Increasing intrusions into territorial waters around the Senkaku Islands

Japan’s Foreign Policy: Challenges and
Prospects in Japan-China Relations
Shingo YAMAGAMI
Ambassador (Policy Planning, International Security Policy)
Tokyo, Japan
1
1. The Senkaku Islands
2. Japan- China Summit Meeting
（November 10，2014）
3. Japan- China Economic Relationship
4. Japan-China Maritime Communication Mechanism
between the Japan-China defense authorities
2
１．The Senkaku Islands
（1)China pulled “the trigger”
 “State Ownership“ of the Senkaku islands is nothing new.
【The Senkaku Islands 】
State-owned throughout：
Taisho,Okino-kitaiwa,
Okino-minamiiwa,and
Tobise islands etc.
Under private
ownership:
Kuba island
Uotsuri
Kita-kojima
Minami-kojima
【Uotsuri, Kita-kojima, Minami-kojima】
1896：Leased to a Japanese citizen free of charge
1932：Sold off to a Japanese citizen
2012：Returning the ownership from a private citizen to the
Government of Japan(GOJ)
 The GOJ had owned until 1932
 Why is China strongly objecting to the transfer of the
ownership of three Senkaku islands in 2012, while it had
not done so before?
3
Location of the Senkaku Islands
The Senkaku
Islands
(尖閣諸島)
All the Islands within
the area inside the
straight lines on the
map were returned to
Japan in accordance
with the 1972 Okinawa
Reversion Agreement
4
China’s attempts to change the status quo
１
• The Establishment of Law on the Territorial
Sea and the Contiguous Zone in 1992
２
• Intensified activities in the seas around the
Senkaku Islands
３
• Rapid increase of its defense budget
5
East China Sea
 Increasing intrusions into territorial waters around the Senkaku
Islands which started in 2008
 Ramming of a Chinese fishing boat into Japan Coast Gard patrol
vessels in territorial waters around the Senkaku Islands in
September 2010
 China's announcement of the Establishment of “Air Defense
Identification Zone (ADIZ) in the East China Sea” in November 2013
 Chinese military jet fighters flew excessively close to aircrafts of the
JMSDF and the JASDF over the high seas in May and June 2014
6
Increasing intrusions into territorial waters around the
Senkaku Islands
7
Change in China’s Announced Defense Budget
Increased by;
- 4000% in 26 years
- 400% in 10 years
8
１．The Senkaku Islands
（2) Whether a dispute exists or not ?
 Criticism against the Japanese Government
 『There exists no territorial dispute 』
（Japanese Government’s Position）
“Hard to understand. It is not
acceptable in private-sector
negotiations. We would not like
the GOJ to state its position more
than necessary. ”
（ Asahi Shimbun , September
28, 2012）
Mr. Hiromasa Yonekura, former Chairman
of “ Keidanren”(Japan Business
Federation)(経団連・米倉弘昌前会長)
Prof. Yoshihiko Yamada and Mr.
Masato Ushio,
『尖閣激突日本の領土は
絶対に守る』
（Publisher; ”Fusosha”, 2012）
“His assertion
undermines Japan’s
national interests.
It benefits only
China or he
considers only
economic interests
including his own
company.”
9
Difference between diplomatic concerns and legal disputes
The existence of a diplomatic concern does not mean the
existence of a dispute.
Diplomatic
concern：
e.g. comfort women
death penalty
Legal
dispute
10
Remarks by Lee-Teng-hui, former President of the Republic of
China( Taiwan Central News Agency, September 24, 2008)
Lee-Teng-hui,
former
President of
Taiwan(李登輝
元台湾総統)
（The Senkaku Islands ) are naturally Japanese
territory. If not, to whom do they belong?
There is no historical record they belong to
other countries than Japan and no geographical
territorial delimitation. Taiwan cannot say the
Senkaku islands belong to it. Seeing a beautiful
woman, can you say she is my wife? Is such a
behavior valid?
We should judge the issue based on historical
facts.
11
What does it mean to admit the existence of a territorial issue?
It means
namely
• “ There exist a territorial issue.”
