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griftâr,|/¿YÃ{¼/]Ä¿ZÌ»ÊZ§½Âf»ËZ{¾¼Æ]ÉY]Ä¯ÊËZÆÌ³ËÁÄ]ÄmÂeZ]
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YÃ{Z¨f/YZ]ZfÁYÃ{y|¿[Zf¯{Z]®Ë1927:36, 299Z]Y{Y|À]¾ËYÊyÈ¿Â³
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Ä/¯ÉYÃÂÌ//¾/Æ¯ÇÂÌ/Ä/]1965: xiv, 136ÓY{|¿YÃ{¯Ä¼meÊÌ¸´¿YÄ]Y|À]¾ËY
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dYÃ|»ZÌ¿¥È¼me{,dYhv]{Â»ZfÂ¿¾ËY{Ä¯
Ä/]{/»ÅYÉYd/Y¾ÌÀq1963: 64Z]Y{È¼meZY]|À]¾ËYYÂ¯~»ÇZa
Ç|/¿Ì³/z]½Mª/ËY,{/»ÅYÉY,Ã|ÀËY§YÉÂÀÌ»ÉYÃ|]½YÂeÁÊË|¿Y¶»Z¯¾»
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½Mª/ËY,|/¬»ÉÂÀÌ»,{»ÅYÉYÃ|]½YÂeÁÊË|¿Y¶»Z¯¾»Ä]{»ÅYÉYdY
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|/Z]½Z/¼Æ»ºÀ/e{Ê/À Ëº/Z]¾¼Æ]Ç|¿Ë~az]
º//Z]Ã|//¿Ë~aÓY{Á1963: 64º//Z]Ã|//¿Ì³Z//]Y{,Ã|//»M
cÂ//
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ÁÃ|/¿YÂy griftâr Y
ÇYÁÊÀ Ë-|¿YÃ{¯Ä¼me
1965: 137
Y
1965: 136ÓY{|/¿YÄf/¿Y{{/¨»z/µÁYÊ/»Yf·YZ/»/Ä/¼meÄ/]
È//Ì¬/]{,U1,2ÁMf1,2ÉZ//ÅÄ//z/¿//m
d/YÃ{/¯ÊËÂ/¿kYÁ
hâvᾱâni
cÂ/Ä/],|/¿YÃ{Â/]Z/]Y{Ç{Z¨fY{Â»ËZÌ¿eMËYËÁ{Ä¯ÊËZÅÄz¿
Z/]Á{/Å,Z/]Y{ÁÓY{|/Ê/»¿Ä]Dhabhar, 1927: 299, note 9dYÃ|»Mhçm
Ä/¼meÁÃ|/¿YÂyYÄ/¿ZÌ»Ê/Z§¾f/»,ËZÌ¿eMÊZ§ÁdË°ÀÈ¼meÄ]ÄmÂe
½/«{Ä/¿ZÌ»Ê/Z§¾f/»ÉÁYÄ/¯/ dË°/ÀÈ¼me{
|¿YÃ{¯
gvahmanasya gºhîtâro bhavâmah//Dhalla, 1965: ixÄ/f§³¹Z/n¿YÉ{ÔÌ/»ºÅ{Ì/
Spiegel, 1861: 151-Dhalla, 1965: 136dYÃ|Ä¼me
¾¼Æ]d¨,Zf§³
gvahmanasya
¾¼Æ]
{¨»Ê§ZY
gºhîtâro
Ã|¿Ì³
bhavâmah
ºÌZ]
gºhîtº-Y¯~»¼mÊ¸Z§
Ä]bhû-ÈËYY~³¼mzµÁYZ»¶ §
½{Â]ÊÀ »
ºÌZ]¾¼Æ]Ç|¿Ì³
Whitney, [1889]: 256, §735-Monier-Williams, 1899: 76/1, 362/3
Z/eÉZÆ·Z{Ä¿ZÌ»ÊZ§¾f»ÉÁYÌ¿½MÄ¯/ ËZÌ¿eMÊZ§È¼me{
ÉYd/YÃ|/Ä/¼me¾Ì/ÀqÄ¸¼m¾ËY/Dhalla, 1965: ixÄf§³¹Zn¿YÉ{ÔÌ»
Darmesteter, 1883: 309¹Ì´]Y¾¼Æ]¶«Z,ÂÀÌ»f³]
¶Ì¸veÁhv]
griftârÇYÁÊ¿Z/ »bÁ|¬¿ÁÊ]Z]Y{ÁÓY{È¼meY|f]Yd¼«¾ËY{
¯}Z]Y{ÁÓY{Är¿MZ]cÁZ¨f»ÉYÊËÂ¿
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Y
Ê/yÈ/¿Â³d/Y{/¨»z/µÁYZ»¶ §/|ËMÊ»]Ä¼meYÄ°¿ZÀq
z/µÁYZ/»¶/ §ÊyÈ¿Â³YË,d¿Y{{¨»zµÁYZ»¶ §½YÂeÊ¼¿
Ä/mÁ{Ád/YcÁZ/¨f»,Ã|/»M¾f/»{Ä/r¿MZ/]hçm
ÉZ^yYÄmÁ{{¨»
º/Å/³Y{Â/]ÃZ/³M½MÊ/yÈ¿Â³Y½YÂf]ZeÄf§¿Z¯Ä]Ä¿ZÌ»ÊZ§½Âf»{Ì¿Ê»Yf·Y
|/¿YÂeÊ/¼¿½MÊ/yÈ¿Â³ºÅZ],|Z]*hân{¨»zµÁYÊ»Yf·YZ»{Â§
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ÊyÈ¿Â³|Z]
¾Ì/À¼Åwahman{¨»{ZÆ¿Z]|¿YÂeÊ¼¿ÃZa¾ËY{Ì¿
hândZ»Y,d¿Y{hAndÊ»Yf·Y
Ã|/¿Ë~aZËÃ|¿Ì³ÓY{ÁZ]Y{¿¥Ôy]griftârÇYÁÊÀ »´Ë{ÉÂY|Z]Ã|
Mackenzie, d/YÌ/Y-Z/f§³,Ä/f§³Ê/À »Ä/]Ê·Â ¨»d¨griftârYË,dÌ¿
Ê¸Z/§d¨/Ä/¿d/YÊ·Â/ ¨»d¨Zf§³Ì¿ÉÁ»YÊZ§½Z]{Á1971:37
,Ê¼Z¬·YÂ]Y-,Ê»Z¼
ÉÌ´Àq½ZuY
griftârÁgriftanÊ¿Z »
¾Ë|]Ì¿ZÅÌ¨e{ÁdY½{¯\uZe,½{ÁMd|]ÊÀ »Ä]griftan|¿½Âf»{
Dhabhar, 1949: d/Y¾ÌÀqÊ¾ËºÅ{|À]|¿YÉYÃZa
dYÃ|tËeÊÀ »
138
ô ôhrmazd ud ardwahišt [+âyôzçd] kç grift ân î wih nâmîgîh [kû ân kas šawçd ô
mizd stânçd, kç husraw bawçd].
