Usefulness of N-Terminal Pro–B-Type Natriuretic Peptide

Usefulness of N-Terminal Pro–B-Type Natriuretic Peptide
Levels for Stroke Risk Prediction in Anticoagulated Patients
With Atrial Fibrillation
Vanessa Roldán, MD, PhD; Juan Antonio Vílchez, Pharm, PhD;
Sergio Manzano-Fernández, MD, PhD; Eva Jover, BSc; Josefa Gálvez;
Carmen M. Puche, Pharm; Mariano Valdés, MD, PhD; Vicente Vicente, MD, PhD;
Gregory Y.H. Lip, MD*; Francisco Marín, MD, PhD*
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Background and Purpose—Oral anticoagulation is highly effective in reducing stroke and mortality in atrial fibrillation
(AF). Several risk stratification schemes have been developed using clinical characteristics. Elevated levels of N-terminal
pro–B-type natriuretic peptide (NT-proBNP) are important markers of increased mortality and morbidity in congestive
heart failure and general community population. The aim of our study was to assess the predictive value of NT-proBNP
levels in an unselected real-world cohort of anticoagulated patients with AF.
Methods—We studied 1172 patients (49% male; median age, 76 years) with permanent AF who were well stabilized on
oral anticoagulation (international normalized ratio, 2.0–3.0). Plasma NT-proBNP levels were quantified at baseline. We
recorded thrombotic and vascular events, mortality, and major bleeding. The best cutoff points were assessed by receiveroperating characteristic curves.
Results—Median levels (interquartile range) of NT-proBNP were 610 (318–1037) pg/mL. Median follow-up was 1007
(806–1279) days. On multivariate analysis, high NT-proBNP was significantly associated with the risk of stroke (hazards
ratio, 2.71; P=0.001) and composite vascular events (acute coronary syndrome or acute heart failure; hazards ratio, 1.85;
P=0.016), as well as a significant association with mortality (adjusted hazards ratio, 1.66; P=0.006). No association with
bleeding was found (P=0.637). The integrated discrimination improvement (IDI) analysis demonstrated that NT-proBNP
improved the Congestive heart failure, Hypertension, Age≥75 (doubled), Diabetes mellitus, Stroke (doubled)–Vascular
disease and Sex category (female); CHA2DS2–VASc score for predicting embolic events (relative IDI, 2.8%; P=0.001)
and all-cause death (relative IDI, 1.8%; P=0.001).
Conclusions—In real-world cohort of anticoagulated patients with AF, NT-proBNP provided complementary prognostic
information to an established clinical risk score (CHA2DS2–VASc) for the prediction of stroke/systemic embolism. ­NTproBNP was also predictive of all-cause mortality, suggesting that this biomarker may potentially be used to refine
clinical risk stratification in anticoagulated patients with AF. (Stroke. 2014;45:696-701.)
Key Words: anticoagulants ◼ atrial fibrillation ◼ B-type natriuretic peptide ◼ stroke
A
trial fibrillation (AF) is associated with high morbidity
and mortality, with an increased risk of stroke and thromboembolism.1 Oral anticoagulation (OAC) is highly effective
in reducing the risk of stroke and mortality compared with placebo/control.2 To aid decision making for thromboprophylaxis,
several risk stratification schemes have been developed using
clinical characteristics. A popular risk stratification scheme
has been the CHADS2 (Congestive heart failure, Hypertension,
Age, Diabetes mellitus, Stroke [Doubled]) score.3 More
recently, the value of the CHADS2 scheme has been debated,
given its noninclusion of many stroke risk factors and other
limitations4 Thus, the CHADS2 score has been refined with
the CHA2DS2–VASc (Congestive heart failure, Hypertension,
Age≥75 [doubled], Diabetes mellitus, Stroke [doubled]–Vascular disease and Sex category [female]), emphasizing a risk
factor–based approach.5 The CHA2DS2–VASc score has been
proposed by the European Society of Cardiology to be used
in decision making for OAC,6 reflecting a risk factor–based
approach to thromboprophylaxis.
The CHA2DS2–VASc score has been validated in multiple independent cohorts, and it has also demonstrated its
predictive value for vascular events and mortality.7,8 There
Received August 27, 2013; accepted January 10, 2014.
From the Hematology and Medical Oncology Unit, Hospital Universitario Morales Meseguer, University of Murcia, Spain (V.R., J.G., V.V.); Departments
of Cardiology (J.A.V., S.M.-F., E.J., C.M.P., M.V., F.M.) and Clinical Analysis (J.A.V., C.M.P.), Hospital Universitario Virgen de la Arrixaca, University of
Murcia, Spain; and the University of Birmingham Centre for Cardiovascular Sciences, City Hospital, Birmingham, UK (G.Y.H.L.).
*Drs Lip and Marín are joint senior authors.
Correspondence to Gregory Y.H. Lip, MD, University of Birmingham Centre for Cardiovascular Sciences, City Hospital, Birmingham, England, UK.
E-mail [email protected]
© 2014 American Heart Association, Inc.
Stroke is available at http://stroke.ahajournals.org
DOI: 10.1161/STROKEAHA.113.003338
696
Roldán et al NT-ProBNP and Atrial Fibrillation 697
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are limited data on the prognostic role of biomarkers in anticoagulated patients with AF in relation to adverse events
(including thromboembolism), mortality, and major bleeding.
However, recent studies of biomarkers in AF have shown that
they could substantially improve risk stratification.9 Indeed, it
has been described in 2 large trials of patients with AF, which
compared the efficacy and safety of new oral anticoagulants
against warfarin, how several biomarkers (like troponins or
N-terminal pro–B-type natriuretic peptide [NT-proBNP])
are predictive for adverse events.10,11 We recently reported in
a large real-world cohort of anticoagulated patients with AF
that von Willebrand factor levels (an established biomarker
of endothelial damage/dysfunction) were independent predictors for thrombotic, bleeding events and death during a 2-year
­follow-up period.12 Indeed, biomarkers may potentially be
used to refine stroke and bleeding risk stratification in AF.
Elevated levels of NT-proBNP are important markers of
increased mortality and morbidity in congestive heart failure and
ischemic heart disease,13 and are even predictive for AF.14 The
aim of our study was to assess prognostic value to NT-proBNP
levels in an unselected real-world cohort of anticoagulated
patients with AF seen in everyday clinical practice.
Methods
Patients
We recruited consecutive patients with permanent or paroxysmal AF
who were taking OAC from our outpatient anticoagulation clinic. To
homogenize the study sample, all patients had good anticoagulation
control with stable international normalized ratio (INR) values for ≥6
months (INRs, 2.0–3.0, time in therapeutic range >70%), and were
anticoagulated with acenocoumarol. Patients with prosthetic heart
valves, acute coronary syndrome, stroke (ischemic or embolic), valvular AF, potentially unstable chest pain, or any hemodynamic instability
as well as patients who had hospital admission or surgical intervention
in the preceding 6 months were excluded from the study. Patients with
previous stroke occurring >6 months from the inclusion date were eligible. At study entry, a complete medical history was recorded.
