(fludioxonil + metalaxyl m) is
registered for use on faba bean
 Crusier Maxx Pulses RTA(fludioxonil +metalaxyl m
+thiamethoxam) has been used by farmer in areas
where field pea leaf weevil is of concern.

Seeding Management


Inoculate with correct strain
 visibly red or pink nodules, 3-5 weeks after
seeding
 faba bean unique in that the crop continues to fix
nitrogen up until harvest
Formulations
 granular
 liquid
 peat powdered
Inoculant products
BeckerUnderwood
 self-adhering peat based specific for faba bean Nodulator® is registered
Farmers are also using the products below on faba bean with
very good success.
 Novozymes
 Cell-Tech inoculant for pea (GRANULE only)
 granule rates would be the same for faba beans as peas
 Tag team specific to faba bean in process of registration
 Loveland Products
 EstablishTM granular (pea)

Photo courtesy of Gary Hnatowich
Fertility
nitrogen requirements taken care of by inoculating
with rhizobia
 five fertility treatments: 20 lbs P2 O5 ,
40 lbs P2 O5, 30 lbs K2 O, 15 lbs S, complete blend and
a check
 0-45-0-0 fertilizer (triple super) was phosphorous
source, no nitrogen added
 six locations over three years(2004-2006)
 examined yield, 1000 seed weight, plant height and
maturity

Fertility
Conclusions
all sites and years combined there was no
response fertility for yield, plant height,
1000 seed weight or maturity
 however, at two sites, there was increased
yield to the first 20 lbs P2 O5 and increase in
yield with an additional 20 lbs P2 O5 in one
instance and decrease in yield in the other
case

7050
6600
Yield (kg · ha -1)
6150
5700
5250
75 bu/acre
4800
4350
3900
3450
3000
CHECK
22.4 P2O5
44.8 P2O5
33.6 K2O
16.8 S
* all sites and years combined there was no response fertility for yield, plant height,
1000 seed weight or maturity
Source: Lopetinsky, K.J., and Olson, M.A. AARD
Complete
Faba bean – Weeds and Herbicides



faba bean has a similar competitive ability to field
pea
target density 45 plants m-2
limited number of herbicides registered for faba
bean in Western Canada
Basagran/Forte, Edge, Sencor (pre-emergent), Poast
Ultra, Hoe-Grass 284, Treflan, are registered
 Odyssey was approved spring 2013
 Viper ADV (imazamox and bentazon with 28% UAN) is
on National Minor Use Priority List
 do not use MCPA(Na Salt), Tropotox or Sencor in crop

Sencor
MCPA(Na Salt)
MCPA & Sencor
Twisting and
flattening of crop
Blackening of leaf
margin and crinkling
Olson, M.A. AARD
Insects

Lygus

Pea leaf weevil?

Grasshoppers?

Bertha Army Worm?

Blister beetles?
Insect concerns… Lygus bugs
Photos: Patty Reid
•
•
•
•
•
Move in from surrounding canola fields
Suck on developing pods
Creates an injury on seed that turns black
Quality is downgraded
Insecticide application does not improve grade – not economic
Lygus Bug Control in Faba Bean Crops in Northwest Alberta
Dosdall, L. , Lopetinsky, K.J., Strydhorst, S., Olson, M.A. and Sowiak, V.


3 year study, two locations per year = 6 site years
Matador (lambda-cyhalothrin)
1) control(no insecticide applied)
2) Matador® application July 2;
3) Matador® application July 2 and July 15;
4) Matador® application July 2, July 15 and July 30;
5)Matador® application July 2, July 15, July 30, and August 13.

Application of Matador® in all years (with the exception of
one location) decreased the mean number of Lygus bug
perforations compared to the control but was insufficient for
samples to grade #1 Canada.
Insect concerns… Bertha armyworm
Photos: Patty Reid
• Seen in some fields around central and southern Alberta
• Caused significant damage to pods
• Seed was destroyed and not marketable
• Damage was not widespread
Insect concerns… Bertha armyworm
• Common thing in all fields was volunteer canola
• Were they just opportunistic??
• Canola was drying down and faba beans were still very leafy / green
• Could be a potential problem in the future…
Chocolate spot Botrytis fabae (fungal
pathogen)
Pictures courtesy of Sheri Strydhorst & Robyne Bowness, AARD

Disease survey confirmed it was chocolate spot
Botrytis fabae (fungal pathogen)

Had limited impact on yield

Fungicides

Lance (boscalid)is registered for control of sclerotinia on
faba bean and controls botrytis on pea, lentil and
chickpea)

disease helped to “dry down” leaf material to hasten
harvest
Reports of Poor Pod Set are Wide Spread
Report of no pods, few pods … yikes
Aug 9 - Linden, AB
Aug 30 - Lacombe, AB
Pictures courtesy of Sheri Strydhorst AARD
Expert Advice – Dr. Fred Stoddard Finland