• “There exist a issue of territorial sovereignty
to be resolved in accordance with
international law.”
• “The status of territory in question is not yet established to belong to a
country.”
Significant • A country should accept the possibility to lose its sovereignty over all or
meaning
part of the territory as a result of negotiations, or depending on a
judgment by the third party.
12
China’s position
Part of Spratly
Islands
(Under control of
Vietnam and
Philippines, etc. )
Paracel Islands;
(Under China’s
control)
“There exists dispute
concerning territorial
sovereignty.”
“There exists no
dispute concerning
territorial sovereignty.”
13
１．The Senkaku Islands
（3) The Possibility of judicial settlement
 “It is China who should bring the case to the international court”
Status
quo
Japan’s valid
control
Challenge/
Change
（The era of Meiji, Taisho,
prewar Showa :Private settler;
collecting bird feathers, and
manufacturing dried bonito)
China, trying to challenge and change the status
quo, should indeed refer the case to the
International Court of Justice
14
１．The Senkaku Islands
（4) Is the Senkaku issue “history issue “?
 Incorporation of the Senkaku Islands into Japanese territory
( Occupation of terra nullius)
“terra nullius”
• From 1885, surveys
had been thoroughly
conducted.
• It was confirmed
that the Senkaku
Islands had been not
only uninhabited but
also showed no
trace of having been
under the control of
the Qing Dynasty of
China.
“Intention to possess
sovereignty”
• GOJ made a Cabinet
Decision on January 14,
1895, to erect markers
on the islands.
“effectivités”
• Approval concerning
the use of the islands
to an individual.
• Field Surveys
conducted by the GOJ
and Okinawa
Prefecture.
• Settlers, inhabitancy
and economic
activities
15
Japanese people’s economic activities on the Senkaku Islands
 After the incorporation of the Senkaku Islands into Japanese
territory in January, 1895, Japanese civilians settled on this
islands based on obtained permission from the GOJ. Settlers
ran businesses such as dried bonito manufacture.
A commemorative photo in front of a bonito
processing factory on the Senkaku Islands
in Meiji 30s(1987-1906)
(Photo: Ms. Hanako Koga/the Asahi Shimbun
Company)
A scene of bonito being dried
on the Senkaku Islands in Meiji 30s(1987-1906)
(Photo: Ms. Hanako Koga/the Asahi Shimbun
Company)
16
The San Francisco(SF) Peace Treaty
 Article 2: Japan’s renunciation of all right, title and claim to
Formosa(Taiwan) and the Pescadores
 Article 3: The U.S. right to exercise all and any power of
administration over the Nansei Shoto
The Senkaku islands are
part of the ”Nansei Shoto”
Taiwan：
recognized the SF Peace
Treaty in accordance with the
1952 Sino-Japanese Peace
Treaty.
Taiwan and China: raised
no objections to the
decision about the
Senkaku Islands under
the SF Peace Treaty.
17
１．The Senkaku Islands
（5） Understanding and cooperation of the international
community
 US position
“We do not take a position on the ultimate
sovereignty of the Senkaku Islands.”
President
Obama
Secretary of State,
John Kelly
“We oppose any unilateral action that
would aim at changing the status quo.”
“The Senkaku Islands are under the
administration of Japan. Therefore Article V
of the Japan-U.S. Security Treaty applies to
Secretary of Defense,
the Senkaku Islands.”
Chuck Hagel
Article V of the Japan-U.S. Security Treaty: Each Party recognizes that an armed
attack against either Party in the territories under the administration of Japan
would be dangerous to its own peace and safety and declares that it would act to
meet the common danger in accordance with its constitutional provisions and
processes.
18
2. Japan-China Summit Meeting
 Regarding Discussions toward Improving
Japan-China Relations (November 7th, 2014)
Toward the improvement of the Japan-China relations, quiet discussions have been held
between the Governments of Japan and China. Both sides have come to share views on the
following points:
１．Both sides confirmed that they would observe the principles and spirit of the four basic
documents between Japan and China and that they would continue to develop a mutually
beneficial relationship based on common strategic interests.