The CHA2DS2–VASc stroke risk score was recorded as baseline
measures of stroke risk.4,6 CHADS2 is based on a point system in
which 2 points are assigned for a history of stroke or transient ischemic accident, and 1 point is assigned for age ≥75 years, hypertension,
diabetes mellitus, or congestive cardiac failure. The CHA2DS2–VASc
risk score assigns 1 point to congestive heart failure, hypertension,
diabetes mellitus, vascular disease, age 65 to 74 years, and sex category (female) and 2 points to age ≥75 years and stroke. The 1 point
to hypertension, abnormal renal/liver function (1 point each), stroke,
bleeding history or predisposition, labile INR, elderly (≥65 years of
age), and concomitant drug/alcohol use (1 point each; HAS–BLED)
risk score was calculated as a measure of baseline bleeding risk as a
result of adding 1 point to hypertension, abnormal renal/liver function (1 point each), stroke, bleeding history or predisposition, labile
INR, elderly (age ≥65 years), and concomitant drug/alcohol use in
excess (1 point for each).15 Based on our inclusion criteria at study
entry, labile INR was scored as 0 in every patient (ie, all patients had
good INR control), and renal impairment was recorded from medical
history of the patients.
Follow-up information was obtained from visits through the anticoagulation clinic, the hospital electronic medical records system
or, when unavailable, by telephone interview. The primary end point
was stroke/transient ischemic accident, which included both cardioembolic and atherothrombotic strokes, as well as systemic embolism.
The secondary end point was the composite of cardiovascular events
defined as stroke/transient ischemic accident, including both cardioembolic and atherothrombotic strokes, as well as systemic embolism, acute coronary syndrome, acute heart failure and cardiac death.
We also recorded as secondary end points the occurrence of major
bleeding (defined by the International Society of Thrombosis and
Haemostasis criteria)16 and all-cause deaths.
Blood Samples and Laboratory Analysis
Blood samples were drawn atraumatically and without stasis into syringes preloaded with trisodium citrate (0.011 mol/L). Platelet-poor
plasma fractions were obtained by centrifugation at 4°C for 20 minutes at 2200 g. Aliquots were stored at −80°C to allow batch analysis.
NT-proBNP levels were assessed by electrochemiluminescence in an
automated analyser (Cobas e 601; Roche Diagnostica; Mannheim,
Germany). The intra-assay variation coefficient was 5.6%. The
­intra-assay coefficient of variation for NT-proBNP was 1.8% for 221
pg/mL and 3.1% for 4250 pg/mL.
Statistical Analysis
Continuous variables were tested for normal distribution by
Kolmogorov–Smirnov test. Continuous variables are presented as a
mean±SD or median (interquartile range), as appropriate, and categorical variables as a percentage. We explored the best cutoff points
for NT-proBNP in our study population, and receiver-operating
characteristic curves analyses were generated to test the predictive
discrimination cutoff to identify association with adverse events during follow-up. The cut point with the best sensitivity and specificity
was chosen. The independent effect of NT-proBNP on prognosis was
assessed using a Cox proportional hazards regression model, incorporating the CHA2DS2–VASc score into the multivariate model for
the primary end point, as well as the composite of cardiovascular
events and death; and for major bleeding events, adjustment was by
HAS–BLED score. The impact of adding renal dysfunction was also
explored in a secondary multivariate analysis.
Model performance was evaluated by calculating C-statistics, and
the improvement in predictive accuracy was evaluated by calculating
the net reclassification improvement (NRI) and integrated discrimination improvement (IDI), as described by Pencina et al,17 in which
the categories of probability for events are defined based on prognostication scheme of the CHADS2 or CHA2DS2–VASc. A P value
<0.05 was accepted as statistically significant. Statistical analysis was
performed using SPSS 15.0 for Windows (SPSS, Inc; Chicago, IL).
Results
We studied 1172 patients (49% male; median age 76 years)
whose clinical characteristics are shown in Table 1. The
median CHA2DS2–VASc score was 4 (3–5), and 94% had
a CHA2DS2–VASc score ≥2. Median follow-up was 1007
(806–1279) days and, during this period, 51 patients presented
with the primary end point stroke (1.6% per year), whereas
143 patients (4.51% per year) died, and 128 patients had an
adverse cardiovascular event (4.04% per year).
Median levels (interquartile range) of NT-proBNP were
610 (318–1037) pg/mL. For each end point, we constructed
receiver-operating characteristic curves that gave a cutoff
point of 822 pg/mL for the primary end point of stroke/embolism (area under the curve, 0.63; 95% confidence interval,
0.60–0.66; sensitivity, 61%; specificity, 66%; positive predictive value, 8%; and negative predictive value, 97%). Second,
we identified a cutoff point of 519 pg/mL for mortality (area
under the curve, 0.59; 95% confidence interval, 0.56–0.62;
sensitivity, 70%; specificity, 45%; positive predictive value,
15%; and negative predictive value, 92%). Third, we identified a cutoff point of 304 pg/mL for adverse cardiovascular
events (area under the curve, 0.57; 95% confidence interval,
0.54–0.59; sensitivity, 87%; specificity, 25%; positive predictive value, 12%; and negative predictive value, 94%). For
698 Stroke March 2014
Table 1. Baseline Clinical Characteristics of Patients With AF in the Global Cohort and
Those Who Developed the Primary End Point and Not
Total
N=1172
Male sex
Age, median (IQR)
Hypertension
575 (49%)
76 (71–81)
963 (82%)
Primary End Point
n=51
22 (43%)
80 (75–83)
42 (82%)
No Primary End Point
n=1121
553 (51%)
76 (70–81)
921 (82%)
Diabetes mellitus
308 (26%)
13 (26%)
295 (26%)
Heart failure
359 (30%)
14 (28%)
345 (31%)
History of stroke or TIA
219 (19%)
22 (43%)
197 (18%)
Coronary artery disease
226 (19%)
6 (12%)
220 (20%)
Current smoking habit
191 (16%)
8 (16%)
183 (16%)
Hypercholesterolemia
389 (33%)
14 (28%)
375 (33%)
Previous bleeding episode
Renal impairment
91 (8%)
7 (14%)
84 (8%)
119 (10%)
3 (6%)
116 (19%)
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Concomitant treatment
Antiplatelet therapy
210 (18%)
9 (18%)
201 (18%)
ACE inhibitors
387 (33%)
16 (31%)
371 (33%)
Angiotensin–renin blockers
387 (33%)
14 (28%)
373 (33%)
Calcium antagonist
363 (31%)
19 (37%)
344 (31%)
β-blockers
504 (43%)
23 (45%)
481 (43%)
Statins
352 (30%)
10 (20%)
342 (31%)
Digoxin
293 (25%)
16 (31%)
277 (25%)
Diuretics
645 (55%)
30 (59%)
615 (54%)
4 (3–5)
5 (4–6)
4 (3–5)
1103 (94%)
50 (98%)
1053 (94%)
2 (2–3)
3 (2–3)
2 (2–3)
CHA2DS2–VASc
CHA2DS2–VASc ≥2, n (%)
HAS–BLED
HAS–BLED ≥3, n (%)
406 (35%)
NT-proBNP, median (IQR) pg/mL
610 (318–1037)
27 (53%)
956 (474–1460)
379 (34%)
601 (312–1008)
ACE indicates angiotensin-converting enzyme; AF, atrial fibrillation; CHA2DS2–VASc, 1 point to congestive heart
failure, hypertension, diabetes mellitus, vascular disease, age 65–74 years, and sex category (female) and 2 points
to age ≥75 years and stroke; HAS–BLED, 1 point to hypertension, abnormal renal/liver function (1 point each),
stroke, bleeding history or predisposition, labile international normalized ratio, elderly (≥65), and drugs/alcohol
concomitantly (1 point each); IQR, interquartile range; NT-proBNP, N-terminal pro–B-type natriuretic peptide; and
TIA, transient ischemic accident.
bleeding events, we were not able to find a potential cutoff
point (area under the curve, 0.525).
