Design Development: Evacuation Centers, Eastern Samar

IOM OIM
DESIGN DEVELOPMENT
WORK IN PROGRESS 24 SEPTEMBER 2014
EVACUATION CENTERS / EASTERN SAMAR
TABLE OF CONTENTS
BACKGROUND3
CASE STUDIES
BUILDING DESIGN
DESIGN BRIEF
DESIGN SPECIFICATION
AREA PLANNING SITE PLANNING
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11
REFERENCES15
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PURPOSE OF DOCUMENT
The purpose of this document is to present work in progress for the design
development of new evacuation centers in Eastern Samar, to secure approval from
relevant personnel prior to progressing design to next stage of documentation.
DOCUMENT USERS
This document is intended for internal circulation only.
BACKGROUND
THE DISASTER
THE REGION
TYPOON YOLANDA
EASTERN SAMAR
Typhoon Yolanda (International Codename: Haiyan) made its first landfall on 8 November 2013
in the Philippines in Guiuan, Eastern Samar, with the eye of the storm passing directly over the
municipality. Peak winds reached 380 km per hour (235 mph) with sustained wind speeds of
315 km per hour (195 mph). The town suffered heavy damage to property, 110 people were
killed and 3,625 were injured. In the province of Eastern Samar, as is common in most areas
frequently affected by tropical cyclones, populations living in high risk areas evacuate to safe
shelters (commonly public buildings such as schools and churches) in advance of the arrival of the
storm. The Philippines is no exception. However, Yolanda wrought catastrophic damage not only
to habitat but to buildings previously used as evacuation centres.1
Eastern Samar is a district located on the east coast of the island of Samar within the Eastern
Visayas (Region VIII). The district consists of 22 municipalities, 597 Barangay and one capital city,
Borongan City.2
On the ground in Tacloban, November 16, 2013 - Road Closed
Eastern Visayas, The Philippines
Source: www.flickr.com/search/?q=iom+philippines
Source: http://d-maps.com/m/asia/philippines/philippines38.gif
1
2
www.iom.int/files/live/sites/iom/files/Country/docs/IOM-Assessment-ECs-ESamar_2014-Apr.pdf
Eastern Samar - 428, 877
Borongan City - 62, 457
www.rappler.com/newsbreak/iq/43341-fact-file-eastern-visayas
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BACKGROUND
SHELTER SOLUTIONS
EXISTING CONDITIONS
SUITABLE SHELTER FOR EVACUEES
DESIGNATED EVACUATION CENTERS
Suitable shelter to be used in evacuations should take into account considerations such as:
One third of existing designated evacuation centres function as multi-purpose halls, and/or
Barangay Halls, however 85% are currently unuseable. An audit undertaken by IOM in April 2013
has identified a need to build new fit-for-purpose evacuation centres to provide safe shelter for
communities vulnerable to disaster to be utilised as community halls in non-disaster situations.
• Many displaced persons prefer to remain as close to the home site as possible;
• Some individuals will have evacuated themselves and made their own arrangements therefore
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it may not be necessary to shelter the entire evacuated population;
Disruption to work, school and social arrangements should be minimized;
Accommodation should be located away from potential hazards or secondary hazards;
structurally sound; follow existing building codes
Use of smaller evacuation centres where possible, as self-regulation within smaller groups is
more likely and solidarity may be fostered;
Special shelter arrangements may be necessary for more vulnerable individuals in cases where
basic shelter may not meet their needs.1
SUITABLE SHELTER FOR LIVESTOCK
If animals, livestock and pets have been transported out of the evacuation zone, they will also need
to be considered within plans for the provision of shelter, and suitable facilities for the sheltering
or accommodation of animals must also be pre-identified.3
1
www.globalcccmcluster.org/system/files/publications/MEND_download.pdf
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DESIGN DEVELOPMENT EVACUATION CENTERS / EASTERN SAMAR
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BACKGROUND
DESIGN CONSTRAINTS
TERMS OF REFERENCE
DURING DISASTER
EVACUATION
The evacuation center is designed to provide evacuees with safe shelter during disaster for the
preservation of life.
Evacuation is the rapid movement of people away from the immediate threat or impact of a
disaster to a safer place of shelter. It is commonly characterized by a short time frame, from
hours to weeks, within which emergency procedures need to be enacted in order to save lives
and minimize exposure to harm.1
POST DISASTER
The evacuation centre is not designed to function as a collective centre for displaced persons
post-disaster. The evacuation centre may be utilised for emergency shelter only in the instance
that vulnerable individuals (older people, pregnant women, unaccompanied children and persons
with disability) have limited or no access to more appropriate emergency shelter solutions.
