MORE THAN GOOD INTENTIONS 5章

MORE THAN GOOD
INTENTIONS
5 TO PURSUE HAPPINESS
1313059
堀佑太
HAVING BETTER THINGS TO DO
 Jake
hires Oti as a driver.
 They
has good relationship but soon it
became clear that it was not only Otis
vehicle that suffered from reliability
issues.
 Oti
sometimes miss appointed time.
THE RIGHT PLACE AT THE RIGHT TIME
 Opportunity
Cost
Whenever we spend time doing a particular
thing ,we can compare it to other things we
could be doing instead .
THE RIGHT PLACE AT THE RIGHT TIME
 Money
is hardly the sole measure of that.
 So
even though Oti could have earned
money by picking up Jake ontime , there
might have been mitigating factors that
made it a bad choice overall.
 In
this case the frustration and extra time
associated with driving could be more
costly than the money he would earn ,
making it a reasonable decision to cancel.
THE PURSUIT OF HAPPINESS
 Driver
in New York City
 Were they allocating their working hours
efficiently?
A
team of behavioral economists analyzed
the record of New York City cabdrivers to
figure out how they chose the number of
hours they work on a given day.
THE PURSUIT OF HAPPINESS

ドライバーは利益を高めるために忙しい日に長く働き、
お客さんが少なそうな日は早く仕事を切り上げるべき。
しかし、研究結果は反対のものだった。
 On
busy days drivers work less, and on
slow days they stayed out longer.

平均時給を最大化するよりも、毎日決まった額を稼ぐほ
うがよいと考えている。
 On
busy days drivers reach their target
quickly and close up shop , while on slow
days they stay out longer, trolling for
those last few fares in an effort to hit their
marks.
OTI AND MICROCREDIT
 Muhammad
Yunus said
 ～ they already knows. So rather than
waste our time teaching them new skill,
we try to make maximum use of their
existing skills.
 The
author says its wrong ！
 If not every poor person is a born
entrepreneur , maybe a little guidance
would help.
OTI AND MICROCREDIT

トレーニングの有効性を研究するため、小規模事業者
の集まりを2つのグループに分けた。片方のグループは
ビジネスのトレーニングを行い、もうひとつのグループは
今まで通りにローンについてのミーティングを行った。
 The
result were not thrilling, but there
were some bright spots.
 Clients in the treatment group did adopt
some of the strategies they had learned in
the trainings.
OTI AND MICROCREDITS
 Business

trainings in Dominican Republic
ドミニカではペルーで行った一般的なトレーニングでは
なく、rule of thumb という受講者が資金を保つため
の発見的過程を得るようなトレーニングを行った。
 They
didn’t suffer so much when times
were lean.
OTI AND MICROCREDIT
 Business
trainigs in Mexico.
 Focused
on individually tailored training,
more like business consulting, for small
and medium enterprises in this study.
 It
didn’t achieve that goal ,but profit more
than doubled ！
OTI AND MICROCREDIT

ペルー、ドミニカ、メキシコの研究から分かったこと

すぐに使える実践的な知識、具体的なアドバイス、１人
１人に適した面談型のトレーニングがより有効的である。
 To
be a great entrepreneurs is not their
main goal. People pursue happiness in
other ways～
THE PURSUIT OF RICE COOKERS
 Some
microcredit client don’t even appear
to have tried to build enterprises with
their loans.
 Philip owed money from Jake to pay rent
of guesthouse.
 But Philip used portion of money to buy
rice cooker.
SLIPPERY MONEY
 To
manage money is so difficult.
 If
Jake had cut a check directly to the
guest house proprietor, things might have
been different.
 But
cash is not tied to any particular
person, product, or store.
SLIPPERY MONEY
 When
we make rules or restrictions about
the use of a cash loan or donation, we
typically have no more than the
recipient’s word that they will be followed.

マイクロローンの顧客に資金の使い道や計画を尋ねる
際に、嘘をつかれても驚いてはいけない。

貸し手は顧客の言うことを信じるしかない。
GETTING THE TRUTH
 Regarding
the use of borrowed money,
there is a clever way to find out how
people are really spending their loans
without forcing them to fess up directly.
GETTING THE TRUTH
List 1
List 2
1
1
, I visit the
corner store at
least once a week.
 2, Milky Way is my
favorite candy bar..
 3, I eat at least one
candy bar per
week.
, I visit the corner
store at least once a
week.
 2, Milky Way is my
favorite candy bar.
 3, I eat at least one
candy bar per week
 4,
I have stolen a
candy bar from the
store.
GETTING THE TRUTH
 List1とList2をランダムに配る。
 How
many of the following statements are
true? と質問する。
 List1とList2の（1）～（３）の平均回答率は同じになる。
 List2（１）～（４）
数
－ List1（１）～（３）＝盗んだ人
GETTING THE TRUTH

このような手法が途上国における研究や調査でよく使わ
れている。（テキストの例） Uganda, Arariwa

答えにくいことを尋ねる際はダイレクトに質問するよりも、
このようなリストから選択させたほうが、正確なデータを
得ることが出来る。
THE BIGGER PROBLEM WITH SLIPPERY
MONEY
 Even
when they follow all the rules to the
letter, the true impact of participation
often pops up in an unexpected place.
THE BIGGER PROBLEM WITH SLIPPERY
MONEY

a woman who sells tomatoes
 Each
mornings she buys ＄50 worth of
tomatoes, sells them for ＄55.
 She
get approved to take out a ＄100
microloan to grow tomato her business.
 Using
the ＄100 from the envelop , she
buys twice as many tomatoes as usual.
She sells ＄110 on the day.
THE BIGGER PROBLEM WITH SLIPPERY
MONEY


We can prescribe specific solutions to the
problems we see, but our prescriptions are usual
nonbinding.
Sometimes people intentionally flout the rules,
other times people genuinely try to keep their
promise, but wind up doing the same things.

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