CM
Name
Date
Nuclear Chemistry Review
Most nuclear reactions involve changes in the number of protons and/or neutrons in the
nucleus of an atom. These changes are called transmutations because an atom of one element is
changed into an atom of a different element. During these changes, nuclear particles may be
absorbed and/or emitted along with a release of energy.
There are two types of radioactive nuclear decay:
1) natural transmutation', transmutations occur by natural radioactivity (the ability of a
nucleus to emit a nuclear particle and energy without external stimulation);
2) artificial transmutation: transmutations occur by nuclear disintegration caused by external
stimulation as a scientist bombards a nucleus with a particle (the addition of another nuclear
particle makes the nucleus unstable);
• fission: certain nuclei having a large mass are bombarded with special particles that
cause the nuclei to split into two lighter nuclei each having a smaller mass than the
original
<n
41
92
^ a U + ' o n - * ' s6Ba + 36Kr+ J> 'on 4- energy
fusion: nuclei of light elements are combined to form heavier nuclei
+ ' on + ENERGY
iH + 2 iH ->
NUCLEAR FACTS
Radiation
MASS
(Particle)
of Particle
4
4 amu
2He or \a
0
0
0
-,e or -,p
0
0
,e or o.p
0
V
1 amu
'on
1 amu
'.P
Type of Particle
Alpha (a)
Beta (P")
Positron ((3+)
Gamma
Neutron (n)
Proton (p)
Charge of
Particle
+2
-1
+1
0
0
+1
Nuclear reactions that involve bombardment of nuclei vary in their products. For example:
9
4Be + S H e -> xhC + on
+ 4 2He -» 1780 + MH
In nuclear equations, the total number of positive charges (represented by the atomic numbers) of
the reactants (substances on the left of the reaction arrow) equals the total number of positive
charges of the products (substances on the right of the reaction arrow). The total mass of the
reactants must also equal the total mass of the products.
For example:
A uranium-238 atom decays by emitting an alpha particle to form a thorium-234 atom.
14yN
238^
_> 2 3 4 9 o T h
+
42He
Another example:
Potassium-40 decays to calcium-40 by beta emission.
40
19K - >
40
2oCa +
0
-,p
Write out or complete the following nuclear reactions.
1. Technetium-99 ("43 Tc) decays by beta emission to form ruthenium-99 ("44 Ru).
2. Phosphorus-32 decays by beta emission to form sulfur-32.
3. Francium-212 (21287Fr) decays by alpha emission.
4. Fluorine-18 decays to oxygen-18 by positron emission.
5. Sodium-24 decays by beta emission.
6. Krypton-76 absorbs a beta particle to form bromine-76. ff-Ji ~flpi Ll$U "TP./9-ylSMtA.'f^. h o/{
JC^ rf "-/ e
/
.or
7. Aluminum-27 absorbs an alpha particle to form phosphorus-30 and emits a neutron.
(J
Hl
lH{ " ^
/r
r
f
^
A^JJ^k^a]
8. Nitrogen-14 absorbs an alpha particle to form oxygen-17 and emits a proton.
9. When neptunium-239 decays, plutonium-239 is formed and a particle is emitted. (Be
sure to include the correct particle in the equation.)
Complete the following nuclear equations:
„)
f O _ _> o.,e + „,N
12)
^C
fM-ruiMLTrMi»u.fch-<rt/4ii«>lMe*-\
+ 'jfe -> '^c + 'on Arh'li(l4
13)
»rfJp - . ™«Pu
14)
42He + J ^ L a ^ »94pu + ,„ +
15)
'on +
16>
.3 ; N ^
17 )
^
^U-
fyofSw""*!
^h'A «
6j>«+*"*l
^AfWaadlhAM^Uk^,^-^
J
Tr^ukh*
, d<* - $/><« f*"**
»„e A)«^^ T^vi^W.^ , v ^ ' " * !
+
'.H ^ ««C
^ L L + 'on -
18)
m-
A/ft'*"'* •Tr**'****-*'-*,
_ ^ u
''C
+
il
+
Tf^MaUh-vA,
'.H
- ^ t*"1***
SHe ^ ' ^ . W Tf^mihJ,-*,, ^
+
SHe Arh't. U J ^ ^
+
'
^
^ " ^
19)
20)
'VF -
21)
»24Cr - , ^
22)
2
^ e
», e A/ftA-^ ,
+
"MPu + 'JOL
ty^Wl"14-1
»-,e A)***rtJ -
+
-> ^vAm
^ ^ ^ ' ^
J
+ ',H + 'o„n Arh'H'Utd , *)(* •
^h-JlttaJ
23)
24)
J
jtl
iH + 2 iH ->
25)
»6c -> 'SN
26)
'.Be
27)
'SN + SHe ^
+
.Mg
+
'.'on^ENERGY r k h ' f i « J T ^ - ^ ' - / ^
^i
|0 d ^ J , 5|WW«^
SHe -» "rf
J*0__
26
29)
^ C o + 2iH ->
30)
- 8 4Po ->
^ 1 P^
+
^
'on -> _ » #
28)
+
^A
+
+
^fru'J ,^ ' V.+,e f^hlX^
^ ' ^
,» J * >
•„. ArhfrO^ ^ * -
^
^ ' "
M
' ^
J
!
