Table 7.1 Typical contents for captive animal husbandry guidelines. Platypus (Ornithorhynchus anatinus) Captive Husbandry Guidelines Jackson, S. (ed.) (2001). Healesville Sanctuary (Zoos Victoria), Melbourne, Australia. CONTENTS 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. Introduction Taxonomy Natural history Housing requirements Handling and trapping Health requirements Behaviour Captive dietary requirements General husbandry Breeding Artificial rearing Acknowledgements References Bibliography Appendices Table 7.2 The approximate cost of some major new zoo exhibits. Exhibit Zoo Species Elephant Odyssey Congo Gorilla Forest Masoala Rainforest Gorilla Kingdom San Diego Bronx Realm of the Red Ape Spirit of the Jaguar Chester Asian elephant Western lowland gorilla, okapi, black and white colobus monkeys, red river hogs Lemurs Western lowland gorilla, black and white colobus monkeys Orangutan, lar gibbons Chester Jaguar Zurich ZSL London Source: Various, including Francis et al. (2007). Cost (US$ millions) 45.0 43.0 42.0 10.4 7.1 4.0 Table 7.3 Some listed buildings in English zoos. (Listed buildings in England are recorded in the National Monuments Record by English Heritage.) Building Zoo Designer Date of construction Listed status Raven’s Cage Gorilla House Elephant and Rhinoceros Pavilion Snowdon Aviary Giraffe House and Hippopotamus House Mappin Terraces and Mappin Café Bear Pit Elephant House Sea-lion Pools Tropical Bird House Elephant House Oakfield House ZSL London ZSL London ZSL London c.1827 1932–33 1962–65 Grade II Grade I Grade II* ZSL London ZSL London Decimus Burton Lubetkin and Tecton Sir Hugh Casson, Neville Condor and Partners Lord Snowdon and Frederick Price Decimus Burton 1962–65 1836 Grade II* Grade II ZSL London Belcher and Joas 1914 (Café 1920/27) Grade II Dudley Dudley Dudley Dudley ZSL Whipsnade Chester Lubetkin and Tecton Lubetkin and Tecton Lubetkin and Tecton Lubetkin and Tecton Lubetkin and Tecton Ould/Beswick 1937 1937 1937 1937 1935 c.1885 Grade II* Grade II Grade II Grade II Grade II* Grade II Table 7.4 Zoo exhibit design considerations Animal needs Keeper needs Visitor needs Sustainability needs • How big are the animals? • How much space do they need? • Are they active or sedentary? • Are they social or solitary? • Where will they feed? • Where will they sleep? • Where will they breed? • What vegetation and substrate are suitable? • What resting places do they need? • Do they need structures to climb, water, rocks, open space? • Do individuals need to escape from conspecifics and other species? • Where can they hide from visitors? • What are their temperature, humidity, light, water quality and other environmental needs? • Are any toxic plants or other toxic materials present? • Are there any dangerous structures? • Is there any shade? • Are there any risks to the animals’ safety? • Are there any risks to the animals’ health? • Has suitable enrichment been provided? • How will the keeper enter the enclosure? • How can the keeper escape from the enclosure in an emergency? • Is the enclosure secure? • Where will food be prepared? • How and where will food be provided? • Are there isolation areas for veterinary access? • Are there off-show areas for breeding and sick animals, etc.? • Can animals be easily viewed for health checks? • How will waste be removed and how will the enclosure be cleaned? • Can pathogens and parasites be controlled? • Is there access to electricity and water? • Are enrichment devices and other equipment easy to maintain? • Can contact with dangerous animals be controlled or avoided? • Can the visitors see the animals clearly? • Are viewpoints accessible to young, elderly and disabled visitors? • Are hand-washing facilities available if the visitor enters the enclosure? • Is the exhibit attractive? • Does it reflect the animals’ natural habitat? • Does the visitor feel immersed in the exhibit? • Are the barriers intrusive? • Are visitors safe? • Is there adequate information available about the animals? • Is the signage up-todate? • Is the exhibit educational? • Where should the interpretation signs be located? • Are safety notices adequate? • Can the visitor view a video or CCTV link if the animals are off-show or hiding? • Are the building materials from sustainable