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Advanced Crop Science Vol4. No4 (2014) 70-81
ISSN: 2322-4282
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Optimization of corona discharge field treatment on rice seed (Oryza sativa L.) by comparison
of different equipments and experimental conditions
Min Tana, Jiang Xub, Fade Lib, Chunqing Zhanga
a
b
State key laboratory of crop Biology, Agronomy college, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai’an, Shandong province,271018, China.
Mechanical and Electrical Engineering college, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai’an, Shandong province,271018, China.
ARTICLE INFO
ABSTRACT
Article history:
Received 21 February 2014
Revised form 2 March 2014
Accepted 7 April 2014
Available online 25 April 2014
Seed vigor is an important indicator of seed quality, Tianyou 3 hybrid rice seeds were
Keywords:
tooth-shaped corona discharge field is optimized under 360 kV/ m for 4.3 min
used to determine the effects of three corona discharge fields, namely needle-shaped,
sawtooth-shaped and arc-tooth-shaped fields, by means of a binary quadratic general
rotary unitized design and principal component analysis. It was shown that the arctreatment conditions. The arc-tooth-shaped corona discharge field improves the vigor
Rice seed
of rice seeds with medium and low vigor better than high vigor seeds do. It may be
Corona discharge field
concluded that the corona discharge field treatment is a promising tool in
Equipment and parameters
conditioning rice seeds, the effects being distinct with different types of corona
discharge fields and different seed quality levels.
Vigor change
2013 KnowledgesPublisher Ltd. All rights reserved.
1- Introduction
Rice seed is a very important crop in China. Due to
high air humidity and untimely seed drying during
harvest, it is difficult to maintain high germination and
vigor of rice seeds. In addition, not suitable storage
environment and conditions may also lead to a lowering
of physiological seed quality. Therefore, efforts should
be addressed to search for an effective and economic
method of seed treatment to improve seed vigor.
Currently there are many types of seed conditioning
methods, which may be classified as physical, chemical,
biological, priming, coating and pelleting treatments.
The physical treatment includes electric, magnetic and
radiation methods (Gao et al., 2002; Chiu et al., 2010;
70
Uirichs et al., 2006), the last performed by the
application of ultrasound, microwave and infrared
treatments. In recent years, ultrasound and microwave
conditioning methods have been used on wheat, trefoil
and sugar beets (Gaurilčikienė et al., 2013; Radzevičius
et al., 2013; Toth et al., 2012; Wu et al., 2013). Secondly,
the magnetic field method has become popular as a
physical method, and different types of magnetic fields
have been applied to crops, vegetables and medicinal
plants with valuable results (Wang et al., 2013; Haq et
al., 2012; Flórez et al., 2012; Zamiran et al., 2013;
Zepeda-Bautista et al., 2010; Morales-dela Peñaa et al.,
2012; Faeghi et al., 2013; Mousavizadeh et al., 2013;
Ramalingam et al., 2013). It is noteworthy that radiation
and magnetic fields treatments on seeds have made
Min Tan, J. Xu, F. Li and Ch. Zhang. (2014), Optimization of corona discharge field treatment on rice seed (Oryza sativa L.) by comparison of different
equipments and experimental conditions. Advanced Crop Science. 4(4): 70-81
Advanced Crop Science Vol4. No4 (2014) 70-81
significant progress. In addition, from the 1970s to
1990s, and a large number of in-depth studies involving
the electric methods began to rapidly appear.
In recent, different electric field methods, such as
electrostatic field, low frequency current field and
corona discharge field, may improve seed vigor and
promote plant growth under appropriate treatment
conditions. Maize seeds have been treated with
electrostatic fields having different strengths for
different times, and results showed a different change of
seed vigor index and growth characteristic index of
seedlings (Sedighi et al., 2013). Gui et al. (2013) treated
two tree seeds with different moisture content using an
electrostatic field of 500 kV/ m for 10 min, obtaining a
general increase of germination percentage, vigor index,
seedling height, and root length. Swertia Mussotii
Franch seed have been treated under low-frequency
current field of 3-5 mA/ cm2 with 200 mg/ kg of TiO2
nanometer photo-catalyst for 20 min, and results
showed that germination percentage and rate were
significantly increased (Dong et al., 2011). Mung bean
seeds have been treated with extremely low frequency
electric and high voltage electrostatic fields, and the
weight of the seedlings, growth of roots, and peroxide
activity increased significantly (Xi et al. 2013). Bacillus
natto has been treated with a corona field of 9 kV/ m for
2 min, and it was found that this treatment significantly
increased the gamma-poly glutamic acid production (Qi
et al., 2013). Germination rate and quality of seedlings of
cotton seeds were significantly improved after corona
discharge field treatment and dielectric separation, as
demonstrate by Li et al. (2010). Therefore, it was shown
that electric field treatments may be carried out under
different treatment conditions, and the study of its
effects on seed vigor and seedling performance involve a
considerable experimental approach needed in selecting
appropriate equipment prototypes and related
parameters.