It looks to me like a very familiar story.
It looks like conditions have been relatively damp (or
that there is ready access to water). The plants are tall
and lanky. I saw this a few times in the early 80s in the
UK but seldom since. You can emulate this in a
glasshouse.
When the growing conditions are so good the
assimilate is allocated to the growing tip instead of to
pods.
Inadequate pollination *may* contribute to the problem
in the field, but I don't really believe it.
The plant needs a little bit of stress to make it divert
resources into the fertilized flowers.
Harvest Management
Pictures courtesy of Ken Lopetinsky, AARD
Harvest Management


excellent stand ability, great crop to straight cut
Pre-harvest weed control
 Roundup
WeatherMAX registered
 do not keep seed for next year

Desiccation
 Reglone
registered
 80% -90% natural defoliation and when at least 80%
of pods have turned yellow, top immature green pods
okay
 desiccate no later than September 7, use high water
volume
 pod shatter can occur under wet/dry/wet/dry and for
this reason some growers swath
Picture courtesy of Ken Lopetnsky , AARD
Harvest Management

Swathing(Source: Sask Ag)
 crop should be swathed when about 25 per cent of the
plants in the field have the lowest one to three pods turning
dark.
 uppermost pods should be fully developed and the middle
pods turning to a lighter green.
 at this stage the moisture content of the most mature seeds
may be over 40 per cent and the seeds in the upper part of
the plant may be over 60 per cent.
 a light narrow swath should be used as the crop may take
up to three weeks to dry in the swath
Cons of swathing
 swaths can be difficult to pick up
 if it snows, a standing crop can still be harvested
 snowed under crops - mycotoxins
Harvest Management


approximately 115 -120 days to maturity
expected yield is 50-60 bushels acre-1 (10 year average is 39

bushels acre-1)
have had farmers report yields of 100 bushels acre-1 under dryland and
125 bushels acre-1 under irrigation
many growers talked about 70-80 bushels acre-1 in 2013.

straight cut approximately 5”- 6” ft off the ground

shorter stubble allow easier seeding(no plugging between shanks)
the next spring.


do not use lifters as can pop pods and cause seed yield loss.
combines at a nice speed


4 miles/hour
can go faster if there is no seed loss
Harvest Management

Combining
 faba
bean considered dry at 16% moisture
 many farmers will start combining at 18-20% and
aerate down if have clean sample( i.e. not a lot of
Canada thistle heads, etc, etc,)
 usually start with setting for field pea or soybean as
per manufacturer’s manual and adjust from there.
 pea concaves are nice, but not necessary. Can pull very
second wire or 2 out of every 3 wires.
Harvest Management

Combining
 faba
bean is a large seed so can crank up the wind.
 300 rotor speed.
 JD rotary machines set concaves to start at 20 and
adjust from there.
 watch discharge beater when conditions get tough
because of plugging.
Pictures courtesy of Olson, M.A, AARD
Sabourin 2012
Input
Seed
innoculant
Fert
pre emerge
In crop
Fungicide
Pre-Harvest
Total
Revenue
Net
5 lbs /a
100-20-15-25
.33L/a transorb
2 shot Liberty
Astound
45 bu @ $13.50
Canola
$ 58.00
$
$107.00
$ 9.00
$ 32.00
$ 27.00
$
$233.00
$607.50
$374.50
4 bu/a treated
100 lbs 8-38-15
.33L/a transorb
Viper
Reglone
74 bu @ $8.90
Faba Beans
$ 56.00
$
9.00
$ 37.00
$
9.00
$ 24.00
$
$ 28.00
$ 163.00
$ 659.00
$ 496.00
Courtesy SVF – Tom Carleton, Agronomist
Tri “M” Farms - 2013
Input
Seed
Innoculant
Fert
Pre plant
Pre emerge
In crop
Fungicide
Pre-Harvest
Total Exp
Revenue
Net
Canola
4 lbs/a L130
$ 40.88 4 bu/a treated
$
135-30-15-48
$126.06 70 lbs 8-38-15
Edge
Transorb
$ 3.00 Transorb
2 shot Liberty
$ 17.30 Viper
Proline
$ 21.15 $
Reglone
$208.39
57 bu/a @ $10.50 $598.50 68 bu/a @ $8.00
$390.11
Faba Beans
$
70.00
$
10.50
$
24.30
$
23.50
$
3.00
$
16.50
$
$
18.50
$ 166.30
$ 544.00
$ 377.70
Courtesy SVF – Tom Carleton, Agronomist
Contact Information
Mark Olson
[email protected]
Phone 780-968-3556, cell 780-246-5363
Robyne Bowness
Phone 403-782-8023. cell 587-876-1757
[email protected]

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