Cascade use

10.07.2014
Holz für Stoffliche Nutzung
Mehr Ressourcen- und Klimaschutz durch
Kaskadennutzung
Wettbewerb um Holz
2014-04-29, Brilon
Dipl-Phys. Michael Carus
(GF)
nova-Institut GmbH, Hürth (Cologne), Germany
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Facts and figures nova-Institute
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Foresight experts group and advisory board of CLIB2021
Selected customers from industry, associations and public and
political institutions:
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Industrial Material Use
Stoffliche Nutzung
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Free download
www.bio-based.eu/policy
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Industrial material
use covers a range
of industries
In ‘material use’ biomass
serves as a raw material for
the production of all kinds of
goods, as well as their direct
use in products. This
distinguishes it from energy
use, where biomass serves
purely as an energy source,
and the use for food and feed
purposes.
(Carus et al. 2010)
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Criteria for a redesign of the RED
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Bionenergy (red)
and material use
of wood (green) in
Germany
1987 – 2015
und
2008 – 2015
(Source: Mantau 2012)
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Cascading use
Kaskadennutzung
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Theories and concepts (selected publications)
1994: Sirkin, ten Houten (The cascade chain)
1997: Franje (Cascading of pine wood/ hemp / reed)
2004: Dornburg (Multi-product use)
Increasing No. of publications
2009: Arnold et al. (...Cascading use of Biomass...)
2009: EPEA, VHI, WKI (Utilization of wood in a cascade)
2011: Mantau (European Wood Flows (EU27))
2012: UBA (Global land and biomass resources)
2013: Indufor (Wood Raw Material Supply and Demand(...))
2013: Moran (focus on by-product use)
2014: Proposed definition for single- and multi-stage
cascading use
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Cascade use – cascading use
„A cascade use is defined as multiple use of the wood resources from trees by
using residues, recycling (utilization in production) resources or recovered
(collected after consumption) resources.“
Mantau 2011
“Cascading use of biomass is a principle, where products with higher value
added are produced first and energy at a later stage of the production chain.”
“The cascade principle should be enhanced through policy and appropriate
legislative measures, at EU and national levels”
Indufor 2013
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Cascade factor - First approach to quantify
cascading use
Indufor 2013
Mantau 2011
(total) cascade factor:
total _ cascades=
simple cascade factor:
(A+H+I )
A
total _ cascades=
(A+H+I )
A− forest _ residues
The (total) cascade factor calculates the
relation between
The simple cascade factor calculates the
relation between
total wood resources from trees and other
wood resources
total wood resources from trees and other
wood resources
on the basis of the total wood resources
from trees
on the basis of the roundwood resources
with A = (roundwood + forest residues)
Simple cascade factor:
Should the direct energy use of forest residues
be accounted for as cascading use?
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Cascade Factors
A
(total) cascade factor:
(A+H+I )
A
simple cascade factor:
H
(A+H+I )
(A− forest _ residues)
With A = (roundwood + forest residues)
H
(A) Wood resources
from trees
I
(H) Cascades in products
Residues & recycling
(I) Energy
Residues & recycling
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EU wood cascade factors and their trends
2000-2016 (based on Indufor 2013)
100%
Material composition in %
80%
2,2
70%
2
60%
50%
3%
4%
5%
7%
40%
1,8
1,6
30%
1,4
20%
1,2
10%
0%
cascade factor (non-domensional)
2,4
90%
1
2000
2005
2010/11
2016
Round-wood
Forest residues
Industrial residues
Recovered wood
Imported Pulp
Black liquor
total cascade factor
simple cascade factor
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Total cascade factor
Strengths
+ direct energy use reduces the cascade factor
+ multi-stage cascading increases the cascade factor
Challenges
− material use and energy use of by-products are not differentiated in the cascade factor
− difficult application of the cascade factor in more complex systems, e.g. transfer of materials to
other industrial sectors. For example for agricultural biomass.
Simple cascade factor
The more wood residues are used, the better the simple cascade factor
Strong incentive to remove as many forest residues as possible
adds a further dimension of sustainability
Energy use of a “virgin” material becomes a cascade and is therefore
incompatible with the definition of cascade that will be proposed later
The total cascade factor is to a high extend in line with our proposed
definition, but in contrast to the simple cascade factor.
