null

fricative
Ò L
®
l
√
Approximant
Lateral
approximant
’

j
¥
Where symbols appear in pairs, the one to the right represents a voiced consonant. Shaded areas d
CONSONANTS (NON-PULMONIC)
2.1. IPAの気流素性と発声素性
2. 気流素性・発声素性・喉頭素性
Airstream & Phonation
vs.
Laryngeal features
Voiced implosives
∫ Bilabial
’ Examples:
> Bilabial Pulmonic
Click
気流
Bilabial
˘ Dental Non-pulmonic
Î Dental/alveolar p’
Implosive
Dental/alveolar
t’Ejective
! (Post)alveolar ˙ Palatal
¯ Palatoalveolar ƒ Velar
k’ Velar
≤ Alveolar lateral Voiceless
Ï Uvular Unaspirated
s’ Alveolar fricative
OTHER
発声SYMBOLS Voiced
1
Egressive
[Pressure]
Pulmonic
全言語
Ingressive
[Suction]
(Damin)
Glottalic
一部の言語
一部の言語
Velaric
(Damin)
極少数の言語
“Click”
地理的偏在
3
9
y
Close-mid
e
Open-mid
Open
W
to
kp ts
2.3.
IPA発声素性
Diacritics may be placed above a symbol with a descender, e.g. N(
n9 d9 ª Breathy voiced bª aª 1 Dental
t 1 d1
3 Voiced
s3 t 3
0 Creaky voiced b0 a0 ¡ Apical
t ¡ d¡
Ó Aspirated tÓ dÓ £ Linguolabial t £ d£ 4 Laminal
t 4 d4
quality:
Voicing:
7 More rounded O7
WVoiceLabialized
tW dW ) Nasalized
e)
[Voiceless]
voiced]
¶ Less rounded O¶
∆ [(Modal)
Palatalized
t∆ d∆ ˆ Nasal release
dˆ
[Voiced]
[Breathy voiced]
™ Advanced u™
◊ [Creaky
Velarized voiced]
t◊ d◊ ¬ Lateral release d¬
Aspiration:
2 Retracted e2
≥ Pharyngealized t≥ d≥ } No audible release d}
[Aspirated]
[Unaspirated]
· Centralized e·
ù Velarized or pharyngealized :
これらのIPA素性と[h,
+ Mid-centralized e+ ɦ, ʔ]や[t’,
6 Raisedɗ], etc.の関係は？
e6 ( ®6 = voiced alveolar fricative)
` Syllabic n`
§ Lowered e§ ( B§ = voiced bilabial approximant)
4 5 Advanced Tongue Root
8 Non-syllabic e8
e5
± Rhoticity ´± a± ∞ Retracted Tongue Root e∞
Voiceless
I
Aspirated
Unaspirated
∑ Voiceless labial-velar
fricative voiced
Ç ÛAspirated
Alveolo-palatal fricatives
Breathy
w Voiced labial-velarCreaky
approximant
voiced » Voiced alveolar lateral flap
Á Voiced labial-palatal approximant Í Simultaneous S and x
Ì Voiceless epiglottal fricative 2
Affricates and double articulations
¿ Voiced epiglottal fricative
can be represented by two symbols
joined by a tie bar if necessary.
÷ Epiglottal plosive
DIACRITICS
i
Close
(
2.2. 気流タイプの通言語的頻度
Front
Ejectives
(
Clicks
VOWELS
実践課題：VOTを観察する
器械音声学的観察のTIPS
• Voice Onset Time: 声帯振動開始時間
• 頭位置における閉鎖音が対象になる
• 閉鎖開放時点＝０（基準時点）
• ある音だけを精密に観察してもダメ
• 複数の音の比較をする
• 比較は制御されてなくてはダメ
• 観察したいのは対立？変異？
• 音韻分析が終わっていることが前提
VOT値： [b d g] < [p t k] < [pʰ tʰ kʰ]
voiced
voiceless
unaspirated
voiceless
aspirated
voiced aspiratedはより複雑な時間構造を持つ
5
5
6
2.4a. 喉頭音韻素性
2.4b. 喉頭音韻素性
Laryngeal features
IPA素性
音韻素性
Pulmonic
•
[ voiced]
•
[ spread glottis] ([ aspirated])
•
Click
気流
Non-pulmonic
Ejective
Voiceless
発声
Voiced
Unaspirated
Aspirated
Unaspirated
Aspirated
Breathy voiced
Creaky voiced
7
voiced
spread gl.
[ constricted glottis] ([ glottalized)]
慣習的な音韻素性は気流素性をなぜ含まないか？
([ suction])
Implosive
8
constr. gl.
2.5. 喉頭素性による特定の例
t d tʰ dʰ tʼ dʼ a a̤ a̰ h ɦ ʔ
voiced
– + – + – + + + + – + –
spread gl.
– – + + – – – + – + + –
constr. gl.
– – – – + + – – + – – +
tʼ = {t’, tˀ, ɗ̥}: voiceless ejective/glottalized/implosive
2.6. 発声素性による対立の具体例
Gujarati /a, a̤/ (L&M 1996)
Jalapa Mazatec /a, a̤, a̰/ (L&M 1996)
Owere Igbo /p, pʰ, b, bʰ, ɓ̥, ɓ/ (Ladefoged et al. 1976)
ǃXóõ /dz, ts, tsʰ, ᵈtsʰ, ts’ ᵈts’/ (Traill 1985)
d’ = {ɗ, ᵈtʼ}: voiced implosive/ejective
9
2.7. 実践課題: 発音せよ
•
[p’a, t’a, k’a]
•
[ɓa, ɗa, ɠa]
•
[ŋ͡ʘa, ŋ͡ǀa, ŋ͡ǃa, ŋ͡ǂa, ŋ͡ǁa]
•
[ǀa, ɡ͡ǀa, ǀʰa, ŋ͡ǀa]
11
10

Download Report