Ä/¯/¯½MÊ/À Ë{ÁMd{Ä]Y®Ì¿cÆÄ°¿M{|¿ÂÌb]dÆ^Ë{YÁ{»ÁYÄ]
|¿ZfÊ»Y{»
Á{ÁÊ»,|Z]¹Z¿®Ì¿
d/YÌ/Y-Z/f§³,Ä/f§³Ê/À »Ä/]Ê·Â/ ¨»d¨/griftârÄ¿ZÌ»ÊZ§½Âf»{
Ä/],Ê/Àf§³Ê/À »Ä/],/ËcÔ¼m½Âr¼ÅZÆf§Z]Êy]{Z»Y,Mackenzie, 1971:37
|/À]Z/]ª]Z/»Ä/¯¾/Ëº/|/À]YÉYÃZ/a{d/YµÂu¶]Z«,Ê¿{ÁMd{
Dhabhar, 1927: -Dhabhar, 1949: 262d/YÃ|/»M¾Ì/Àq,dYËZÌ¿eMºÅ{YÁ{
Dhalla, 1965: 172-43
griftâr bawând [kû ô xwçš kunçm] ân î wih mizd [ânôh] ân î wih husrawîh [î
çdar] ud ân ruwân-iz î dçr hu-axwîh [nçw-dilîh pad èçh-widarag].
/Ì¿ÁZ/nÀËY®/Ì¿5Ê»Z/¿®Ì¿Zn¿M®Ì¿{»ºÀ¯ËÂy½MYÊÀ Ë|ÀZ]ÊÀf§³
¶a{ÂÀÌq{Ê^¸«Ây
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Dhabhar, 1949: 220dYÃ|»M¾ÌÀqÃZnÀa¾Ëºf¨Å|À]|¿YÉYÃZa{
griftâr +bawâd ân-im [az ašmâh] ast ayârîh [kû-m ân ayârîh î az ašmâh ô xwçš
tuwân bawâd kardan].
YÄ/¯YÉZ/Ë½Mº¿YÂ/f]Ê/À Ë,dY¾»]Z¼\¿ZmYÄ¯ÉZË½M|Z]ÊÀf§³
ºÀ¯{ÂyÉY],dZ¼\¿Zm
ÁÓY{Ä/°¿ZÀqÄ/¿griftâr,ÄÁÊ¾ËºÅ{YÁ{|À]½Âr¼Å,´Ë{ÉZÆf§Z]Êy]{
Ä/]Ä/¿ÁÌY-Zf§³,Äf§³ÊÀ »Ä]Ä¿ÁdYÃ|¿Ì³Ã|¿Ë~aÊÀ »Ä],|¿YÄfY|ÀaZ]Y{
d§ZË{´Ë{ÉYÄ¿Â³Ä]|ËZ]Y½MÊÀ »Ä°¸]
µÂu¶]Z«,ÊÀf§³ÊÀ »
Ê¿Z¼/mÁÉ{Z»À»Y½{ÁMd{Ä]dZÀ »Á{Ä]griftanÄ¿ZÌ»ÊZ§½Âf»{
YÁ½{/¯¼·dz¿ÊÀ »Y-ÊYf¿YZËÊÀÅ}À»Y½{ÁMd{Ä]ÁÊ°ËÌ§ZË
/Ì¿Á/»YÊZ§½Z]{dYÃ|¶Zu½{¯{½|Ì¼Æ§,½{¯u¹Á{ÊÀ »
¾¼Æ]d¨,Zf§³
ÃÁÔ/√grab-/Ì¿ÊËZf/ÁY½Z]{{ÁÊ»Z¯Ä]
½{¯{½|Ì¼Æ§ÊÀ »Ä]¾f§³
d//YÃ|//»Mº//Å½{//¯//u,½{//¯{,½|//Ì¼Æ§Ê//À »Ä//]¾f§//³Ê//À »//]
,½|/Ì¼Æ§ÊÀ »Ä]ãərâ-/ãarâ-ãrâ-Ç{Z»Ì¿É|¤½Z]{Bartholomae, 1961: 527
{Y{ª/¸ eÊËZ/À »ÇÂu¾Ì¼ÅÄ]½McZ¬f»Ê»Z¼eÁ,\Ë«dY¾f¿Y{
semantic changeÊËZ/À »Ê¿Â³³{\^Ä]griftanÊÀ »¾ËY/,\Ë«
{{]Z/¯\^/Ä]Ì¿ÊËZÀ »|Àq¾ËY-dYpolysemyÊËZÀ »|Àq\^Ä]Ä°¸],dÌ¿
{ÊËZÀ »|/Àq,/´Ë{cZ/^Ä/]-d/Y√grab-É{Z/ÌÀ]Ê³ËÁÄ°¸],dÌ¿ZyÊf§Z]
{]Z/¯YÉYÄ/¿Â¼¿d/Ì¿Ê¿Z/]dyZ/Á{Z/ÆÀeÁd/YÄ/Ë¾ËYÊ»ÂÆ¨»dyZ
Reichelt, d/Y¹Á{®/¿d/y{ZÅYº/Ád/Ì]ÁºfÅ|À],ÊÀ »¾Ë|]√grab,,-,,,ÊËYz§Ì»-k,{ÁÁY{Âa-1911: 77, 179
âaþ təm vâtəm nåŋhaya uzgərmbayô (present participle, uz + √grab-) saäayeiti
yô narš ašaonô urva kudaäaçm vâtô vâiti yim yava vâtəm nåŋhâbya hubaiäitəm
ǰigaurva (perfect, 1st singular √grab-).