２．Both sides shared some recognition that, following the spirit of squarely facing history and
advancing toward the future, they would overcome political difficulties that affect their
bilateral relations.
３．Both sides recognized that they had different views as to the emergence of tense
situations in recent years in the waters of the East China Sea, including those around the
Senkaku Islands, and shared the view that, through dialogue and consultation, they would
prevent the deterioration of the situation, establish a crisis management mechanism and avert
the rise of unforeseen circumstances.
４．Both sides shared the view that, by utilizing various multilateral and bilateral channels,
they would gradually resume dialogue in political, diplomatic and security fields and make an
effort to build a political relationship of mutual trust.
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３．Japan-China Economic Relationship
(1) Total Bilateral Trade: $312.0bill (2013)
※JPN→CN: $129.9bill (China is the second largest export destination for Japan.)
CN→JPN: $182.2bill (China is the largest source of import for Japan.)
※China is the largest trading partner for Japan.
(Japan is the second largest trading partner for China (following the US).)
（U.S. billion dollars） Changes
【c.f.】
 Japan-US Bilateral Trade
Total : $203.5bill
(JPN→US: $133.2bill, US→JPN: $70.3bill)
 Japan-ASEAN Bilateral Trade Total : $230.3bill
(JPN→ASEAN: $111.7bill, ASEAN→JPN: $118.6bill)
 US-China Bilateral Trade
Total : $521.0bill
(US→CN: $152.6bill, CN→US: $368.4bill)
in the Total Bilateral Trade between Japan and China
350
300
Import from China
250
Export to China
200
$182bill
as of 2013
150
100
50
(2) Japanese Business in China :
0
23,094 companies (2012)
1972 74 76 78 80 82 84 86 88 90 92 94 96 98200002
Source: ＪＥＴＲＯ
※The largest by country basis
and accounts for 7.9% of the total number of foreign companies in CN.
【c.f.】
No. of foreign companies in China (including those from Hong Kong and Taiwan)
- Total:
291,960 companies
- Hong Kong: 125,074 companies
- Taiwan :
25,008 companies
- US:
20,210 companies
- Singapore: 17,541 companies
$130bill
as of 2013
04 06 08 10 1213
（Year）
20
３．Japan-China Economic Relationship
(3) Japan’s FDI to China： $4.33 bill (2014)
※Japan is the second largest investor to China.
【c.f.】
FDI to China from other countries and regions (2013)
Singapore: $5.93 bill
US:
$2.67 bill
※EU:
$6.85 bill
（Billion U.S
dollars ）
8
Japan’s FDI to China（Annual）
（％）
60
Japan’s FDI to China(total amount)
Increase rate(Japan)
Increase rate(World)
40
6
20
1.7%
-2.9
4
0
-4.3
-38.8%
-20
2
-40
6.5
4.6
3.6
3.7
4.1
4.2
6.3
7.4
7.1
4.3
2005
06
07
08
09
10
11
12
13
14（Y）
0
-60
Source: Ministry of Commerce, People's Republic of China.
※After 2008, numbers includs investment from so-called tax haven.
(4) Cumulative Amount of Japan’s ODA to China: approximately 3.66 trillion yen (2013)
･Loan Aid
: 3.32 trillion yen
･Grant Aid
･Technical Cooperation
: 0.16 trillion yen
: 0.18 trillion yen
21
４． Japan-China Maritime Communication Mechanism between
the Japan-China defense authorities
Purpose
To promote mutual understanding and trust, strengthen defense cooperation,
avoid an unexpected crash, and prevent an unexpected incident at sea and
airspace from developing to a military conflict or political problem.
Organization
① Annual meeting/expert meeting
② Hotlines
③ Direct communication between vessels and aircrafts
 On 12th January 2015, the fourth working group meeting on the maritime communication
mechanism was held between defense authorities of Japan and China in Tokyo.
 The two sides agreed to implement the mechanism at an early time upon making
necessary adjustments
[c.f.] 1st WG : April 2008, Beijing
2nd WG : July 2010, Tokyo
3rd WG : June 2012, Beijing
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Thank you for your attention!
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