Univariate predictors of stroke/embolism, adverse cardiovascular events, major bleeds, and mortality are shown in
Table 2.
On multivariate analysis, high NT-proBNP levels remained
significantly associated with prognosis even after adjusting for
CHA2DS2–VASc score. The CHA2DS2–VASc score had a hazards
ratio (HR) of 1.30 (1.09–1.55), P=0.004, and high NT-proBNP
(≥822 pg/mL) had an HR of 2.71 (1.54–4.75), P=0.001, for
stroke. The influence of CHA2DS2–VASc score for the composite of cardiovascular events was 1.35 (1.21–1.51; P<0.001), and
for high NT-proBNP (≥304 pg/mL), 1.85 (1.12–3.04; P=0.016).
For a­ ll-cause mortality, the CHA2DS2–VASc score had an HR of
1.39 (1.26–1.55; P<0.001), and high NT-proBNP (≥519 pg/mL)
had an HR of 1.66 (1.16–2.37; P=0.006). Only the HAS–BLED
score was predictive for bleeding.
When renal dysfunction was added into the multivariate analysis, the presence of renal impairment only had a
significant impact on death (HR, 1.59; 95% confidence interval, 1.03–2.45) and not the primary end point (stroke) nor the
composite of cardiovascular events. Of note, the CHA2DS2–
VASc score and NT-proBNP remained significant predictors
of stroke, the composite of cardiovascular events, and death
(full data not shown).
The IDI analysis demonstrated NT-proBNP–improved
CHA2DS2–VASc score for predicting embolic events (relative
IDI, 2.8%; P=0.001) and all-cause death (relative IDI, 1.8%;
P=0.001). Similarly, the NRI showed significantly improved
reclassification when NT-proBNP was added to the CHA2DS2–
VASc score for stroke (P=0.047), composite cardiovascular
events (P<0.001), and death (P=0.006; Table 3).
Discussion
Our study shows how increased plasma NT-proBNP, an established cardiovascular morbid-mortality marker, is associated
with adverse prognosis in patients with AF concerning cardiovascular events, stroke, and systemic embolism and mortality.
Roldán et al NT-ProBNP and Atrial Fibrillation 699
Table 2. Cox Regression Analysis for the End Points of Stroke/Systemic Embolism,
Composite of Adverse Cardiovascular Events, Hemorrhagic Events, and Mortality
Univariate Analysis
HR (95% CI); P Value
Multivariate Analysis
HR (95% CI); P Value
CHA2DS2–VASc score
1.32 (1.17–1.57); 0.001
1.30 (1.09–1.55); 0.004
High NT-proBNP (≥822 pg/mL)
2.92 (1.67–5.13); <0.001
2.71 (1.54–4.75); 0.001
CHA2DS2–VASc score
1.37 (1.23–1.52); <0.001
1.35 (1.21–1.51); <0.001
High NT-proBNP (≥304 pg/mL)
2.05 (1.25–3.37); 0.005
1.85 (1.12–3.04); 0.016
CHA2DS2–VASc score
1.41 (1.27–1.56); <0.001
1.39 (1.26–1.55); <0.001
High NT-proBNP (≥519 pg/mL)
1.85 (1.29–2.64); 0.001
1.66 (1.16–2.37); 0.006
Stroke and systemic embolism
Composite of adverse cardiovascular events
Mortality
Major bleeds
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HAS–BLED score
1.91 (1.61–2.26); <0.001
NT-proBNP
1.00 (1.00–1.00)*; 0.421
The predictive value of high N-terminal pro–B-type natriuretic peptide (NT-proBNP) levels was adjusted by
CHA2DS2–VASc score for stroke and systemic embolism, composite of adverse cardiovascular events, mortality,
and by HAS–BLED score for major bleeds. CHA2DS2–VASc indicates 1 point to congestive heart failure, hypertension,
diabetes mellitus, vascular disease, age 65–74 years, and sex category (female) and 2 points to age ≥75 years and
stroke; CI, confidence intervals; HAS–BLED, 1 point to hypertension, abnormal renal/liver function (1 point each),
stroke, bleeding history, or predisposition, labile international normalized ratio, elderly (≥65 years of age) and drugs/
alcohol concomitantly (1 point each); and HR, hazards ratio.
*It denotes the complete absence of significance.
Importantly, the addition of NT-proBNP resulted in an improved
prediction performance for end points, beyond the CHA2DS2–
VASc risk stratification scores. Specifically, NT-proBNP
improved the prediction of those patients who had the primary
end point (stroke) by 17%, assessed by the NRI analysis.
B-type natriuretic peptide is a 32–amino acid polypeptide secreted by ventricular myocytes mainly in response to
increased wall tension such as volume or pressure overload.
B-type natriuretic peptide is cleaved into the active hormone
(B-type natriuretic peptide) and the inactive NT-proBNP.14
Circulating levels of NT-proBNP have been reported as markers of increased mortality and morbidity in congestive heart
failure, ischemic heart disease, and even in ­community-based
healthy subjects.18
B-type nautriuretic peptides have also been used to predict the risk of AF. In this setting, BNP was reported as an
Table 3. Evaluating Increased Predictive Ability of NT-proBNP Adding CHA2DS2–VASc for Detection of Stroke, Cardiovascular
Events, and All-Cause Death Using C-Statistics IDI and NRI Indexes
C-Statistics
(95% CI)
P Value
Relative IDI, %
P Value
0.069
2.8
0.001
0.540
1.4
<0.001
0.178
1.8
<0.001
Percentage of No
Events Correctly
Reclassified
Percentage of
Events Correctly
Classified
NRI
P Value
17.4
0.047
−0.3
17.7
9.9%
<0.001
15.4
−5.5
13.5%
0.006
12.6
0.9
Stroke/systemic embolism
CHA2DS2–VASc
0.62
(0.59–0.65)
CHA2DS2–VASc+high NTproBNP (≥822 pg/mL)
0.68
(0.56–0.71)
Composite of cardiovascular events
CHA2DS2–VASc
0.64
(0.61–0.67)
CHA2DS2–VASc+high NTproBNP (≥304 pg/mL)
0.65
(0.62–0.68)
All-cause death
CHA2DS2–VASc
0.66
(0.64–0.69)
CHA2DS2–VASc+high NTproBNP (≥519 pg/mL)
0.68
(0.65–0.71)
CHA2DS2–VASc indicates 1 point to congestive heart failure, hypertension, diabetes mellitus, vascular disease, age 65–74 years, and sex category (female) and
2 points to age ≥75 years and stroke; CI, confidence intervals; IDI, integrated discrimination improvement; NRI, net reclassification improvement, and NT-proBNP,
N-terminal pro–B-type natriuretic peptide.