Z/n¯Y{Z/]¾ËY|À¯Ê»uÊÀÌ]Z]Y{Z]½MÄ¯|ËM¿Ä]YZ³ÌÅa{»½YÁÃZ´¿M
¹YÃ{¯uÊÀÌ]Á{Z]½ÂÀ¯ZeÄ¯É{Z]¾ËeÂ^Ây,{Á
Ê»
{Ê/À »Ä/]Ê/´¼ÅÁ|/¿YÃ|¿Z»Ê«Z]
√grab-YÄ¿ZÌ»ÊZ§{griftanÁgîr-,grift
|/¿Z/ËÄ/¿ZÌ»Ê/Z§È/¼me{Ä¸¼mY,|¿YÄf§Z¯Ä]Ì¿
½|Ì¼Æ§Á½{¯u,½{¯
,,-,,,ÊËYz§Ì»®¿dy{ZÅYÃ|¶¬¿ÉZÅ|À]
awç wâd â-š pad bçnîg ul grift sahçd kç mard î ahlaw ruwân, çd gôwçd kû az kû
dahišn çd wâd wâyçd kç-m hagriz wâd pad hubôytar grift.
|/ËÂ³Ê/»¾Ì/Àq,|À¯Ê»uÊÀÌ]Z]Y{Z]½MÄ¯|ËM¿Ä]YZ³ÌÅa{»½YÁa
¹YÃ{¯ZuY½ÂÀ¯ZeÄ¯É{Z]¾ËeÂ^Ây,{Á
Zn¯Y{Z]¾ËYÄ¯
Ê»
Anklesaria,
d/YÅ|/À]YÄ/¸¼m¾/ËY,griftanÇYÁÊ/À »¾ËYY´Ë{ÉYÄ¿Â¼¿
1908: 133
abr rây gôwçd kû abzâr î mçnôg kç pad èašm î gçtîg dîdan griftan nç šâyçd.
{/¯/uÁ|/Ë{½YÂ/eÊ/¼¿Ê/fÌ³ºqZ]Ä¯dYÉÂÀÌ»ÉY]YÄ¯|ËÂ³]YÇZ]{
{¯{
ÉÌ´Àq½ZuY
,Ä/f§³Ê¿Z/ »/]ÃÁÔ/griftârÇYÁ,Ä/¿ZÌ»ÊZ§½Âf»{griftanÊ¿Z »Ä]ÄmÂeZ]
,Â/¼¸»/Ì¿ÁÂv»,YÂuªËY{¶]Z«,ºÆ§¶]Z«ÊÀ »Ä]ÌY-Zf§³
/¼·,Â/¼¸»Ì£ÁÂ/v»Z¿,{¶/]Z«Ì£ÊÀ »Ä]a-griftârÁdY¼·¶]Z«
-Anklesaria, 1908: 194-195Å|/À]{d/Y½MZ/]opposition¶/]Z¬e{Ê¿|/¿
ÁgriftârÉZ/ÅÃYÁ,
Ê/fÌ³½Z/]½Z/»{»¾/eÇZ/]{ºÅ{Ìz],,ZÆ]
,Ê¿|//¼·YgriftârÇYÁZ/Æ]Á1971: xxviiÊ/¸Ì]-|¿YÃ|»M
agriftâr
,Z/Æ]-Bailey, 1971: xxvii|/¿YÃ{¯ÊÀ »
ÊÀf§³Z¿,Ê¿|¿¼·YagriftârÁÊÀf§³
{¶/]Z«/Ì£ÁÂ/v»{¶/]Z«Z/nÀËY{|/Ê/»/¿Ä]Z»Y,
Â/eYgriftâr/Ì¿ZËZ/¸°¿Y|/Z]ÃYÁÁ{¾/ËYÉY/]/e\/ZÀ»ÊËZÀ »Âv»Z¿
Anklesaria, 1956: 251dYÃ{¯ÊÀ »Âe¶]Z«Ì£YagriftârÁÊ¿{¯
èiyôn gôwçd kû +haft awçnâg agriftâr >’t< ast ôhrmazd ud ân î amahraspand
bun, haft wçnâg ud agriftâr ast èiyôn xwaršçd ud mâh ud stâragân ud abr ud wâd ud
âtaxš î wâzišt ud âtaxšân kç widarag widarçnd ud druz zançnd; haft awçnâg ud
griftâr ast èiyôn asar rôšnîh, gâh î amahraspandân, garôdmân, wahišt, spihr î agumçzišng, spihr î gumçzišnîg, asmân; haft wçnâg ud griftâr ast èiyôn zamîg ud âb
ud urwar ud gôspand ud ayôxšust, ud handçšišn ud uzwârišn awçnâg agriftâr ast,
dô gôš ud dô èašm dô wçnîg ud dahân griftâr ast, ǰagar ud sušîg ud zahrag ud dilgirdag rôdîg spul ud gurdag awçnâg ud griftâr ast.