As of yet, corona discharge field is a new type of
electric field methods, it’s effect has been studied by
some researchers (Qi et al., 2013; Li et al. 2010). But, the
majority of previous researchers studying corona
discharge fields have covered the effects of only a single
aspect, such as equipment prototypes, field intensity, or
treatment time, however, there is a lack of studies about
optimization conditions of corona discharge field
treatment from this three aspects. In the present paper,
the optimization of equipment, field intensities and
treatment time was obtained studying three corona
discharge fields, namely, needle-shaped, sawtoothshaped and arc-tooth-shaped corona fields applied in
conditioning rice seeds, three rice seeds with different
vigor were applied to verify the effect on the optimal
treatment conditions. In fact, we tried to find an
effective corona discharge field treatment on rice seed
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ISSN: 2322-4282
by comparison different equipments and experimental
conditions.
2- Materials and methods
2.1 Experimental materials
Tianyou 1 hybrid rice seeds were used to test and
optimize equipments and parameters of the corona
discharge field. Three different types of hybrid rice
seeds with distinct vigor, namely Tianyou1, Tianyou 3
and Tianyou 5, were used to compare the effects of
optimal treatment conditions of the arc-tooth-shaped
corona discharge field.
2.2 Experimental equipment's
The high voltage electric field treatment equipment
(Fig 1) was assembled by the authors. The equipment
mainly included electric current (AC) test transformers,
a high voltage silicon stack, high pressure gauge, digital
ammeter, electrode treated head, and stainless steel
bottom plate. Each pressure treating was carried out
with three different types of fields, namely needleshaped, sawtooth-shaped, and arc-tooth-shaped field.
The needle-shaped electrodes were made of 240 pieces
of the needles (68 mm in length) which were fixed in a
PVC plate (30 mm in thickness). The sawtooth or the
arc-tooth-shaped electrodes were made of 24-apexes a
steel board with the thickness of 0.6 mm which was
fixed on the PVC plate during experiment (Fig 2).The
distance of each cusp from the stainless steel plate to the
ground was 50 mm. During treatment, a single layer of
dry rice seeds was treated with a one-way positive
electric field, and the voltage was adjusted by the knob
on the AC test transformer.
2.3 Methods
2.3.1 Test of seed germination and vigor
Four hundred seeds in replicates of 100 were taken
at random from each treated and control (CK) sample,
and were cultured in sand under conditions of 25℃ and
continuous light for 10 days. The numbers of normal
and abnormal seedlings were recorded every day during
the germination process. 30 seedlings from each
replicate were randomly used to measure the length of
roots and shoots, as well as the root numbers and
seedlings fresh weight of normal seedlings in each
replicate at the 10th day. Upon germination completion,
germination rate, germination percentage, germination
index and vigor index were calculated according to the
formula as follows:
Germination rate (%) =
Min Tan, J. Xu, F. Li and Ch. Zhang. (2014), Optimization of corona discharge field treatment on rice seed (Oryza sativa L.) by comparison of different
equipments and experimental conditions. Advanced Crop Science. 4(4): 70-81
Advanced Crop Science Vol4. No4 (2014) 70-81
ISSN: 2322-4282
(initial germination number/total sample number) × 100
3- Results
Germination percentage (%) =
3.1 Screening and optimization of corona field
treatment equipment
(final germination number/total sample number) × 100
Germination index (GI) =
Σ (Gt/Dt), Dt is the days for rice germination (d), Gt is
the number of seeds germinated at Dt.