700 Stroke March 2014
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independent predictor of new-onset AF in patients with ST
elevation myocardial infarction,19 and elevated NT-proBNP
levels predict an increased risk of development of AF independent of other risk factors including echocardiographic
parameters.20 In addition, it has also been reported that
B-type natriuretic peptides, in combination with other biomarkers, could better identify cardioembolic stroke,21,22
even detecting new AF onset in patients admitted with
acute stroke.23 However, the RE-LY study (Randomized
Evaluation of Long-Term Anticoagulation Therapy) was the
first, which draws on the use of NT-proBNP as event predictor in anticoagulated patients with AF for stroke and mortality.10 These results were corroborated by the ARISTOTLE
trial (Apixaban for the Prevention of Stroke in Subjects With
Atrial Fibrillation), which also showed an improved risk
stratification value with this biomarker.11
Currently used clinical risk scores have shown limited capability in predicting thromboembolic events, with low values
for area under the curve, and also modest discriminating value
for C-statistics.7 Hence, it seems the fact that different recent
studies have highlighted the incorporation of biomarkers to
improve the prediction power of these scores, enhancing the
risk stratification. We showed how NT-proBNP significantly
improves the prediction ability of the CHA2DS2–VASc score
in terms of C-statistics, IDI, and NRI. It is valuable to state
that in the context of clinical trials, patients are often carefully
selected, whereas patients with AF in real-life clinical practice
tend to be older, with associated comorbidities and polypharmacy, factors that may make accurate estimation of stroke and
bleeding risk more difficult.
There is a close relationship between AF-stroke and
NT-proBNP. It has been reported that the origin of BNP in AF
comes from myocyte stress secondary to atrial dysfunction,24,25
which, in turn, could be a mechanism of atrial embolization.26,27
Much of the AF-associated morbidity and mortality is secondary to a 5-fold to 6-fold increased risk of stroke.28 Although
oral anticoagulation is highly effective in reducing the risk
for stroke and thromboembolism, the incidence of stroke in
patients with AF with adjusted oral anticoagulation ranged
from 1.2% to 2.0% per year.29 We recently demonstrated how
CHA2DS2–VASc score predicted adverse cardiovascular events
beyond thromboembolic risk in patients with AF taking OAC8;
NT-proBNP could better identify patients at risk of stroke and
other cardiovascular events, leading to better oral anticoagulant management or use of the new oral anticoagulants.
Limitations
A selection bias could be evident because we only recruited
patients on stable OAC. Therefore, those unstable patients
who are more prone to have adverse events were excluded,
and we could discharge that high NT-proBNP levels would
be secondary to any hemodynamic instability. Also, we have
only determined a unique value of NT-proBNP; changes in
this biomarker may occur during follow-up; and these modifications could give additional information. Importantly,
BNP levels not only increase during states of hemodynamic
stress, but also with age or renal dysfunction.30 Unfortunately,
we did not have detailed echocardiographic assessments in
this ­real-world study to be able to assess other parameters
potentially influencing NT-proBNP, including left atrial volume, valvular heart disease, etc.
In conclusion, in a real-world large cohort of patients with
AF, we corroborated the prognostic and independent value of
NT-proBNP in predicting new stroke events as well as mortality despite use of oral anticoagulation. This biomarker also
permits us to refine stroke risk assessment using the current
stroke stratification schemes based on clinical criteria.
Sources of Funding
This work was partially supported by Sociedad Española de
Cardiología, RD06/0014/039 (Red Cardiovascular, RECAVA) from
Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Beca Cajamurcia-Fundación para la
Formación e Investigación de la Región de Murcia (FFIS) 2010;