d/¨Å,d/Y|Àb/Z»Yd/¨Å5¾]Á{»ÁYÂv»Z¿ÁÊ¿|Ë{Z¿d¨ÅÄ¯|ËÂ³¾ÌÀq
Ád/ËYÁ/eMÁ{Z/]Á/]YÁ½Z³ZfÁÃZ»Á|ÌÂy|À¿Z»dYÂv»Z¿ÁÊ¿|Ë{
ÊÀ/Á½Â/qÂ/v»ÁÊ¿|/Ë{Z¿d/¨Å-|/¿]Ê/»½ZÌ»YYÂË{Á|¿~³Ê»Ä¯½ZeM
-d/Y½Z¼MÁÊÀfzÌ»MÆbÁÊÀfzÌ»ZÌ¿Æb,dÆ],½Z»{Á³,½Y|ÀbZ»YÃZ³,½Y¯Ê]
º/Æ§ÁÄ/Ë|¿YÁd/Y¸§Á|À¨Â³ÁÃZÌ³Á[MÁ¾Ì»½ÂqÂv»ÁÊ¿|Ë{d¨Å
Â/v»ÁÊ¿|/Ë{½Z/Å{ÁÊ/ÀÌ]Á{ÁºqÁ{ÁÂ³Á{,dYÂv»Z¿ÁÊ¿|Ë{Z¿
dYÂv»ÁÊ¿|Ë{Z¿Ã{4³Áb,Ã{Á,{³µ{ÁÃÅ,Á´m,dY
Ê///À »Ä///]gIraSnI,Z///eÉZÅ|///À],ºf///Å¶///§,YÁ®Ì¿Z¼³|À°///{
¶/]Z«/Ì£Â/v»Z¿Ê/À »Ä]agîrašnîÁÉ{Z»º·ZÉY]d¨{¶]Z«Âv»
¾¼Æ]d¨,Zf§³
De -Jâmâsp-Âsânâ and West, 1887: 52-53d/YÉÂ/ÀÌ»º·Z/ÉY/]d¨/{
Menasce, 1945: 92-95
gèî bar mainyô bun bûdan pdâî în ka har vînašnî gîrašnî èis əž apdâî ô pdâî
madan gaovazâr pdâ, èun mardum u awar d¹m î vînašnî gîrašnî əž mainyô î
avînašnî agîrašnî bûdan âšnâ ... u tan î mardum u awar d¹m pdâî andar èûm î əž
pîdar¹ apədâ avînašnî bûþ. xvadièa èûm andar â i pidar¹ pôsþ ô pdâî u vînašnî
gîrašni maþ. nun aèârî šâyaþ dânastan ku în gèî i vînašnî gîrašnî əž mainyô i
avînašnî agirašnî dâþ bûþ əseþ.
ÁÊ¿|/Ë{/Ìq/Å5½|/»MÄ/¯d/Y|ÌaÄ/f°¿¾ËYYÂÀÌ»½{Â]¾]ÁÊfÌ³½{Â]¶Zu
/´Ë{Á¹{/»Ä¯dY¾Á½Âq,dY¾Á¶Ì¨eÄ]ÊËY|ÌaÄ]ÊËY|ÌaZ¿YÂv»
¾/e5ÊËY|/ÌaÁ|Àf/ÅÂ/v»Z¿ÁÊ¿|/Ë{Z¿ÉÂ/ÀÌ»Y,Â/v»ÁÊ¿|Ë{>cY{ÂmÂ»
Ä/¨¿{Â/]Â/v»Z¿ÁÊ¿|/Ë{Z¿,dY½Y|aYÄ¯ÉYÄ¨¿{cY{ÂmÂ»´Ë{Á½Z»{»
Ä/¯d¿Y{½YÂeÊ»ZqZ¿Ä]½ÂÀ¯
Y|»M½{¯uÁ½|Ë{ÁÊËY|ÌaÄ]½Y|ada{{Ây
dYÃ|Ã|Ë§MÂv»Z¿ÁÊ¿|Ë{Z¿5ÉÂÀÌ»YÂv»ÁÊ¿|Ë{5½ZÆm¾ËY
¾¼Æ]Z]griftârZ^eY
Dhalla,-Gray, 1929: 33-34Ã|/¿ÃY/¼Ågriftârd¨/Z/]¾/¼Æ]Ä¿ZÌ»ÊZ§½Âf»{
¹Â//|//À],ºÅ{¿Z//a¶//§,d//ËZ¿d//ËZ{agriftârZ//»Y, 1972: 228-231
dYÃ|¯}½Y|ÀbZ»YËZÁ¾¼Æ],{»ÁYÉY],Kotwal, 1969: 57, text: 26
zardôšt guft kû tô agriftâr ud wahman ud ardwahišt ud šhriwar ud spandarmad
ud hurdâd ud amurdâd agriftâr.
Ád/Æ^Ë{YÁ¾/¼Æ]ÁÊf/Ì¿{¶/]Z«Êf/ÅÂ/v»Z¿ÂeÄ¯d¨³d{
|ÀfÌ¿{¶]Z«
|¿YÂv»Z¿{Y{»Á{Y{yÁ~»Y|ÀbÁÂËÆ
Á|/¿YÃ{/¯Ê/¸neÉ{Z/»\·Z«{½Y|ÀbZ»Y´Ë{ÃZ³Á¾¼Æ],Ä¿ZÌ»ÊZ§½Âf»]ZÀ]
,ºf/¨Å{/°ÀË{{d/{Ê³|/¿½Zf/Y{{|¿YÃ|
{¶]Z«ÁÂv»ªË¾Ë|]
Á//,Ê¸/¨eÁZ³Â»M-Madan, 1911: 624-625| ]Ä]|À],¹Â¶§
/Ì¿-//,/,,¶v»|Y¹ZÆq|À],¶§,¹b{Y{Ì¿
/]Y]{¾Ì¼/Ë]YÈ/»ZmZ]ÉYÃÆqZ^Ë{»°Ìa{¾¼Æ]
,Ê¸¨eÁZ³Â»M
ÉÌ´Àq½ZuY
|/À],¶/§,¹b{Y]ZÀ]½ZfY{¾Ì¼Å{dYÄf¨³¾zÁYZ]ÁÃ|ÅZd{
Ã|/Z°/M`/Zf³]É{Z»cÂÄ]Æ»¾Ë]}MÁdÆ^Ë{YZ]ÃY¼Å¾¼Æ],
/,,,¶v»|YdY
... amahraspandn gçtîg-paydâgîhâ bç ô wištâsp ud hanǰmanîgân, darîgân paydâg
bûd hçnd î ast wahman, ardwahišt, adur î bûrzçn-mihr.