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Evaluation of the concepts
Many different definitions and understanding of
cascading use …
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Proposal for a new definition
•
•
•
Suitable for all biomass sectors
Clear and precise as possible
Basis for new political framework and
incentives
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Proposal of a new definition
Cascading use of biomass…
…takes place when biomass is processed into a bio-based final
product and this final product is used at least once more either for
materials or energy.
…is described as single-stage, when the bio-based final product is
directly used for energy.
…is described as multi-stage when biomass is processed into a biobased final product and this final product is used at least once more
as a material. It is only after at least two uses as a material that energy
use is permitted.
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Single-stage vs. multi-stage cascading use
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Consequences
Conceptually, all sources of biomass being the starting point of a cascade
would be treated equally, whether they be biogenic main, by- or
intermediate products from primary agricultural, marine or forestry
production, material or energy use, or from the food and feed industries
Requiring a “final product” for material uses, the above-stated definition
stresses the product use for final consumption. Since most material biomass
chains include numerous and often traded intermediate products, the
consideration of a “final product” is important.
If a definition would allow intermediate products to be a “use phase”, it
would qualify almost any biomass use as a cascade. It is far clearer to
require a processing into a bio-based final product (either completely or
partially bio-based).
This definition excludes all forms of intermediate products without a real
material use by private or industrial consumers.
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Consequences
The requirement for further material use deliberately avoids a requirement
for a second bio-based final product. It means that it is not only material
recycling that counts, but material use can also be satisfied by
intermediates, fillers and excipients that are incorporated into material
process chains.
The waste hierarchy of the directive on waste (2008/98/EC) should be
considered properly in order to characterize the steps of cascading use in a
generally attuned way, when using terms like re-use, preparation for re-use,
recycling, recovery (energy or other).
Energy use should be the viable option at the end of the cascading use
at least for the majority of cases. This should not exclude some types of use,
which result in the loss of the material (e.g. detergents) as long as the
requirements of the definition above are met.
It is clear that a direct energy use of biomass (energy use without prior
material use) is not considered as a cascading use.
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Political dimension
The question of whether single-stage or only multi-stage can be accepted as
cascading use is a political matter of major importance:
Single-stage cascading use already involves a significant increase in
resource efficiency compared to direct energy use and allows for the
inclusion of many existing bio-based value chains.
Multi-stage cascading use results in a greater increase in resource
efficiency, but has so far only been achieved for a very small number of
biomass sources or can only be achieved with a limited number of value
chains.
Understanding cascading principle as a strategy to increase resource
efficiency, both single and multi-stage cascading can be supportive for
an overarching efficiency objective.
New ways of biomass material use – even if they don’t include multi-stage
from the beginning – implicate the potential to increase cascading use.
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Resource efficiency & LCA
Ressourceneffizienz & Ökobilanz
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Increased resource efficiency with cascading use
IFEU 2014
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IFEU 2014
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Holzkaskade gegen
Stahl-Blech: Überall
besser – bis auf den
Flächenverbrauch.
Alle Parameter
gleichzeitig zu
optimieren ist leider oft
nicht möglich!
IFEU 2014
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Kaskadennutzung zeigt die besten Ergebnisse
Nudelverpackungen:
Karton (Ref. fossil-PE)
CO2-Äq. [t / (ha · a)]
SO2-Äq. [kg / (ha · a)]
Dämmstoffplatten:
Holzfaser (Ref. Mineralwolle)
Holzfaser (Ref. PS)
Holzkaskade:
direkte energet. Nutzung
Brettschichtholz, Energie
Brettschichtholz, Spanplatte
typ. Recycling, Energie
Brettschichtholz, Spanplatte
max. Recycling, Energie
Nachteile  Vorteile
-50
-40
-30
-20
-10
0
10
t CO2 -Äq. bzw. kg SO2-Äq. / (ha Waldfläche · a)
IFEU 2014
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Development of the GHG emissions due to
different Scenarios (for Germany)
Share of Industrial
Material Use in
2030 (today 15%,
85% for energy)
Scenario 1: 20%
Scenario 2: 25%
Scenario 3: 50%
Scenario 4: 90%
Source: nova 2013
100% RE = 100%
of the Electricity by
Renewables (Solar,
Wind, Biomass)
nova 2014
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Thank you for your attention!
Michael Carus, CEO
Division Head “Bio- and CO2-based Economy”
Tel.: +49 (0) 2233 – 48 14-40
E-Mail: [email protected]
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