and PI11/1256-Fondo Europeo de Desarrollo Regional (FEDER)
from Instituto de Salud Carlos III. Dr Vílchez received a grant “Rio
Hortega” by Instituto Carlos III, Madrid, Spain. E. Jover received a
predoctoral grant by Instituto Carlos III, Madrid, Spain.
Disclosures
There are no disclosures in relation to this article for all authors.
Dr Roldán has received funding for consultancy and lecturing from
Bristol-Myers-Squibb (BMS), Bayer, and Boehringer Ingelheim.
­
Dr Marín has received funding for research, consultancy, and lecturing
from Abbott, Boston Scientific, Bayer, Astra Zeneca, D
­ aiichi-Sankyo,
BMS/Pfizer, and Boehringer Ingelheim. Dr Lip has received funding
for research, consultancy, and lecturing from different manufacturers
of drugs used for the treatment of atrial fibrillation, including Astra
Zeneca, Bayer, Boehringer Ingelheim, Astellas, S
­ anofi-Aventis, and
Daiichi-Sankyo.
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age and gender. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2002;40:976–982.
Usefulness of N-Terminal Pro−B-Type Natriuretic Peptide Levels for Stroke Risk
Prediction in Anticoagulated Patients With Atrial Fibrillation
Vanessa Roldán, Juan Antonio Vílchez, Sergio Manzano-Fernández, Eva Jover, Josefa Gálvez,
Carmen M. Puche, Mariano Valdés, Vicente Vicente, Gregory Y.H. Lip and Francisco Marín
Downloaded from http://stroke.ahajournals.org/ by guest on October 9, 2016
Stroke. 2014;45:696-701; originally published online February 11, 2014;
doi: 10.1161/STROKEAHA.113.003338
Stroke is published by the American Heart Association, 7272 Greenville Avenue, Dallas, TX 75231
Copyright © 2014 American Heart Association, Inc. All rights reserved.
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6
Stroke 日本語版 Vol. 9, No. 2
Full Article
抗凝固薬投与中の心房細動患者の脳卒中リスク予測におけ
る N 末端プロ B 型ナトリウム利尿ペプチド値の有用性
Usefulness of N-Terminal Pro–B-Type Natriuretic Peptide Levels for Stroke Risk
Prediction in Anticoagulated Patients With Atrial Fibrillation
Vanessa Roldán, MD, PhD1; Juan Antonio Vílchez, Pharm, PhD2,3; Sergio Manzano-Fernández, MD,
PhD2; Eva Jover, BSc2; Josefa Gálvez1; Carmen M. Puche, Pharm2,3; Mariano Valdés, MD, PhD2;
Vicente Vicente, MD, PhD1; Gregory Y.H. Lip, MD4; Francisco Marín, MD, PhD2
1
Hematology and Medical Oncology Unit, Hospital Universitario Morales Meseguer, University of Murcia, Spain; 2Departments of
Cardiology; 3Clinical Analysis, Hospital Universitario Virgen de la Arrixaca, University of Murcia, Spain; and the 4University of
Birmingham Centre for Cardiovascular Sciences, City Hospital, Birmingham, UK
背景および目的:経口抗凝固薬は,心房細動( AF )患者に
p = 0.001 ),
NT-proBNP 高値は脳卒中
(ハザード比 = 2.71,
おける脳卒中の発症と死亡の抑制にきわめて有効である。 複合血管イベント( 急性冠症候群または急性心不全,ハ
p = 0.016 ),死亡(調整ハザード比= 1.66,
脳卒中のリスクを患者の臨床的特徴に基づいて層別化す
ザード比= 1.85,
p = 0.006 )のリスクと有意に関連した。NT-proBNP 高値
る方法が複数提案されている。N 末端プロ B 型ナトリウ
。統合判
と出血との関連は認められなかった( p = 0.637 )
ム利尿ペプチド( NT-proBNP )値の上昇は,うっ血性心不
別改善度( IDI )解析では,NT-proBNP 値を考慮すること
全患者および地域在住の一般集団の両者において,死亡
により,CHA2DS2‒VASc スコア[ うっ血性心不全,高血圧,
率および罹患率の上昇を示す重要なマーカーである。本
年齢 75 歳以上( 2 点 )
,糖尿病,脳卒中( 2 点),血管疾患,
研究の目的は,抗凝固薬投与中の AF 患者を任意に抽出
性別( 女性 )に基づくリスクの評価 ]による塞栓性イベント
した実際の診療現場のコホートを対象に,脳卒中の予測
における NT-proBNP 値の有用性を評価することである。 ( 相対 IDI = 2.8%,p = 0.001 )および全死亡( 相対 IDI =
1.8%,p = 0.001 )の予測能が改善することが示された。
方法: 経口抗凝固薬で十分に安定している永続性 AF の
結論: 抗凝固薬投与中の AF 患者から成る実際の診療現
患者 1,172 例[男性 49%,年齢中央値 76 歳,国際標準化比
場のコホートにおいて,NT-proBNP 値を利用すること
( INR )2.0 ∼ 3.0 ]を検討した。血漿 NT-proBNP 値は試験
で,脳卒中 / 全身性塞栓症を予測する臨床リスクスコア
開始時に測定した。血栓および血管イベント,死亡率,大
出血について記録した。受信者動作特性
(ROC)
曲線により, として確立された CHA2DS2‒VASc を補完する予後の情報
が得られた。NT-proBNP 値により全死亡も予測可能であ
NT-proBNP 値の最適なカットオフポイントを特定した。
り,この生体指標を活用することで,抗凝固薬投与中の
結果:NT-proBNP の中央値(四分位範囲 )は 610( 318 ∼
AF 患者における臨床リスクの層別化を改善できる可能性
1,037 )pg / mL で あ っ た。 追 跡 調 査 期 間 の 中 央 値 は
1,007( 806 ∼ 1,279 )日であった。多変量解析において, がある。
Stroke 2014; 45: 696-701
KEYWORDS 抗凝固薬,心房細動,B 型ナトリウム利尿ペプチド,脳卒中
心房細動( AF )は脳卒中および血栓塞栓症のリスクを
1
上昇させ,罹患率や死亡率の上昇に関連する 。経口抗
以上( 2 点 )
,
糖尿病,
脳卒中( 2 点 )
,血管疾患,性別( 女性 )
凝固療法は,プラセボ( 対照 )群に比べ,脳卒中および
に基づく ]として改良されている 5。CHA2DS2‒VASc ス
死亡のリスク低下にきわめて有効であることが報告さ
コアは欧州心臓病学会( ESC )により提案されたもので,
2
れている 。血栓予防に関する判断の材料として,患者
危険因子に基づく血栓予防を念頭に,経口抗凝固療法の
の臨床的特徴に基づきリスクを層別化する方法が複数開
判断材料としての活用を目的とする 6。