Á`/Zf³/]É{Z/»ÅZZ],|ÀfÅ¾Ë]}MÁdÆ^Ë{YÁ¾¼Æ]Ä¯½Y|ÀbZ»Y
|¿|ÅZ½ZËZ]{Á¾¼n¿Y
,Ê¸/¨e,Z/³Â»M-Madan, 1911: 439º/Æ¿|/À],¹Á{¶§,ºnÀa{°ÀË{{
,Ê¸/¨e,Z/³Â»M-Madan, 1911: 646,Ã{YÁ{|/À],ºnÀa¶§,ºf¨Å{°ÀË{Á/
Â/Æd/YÄ/f§¾z`Zf³]¾¼Æ]¾f§ZËÊ¸neÁ½|½ZËZ¼¿YºÅ
,d/YÃ|/¦Ì/Âegçtîg-paydâgîhÇYÁZ]¹b{Y{Ä¯Ê¿Z¿YÁÉ{Z»°Ìa{¾¼Æ]
Ê/Z§½Â/f»/Ì^ eÄ/]Z/Ë{¶]Z«ÁÂv»d¨Äf¿YÂeÊ»¾¼Æ]Ä¯|Å{
Ê»½Z¿
|Z]YY{YgriftârÄ¿ZÌ»
Ã|/{Z/Ë½Z/¿YÈË|¿YÁ¾e{¾¼Æ]ÂuÁd¿Â°YZÅZ]Ä¿ZÌ»ÊZ§½Âf»{
,ÃZ/À³YÌÅa,|]Á®Ì¿ËZ¼e,ÊË|¿Y®Ì¿\mÂ»¾¼Æ]Âu½Âf»¾ËYZY]
dY
{Â/Ê/»½Z/¿YÊ¯Z/aÁÊËÂ^/Ây,ÊÀ/Á,ÊÀË{¿Y{ËY§Y,¾»Â¯Y]Y]{d»ÁZ¬»
-Madan, 1911: 435ºnÀ/a|/À],¹Á{¶/§,ºnÀa{°ÀË{]ZÀ]Dhalla, 1972: 230-231
d/{Ç|Ày,Ã{¿ZaÁÃ{ZÆq|À],ºfÅ¶§,¹b{YÁ,Ê¸¨eÁZ³Â»M
,,,¶/v»|/Y{Â/]ÁYÈ/Ë|¿YZ/]¾¼Æ]¾fzÌ»M\^Ä],|·Âe¹Z´ÀÅ{
,Ê¸¨eÁZ³Â»M-
wahman andar šud wârum î zardu(x)št gumçxt, zardu(x)št bç xandîd, èç wahman
ast mçnôg [î] râmçnîdâr.
ÉÂ/ÀÌ»¾/¼Æ]Y/Ë|/Ë|Àz]d/{d/zÌ»Md/{È/Ë|¿YZ/]Á|{YÁ¾¼Æ]
dYz]»YM
Â/v»Á½{Â/]{¶/]Z«½Z/¼Å,½Z/¿YÈË|¿YÁ¾e{¾¼Æ]ÂuÁd¿Â°
ÃZ/YZ/Æ¿MÄ]ZnÀËY{Ä¯dYÃ|»MÊeÁZ¨f»Ì]Z eZ]Ä¿ZÌ»ÊZ§½Âf»{ÁdYÁY½{Â]
{ÂÊ»
¾¼Æ]d¨,Zf§³
¶/ §ÁMackenzie, 1971:55d¿Â°mihmânîhÁ¾¯Z mihmânÇYÁ///
|ÀfÅ½Âf»{Äf§Z¯Ä]Ì]Z e¾ËelËY,
½{¯¾¯Zmihmânîdan
ûd çn-iz kû-š amahraspand<ân> pad tan mihmân bawçnd, kç wahman dôšçd, çdiz rây èç-šân mihmânîh pad rôšnîh ud pâkîh ud hubôyîh ud pad wahman rôšnîhçd,
pâkîhçd, hubôyîhçd tan.
Y/Ë|/¿Y¾¯Z/À/e{½Y|Àb/Z»Y,{Y|/]d/Á{Y¾/¼Æ]¯/ÅÄ¯Ì¿¾ËY
Â^/ÂyÁZ/aÁ¾/Á¾/e¾¼Æ]Z]ÁdYÊËÂ^ÂyÁÊ¯ZaÁÊÀÁZ]½Zd¿Â°
West, 1892: 382-Madan, 1911: 934-{³§,®¿½Z¤],ºÆ¿{°ÀË{{ÂÊ»
ud çdôn-iz wahman padîrag akôman ud abârîg wih mçnôgân padîrag ân î xwçš
hamçstâr druz çstçnîdan rây andar tan mihmânîdan ud xwâstârîh drahnây pâs pâdan.
{ÁZ/¼ÅÂ/Ë{/]Y]{®/Ì¿½YÂ/ÀÌ»/´Ë{Á¾»Â¯Y]Y]{¾¼Æ]½{Y{Y«ÉY]Ì¿Á
/¨uY½Z/¿MÊ³|/¿ÉYY{{,Ã{YYÉÁYÁ{Y{ÉZ/m¾e{Y½Z¿M|ËZ],ËÂy
,Ê¸/¨eÁZ/³Â»M-Madan, 1911: 440-441-/|/À],ºf/¨Å¶§,ºnÀa{°ÀË{{¯
tan andar râmišn ud dast az winâh abâz dârišn, èç <kç> tan anadar râmišn, çg
wahman pad tan mihmân, èiyôn wahman pad tan mihmân, çg winâh dušwâr kardan.