Vigor index (VI) =
GI × S, S is the weight of normal seedling on day 10 (g)
2.3.2 Optimization of corona field treatment
equipment
Based on the primary results, the binary quadratic
general rotary unitized design was used to screen the
conditions for the three corona discharge fields, namely
needle-shaped, sawtooth-shaped and arc-tooth-shaped
fields. The results of the germination rate, germination
percentage, germination index and vigor index were
calculated by the variance analysis and multiple
comparisons, and four vigor indexes were translated a
simple comprehensive indicator by principal component
analysis, namely the optimal theoretical value. The
experimental design factors and levels are shown in
(Table 1). The optimal theoretical values of the three
corona discharge fields were verified to optimize the
corona field treated equipment and parameters.
2.3.3 Optimization of corona field treatment
conditions
Using the optimal corona discharge field treatment
equipment, the treatment conditions were verified and
optimized. First, in order to determine the optimal
treatment time, the rice seeds were treated with arctooth-shaped corona discharge fields of 360 kV/ m for
3.3 min, 4.3 min, 5.3 min and 6.3 min. Then the rice
seeds were treated with arc-tooth-shaped corona
discharge fields at four different field intensities, 300,
360, 400, and 460 kV/ m for 4.3 min, to determine the
optimal corona discharge field intensities.
2.3.4 Effects on rice seeds with different vigor
In order to study the effects of arc-tooth-shaped
corona discharge field treatment which was determined
in this paper, the rice seeds with low, medium and high
vigor were treated with an arc-tooth-shaped corona
discharge field of 360 kV/ m for 4.3 min.
2.4 Statistical analysis
Excel 2003, SPSS 19.0, Origin 8.6 and Design
professional software were used for variance analysis,
principal component analysis and plotting..
3.1.1 Screening of corona field treatment equipment
According to the binary quadratic general rotary
unitized design method, the results of each treatment
combination were shown to be significantly different
through analysis of variance and multiple comparisons.
The results of the germination rate (GR), germination
percentage (GP), germination index (GI) and vigor index
(VI) were analyzed using the principal component
analysis method, four vigor indexes to simplify into a
comprehensive vigor indexes, namely, CVINee, CVISaw
and CVIArc, contribution ratio of the principal
component were used to obtain the equations of main
components (1) (2) and (3), the equations were used to
calculate comprehensive vigor indexes respectively.
CVI Nee  0.49GR  0.39GP  0.46GI  0.41VI
(1)
CVISaw  0.44GR  0.38GP  0.43GI  0.30VI
(2)
CVI Arc  0.49GR  0.39GP  0.47GI  0.47VI
(3)
The results (Table 2) indicated that after treatment
with the needle-shaped corona discharge field of 140
kV/ m for 4 min, the germination percentage, vigor
index and comprehensive vigor index of seeds showed
significant differences compared with the control. As
well as the sawtooth-shaped corona discharge field of
260 Kv/ m for 4 min and the arc-tooth-shaped corona
discharge field of 350 Kv/ m for 4 min. Therefore, it is
shown that the arc-tooth-shaped corona discharge field
is the optimal treatment equipment.
3.1.2 Optimization of corona field treated conditions
According to the principal component analysis
equations of CVINee (1), CVISaw (2) and CVIArc (3) with
the needle-shaped, sawtooth-shaped and arc-toothshaped corona discharge fields, treatment time X1 and
field intensities X2 were used to determine regression
equations (4) (5) (6) by means of Design professional
software. Equations (4) (5) (6) then underwent further
non-linear programming analysis to obtain the optimal
theoretical value when the CVI was at its maximum.
CVI Nee  27.09  5.73 X 1  3.03 103 X 2  0.79 X12  1.91107 X 22
(4)
CVISaw  9.94  11.13 X 1  3.13 103 X 2  1.37 X 12  1.15 107 X 22
(5)
CVI Arc  522.15  41.38 X 1  0.06 X 2  4.8 X 12  1.55  106 X 22
(6)
So, the optimization theory values were 160 kV/ m
for 3.7 min with the needle-shaped corona discharge
72
Min Tan, J. Xu, F. Li and Ch. Zhang. (2014), Optimization of corona discharge field treatment on rice seed (Oryza sativa L.) by comparison of different
equipments and experimental conditions. Advanced Crop Science. 4(4): 70-81
Advanced Crop Science Vol4. No4 (2014) 70-81
field, 260 kV/ m for 4.1 min with the sawtooth-shaped
corona discharge field, and 360 kV/ m for 4.3 min with
the arc-tooth-shaped corona discharge field.