EVACUEES
A person who has evacuated a hazardous location in response to the immediate threat or impact
of a disaster, either through their own initiative and resources (self-evacuated) or through the
direction and assistance of authorities and/or emergency responder.1
EMERGENCY SHELTER
Short term shelter that provides life-saving support, the most basic shelter support that can be
provided immediately after the disaster.2
COLLECTIVE CENTRE
Collective centres, also refered to as mass shelters, are usually transit facilities lcated in preexisitng structures such as community centres, town halls, gymnasiums, hotels, warehouses,
disused factories and unfinished buidings. They are often used when displacement occurs inside a
city, or when there are significant flows o displaced people into a city or town. 3
On the ground in Tacloban, November 18, 2013 - Erecting Emergency Shelter
Source: www.flickr.com/search/?q=iom+philippines
1
www.globalcccmcluster.org/system/files/publications/MEND_download.pdf
2
www.sheltercasestudies.org/files/tshelter-8designs/10designs2013/2013-10-28-Post-disaster-shelter-ten-designs-IFRC-lores.pdf
3
www.sheltercentre.org/node/12873
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CASE STUDY
The following case studies present exemplar use of local materials, construction technologies and resilient architetural forms, that have informed the development of a robust design solution for evacuation centers in Eastern Samar.
EVACUATION CENTER BUILDINGS
SCHOOL BUILDINGS DESIGNATED AS EVACUATION CENTRE BUILDINGS DURING DISASTER, BANGLADESH - ELEVATED BUILDING PROTECTS INTERIOR FROM FLOODING
FIT-FOR-PURPOSE CYCLONE SHELTER BUILDING, BANGLADESH - CONCEPT BY KASHEF MAHBOOB CHOWDRY - EXTERNAL CIRCULATION BUFFERS INTERIOR FROM HARSH SUN, WIND AND RAIN
www.friendship-in-may.weebly.com/proposal-for-a-cyclone-shelter.html
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CASE STUDY
INTEGRATING LOCAL MATERIALS AND CONSTRUCTION WITH MODERN TECHNOLOGY
DRUK WHITE LOTUS SCHOOL, INDIA - DESIGNED BY ARUP ASSOCIATES IN PARTNERSHIP WITH LOCAL COMMUNITY
www.dwls.org/ladakh-photo-gallery.html
SALAM CENTER FOR CARDIAC SURGERY AND MEDICAL COMPOUND, SUDAN - DESIGNED BY TAMassociati ARCHITECTS IN PARTNERSHIP WITH LOCAL COMMUNITY (2013 AGA KHAN AWARD WINNER)
www.tamassociati.wordpress.com/2013/09/09/tamassociati-wins-aga-khan-award-salam-centre/
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CASE STUDY
RESILIENT ARCHITECTURAL FORMS
ROUNDED FORM IMPROVES BUILDING AERODYNAMICS - STRUCTURE IS MORE RESILIENT TO STRONG WINDS, FLYING DEBRIS, TIDAL WAVES AND STORM SURGE
MONOLITHIC FORM REDUCES REQUIREMENT FOR INTERNAL COLUMNS - STRUCTURE IS MORE RESILIENT TO EARTHQUAKE, TYPHOON AND OTHER NATURAL DISASTER
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DESIGN DEVELOPMENT EVACUATION CENTERS / EASTERN SAMAR
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CASE STUDY
CONTEXT-SPECIFIC MATERIALS AND CONSTRUCTION
REINFORCED CONCRETE STRUCTURE - ROBUST, READILY AVAILABLE AND COMMONLY USED THROUGHOUT THE PHILIPPINES
HOLLOW CONCRETE BLOCK - COST EFFECTIVE, READILY AVAILABLE AND COMMONLY USED THROUGHOUT THE PHILIPPINES
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CASE STUDY
CONTEXT-SPECIFIC COMMUNITY HALLS
TYPICAL BARANGAY HALL EXTERIOR - 2 STOREY BUILDINGS CONSTRUCTED OF REINFORCED CONCRETE, STRONG CIVIC PRESENCE, CENTRAL ENTRANCE, BUILDING IS CLEARLY SIGNED
TYPICAL BARANGAY HALL INTERIOR - HARD FLOOR FINISH, COLOURFUL DECORATION, UTILITARIAN LIGHTING, MOVEABLE FURNITURE FOR LARGE AND SMALL MEETING ARRANGEMENTS
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BUILDING DESIGN
DESIGN BRIEF
To design safe evacuation centers for communities in Eastern Samar, to be utilised by the community year-round as multi-purpose centers
MONOLITHIC DOME SHELTER
the most safe building typology
NEW EVACUATION CENTER
a building designed fit-for-purpose
BARANGAY HALL
the most common community building typology
DESIGN SPECIFICATION