/»Y{//ÀeÄ¯Ê¯YË,dY{]ÃZÀ³Yd{ÁdY{|ËZ]»Y{Y¾e
½{/¯ÃZ/À³/a,dY¾¯Z¾e{¾¼Æ]½Âq,dY¾¯Z//Àe{¾¼Æ]adY
Madan, 1911: 514-Shaked, 1979: 74-|À],º{°ÀË{dYYÂ{
kû-m pad tan cZ/^/Ì¿Ä/ÁÊ/¾ËºÅ{YÁ{|À]Yhv]{Â»ÇZaÌ¨e{
|/Z]¾¯Z/ºÀ/e{¾¼Æ]dY¾ÌÀq½MÊÀ »Ä¯ĸdYÃ|»Mmihmân bawâd
dY¾¼Æ]½{Â]{¶]Z«ÁÂv»]ÊÅYÂ³Ì¨e¾ËY
ÁÂ/u,ºf/Å{/³§,®/¿¿Z¼fÁ,º/Æ¿{/°ÀË{YcZ/^¾/ËY{///
dYÃ|½ZÌ]mihan-griftagîh\¯»ÇYÁZ]ÄË|¿Y{¾¼Æ]d¿Â°
Ɲn-iz guft çstçd kû buwandag-šnâsîh î tisân pad wahman andar wârum mihangriftagîh bawçd.
¾ÆÌ/»Z/y{Ä/¯d/Y¾/¼Æ]Z/]ZÅÌq¶»Z¯dyZÀÄ¯dYÃ|Äf¨³Ì¿¾ËY
West, 1892: 248-Madan, 1911: 832dYÄf§³
ÉÌ´Àq½ZuY
Z/Ëgâh kardan½Z¿YÈË|¿YÁ¾e{¾¼Æ]ÂuÁd¿Â°ÉY]´Ë{Ì^ e///
dYgâh dâštan
ud andar axw wârum-ç, wahman gâh dârçd ud akôman râh dârçd.
,º/{/°ÀË{{Y{ÃY¾»Â/¯YÁ{Y{ÉZm½M{¾¼Æ],dYÉZyÄË|¿Y{Á
Madan, 1911: 473-Shaked, 1979: 2-3-1b|À]
guft çstçd kû andar pâdixšâyîh xçšm zan ud andar a-pâdixšâyîh bçš, kû-t
wahman andar tan gâh kunçd, èç kç wahman andar tan gâh nç kunçd, çg-iš ruwân
andar garôdmân gâh nç kunçd.
ÉZ/md/Àe{¾/¼Æ]Ze,Yl¿Ê¿YÂeZ¿{Á½]Yºyc|«{Ä¯dYÃ|Äf¨³
{/°ÀË{|/À°¿ÉZ/m½Z»{Á³{¿YÁa|À°¿ÉZm//Àe{¾¼Æ]Ä°¿MYË,|À¯
Madan, 1911: 580-581-Shaked, 1979: 198-E31a|À],º
èi ka mard xašm kunəd vahman ž ânô dûr, u ka vahman gâh dârəd xašm ânô
nç.
Z/n¿Mº/y,|/À¯ÉZm¾¼Æ]½ÂqÁ{ÂÁ{Zn¿MY¾¼Æ],|À¯ºy{»½ÂqYË
De -Jâmâsp-Âsânâ and West, 1887: 62-Á|À],¶§,®Ì¿Z¼³|À°|Z^¿
Menasce, 1945: 101
É/Ì^ ewahman-dârîhºnÀa{³§,®¿½Z¤],ºÆ¿{°ÀË{YcZ^¾ËY{///
dY½Z¿YÈË|¿Y{¾¼Æ]ÂuÉY]´Ë{
wih ud wattarîh šnâxtan pad wahman-dârîh, ôy î wahman-dâštâr>îh<
wahman-šnâsîdâr-iz bawçd.
/Ì¿¾/¼Æ]Ç|ÀZÀ,dY¾¼Æ]Ç|¿Y{Ä°¿M-dY¾¼Æ]¾fY{Ä]¾fyZÀY|]Á®Ì¿
West, 1892: 321-Madan, 1911: 886dÅ
d/·Ó{½Z/¿YÈ/Ë|¿YÁ¾e{¾¼Æ]d¿Â°ÁÂu]Ê´¼Å,|¯}Ä¯ÉÌ]Z e
dYÃ{Â]{¶]Z«ÁÂv»griftârd¨ÉYY{¾¼Æ]|Å{Ê»½Z¿Á,{Y{
¿YÂy
hçm{/¨»z/µÁYZ/»¶/ §Ä/¿
ÊyÈ¿Â³,|Äf¨³//{Ä°¿ZÀq
Ê/y]Ê/]Z/]Z/»Y,hândÊ/»Yf·YÄmÁ{¼mz¹ÂZ»¶ §Ä¿ÁdY
¾¼Æ]d¨,Zf§³
|/ËZ]Ä/¿Â´q
Ê/yÈ/¿Â³Ä/¯{Y{x/ZaÌ¿a¾ËYÄ]½YÂeÊ»´Ë{ÉZÆeZ^
Dhabhar, 1949: 221dY¾ÌÀq,ÃZnÀa¾ËºÆ¿|À]YÉYÃZa
{ÂÃ|¿YÂy
¹Â/Z/»¶/ §Z/Ë{/¨»zµÁYZ»¶ §Y
½YÂeÊ¼¿ºÅZnÀËY{
d/YÃ|/Äf/Â¿
,
Ê/yÈ/¿Â³ÉZ/n]JÈz/¿{d¿Y{¼mz
¶/Zu,{Â/¶f»
Ä]
ÊyÈ¿Â³³Y-Dhabhar, 1949: 221, note 6
\/Ìee¾ËYÄ] {¯ÊËÂ¿kYÁ
griftârômndY¿M½YÂeÊ»Á{Â]|ÅYÂy
½M
dY¾ÌÀq|À]¾ËYÊÀ »ÁÊËÂ¿kYÁ
çdôn ân î ôy hudânâg pad xwâhišn griftârômnd
mnd [mizd].