The optimized theoretical values of the three corona
discharge fields were verified, and the results (Fig 3 and
Fig 4) show that the germination rate, germination
percentage, germination index, and vigor index after the
arc-tooth-shaped corona discharge field showed greater
increases than those with the sawtooth-shaped and
needle-shaped fields. It also indicated that the arc-toothshaped corona field of 360 kV/ m for 4.3 min may be
considered as the optimal treatment condition, and thus
it may be used for rice seed conditioning.
3.2 Validation of optimal conditions of arc-toothshaped corona discharge field
3.2.1 Optimization of the treatment times with arctooth-shaped corona discharge field
The seeds were treated with 360 kV/ m for 3.3 min,
4.3 min, 5.3 min and 6.3 min under arc-tooth-shaped
corona discharge field. The results (Table 3) show that
the germination rate, germination percentage,
germination index, and vigor index under 360 kV/ m for
4.3 min conditions exhibited significant differences
compared with the control, and it exhibited greater
improvement than those when treated for 3.3 min, 5.3
min and 6.3 min. These results indicate that 360 kV/m
and 4.3 min were the optimal treatment conditions for
the arc-tooth-shaped corona discharge field.
3.2.2 Optimization of electric field intensity with the
arc-tooth-shaped corona-discharge field
The seeds were treated with 300 kV/ m, 360 kV/ m,
400 kV/ m and 450 kV/ m for 4.3 min under arc-toothshaped corona discharge field. The results (Table 4)
showed that the germination rate, germination
percentage, germination index, and vigor index under
360 kV/ m for 4.3 min conditions exhibited significant
differences compared with the control, and it showed
greater improvement than those when the electric field
intensities were 300 kV/m, 400 kV/ m and 450 kV/m. It
also indicated that 360 kV/m and 4.3 min were the
optimal treatment conditions for the arc-tooth-shaped
corona discharge field.
3.3 Effects on rice seeds with different vigor
Three types of rice seeds with different vigor,
namely. Tianyou 1, Tianyou 3 and Tianyou 5, were
treated with an arc-tooth-shaped corona discharge field
of 360 kV/ m for 4.3 min. The results (Fig 5) showed
that the germination rate, germination percentage,
germination index and vigor index all significantly
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ISSN: 2322-4282
improved compared with the control. It was shown that
the order of the increase of seed vigor was low >
medium > high. The proportion of relative increase of
the three types of rice seeds decreased with the
improvement of rice seed vigor.
4- Discussion
Currently, more research has been focused on
electric field treatment as an effective method to
improve seed vigor. However, due to the different types
of electric fields and crop seeds were used, the results of
previous studies are quite different. Onion seeds which
had an initial germination rate of about 65% have been
treated with a two disc-shaped plate voltage field of
different field intensities and treatment times, and the
results showed that the germination percentage and
germination rate respectively increased by 20% and
11% compared with the control, and also promoted
seedling and root growth(Molamofrad et al., 2013).
Wang et al. (2009) treated aged rice seeds with high
voltage electrostatic fields of different field intensities
and treatment times, and found that the vigor index of
400 kV/ m for 55 min could be improved by more than
29%. Li et al. (2009) treated rhubarb seeds of which the
germination rate was about 80% with low-frequency
current field (AC 220 V, 50 Hz) for 80 min, and found
that the germination rate and germination percentage
respectively increased by 14.7% and 11.3% compared
with the control, and the root length increased by 0.6
cm. Li et al. (2010) treated two types of cotton seeds, of
which the initial germination rates were both 35%, with
a needle-shaped corona discharge field of -16 kv (DC)
for 40 s, and found that the germination percentage
significantly increased by 21% and 29%, and the
seedlings increased by 11.14% and 13.27%.Xu et al.
(2013) treated rice seeds of which the initial
germination rate was about 60% with a corona
discharge field of 350 kV/ m for 4 min, and the
germination rate, germination percentage, germination
index and vigor index increased by 88.5%, 22.2%,
26.9% and 30.8% compared with the control. We can
concluded that different types of electric fields are
capable of improving the vigor of seeds and promoting
plant growth, however, different types of crops have
different responses for it. In this paper, the treatment
equipment prototypes and related parameters were
screened and optimized from three different types of
corona discharge fields, namely, needle-shaped,
sawtooth-shaped, and arc-tooth-shaped field, and our
results showed that the optimal conditions of arc-toothshaped corona discharge fields were 360 kV/ m and 4.3
min. These conditions are effective for rice seeds with
different vigor, and especially had a large increasing
Min Tan, J. Xu, F. Li and Ch. Zhang. (2014), Optimization of corona discharge field treatment on rice seed (Oryza sativa L.) by comparison of different
equipments and experimental conditions. Advanced Crop Science. 4(4): 70-81
Advanced Crop Science Vol4. No4 (2014) 70-81
effect on the vigor of rice seeds with medium and low
vigor compared to those with high vigor.