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Building is safe, in accordance with FEMA P-320 / P-361 - engineered for wind speeds of 320 km/hour (200mph) and moderate seismic activity (7.2 magnitude)
Building is designed in accordance with national construction standards
Design provides to minimum standards for short term relief response (The Sphere Project)
Local community livelihoods are supported in construction process
Building is low cost - operationally and in construction
Building is low maintenance and highly durable
Building may be constructed in a short time frame
Building interior provides access to natural light and ventilation
Building may be self-sufficient, with rainwater tanks and potential for integrated solar power
Site is accessible, preferably within walking disatance of affected community
Design promotes vernacular architectural typologies
Design supports local community Disaster Risk Reduction (DRR) initiatives
•
Design supports program requirements for other community activities (to be determined in consultation with the community)
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DESIGN DEVELOPMENT EVACUATION CENTERS / EASTERN SAMAR
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BUILDING DESIGN
FIRST AID
5m2 /
50 persons
AREA PLANNING
ADMINISTRATION / STORAGE
6m2 + 4m2 / 50 persons
EMERGENCY SHELTER
3.5m2 / person
SAFE SHELTER FOR
PRESERVATION OF LIFE
DINING AREA
1.5m2 / person
TOILET
1 / 20 persons
TEMPORARY SHELTER
5m2 / person
TOILET
1 / 50 persons
<50m
DRINKING WATER TAP
1 / 100 persons
BASIN
1 / 30 persons
SHOWER
1 / 40 persons
PLANT ROOM / SERVICES
TBA
REQUIRED AREA
POTABLE WATER
NON-POTABLE WATER
RAINWATER STORAGE TANK
RAINWATER STORAGE TANK
min. 3L / person / day
min. 30L / person / day
RECOMMENDED AREA
TO BE DESIGNATED AS/IF REQUIRED
MULTI-PURPOSE AREA
THE SAME SPACE MAY ACCOMODATE MULTIPLE FUNCTIONS
DURING DIFFERENT PERIODS OF THE DAY AND NIGHT. WHILE THIS
IS NOT THE PREFERRED OPTION IT MAY BE NECESSARY.
For additional detail - refer separate documentation, Building Design Strategy
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BUILDING DESIGN
SITE PLANNING
To minimise costly earthworks and site preparation it is preferable to select a site that already
meets many of the design criteria for siting the building. The following notes provide a guide for
identifying ideal site attributes and designing the site plan.
Drainage
1% - 5% grade across the entire site1 drainage channels may still be required to prevent flooding
Elevation
building and access paths to be raised above typical flood levels
construct building on stilts or earth mound
Protection
use wind breaks to protect from strong winds2 and flying debris
remove large trees near building to reduce risk of damage
Proximity
maximum 60 minutes travel time from vulnerable community3
Location
in accordance with Multi-Hazard Mapping and Sieve Analysis
Surrounding Area
allocated zone for vehicle parking
allocated zone for additional portable toilets (as/if required)
storage tanks for potable and non-potable water
separate safe shelter for livestock, including water storage
plant room for mechanical and electrical services
helicopter landing pad (as/if required)
TYPICAL WIND DIRECTION / STORM SURGE THREAT
WIND BREAK LANDSCAPE
MAIN BUILDING
WATER
LIVESTOCK
TANK
MINIMUM 1:100 GRADE
3
ENTRY
RAISED SITE ACCESS
VEHICLE PARKING
SPACE FOR TENTS
MAIN ROAD (RAISED)
1
The Sphere Project 2011, p.256
2
ShelterCluster Philippines and Department of Social Welfare and Development, ‘8 Build Back Safer Key Messages’
3
International Organization for Migration and Project Noah 2014, ‘Reducing Disaster Risk and Enhancing
Preparedness in the Philippines: A Joint Government - IOM Initiative
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DESIGN DEVELOPMENT EVACUATION CENTERS / EASTERN SAMAR
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BUILDING DESIGN
DESIGN CRITERIA
RESILIENT TO
TYPHOON
RESILIENT TO
FLOODING
RESILIENT TO
EARTHQUAKE
SENSITIVE TO
CONTEXT
MONOLITHIC DOME SHELTER
SUPPORTING
LIVELIHOODS
LOW
INDOOR
ENVIRONMENT MAINTENANCE
COST
QUALITY
LOW
CONSTRUCT
COST
?
