Chapter 11: Motivation and Work Study Guide ANSWERS Introduction and Motivational Concepts 1. a need or desire that energizes behavior and directs it toward a goal 2. instinct; evolutionary; drive-reduction; arousal; hierarchy; Abraham Maslow 3. instincts; did not; genes 4. need; drives 5. homeostasis 6. incentives 7. increase; do not 8. arousal; optimum levels 9. lower-level 10. physiological; self-actualization; self-transcendence 11. arbitrary; universally 12. financial; home-life; self-esteem 13. c. is the answer. Drive-reduction theory maintains that behavior is motivated when a biological need creates an aroused state, driving the individual to satisfy the need. It is difficult to believe that Mary's hang-gliding is satisfying a biological need. a., b., & d. Mary may enjoy hang-gliding because it is a challenge that "is there" (incentive), because it satisfies a need to accomplish something challenging (achievement), or because it increases her self-esteem and sense of fulfillment in life (Maslow's hierarchy of needs). 14. d. is the answer. According to Maslow's theory, physiological needs, such as the need to satisfy hunger, must be satisfied before a person pursues loftier needs, such as making political statements. a. & c. Masters and Johnson were concerned with sexual behavior. b. Murray was concerned with achievement motivation. 15. c. is the answer. This is an example of salivating in response to an incentive rather than to maintain a balanced internal state. a. & b. Both examples are behaviors that maintain a balanced internal state (homeostasis). Hunger 16. semistarvation 17. stomach contractions 18. did 19. insulin; glucose; increase 20. hypothalamus; arcuate nucleus 21. ghrelin 22. less; leptin; orexin; PYY 23. set point; less; more 24. basal metabolic; lowering 25. is not accepted; slow, sustained changes in body weight; psychological factors; overeat; gain weight; settling point 26. c. is the answer. Individual differences in metabolism and set point explain why it is possible for two people to have very different weights despite similar patterns of eating and exercise. 27. b. is the answer. The body acts to defend its set point, or the weight to which it is predisposed. If Lucille was already near her set point, weight loss would prove difficult. a. If the weight level to which her body is predisposed is low, weight loss upon dieting should not be difficult. c. An increase in basal metabolic rate would help her to lose weight. d. People influenced by external factors might have greater problems losing weight because they tend to respond to food stimuli, but this can't be the explanation in Lucille's case because she has been sticking to her diet. 28. memory 29. serotonin; calms 30. genetic; conditioning; culture 31. unfamiliar; neophobia 32. social; more; unit bias; variety 33. c. is the answer. Serotonin is a neurotransmitter that is elevated by the consumption of carbohydrates and has a calming effect. a. & b. These answers do not explain the feelings of relaxation that Randy associates with eating junk food. d. The consumption of sugar tends to elevate insulin level rather than lower it. 34. does not pose; 34; diabetes, high blood pressure, heart disease, gallstones, arthritis, and certain types of cancer 35. Alzheimer's 36. slow; lazy; undisciplined 37. less; married 38. overweight 39. 3500 40. lower; less Obese persons have higher set-point weights than nonobese persons. During a diet, metabolic rate drops to defend the set-point (or settling-point) weight. The dieter therefore finds it hard to progress beyond an initial weight loss. When the diet is concluded, the lowered metabolic rate continues, so that relatively small amounts of food may prove fattening. Also, some people have lower metabolic rates than others. 41. do; FTO 42. environmental; sleep loss; more; social 43. developed; food consumption; activity levels Begin only if you are motivated and self-disciplined. Minimize exposure to tempting food cues. Eat healthy foods. Don't starve all day and eat one big meal at night. Beware of binge eating. Be realistic and moderate. Boost your metabolism through exercise. Connect to a support group. 44. rapid; more slowly; decreased 45. a. is the answer. Dieting, including fasting, lowers the body's metabolic rate and reduces the amount of food energy needed to maintain body weight. b., c.,& d. Each of these strategies would be a good piece of advice to a dieter. Sexual Motivation 46. Masters; Johnson; excitement; plateau; orgasm; resolution 47. refractory period Chapter 11: Motivation and Work Study Guide ANSWERS 48. sexual disorders; premature ejaculation; erectile dysfunction; orgasmic dysfunction 49. estrogens; estradiol 50. testosterone; testes; testosterone 51. little; decreases; decline 52. are 53. amygdala; men 54. habituates Erotic material may increase the viewer's acceptance of the false idea that women enjoy rape, may increase men's willingness to hurt women, may lead people to devalue their partners and relationships, and may diminish people's satisfaction with their own sexual partners. 