Due to the differences of seed categories, different
types of crop seeds have different responses to electric
field treatments, and even for the same crop seeds,
seeds of different vigor have differences depending on
the electric field. Therefore, the optimum treatment
conditions of the corona discharge field on other crop
seeds must be determined in the future. Zhang et al.
(1990) treated five types of vegetable seeds (green
pepper,
eggplant,
cucumbers,
tomatoes
and
watermelons) with a sawtooth-shaped corona discharge
field of different field intensities and treatment times,
and found that all these treatment conditions
significantly improved the seed vigor, and germination
percentage . In our paper, comparisons of treatment
effects with three types of different vigor rice seeds
under an optimized treatment conditions of arc-toothshaped corona discharge field, our results shown that
the order of the increase of seed vigor was low >
medium > high. This indicates that the proportion of
relative increase on the three types of rice seeds
decreased with the improvement of rice seed vigor.
At present, a large amount of studies focusing on the
biological effects of electric fields have been published
(Eşitken et al.,2004; Guderjan et al.,2007; Javed et
al.,2011; Vashisth et al.,2010; Moon et al.,2000; López et
al.,2008). However, the mechanism of biological effects
due to electric field on seeds is quite complex, and most
studies concerning preliminary analysis are only based
on the primary mechanisms. The corona-discharge field,
a new technology, has been studied less
comprehensively, and has merely been used to study the
changes of vigor, thus further studies are needed to
explore the mechanisms of its physiological and genetic
expressions.
5- Acknowledgement
Funding support was received from Special Fund for
Agro-scientific Research in the Public Interest of china
(201203052, 201303005).
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Jaleel, C.A . (2009).The effect of high-voltage electrostatic field
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75
Min Tan, J. Xu, F. Li and Ch. Zhang. (2014), Optimization of corona discharge field treatment on rice seed (Oryza sativa L.) by comparison of different
equipments and experimental conditions. Advanced Crop Science. 4(4): 70-81
Advanced Crop Science Vol4. No4 (2014) 70-81
ISSN: 2322-4282
Table 1- Factors and levels experiment.
Factors
Levels
-1.414
-1
0
1
1.414
Needle-shaped
55
80
140
200
224
Field intensity/kv/m
Sawtooth-shaped
Arc-tooth-shaped
140
300
175
314
260
350
350
380
385
400
Needle-shaped
2.6
3
4
5
5.4
Time/min
Sawtooth-shaped
2.6
3
4
5
5.4
Arc-tooth-shaped
2.6
3
4
5
5.4
Table 2- Comparisons of vigor with three kinds of corona-discharge field equipment.
Indexes
Germination percentage of Ck (%)
Germination percentage of optimal conditions (%)
Relative increase (%)
Vigor index of Ck
Vigor index of optimal conditions
Relative increase (%)
Comprehensive vigor index of Ck
Comprehensive vigor index of optimal conditions
Relative increase (%)
Needle-shaped
68
74*
8.8
0.60
0.67*
11.7
42.73
47.51*
11.2
Sawooth-shaped
68
79**
16.2
0.63
0.78**
23.8
41.34
53.58**
29.6
Arc-tooth-shaped
68
79**
16.2
0.58
0.79**
36.2
43.01
61.1**
42.1
Note: *that significant differences at the 5% level, **that significant differences at the level of 1%.
76
Min Tan, J. Xu, F. Li and Ch. Zhang. (2014), Optimization of corona discharge field treatment on rice seed (Oryza sativa L.) by comparison of different equipments and experimental conditions. Advanced
Crop Science. 4(4): 70-81
Advanced Crop Science Vol4. No4 (2014) 70-81
ISSN: 2322-4282
Table 3- Multiple comparisons of different treatment times with the same electric field intensity.