sources? • Can existing facilities be reused? • Can recycled construction materials be used? • Is the animal house properly insulated? • Can water in pools and other water features be recycled? • Can rainwater from roofs be collected? • Can solar heating be used? • Can solar panels supplement the electricity supply? • Can waste be recycled? • Can natural light be used to illuminate the animal house? • Can energy-efficient electrical devices be used? • Does the animal house incorporate a green roof? • Can the design of the enclosure be used to encourage visitors to think about sustainability? Table 7.5 Hazardous animal categories – examples of category 1 and category 2 species. Category 1 (Greater risk) Category 2 (Less risk) Red kangaroo (Macropus rufus) Grey wolf (Canis lupus) Giant panda (Ailuropoda melanoleuca) Seals (Phoca spp.) Elephants (Elephantidae) Apes (Pongidae) Rhinoceroses (Rhinocerotidae) Giraffe (Giraffa camelopardalis) Lion (Panthera leo) Ostrich (Struthio camelus) California condor (Gymnogyps californianus) Eagle owls (Bubo spp.) Komodo dragon (Varanus komodoensis) Alligators (Alligator spp.) Mambas (Dendroaspis spp.) Poison arrow frogs (Phyllobates spp.) Scorpion fishes (Scorpaenidae) Grey and tiger sharks (Carcharhinidae) Blue-ringed octopus (Hapalochlaena maculosa) Black widow or redback spiders (Latrodectus spp.) Large opossums (Didelphis spp.) Fruit bats (Pteropodidae) Lemurs (Lemur spp.) Spider monkeys (Ateles spp.) Bat-eared fox (Otocyon megalotis) Aardvark (Orycteropus afer) Tapirs (Tapirus spp.) Llama (Lama glama) Okapi (Okapia johnstoni ) Gazelles (Gazella spp.) Cassowaries (Casuarius spp.) Great white pelican (Pelecanus onocrotalus) Buzzards (Buteo spp.) Macaws (Ara spp.) Australian snapping turtles (Elseya spp.) Aldabra giant tortoise (Testudo gigantia) Swift snakes (Psammophis spp.) Giant salamanders (Cryptobranchidae) Conger eels (Congridae) Bird-eating spiders or tarantulas (Theraphosidae) Source: SSSMZP (2004). Table 7.6 Minimum enclosure requirements for elephants, cotton-top tamarins, emperor penguins and flamingos. Elephants (Elephantidae) Outdoor enclosure Indoor enclosure Source Each additional animal Adult cows: 37.2 m2 AZA Standards for Elephant (400 sq.ft.) Management and Care (2003). Adult bulls or cows with calves: 55.7 m2 (600 sq.ft.) each 83.6 m2 (900 sq.ft.) As above Cotton-top tamarin (Saguinus oedipus) Cage size Space for first animal Smallest size for a single family group Emperor penguin (Aptenodytes forsteri ) 167.2 m2 (1800 sq.ft.) Source 3 m (length) × 2 m Savage, A. (ed.) (1995). (width) × 2.5 m Cotton-top Tamarin (height) Husbandry Manual. Roger Williams Park Zoo, Providence, RI. Pool surface area Pool depth Land surface area Source 1.67 m2 (18 sq.ft.) Penguin Taxon Advisory Group (2005). Penguin Husbandry Manual, 3rd edn. AZA. Per bird for first six birds 1.67 m2 (18 sq.ft.) Each additional bird 0.84 m2 (9 sq.ft.) 0.84 m2 (9 sq.ft.) Flamingos (Phoenicopteridae) Outdoor enclosure Outdoor pool size Indoor enclosure (land and pool) Per bird 1.33 m (4 ft.) for any number of birds 1.4 m2 (15 sq.ft.) Nesting area: 0.9 m2 (10 sq.ft.) Large enough to accommodate all of the flock 1.4 m2 (15 sq.ft.) Pool depth: 30–60 cm (1–2 ft.) Source Brown, C. and King, C. (2005). Flamingo Husbandry Guidelines. AZA, EAZA and WWT. Table 7.7 Basic environmental requirements for aquariums. Habitat Temperature Lighting Salinity Cool freshwater (simulating temperate riverine environments) Tropical freshwater (simulating tropical riverine environments) Usually none, may need cooling in hot climates Temperature approximately 22–28°C, thermostatically controlled Temperature approximately 22–26°C, thermostatically controlled Thermostatically controlled heat source Broad spectrum UV, controlled to mimic day length Broad spectrum UV, controlled to mimic day length None Warm marine (simulating open sea or reef environments) Brackish (simulating tidal environments) Adapted from Rayers (2009). Specific UV lighting, depending upon type of corals, controlled to mimic day length Broad spectrum UV, controlled to mimic day length None Species-specific, approximately 1.020–1.025 specific gravity. Requires protein skimmer Species-specific, approximately 1.005–1.010 specific gravity. Requires protein skimmer