55. have; frequent, physical, and less romantic; do not 56. culture; time; Western Europe; Latin America; Asian; Arab; Asian 57. higher Among the factors that contribute to unprotected sex among adolescents are (1)minimal communication about birth control, (2) guilt related to sexual activity, (3) alcohol use that influences judgment, and (4) mass media norms of unprotected promiscuity. 58. sexualization; self-image; sexual development; sexual appeal; beauty standards; sexual beings for others' use 59. sexually transmitted infection (STI);antibodies Teens with high intelligence test scores, those who are actively religious, those whose father is present, and those who participate in service learning programs more often delay sex. Trends toward commitment show declining teen birth rates. 60. b. is the answer. 61. c. is the answer. a., b., & d. Teens with high rather than average intelligence (therefore, not a.), and those who are religiously active (therefore, not b.) are most likely to delay sex. 62. sexual orientation 63. in their teens or twenties 64. 3; 1 or 2; high 65. is not 66. suicide 67. does not; women; erotic plasticity 68. are not; does not 69. do not 70. were not 71. poets; fiction writers; artists; musicians 72. more; fraternal birth-order effect; immune; male 73. their own; does not; conflicts with 74. does 75. hypothalamus; heterosexual; odors 76. do; mother's; father's 77. hormone; females; 2; 5 78. fingerprint ridge; left; cochlea; spatial abilities 79. biology; difficult; biology 80. b. is the answer. 81. cannot 82. should The Need to Belong 83. Aristotle; social; survival; attachments; reproduce 84. close, satisfying relationships with family, friends, or romantic partners; autonomy; competence 85. self-esteem 86. social; liking 87. isolated; chain migration 88. Throughout the world; ostracism; anterior cingulate cortex; pain 89. self-defeating; aptitude tests; aggressive 90. cell phones 91. e-mail; texting 92. lonely 93. social networking 94. self-disclosure; eye-to-eye conversation 95. reveal 96. narcissistic; especially active 97. c. is the answer. 98. d. is the answer. Motivation at Work 99. job; career; calling 100. flow; consciousness; self; self-esteem, competence, well-being 101. farming; manufacturing; knowledge work 102. psychological contract 103. industrial-organizational; personnel; organizational; management; human factors 104. d. is the answer. 105. strengths-based 106. correcting deficiencies; accentuating strengths 107. feel confident; error-prone 108. general mental ability; over; interviewer illusion Four effects that fuel the interviewer illusion are a. Interviews disclose the interviewee's good intentions, which are less revealing than their typical behaviors. b. Interviewers tend to follow the successful careers of people they hired and lose track of those they did not hire. c. Interviewers mistakenly presume that how interviewees present themselves reflects only their enduring traits. d. Interviewers' preconceptions and moods influence their perceptions of job applicants. 109. structured interview; predictive; reliability 110. who to retain; reward and pay workers; strengths; checklists; graphic rating; behavior rating 111. 360-degree 112. halo error; leniency; severity; recency 113. achievement motivation 114. self-discipline; intelligence scores; grit 115. creativity; persistence; helpfulness; engagement 116. d. is the answer. 117. d. is the answer. Because Darren appears to resonate with the principle that people are intrinsically motivated to work for reasons beyond money, giving him feedback about his work and involving him in decision making are probably all he needs to be very satisfied with his situation. a., b., & c. Creating competitions and using controlling, rather than informing, rewards may have Chapter 11: Motivation and Work Study Guide ANSWERS the opposite effect and actually undermine Darren's motivation. 118. identify and measure their talents; talent; reinforce 119. specific; challenging; subgoals; implementation intentions 120. task leadership; social leadership 121. charisma; vision; communicate; inspire; transformational 122. varies 123. often; voice 124. natural perceptions and inclinations; distractions; fatigue; inattention 125. loop systems; assistive listening