Indexes
Germination rate (%)
Germination percentage (%)
Germination index
Vigor index
Treatment times
Ck（0min）
3.3min
4.3min
5.3min
6.3min
Ck（0min）
3.3min
4.3min
5.3min
6.3min
Ck（0min）
3.3min
4.3min
5.3min
6.3min
Ck（0min）
3.3min
4.3min
5.3min
6.3min
Average value
40
36
52
40
38
69
70
76
65
67
12.62
12.76
14.26
12.05
12.35
0.52
0.50
0.60
0.51
0.51
Difference
-4
12
-1
-2
16*
4
2
-3*
-14**
-2
2
8*
-3
-1
6
5
3
-11**
-9*
2
0.14
1.65*
-0.57
-0.27
1.51*
-0.71
-0.41
-2.22**
-1.92**
0.3
-0.02
0.08*
-0.01
-0.01
0.11**
0.01
0.02
-0.09*
-0.08*
0.01
Note: * that significant differences at the 5%level, **that significant differences at the level of 1%.
77
Min Tan, J. Xu, F. Li and Ch. Zhang. (2014), Optimization of corona discharge field treatment on rice seed (Oryza sativa L.) by comparison of different equipments and experimental conditions. Advanced
Crop Science. 4(4): 70-81
Advanced Crop Science Vol4. No4 (2014) 70-81
ISSN: 2322-4282
Table 4- Multiple comparisons of different electric field intensity with the same treatment times.
Indexes
Germination rate (%)
Germination percentage (%)
Germination index
Vigor index
Electric field intensity
Ck(0 kv/m)
300kv/m
360kv/m
400kv/m
460kv/m
Ck(0 kv/m)
300kv/m
360kv/m
400kv/m
460kv/m
Ck(0 kv/m)
300kv/m
360kv/m
400kv/m
460kv/m
Ck(0 kv/m)
300kv/m
360kv/m
400kv/m
460kv/m
Average value
26
33
49
36
29
63
72
77
76
68
11.23
12.80
14.26
13.47
12.06
0.55
0.66
0.82
0.68
0.66
difference
7**
23**
10**
3
16**
3
-5*
-13**
-21**
-7**
8
14*
13*
5*
6
4
-4
-1
-9
-8
1.57*
3.03**
2.24*
0.84
1.47
0.68
-0.73
-0.79
-2.10*
-1.41
0.11*
0.27**
0.13*
0.10
0.16*
0.02
-0.01
-0.14*
-0.16**
-0.03
Note: *that significant differences at the 5%level, **that significant differences at the level of 1%.
78
Min Tan, J. Xu, F. Li and Ch. Zhang. (2014), Optimization of corona discharge field treatment on rice seed (Oryza sativa L.) by comparison of different equipments and experimental conditions. Advanced
Crop Science. 4(4): 70-81
Advanced Crop Science Vol4. No4 (2014) 70-81
Fig. 1- Schematic of high voltage electric field treatment equipment.
ISSN: 2322-4282
Fig. 2- Four kinds of electrode treated head field
1. AC test transformer
2. High voltage silicon stacks
3. Arc-shaped electrode treated head
4. Stainless steel bottom plate
5. Rice seeds
6. digital ammeter
7 .high pressure gauge.
79
Min Tan, J. Xu, F. Li and Ch. Zhang. (2014), Optimization of corona discharge field treatment on rice seed (Oryza sativa L.) by comparison of different equipments and experimental conditions. Advanced
Crop Science. 4(4): 70-81
Advanced Crop Science Vol4. No4 (2014) 70-81
ISSN: 2322-4282
Fig. 3. Comparisons of germination rate and germination index with three kinds
Fig. 4- Comparisons of germination percentage and vigor index with three kinds
of corona discharge field treatment.
of corona discharge field treatment.
80
Min Tan, J. Xu, F. Li and Ch. Zhang. (2014), Optimization of corona discharge field treatment on rice seed (Oryza sativa L.) by comparison of different equipments and experimental conditions. Advanced
Crop Science. 4(4): 70-81
Advanced Crop Science Vol4. No4 (2014) 70-81
ISSN: 2322-4282
Fig. 5- Comparisons of four vigor indexes with arc-tooth-shaped corona field treatment on three types of rice seeds with different vigor
From left to right：Germination rate，Germination percentage，Germination index，Vigor index.
81
Min Tan, J. Xu, F. Li and Ch. Zhang. (2014), Optimization of corona discharge field treatment on rice seed (Oryza sativa L.) by comparison of different equipments and experimental conditions. Advanced
Crop Science. 4(4): 70-81

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