PROPOSED DESIGN:
CYLINDERICAL BUILDING
SQUARE BUILDING
WITH HIPPED ROOF
LEGEND:
WEAK
STRONG
STRONGEST
?
TO BE ADVISED
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DESIGN DEVELOPMENT EVACUATION CENTERS / EASTERN SAMAR
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REFERENCES
Australian Red Cross and Emergency Management Queensland 2013, Queensland Evacuation Centre Planning Toolkit, www.disaster.qld.gov.au/Disaster-Resources/Documents/RED671 QLD Planning Toolkit_FA_Web.pdf
Australian Red Cross 2012, Evacuation Centre Field Guide, www.redcross.org.au/files/Evacuation_Centre_Field_Guide.pdf
Arup & Disaster Emergency Committee 2010, Lessons from Aceh - Key Considerations in Post-Disaster Reconstruction, http://publications.arup.com/~/media/Publications/Files/Publications/L/LessonsFromAceh.ashx
CCCM Cluster 2014, The MEND Guide: Comprehensive Guide for Planning Mass Evacuations in Natural Disasters (Pilot Document), www.globalcccmcluster.org/system/files/publications/MEND_download.pdf
FEMA 2005, Hurricane Mitigation: A Handbook for Public Facilities, www.fema.gov/media-library-data/20130726-1715-25045-9324/hurricane_mitigation_handbook_for_public_facilities.pdf
FEMA 2008, Design and Construction Guidance for Community Safe Rooms, P-361 (2nd Edition), www.fema.gov/media-library-data/20130726-1508-20490-8283/fema_p_361.pdf
FEMA 2008, Taking Shelter From the Storm: Building a Safe Room for Your Home of Small Business, P-320 (3rd Edition), http://www.fema.gov/media-library-data/20130726-1454-20490-8914/fema_p_320.pdf
IFRC, Powerpoint Presentation - ‘Emergency SHELTER in Natural Disasters’, www.ifrc.org/PageFiles/95528/Shelter in Natural Disasters.pptx
IFRC 2013, Post-disaster Shelter: Ten designs, www.sheltercasestudies.org/files/tshelter-8designs/10designs2013/2013-10-28-Post-disaster-shelter-ten-designs-IFRC-lores.pdf
IFRC 2011, Transitional shelters: Eight designs, www.ifrc.org/PageFiles/95186/900300-Transitional Shelters-Eight designs-EN-LR.pdf
IOM 2012, Transitional Shelter Guidelines, https://www.iom.int/files/live/sites/iom/files/What-We-Do/docs/Transitional-Shelter-Guidelines.pdf
IOM and Project Noah 2014, Powerpoint Presentation - ‘Reducing Disaster Risk and Enhancing Preparedness in the Philippines: A Joint Government-IOM Initiative, www. youtu.be/a0I361vz1-A
Liveable Housing Australia, 2012, Livable Housing Design Guidelines (2nd Edition), www.liveablehousingaustralia.org.au
Republic of the Philippines Department of Public Works and Highways - Office of the Secretary 2009, Minimum Requirements, www.dpwh.gov.ph
Manila Shelter Projects 2011-2012, Heritage Foundation’s DRR-Compliant Sustainable Construction: Build Back Safer with Vernacular Methodologies - Technical Support Programme, www.sheltercasestudies.org
ShelterCluster Philippines and Department of Social Welfare and Development, Powerpoint Presentation - ‘8 Build Back Safer Key Messages’, www.sheltercluster.org
The Sphere Project 2011, The Sphere Project: Humanitarian Charter and Minimum Standards in Humanitarian Response, www.sphereproject.org
UNDP 2007, Disaster Risk management Programme - Cyclone Resistant Building Architecture, www.preventionweb.net/files/11711_CycloneArchitecture1.pdf
UNESCO Bangkok and The Bangladesh Ministry of Education 1990, Cyclone Resistant School Buildings for Bangladesh: A Report on In-Country Training, www.preventionweb.net/files/5221_CycloneResistantBangladesh1.pdf
United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees and International Organisation for Migration 2010, Collective Centre Guidelines, www.sheltercluster.org/.../Collective-Centre-Guidelines-2010.pdf
Worksafe Victoria 2008, Workplace amenities and work environment, Compliance Code, www.worksafe.vic.gov.au
World Bank 2009, Handbook for Post-Disaster Housing and Community Reconstruction, www.sheltercentre.org/meeting/material/handbook-post-disaster-housing-and-community-reconstruction
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