dYÊÀf§³ÅYÂyZ]Z¿Y{>{»Ä¿Â´ÀËY
Mackenzie, 1971: d/YÃ{/¯Ê/À »Â/¼¸»,ÊÀf§³YgriftârômandÉÀ°»
|/¿Y|/À]{-d/¿Y{º/ÅÂ/v»,{¶/]Z«Ê/À »Ä]YÃYÁ¾ËY|ËZ]Z»Y,37
Jamasp-Asana,
Asana, 1897: d/YÄ/f§Z/¯Ä]agriftârZ]ÃY¼ÅÊÀ »¾Ì¼ÅÄ]½ZÌ°eÂËÂa
45
minišn agriftâr ud kunišn griftârômand.
dY{¶]Z«Y{¯Á{¶]Z«Ì£ÄË|¿Y
,|//¯}ZfÂ¿¾ËYZ£M{Ä¯YÄÁÊ¾ËºÅ{YÁ{|À]YÃZa½M½YÂe
Ê»µZu
{¯ÊÀ »ÁÊËÂ¿kYÁ¾ÌÀq
u-m buwandag-minišnîh
minišnîh ud +tuxšišn13 dahç, abzônîg mçnôg ôhrmazd, wahman
+
griftârômand pad ân dahišn (kû-m
(kû pad tan mihmân bawâd).
½MZ/]|/¬»Ã|/ÀËY§YÉÂ/ÀÌ»ÉY,{/»ÅYÉYz^]Â¯ÁÊË|¿Y¶»Z¯Y»Á
|Z]¾¯ZºÀe{ÊÀ Ë|Z]Âv»{¶]Z«¾»ÉY]¾¼Æ]z]
ÉÌ³ÄnÌf¿
Z/ËÊ¿Z¼/mÁÉ{Z/»À»Y½{ÁMd{Ä]dZÀ »Á{Ä]Ä¿ZÌ»ÊZ§½Z]{griftan
ÉÌ´Àq½ZuY
d/{Ä/]Ê¿Z/ »d/z¿Ê/À »Y-ÊYf¿YZËÊÀÅ}À»Y½{ÁMd{Ä]ÁÊ°ËÌ§
/uÁ½|/Ì¼Æ§½{/¯{¹Á{Ê/À »YÁÃ|/¶Zu½{¯¼·,¾f§³,½{ÁM
|/¿YÊ¿Z/ »¾/ËYÉYY{Ä/¿ZÌ»Ê/Z§½Âf»{Ì¿griftârômandÁgriftârÉZÅÃYÁ
½{¯
{Z/ÅÃYÁ¾/ËYÊ/³ËÁÊËZÀ »|ÀqÂv»,{¶]Z«-Â¼¸»,ÊÀf§ZËd{,ÊÀf§³
YgriftanÊ¿Z/ »,|/¿YÃ|/¿Z»Z]½MYÊ´¼ÅZÅÃYÁ¾ËYÄ¯
¥grab-Ä°¸],dÌ¿Ä¿ZÌ»ÊZ§
ÁÊ/¾ËºÅ{YÁ{|À]{Y
ÊyÈ¿Â³,\Ìee¾ËYÄ]dYÄfY{]{
Á{/¯Ê/ËÂ¿kYÁ
griftârômandY½MÁtÌv/e
cÂÄ]½YÂeÊ»Ä
|/Z]Â/v»{¶/]Z«¾/¼Æ],/z]½Mª/ËY{Â/¼¿Ä¼me¾ÌÀqYÄ¸¼m
¾/¼Æ]Ä/¯|Å{Ê»½Z¿,dYÃ|¯}Ä¿ZÌ»ÊZ§½Âf»ËZ{¾¼Æ]ÇZ]{Ä¯ÉÌ]Z e
Á¾/e{ÁYÂ/uÁd/YÊ/Ë|¿Y®/Ì¿{Z/¼¿¾/¼Æ]|Z]d¨¾ËYÉYY{Äf¿YÂeÊ»
¾/ËYÌ/¨e{Ä/¯ÉYÄ/¸¼m{{/³Ê/»®Ì¿Y{¯ÁZf¨³,ÄË|¿Y\mÂ»Ã|ÀËZfÈË|¿Y
{Y{\ZÀe0Ô»Z¯griftârômandd¨Z]kû-m pad tan mihmân bawâdÃ|»MÄ¸¼m
ZÅdY{{ZË
Humbach ,Bartholomae, 1905: 38d/Yd/{{Ä/¼me¾Ë|/Àq|À]¾ËYÊËZfÁY¾f»Y/
ÁÊËZf/ÁY¾f/»Insler, 1975: 53,Kellens and Pirart 1988:124 ,and Ichaporia 1994: 47
Geldner, 1886: d/Y¾Ì/ÀqBartholomae, 1905: 38Ä/¼¸eZ]/¿Z]ª]Z»|À]¾ËYÈ¼me
122; Geldner, 1889: 50
us môi uzârəšvââ ahurâ ârmaitî təvîšim dasva spnîštâ mainyû mazdâ vaŋhuy
huyâ zavô
âdâ ašâ hazô mavaþþ vohû manaŋhâ fsəratûm.
,Y{/»ÉYÂ/ÀÌ»¾Ëe|¬»ªËY,Ã|]c|«ÊfÌ»MªËY,YÂÅYÉYÉM¾»ÉÂÄ]
Y{Z/aÄ/À»ÂÅÁª/ËY,Ã|/]!|/À¼¿YÂeÉÁÌ¿ÄYªËY,Ã|]!Â°Ì¿Y{ZaZ]ÊËZ¿YÂe
Ã|]!
Ä/¯Ã|/¿Ì³d/z¿-d/YÃ{/¯¯}griftârÇYÁÉY]ÊÀ »Á{Nyberg, 1974: 84±^Ì¿/
Ê·Â/ ¨»d¨/griftârÄ/¯|Å{Ê»½Z¿Ã|¯}½MÉY]Ä¯ÊËZÆ·Zj»Ê·Á,dYÊ¸Z§d¨
Nyberg, 1974: 84dY
kû pad dâd î dçw
wân griftâr nç bawçh.