Y?1
4
+
2He
AI^«J ,
ipMfawS
Write the nuclear equation for the decay of Po-210 if it undergoes 2 consecutive alpha decays
followed by a beta decay followed by another alpha decay.
^ ^
A 0-238 atom decays to a Pfo-2Q8 atom througdi a series of steps, Each point on the
graph M o w represents a nuclide and each arrow represents a miclear decay mode.
Uranium Disintegration Series
9 ^A
i —
^
P^A
I
P^H-J
fcOV —
^
E
^
090
i
0
?i8
P14—
^
__,
^
S'-ilfSrL- -tit
91rt
20S202-
xV
.
*jr
i
^
t>*
82 83 84 85 8S 87 8$ 89 90 91 92
Pb Bi Po At Rrs Fr Ra Ac Th Pa U
Atomic Number and Chemi^l Symb^l
84 Based
Sased on
on this
this graph,
graph, what
what particle
particle is
is emitted
emitted during
during the
the rraclear
rraclear decay
decav of a Po-218
atom?
tom? [i] ^ f p P „2I8OA(1 {tile* fk? Af/M lit dim/} fa %
0
85 Explain why ihv U-23S diisintep-atiott series ends with the twcfkle P&-206.N
Madidi Pi-lot* I'J A
smitwropf
Complete
u u r n u i t s i e the
i n e 14
i*t step
s i e u decay
UKC-UV series
a c t i c i of
ui U-238
u-coo
9)
214
82Pb ^
0
-ie +
214
11
V^H-J^Tk
*i ^^
<l0<
n) ^w1
rid
13)21
It
7
118
ifi'l*-
i>
.
«.
/
83Bi
u
n? ^
n
t.?i
14)
l1/
?2
i
^ lllise en all IKamph of l^ksJl
-rrtotciW*, tod ty ("rSK S^huii^S
Name
NUCLEAR EQUATIONS WORKSHEET
1. Write a nuclear equation for the alpha decay of ^Pa"
2. Write a nuclear equation for the beta decay of ^ F r
l
F
« '- ^ ' n *
3. Write a nuclear equation for the alpha decay of ^ S m
ti
^0
^
4. Write a nuclear equation for the beta decay of ^ P m
> -->.?« * !'>
5. Write a nuclear equation for the alpha decay of ^ Md
6. Write a nuclear equation for the alpha decay of u£ Sm
7. Write a nuclear equation for the beta decay of ^ At.
8. Write a nuclear equation for the alpha decay of 1 ^ Gd
9. Write a nuclear equation for the beta decay of ^ Xe.
JY
1
ST
10. Write a nuclear equation for the beta decay of ^ C s .
r
il||ik
*> k R •
7)
f?^^^
Nuciear ChemSstry Practice Sheet
Using your knowledge of nuclear chemistry, write the equations for the following
processes:
1)
The alpha decay of iridium-174 f^diufki
IfkAl
Mufah'v*
6/)o^TMftfa3
;
nH
jr^>^>
2)
Thebetadecayofplatinum-199 / O a ^ ^
i l l hi
-, 0^
,
fy*rit*Slt*'iS
llf ^
3)
Positron emission from sulfur-31 f ^ R f u / ^ TfU^^OL-h^ii'cy)
4)
Krypton-76 undergoes electron capture
5)
Write the symbols for an alpha particle, beta particle, gamma ray, and
positron.
,,
..
0
positron.
.. -*yp - Q
0
0 //Od
/ /o© ^<tJS
^ j i ]
A -+i<,"+i«U(lB5t)./ J
6)
7)
1/1
T/MMu.fa.hi/i't
ft, w<
Afh'fr'ud'
w^y
tytd
/
IffaAMuWh'irf,
h<AOu.\
rJ(M-$j)oMMe<M
J
If the half-life for the radioactive decay of zirconium-84 is 26 minutes and I
start with a 175 gram sample, how much will be left over after 104
IQ d
minutes?
flfljj
-fi^er
fJ-^ch-cvx rfafM/Pe / l « t ^ ^
U
0
I
L
5"? Mr/is
H
Why is it difficult to make a fusion reaction occur?
'of SH1Z5 >|
'_ H L
"
'^«
)
Nuclear Chemistry Worksheet-
J] \\
N"
01^^
^
»^
Part A; Completing Nuclear Decay Reactions: 1-10
A-y-
For each of the atoms listed below, complete the decay reaction by solving for z or other missing information.
Remember that the mass and protons on each side of the arrow need to equal each other.
256
103
2 HM>JX
jlj
6
211
79
'jB-.ViX JC
Au-) .5ef ^X ^ | L
id J
'SHo-^ ^He+ ^X
l
^Ji
br
1!|
Part B: Writing Nuclear Decay Reactions:
Write equations for the following nuclear decay reactions. Make sure that both mass numbers and atomic
numbers are balanced on each side
11. Decay of polonium-218 by alpha (a) emission. $ Psf^ML
^ i o - 7 { He f
?
7 P;
12. Decay of carbon-14 by beta (p-) emission.
13. The alpha decay of radon-198
J bj^rtWHo*)
| 0 | | ' T U | ) ^ L / S|)o/lf bntO^S
j O o c W s J ' / J ^ O A f M t ^ A --)
14. The beta ((3-) decay of uranium-237 j 0 ^ [ v / C ^
J^/) f M d f J ^
/O
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