発されている。なかでも CHADS2 スコア[ うっ血性心
CHA2DS2‒VASc スコアは多数の独立したコホートで
不全,高血圧,年齢,糖尿病,脳卒中( 2 点 )]に基づく
検証されており,血管イベントや死亡の予測に有用であ
3
リスクの評価が多く使用されてきた 。しかし,近年,
ることが示されている 7,8。抗凝固薬投与中の AF 患者に
CHADS2 スコアの有用性が議論されており,多くの脳
発生する有害イベント( 血栓塞栓症を含む )
,死亡,大
卒中の危険因子が考慮されていないなど,CHADS2 ス
出血について,予後の予測における生体指標の有用性に
4
V
CHA2DS2‒VASc[ うっ血性心不全,高血圧,年齢 75 歳
コアの限界が指摘されている 。こうした議論を受け,
関するデータは限られている。しかし,AF における生
CHADS2 スコアは,危険因子に基づいた評価を重視する
体指標を検討した最近の研究では,生体指標の活用によ
Stroke-J-v9-i2-Full1.indd 6
8/7/2014 3:43:30 PM
抗凝固薬投与中の心房細動患者の脳卒中リスク予測における N 末端プロ B 型ナトリウム利尿ペプチド値の有用性
り,リスクの層別化が大幅に改善できることが明らかに
9
7
高齢( 65 歳以上 )
,薬物の併用 / 過剰飲酒( 各 1 点 )に
なっている 。実際に,新しい経口抗凝固薬とワルファ
それぞれ 1 点を付与するリスクスコア( HAS‒BLED )を
リンの有効性および安全性を比較した 2 件の大規模な
算出した 15。本試験登録時の選択基準に基づき,INR コ
AF 患者の試験では,各種生体指標[ トロポニンや N 末
ントロール不良については,いずれの患者も 0 点であり
端プロ B 型ナトリウム利尿ペプチド( NT-proBNP )]に
( つまり,全例で INR のコントロールは良好であった )
,
よる有害イベントの予測能が報告されている
10,11
。筆者
腎機能障害の有無は患者の病歴から判断した。
らは最近,抗凝固薬投与中の AF 患者から成る実際の診
追跡調査中の情報は,抗凝固療法外来への受診,また
療現場の大規模コホートを 2 年間追跡調査し,フォン・
は病院の電子カルテシステムから取得し,入手できない
ヴィレブランド因子の値(内皮損傷 / 機能障害の確立さ
場合は電話で聞き取りを行った。主要評価項目は,心塞
れた生体指標 )が血栓性イベント,出血イベントおよび
栓性およびアテローム血栓性脳卒中を含む脳卒中 / 一過
12
死亡の独立した予測因子であることを報告した 。実際
性脳虚血発作および全身性塞栓症とした。副次的評価項
のところ,生体指標は,AF 患者の脳卒中および出血リ
目は複合心血管イベントであり,心塞栓性およびアテロー
スクの層別化に役立つ可能性がある。
ム血栓性脳卒中を含む脳卒中 / 一過性脳虚血発作,およ
NT-proBNP 値の上昇は,うっ血性心不全および虚血性
び,全身性塞栓症,急性冠症候群,急性心不全,心臓死
心疾患に関し,死亡率と罹患率の上昇を示す重要なマー
とした。また,大出血[国際血栓止血学会( ISTH )の基
13
14
カーであり ,また AF の予測因子でもある 。本研究の
準による]16 およびあらゆる原因による死亡(全死亡)も,
目的は,任意に抽出した抗凝固薬投与中の AF 患者から成
副次的評価項目として記録した。
る実際的なコホートを対象に,日常の診療における予後
予測上の NT-proBNP 値の有用性を評価することである。
血液検体および臨床検査分析
血液検体は非侵襲的に採取し,静置せず,クエン酸三
ナトリウム( 0.011 mol/L )入りシリンジを使用した。乏
方 法
血小板血漿分画は 4°C,2,200 g で 20 分間遠心分離して
採取した。バッチ分析のため分注検体を −80°C で保存
患者
当院の経口抗凝固療法外来クリニックから,永続性ま
した。NT-proBNP 値は,自動分析装置( Cobas e 601,
たは発作性 AF で経口抗凝固薬を服用中の患者を登録し
Roche Diagnostica,マンハイム,ドイツ )を用い,電気
た。被験者を均質化するため,国際標準化比( INR )が
化学発光法で測定した同時測定再現性係数( intra-assay
6 カ月以上安定しているコントロール状態が良好[ INR
variation coefficient )は 5.6% であった。NT-proBNP の
2.0 ∼ 3.0,治療域内時間( TTR )> 70% ]
,かつ抗凝固
同 時 測 定 再 現 性 係 数 は 221 pg/mL で 1.8%,4,250 pg/
薬としてアセノクマロールを使用している患者を対象と
mL で 3.1% であった。
した。人工心臓弁,急性冠症候群,脳卒中( 虚血性また
は塞栓性 )
,弁膜症性 AF,不安定胸痛の疑い,血行動
統計解析
態不安定のいずれかに該当する患者,ならびに 6 カ月以
連 続 変 数 は Kolmogorov‒Smirnov 検 定 を 用 い て 正 規
内に入院または外科的介入の既往がある患者は本研究か
分 布 に つ い て 検 定 し た。 連 続 変 数 は 必 要 に 応 じ 平 均
ら除外した。前回の脳卒中の発症から本研究の登録日ま
値 ±SD または中央値(四分位範囲)で示し,カテゴリー
で 6 カ月以上間隔があいている患者は適格とした。本試
変数はパーセンテージで示した。本研究対象集団におい
験への登録時,被験者の詳細な病歴を記録した。
て,NT-proBNP 値の最適なカットオフポイントを探索し
試 験 開 始 時 に お け る 脳 卒 中 リ ス ク の 評 価 と し て,
4,6
た。追跡調査中の有害イベントとの関連性を特定するた
。CHADS2 は加点
め,受信者動作特性(ROC)解析により,予測の判別に役
方式を採用しており,脳卒中または一過性脳虚血発作の
立つカットオフポイントを検討し,最も感度および特異
既往に 2 点,75 歳以上,高血圧,糖尿病,うっ血性心
度が高いカットオフポイントを選択した。予後に対する
不全に 1 点を付与する。一方,CHA2DS2‒VASc リスク
NT-proBNP 値の独立した影響については Cox 比例ハザー
スコアは,うっ血性心不全,高血圧,糖尿病,血管疾患,
ド回帰モデルで評価し,主要評価項目,複合心血管イベン
年齢 65 ∼ 74 歳,性別( 女性 )に 1 点,年齢 75 歳以上お
トおよび死亡に関する多変量モデルには CHA2DS2‒VASc
よび脳卒中に 2 点を付与する。試験開始時における出血
スコアを取り入れた。また,大出血イベントについては,
リスクの評価として,高血圧,腎 / 肝機能異常( 各 1 点 )
,
HAS‒BLED スコアによる調整を行った。多変量解析では,
脳卒中,出血の既往または傾向,INR コントロール不良,
腎機能障害の追加による影響も副次的に検討した。
CHA2DS2‒VASc スコアを記録した
Stroke-J-v9-i2-Full1.indd 7
V
8/7/2014 3:43:30 PM
8
Stroke 日本語版 Vol. 9, No. 2
C 統計量の算出によりモデルの性能を評価した。予
測 精 度 の 向 上 に つ い て は, 純 再 分 類 改 善 度(Net
表 1 試験開始時における AF 患者の臨床的特徴:AF 患者コホー
ト全体および主要評価項目の該当者 / 非該当者別に示す
Reclassification Improvement: NRI)と 統 合 判 別 改 善 度
(Integrated Discrimination Improvement: IDI)を算出して
評価した。これは Pencina ら 17 が報告した方法であり,
男性
イベント発生率に関するカテゴリーを CHADS2 または
年齢,中央値
CHA2DS2‒VASc の予後スコアに基づき判定する。p < 0.05
全体
主要評価項目
N = 1172
の該当者
非該当者
N = 1172
N = 1172
575( 49% )
76(71 ∼ 81 )
22( 43% )
80(75 ∼ 83 )
主要評価項目の
553(51%)
76(70 ∼ 81 )
( IQR )
高血圧
963( 82% )
42( 82% )
921(82%)
の場合,統計学的に有意と判断した。統計解析には SPSS
糖尿病
308( 26% )
13( 26% )
295(26%)
15.0 for Windows
( SPSS Inc,
イリノイ州シカゴ)
を用いた。
心不全
359( 30% )
14( 28% )
345(31%)
脳卒中または
219( 19% )
22( 43% )
冠動脈疾患
226( 19% )
6( 12% )
220(20%)
現在の喫煙習
191( 16% )
8( 16% )
183(16%)
389( 33% )
14( 28% )
375(33%)
結 果
本研究で検討した患者 1,172 例( 男性 49%,年齢中央
値 76 歳 )の臨床的特徴を 表 1 に示す。CHA2DS2‒VASc
スコアの中央値は 4( 3 ∼ 5 )であり,患者の 94% では
慣
高コレステ
ロール血症
過去の出血エ
CHA2DS2‒VASc スコアが 2 以上であった。追跡調査期
ピソード
間の中央値は 1,007( 806 ∼ 1,279 )日であった。この期
腎機能障害
間中,患者 51 例に主要評価項目である脳卒中( 年 1.6% )
が認められ,143 例(年 4.51% )が死亡し,128 例に心血