-Nyberg, 1964: 69-|/À],µÁY/a,{/yÉÂ/ÀÌ»ÉÂ/¿Z/f§³½YÂË{½Â¿Z«Ä]Ze
-Anklesaria, 1913: 13
¾¼Æ]d¨,Zf§³
kû èç rây ka nçkîh î gçtîg nç pad arzânîgîh baxšçnd ud ruwân pad mçnôgân pad
kunišn arzânîgîh griftâr kunçnd?
Y{/¯Ê´fËZ]ZÀ]ÂÀÌ»{Y½YÁÁ{Â
Ê¼¿ºÌ¬eÊ´fËZ]ZÀ]ZÌ¿{Ê°Ì¿
YqÄ¯
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mazdå ašahyâèâ yôi zazəntî vaŋhâu sravahî.
Bartholomae, 1905: 15|¿ÁMÊ»d{Ä]ÄYÁY{»Z]Y®Ì¿cÆ½Z¿M
dY¾ÌÀqÃZa¾ËYÊËZfÁY¾f»/
zazə buye vaŋhâuèa mižde vaŋhâuèa sravahe urunaçèa darəãe havaŋhe.
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87
dYÃ{¯Ä¼meÃ|¿Ì³|À]¾ËY|¿{YgriftArÇYÁ1965: 173ÓY{
dY¾ÌÀqÃZa¾ËYÊËZfÁY¾f»/
mahmâi hyâtâ avaÞhç.
Bartholomae, 1905: 101-102|ÌZ]Z»ÉZËÉY]Ä¯|Z]
Ê¸Z/§d·Zu{ÃZYÌ¼açmÁZn¯YÊÀ »Ä]|Ì«kudaþ¹Z£{Y¶ZukudaäaçmÇYÁ/ Ä//¿ZÌ»Ê//Z§ºm//f»Reichelt, 1911: 179-Bartholomae, 1961: 472d//Y¯~//»{//¨»
Ã{/¯/§dâ-È/ËYY*daäaçmÁÄf/¿Y{*daäaçm Á*kuµZeY¶ZuYkudaäaçm
dYÃ{¯Ä¼meazkû dahišnYkudaäaçmÄ¿ZÌ»ÊZ§¾f»{¶Ì·{¾Ì¼ÅÄ]-dY
Z/Æ]d/YÃ{¯ÊÀ »½{¯{Ä¸¼m¾ËY{YgriftanÌ¿1956: 171ZËZ¸°¿Y/
YÁYÈ/¼meZ»Y,dYÃ{¯ÊÀ »½{¯¼·YgriftanÅ|À]È»Z¿ÃYÁ{
¾f§/³Á½|/Ë{ÊfÌ³ºqÄ]Ä¯dYÊWÂÀÌ»ÉY§YÄ¯|ËÂ³]YÇZ]{dY¾ÌÀqÄ¸¼m¾ËY
|ËZ¿
d/YÄ/f§Z/¯Ä/]º/Æ¿¾/Ë|/À]{Ã|/¿/¼·,Ã{Â/z¿d{
ÊÀ »Ä]agriftÇYÁ/
¾/ËºÅ{Â¿|À],Ä¾ËºÅ{¿Z|À],Á{Á®Ë¾ËºÅ{ZÆq|À]{Dhabhar, 1949: 65
Dhabhar, 1949: 10, 18, 25, 35, 42, d/¨Å¾/ËºÅ{¿Z|À]Á¾ËºÅ{Ì|À],ZÆq
xwarrahd¨/ÃYÁ¾/ËYÉÂÀÌ»½Y{ËY5ÉY{¯±]ÇZ]{Å|À]ºÅ{ZËz]Ì¿Á49
Wolff, 1910:
ÉÌ´Àq½ZuY
-Anklesaria, 1908: 169µÂ//u¶//]Z«Ì£,ÊÀf§Z//Ì¿d//{,ÊÀf§³Z//¿½MÊ//À »Ád//Y
,ZÆ]-,ZÆ]-Bailey, 1971: xxvii-Anklesaria, 1956: 210-211
210
ÊÅZ/{Za{/³YÄ/¯d/YÃ|/Ä/f¨³d/Y¾Ì/Àq|À]¾ËYY1979: 199|¯ZÈ¼me/
|À¯ÉZmdÀe{¾¼Æ]Ze½]Yl¿,ÊfÅÊÅZ{Za½Á|]³YÁ½]Yºy,ÊfÅ
Á-ômandîh,-ômand|¿Â/a{YÂ»ÉZÌ]{Êf{ZËÊ]Zf¯È¿ZÌ»ÊZ§ÈfYËÁ½Âf»{/
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,Madan, 1911: 605, 604, 603dahânômand
d//¨Å{//°ÀË{
-Madan, 1911: 605, 604, 603uzwânômand
,Madan, 1911: 441pityâragômandîh
lÀ///a{///°ÀË{
-Madan, 1911: 442dâdistânômandîh
Haug and West, kâmagômandîhâ
¶/Æq|/À]µÁY¶§,Ä»ZÀ§YËÁY{Y
Haug and West, 1872: râmišnômandîhâ =
|/À]¶§-1872: 8
41
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Z/Y/]¾Ì/a¾/e{½Z/»{»ÉÁY{Y¾z,½ZÌ°eÂËÂa|¿YYÁÉZÅ|À]{/
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Dhabhar, 1927: 299, note 5
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½Z´ÀÅ§½YÆe,É|¤²ÀÅ§½Z»·Y|],\Ë«
ÇZ¼/,ºÅ{YÁ{µZ,Ë^ecZÌ]{YÇ|°¿Y{ÈË¿,½ZÌ°eÂËÂa|¿YÇ|Ë³ÊÌvË,Ê]YÂ¿ZÌÅZ»
/,½Zf»
cZ/ ·Z»ÁÊ¿Z/¿Y¹Â/¸ÃZ´/ÅÁa½Y/Æe,¹Á{_Zq,®¿dy{ZÅ|ÌÆ»,ÊËYz§Ì»
Ê´ÀÅ§
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