管有害イベント(年 4.04%)が認められた。
NT-proBNP 値の中央値(四分位範囲)は 610( 318 ∼
1,037 )pg / mL であった。各評価項目について ROC 曲
線を作成したところ,主要評価項目である脳卒中 / 塞
栓症に関する NT-proBNP 値のカットオフポイントは
822 pg/mL であった[曲線下面積( AUC )
:0.63,95% 信
頼区間( IC )
:0.60 ∼ 0.66,感度 61%,特異度 66%,陽
性的中率 8%,陰性的中率 97% ]
。死亡に関するカット
9( 18% )
201(18%)
16( 31% )
371(33%)
アンジオテン
387( 33% )
14( 28% )
373(33%)
363( 31% )
19( 37% )
344(31%)
β-ブロッカー
504( 43% )
23( 45% )
481(43%)
スタチン
352( 30% )
10( 20% )
342(31%)
ジゴキシン
293( 25% )
16( 31% )
277(25%)
利尿薬
645( 55% )
30( 59% )
615(54%)
シン - レニン
ブロッカー
カルシウム
拮抗薬
CHA2DS2‒
カットオフポイントは 304 pg/mL であった(AUC:0.57,
HAS‒BLED
多変量解析では,CHA2DS2‒VASc スコアで調整後も,
4( 3 ∼ 5 )
1103( 94% )
5( 4 ∼ 6 )
50( 98% )
4(3 ∼ 5)
1053(94%)
≧ 2,n(%)
HAS‒BLED
に示す。
116(19%)
210( 18% )
15%,陰性的中率 92% )
。心血管有害イベントに関する
に関し,単変量解析と多変量解析による予測因子を表 2
3(6%)
387( 33% )
CHA2DS2‒VASc
脳卒中 / 塞栓症,心血管有害イベント,大出血,死亡
84(8% )
ACE 阻害薬
IC:0.56 ∼ 0.62, 感 度 70%, 特 異 度 45%, 陽 性 的 中 率
トオフポイントを特定できなかった(AUC:0.525)
。
119( 10% )
7( 14% )
抗血小板薬
VASc
率 12%,陰性的中率 94%)
。出血イベントについてはカッ
91(8%)
併用薬
オフポイントは 519 pg/mL であった( AUC:0.59,95%
95%IC:0.54 ∼ 0.59,感度 87%,特異度 25%,陽性的中
197(18%)
TIA の既往
2( 2 ∼ 3 )
3( 2 ∼ 3 )
2(2 ∼ 3)
406( 35% )
27( 53% )
NT-proBNP,中央
610( 318 ∼
956( 474 ∼
601(312 ∼
値( IQR )
,pg/mL
1037 )
1460 )
1008)
379(34%)
≧ 3,n(%)
ACE:アンジオテンシン変換酵素,AF:心房細動。CHA2DS2‒VASc:うっ血
性心不全,高血圧,糖尿病,血管疾患,年齢 65 ∼ 74 歳,性別(女性)に 1 点,
年齢 75 歳以上および脳卒中に 2 点を付与して算出するスコア。HAS‒BLED:
高血圧,腎 / 肝機能異常(各 1 点),脳卒中,出血の既往または傾向,INR コン
トロール不良,高齢(65 歳以上),併用薬 / 過剰飲酒(各 1 点)に 1 点を付与し
て算出するスコア。IQR:四分位範囲,NT-proBNP:N 末端プロ B 型ナトリウ
ム利尿ペプチド,TIA:一過性脳虚血発作,INR:国際標準比。
NT-proBNP 高値と予後との間に有意な関連が依然とし
て認められた。脳卒中に関し,CHA2DS2‒VASc スコア
では,CHA2DS2‒VASc スコアの HR は 1.39
( 1.26 ∼ 1.55,
,
のハザード比( HR )は 1.30( 1.09 ∼ 1.55,p = 0.004 )
p < 0.001 ),NT-proBNP 高値( ≧ 519 pg / mL )の HR
NT-proBNP 高値
(≧ 822 pg / mL)
の HR は 2.71
( 1.54 ∼
は 1.66( 1.16 ∼ 2.37,p = 0.006 )であった。出血が予
4.75,p = 0.001 )であった。複合心血管イベントに対す
測できたのは HAS‒BLED スコアのみであった。
る CHA2DS2‒VASc ス コ ア の HR は 1.35( 1.21 ∼ 1.51,
V
多変量解析で腎機能不全を追加して考慮した場合,腎
p < 0.001 ),NT-proBNP 高値(≧ 304 pg / mL )につい
機能障害の存在は死亡のみに対して有意な影響を与え
ては 1.85( 1.12 ∼ 3.04,p = 0.016 )であった。全死亡
( HR:1.59,95%IC:1.03 ∼ 2.45 )
,主要評価項目( 脳
Stroke-J-v9-i2-Full1.indd 8
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9
抗凝固薬投与中の心房細動患者の脳卒中リスク予測における N 末端プロ B 型ナトリウム利尿ペプチド値の有用性
表 2 脳卒中 / 全身性塞栓症,複合心血管有害イベント,出血イ
ベント,死亡から成る評価項目の Cox 回帰分析
単変量解析
HR(95% CI)
,p 値
多変量解析
HR(95% CI)
,p 値
CHA2DS2‒VASc
スコア
1.32(1.17 ∼ 1.57)
;
0.001
1.30(1.09 ∼ 1.55)
;
0.004
NT-proBNP 高値
( ≧ 822 pg / mL)
2.92(1.67 ∼ 5.13)
;
< 0.001
2.71(1.54 ∼ 4.75)
;
0.001
CHA2DS2‒VASc
スコア
1.37(1.23 ∼ 1.52)
;
< 0.001
1.35(1.21 ∼ 1.51)
;
< 0.001
NT-proBNP 高値
( ≧ 304 pg / mL)
2.05(1.25 ∼ 3.37)
;
0.005
1.85(1.12 ∼ 3.04)
;
0.016
CHA2DS2‒VASc
スコア
1.41(1.27 ∼ 1.56)
;
< 0.001
1.39(1.26 ∼ 1.55)
;
< 0.001
NT-proBNP 高値
( ≧ 519 pg / mL)
1.85(1.29 ∼ 2.64)
;
0.001
1.66(1.16 ∼ 2.37)
;
0.006
脳卒中と全身性塞栓症
複合心血管有害イベント
死亡
卒中 )および複合心血管イベントへの影響はみられな
かった。注目すべき点として,CHA2DS2‒VASc スコア
および NT-proBNP 値は依然として,脳卒中,複合心血
管イベント,死亡に関する有意な予測因子であった( 全
データは表示していない )。
IDI の 解 析 で は,NT-proBNP 値 を 加 え る こ と で,
CHA2DS2‒VASc ス コ ア に よ る 塞 栓 性 イ ベ ン ト( 相 対
IDI,2.8%,p = 0.001 )および全死亡( 相対 IDI,1.8%,
p = 0.001 )の予測能が改善することが示された。同様に,
NRI の解析でも,NT-proBNP 値を CHA2DS2‒VASc ス
,複
コアに加えて考慮することで,脳卒中( p = 0.047 )
,死亡
( p = 0.006)に関し,
合心血管イベント( p < 0.001 )
再分類が有意に改善することが示された( 表 3 )。
大出血
考 察
本研究により,血漿 NT-proBNP の上昇(心血管疾患の
HAS‒BLED スコア
1.91(1.61 ∼ 2.26)
;
< 0.001
NT-proBNP
1.00(1.00 ∼ 1.00)
*;
0.421
罹患および心血管死の確立されたマーカー)が,心血管イ
ベント,脳卒中,全身性塞栓症,死亡に関し,AF 患者
の予後不良とどのように関連するのかが明らかになった。
N 末端プロ B 型ナトリウム利尿ペプチド( NT-proBNP )高値による脳卒中およ
び全身性塞栓症,複合心血管有害イベント,死亡の予測では,CHA2DS2‒VASc
スコアで調整した。また,大出血については HAS‒BLED スコアで調整した。
CHA2DS2‒VASc:うっ血性心不全,高血圧,糖尿病,血管疾患,年齢 65 ∼ 74 歳,
性別( 女性 )に 1 点,年齢 75 歳以上および脳卒中に 2 点を付与して算出する
スコア。CI:信頼区間。HAS‒BLED:高血圧,腎 / 肝機能異常(各 1 点),脳卒中,
出血の既往または傾向,INR コントール不良,高齢( 65 歳以上 ),併用薬 / 過
剰飲酒( 各 1 点 )に 1 点を付与して算出するスコア。HR:ハザード比,INR:国
際標準比。
* 有意性が全くないことを示す。
重要な点として,NT-proBNP 値を追加して考慮するこ
とで,CHA2DS2‒VASc(リスク層別化スコア)のみの場
合よりも,評価項目の予測能は改善した。特に,NRI で
解析した場合,NT-proBNP 値により,主要評価項目(脳
卒中)に至る患者の予測能は 17% 改善した。
B 型ナトリウム利尿ペプチド( BNP )は 32 アミノ酸ポ
表 3 CHA2DS2‒VASc と NT-proBNP の併用による脳卒中,心血管イベント,全死亡の予測能の改善:C 統計量,IDI,NRI を指標とし
て評価
C 統計量
(95% CI)
p値
相対
IDI,%
p値
0.069
2.8
0.001
17.4
0.047
−0.3
17.7
0.540
1.4
< 0.001
9.9%
< 0.001
15.4
−5.5
0.178
1.8
< 0.001
13.5%
0.006
12.6
0.9
NRI
p値
正しく再分類
された「イベン
トなし」の割合
正しく分類
された「 イベ
ント 」の割合
脳卒中 / 全身性塞栓症
CHA2DS2‒VASc
0.62
(0.59 ∼ 0.65)
CHA2DS2‒VASc + NT-proBNP
高値( ≧ 822 pg / mL)
0.68
(0.56 ∼ 0.71)
複合心血管イベント
CHA2DS2‒VASc
0.64
(0.61 ∼ 0.67)
CHA2DS2‒VASc + NT-proBNP
高値( ≧ 304 pg / mL)
0.65
(0.62 ∼ 0.68)
全死亡
CHA2DS2‒VASc
0.66
(0.64 ∼ 0.69)
CHA2DS2‒VASc + NT-proBNP
高値( ≧ 519 pg / mL)
0.68
(0.65 ∼ 0.71)
CHA2DS2‒VASc:うっ血性心不全,高血圧,糖尿病,血管疾患,年齢 65 ∼ 74 歳,性別(女性)に 1 点,年齢 75 歳以上および脳卒中に 2 点を付与して算出するスコア。
CI:信頼区間,IDI:統合判別改善度,NRI:純再分類改善度,NT-proBNP:N 末端プロ B 型ナトリウム利尿ペプチド。
Stroke-J-v9-i2-Full1.indd 9
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V
10
Stroke 日本語版 Vol. 9, No. 2
リペプチドであり,主に容量または圧力過負荷などで壁
2.0% と報告されている 29。最近,本研究の著者らは,経
張力が上昇したときに心室筋細胞から分泌される。BNP
口抗凝固薬服用中の AF 患者において,CHA2DS2‒VASc
は,活性ホルモン( BNP )と不活性の NT-proBNP に切
スコアにより,血栓塞栓症のリスクだけでなく心血管
14
断される 。NT-proBNP の循環血中濃度は,うっ血性
有害イベントがいかに予測されるかを明らかにした 8。
心不全および虚血性心疾患の罹患率および死亡率上昇を
NT-proBNP 値の活用により,脳卒中および他の心血管イ
示すマーカーとして報告されており,健康な地域住民を
ベントのリスクが高い患者を特定しやすくなり,新薬を
対象とする研究でも同様の知見が認められている 18。
含む経口抗凝固薬による治療を改善できると考えられる。
BNP は AF リスクの予測にも利用されてきた。これ
については,BNP が,ST 上昇型心筋梗塞患者の AF 新
規発症に関する独立した予測因子として報告されてい
19
本研究の限界
本研究は,経口抗凝固療法で安定状態にある患者のみ
る 。また,NT-proBNP 値の上昇により,心エコー検
を登録しており,明らかな選択バイアスを伴う。すなわ
査所見を含む他の危険因子とは独立して,AF 発症リス
ち,有害イベントが生じやすいと考えられる不安定な患
20
クの上昇が予測されることが示されている 。さらに,
者は除外されており,NT-proBNP 高値が不安定な血行
BNP と他の生体指標を併用すると,心原性脳塞栓症が
動態に起因するかは検討できなかったと考えられる。ま
発見しやすくなり 21,22,急性脳卒中による入院患者の
た,本研究では,単一の NT-proBNP 測定値を検討して
23
AF 新規発症の検出も改善することが報告されている 。
いる。追跡調査期間中,NT-proBNP は変化した可能性
抗凝固薬投与中の AF 患者において,脳卒中および死亡
があり,こうした変化から新たな情報が得られることも
イベントの予測因子として NT-proBNP を最初に利用し
考えられる。重要なことは,BNP 値は,血行動態に負
たのは,RE-LY 研究( Randomized Evaluation of Long-
荷がかかった状態だけでなく,加齢や腎機能障害でも上
10
Term Anticoagulation Therapy )である 。これらの研究
昇する 30。残念ながら,実際の診療現場を対象とした本
結果は ARISTOTLE 試験( Apixaban for the Prevention
研究では,詳細な心エコー検査を行っておらず,左心房
of Stroke in Subjects With Atrial Fibrillation )によって
容積,心臓弁疾患など,NT-proBNP に影響しうる他の
裏付けられ,この生体指標によりリスク層別化が改善す
パラメーターは評価できていない。
11
ることも示されている 。
結論として,実際の診療現場の大規模 AF 患者コホー
現在使用されている臨床リスクスコアは,AUC の値
トにおいて,NT-proBNP は予後の予測について独立し
が小さく C 統計量による判別力もそれほど高くないた
た価値を有し,経口抗凝固薬の使用にもかかわらず発生
め,血栓塞栓性イベントの予測能は低いことが示されて
する,新規脳卒中イベントおよび死亡を予測できること
いる 7。これを受け,近年,種々の研究が生体指標の活
が実証された。NT-proBNP という生体指標は,臨床基
用に注目し,これらの臨床リスクスコアの予測能を改善
準に基づいた現行の層別化法と併用することで,脳卒中
することで,リスク層別化の強化を試みてきた。本研
のリスク評価の改善にも貢献すると考えられる。
究では,NT-proBNP 値により CHA2DS2‒VASc スコア
の予測能がいかに有意に改善するかを,C 統計量,IDI,
NRI の観点から示した。指摘すべき点として,多くの臨
研究費の財源
本 研 究 は ス ペ イ ン 心 臓 病 協 会, カ ル ロ ス III 世
床試験では被験者が慎重に選択されるものの,実際の診
保 健 研 究 所 ム ル シ ア 州 地 域 構 成 調 査 Cajamurcia
療現場では AF 患者はより高齢の傾向にあり,併存疾患
基金補助金( FFIS )2010 の RD06 / 0014 / 039( Red
や多剤投与などの要因により,脳卒中および出血リスク
Cardiovascular,RECAVA )
, カ ル ロ ス III 世 保 健 研 究
の正確な推定が困難となりうる。
所 PI11 / 1256 欧州地域開発基金( FEDER )による支援
AF および脳卒中は,NT-proBNP と密接に関連する。
AF 患者における BNP は,心房機能障害に続発する心
筋細胞のストレスにより産生され
24,25
,これは結局,心
房塞栓の発生機序となりうることが報告されている
26,27
。
を受けた。Dr Vílchez はマドリッド( スペイン )のカル
ロス III 世研究所より助成金“Rio Hortega ”を受けた。E.
Jover はマドリッド( スペイン )のカルロス III 世研究所
より博士号取得前に助成金を受けた。
AF に関連する疾患の罹患や死亡の多くは,脳卒中リスク
の 5 ∼ 6 倍の上昇によるものである 28。経口抗凝固薬は
脳卒中および血栓塞栓症のリスクを抑制するうえできわ
V
情報開示
本 論 文 に 関 し, ど の 著 者 に も 特 に 開 示 す べ き 情 報
めて有効であるが,投与量が調節された経口抗凝固薬を
は な い。Dr Roldán は Bristol-Myers-Squibb( BMS )
,
使用する AF 患者における脳卒中の年間発生率は 1.2 ∼
Bayer,Boehringer Ingelheim か ら コ ン サ ル タ ン ト 料
Stroke-J-v9-i2-Full1.indd 10
8/7/2014 3:43:30 PM
抗凝固薬投与中の心房細動患者の脳卒中リスク予測における N 末端プロ B 型ナトリウム利尿ペプチド値の有用性
お よ び 講 演 料 を 受 領 し て い る。Dr Marín は Abbott,
Boston Scientific,Bayer,Astra Zeneca, 第 一 三 共,
BMS / Pfizer,Boehringer Ingelheim か ら 研 究 費, コ
ン サ ル タ ン ト 料, 講 演 料 を 受 領 し て い る。Dr Lip は
Astra Zeneca,Bayer,Boehringer Ingelheim,Astellas,
Sanofi-Aventis,第一三共など,心房細動の治療薬を製
造する企業から,研究費,コンサルタント料,講演料を
受領している。
References
1. Wolf PA, Abbott RD, Kannel WB. Atrial fibrillation as an independent
risk factor for stroke: the Framingham Study. Stroke. 1991;22:983–988.
2. Hart RG, Pearce LA, Aguilar MI. Meta-analysis: antithrombotic therapy
to prevent stroke in patients who have nonvalvular atrial fibrillation.
Ann Intern Med. 2007;146:857–867.
3. Gage BF, Waterman AD, Shannon W, Boechler M, Rich MW, Radford
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