115316_Particle_Power_

助詞の力！
(particle power!)
は – The topic marker
• 1) Marks the topic of the sentence. The topic can be the same as the subject, but
not necessarily. The topic is what you are talking about. It is similar to the English
expressions, “As for ~” or “Speaking of ~.” When は is used, the topic has often
already been introduced or is understood. Once established, the topic can be
dropped from the sentence. This is why it is so rare in Japanese to have 私or あなた
in a sentence. When you get a new topic, another はpops up.
– 先生はバカです。Talking about the sensei, she’s a baka.
– 数学はむずかしいです。Talking about math, it’s hard
• 2) Allows contrast. The contrast isn’t always explicit, but is implied by the use of は.
は can also be used after に, で, and と to show contrast.
– ソーダは飲むが、水は飲まない。I drink juice, but not milk.
– I want to go to Japan, but not really to China.
– 日本には行きたいが、中国にはあまり行きたくない。
– ここではタバコをすわないでください。
– Please don’t smoke here (but you can smoke elsewhere)
が v. は
• 1) In a statement using は, the second part (post は) is the most important.
With が, the part marked by が is the most important, and is given
emphasis. This is because がmarks its word as the subject of the sentence.
• The subject of the sentence is the person/thing/etc that is doing the action
or existing. This line is blurrier in Japanese than English.
– ジャズミンはお金をとった。Speaking of Jazmin, she took the money.
– ジャズミンがお金をとった。Jazmin is the one who took the money.
• 2) When a question word such as だれ and なに is the subject of a
sentence, it is always followed by が, never by は. To answer the question,
it also has to be followed by が.
–
–
–
–
–
–
だれが来ると思う？Who do you think is coming?
エミが来るんだ。Emi is coming.
どうして笑っている？何がおもしろい？
Why you laughing? What’s so funny?
あなたの顔がおもしろい！
Your face is funny.
が – I feel very strongly about this
subject marker.
• 3) Specific words will only work with が instead of を.
Usually these are words with strong emotions or ties:
– すき/きらい, とくい/にがて, じょうず/へた, ある/いる, わかる,
できる, みえる, きこえる, ほしい and こわい are the most
common ones.
– 希望がある。We have hope!
– 日本語がわかる。I understand Japanese.
• 4) Subordinate clauses. If the sentence has both a topic
and a subject (or more than one subject), then が marks
the subject in the subordinate clause.
–
–
–
–
私はアベンジャーズがかっこいいと思う。
I (sub1) think that the Avengers (sub2) are cool.
アベンジャーズはかっこいいと思う。
As for the Avengers, I think they’re cool.
And yet another が
• 5) But. (just one t). If でも comes after a
period, and can start a sentence, が, placed at
the end of a phrase in the middle of a long
sentence, serves the same function.
– キャプテンアメリカはハンサムだと思うが、バット
マンはお金持ちだから、だれと結婚したほうがい
い？
– Captain America is handsome, but Batman is rich,
so who should I marry??
– I have homework, but I want to do Instagram!
– 宿題があるが、インスタグラムをしたい！
を – The direct-object marker
• 1) Marks the direct object. What is the verb verbing?
Marked by an を.
– ワイドスクリーンテレビを買った。I bought a widescreen TV.
– Ah! I totally saw Trump! あ！ドナルド・トランプを見ちゃった！
– I drank toilet water. トイレの水を飲んだ。
• 2) をhas a special relationship with する. If you do a job,
it is your occupation. If you do a game, you are playing
it. For words like 買い物をする, 料理をする or タイプを
する the を is dropped when the whole phrase takes its
own direct object.
– 父は大統領をしている。My dad is a the President.
– ジュリウスはデステニーをする。Julius plays Destiny
– グロップを料理した。I cooked glop. （グロップの料理）
の – It’s all about relationship baby
• 1) Possession. Used just like an apostrophe “s” (’s). の shows the
relation between two things, and in this case that relation is
possession.
– これは私の心。This is my heart.
– 私の姉は東京にすんでいる。My sister lives in Tokyo.
– あれは私の（車）。That is mine (my car). (What follows の can be
dropped if made obvious by the conversation.)
• 2) Indicates position or location. Here, though not direct possession,
の is showing the physical relation between two things.
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
虎ちゃんは、、、
あたまの上 on /above the head
くつの下 under/below the shoe;
ジェフリーのとなり next to Jeffery;
目の前 in front of your eyes;
メーガンのうしろ behind Megan;
リースのそば By Reese’s side.
の – It’s all about relationship baby
• 3) Noun modification. This is still showing the relation between two things. The
noun before の modifies the noun after.
– 日本語のクラスは臭い。Japanese class is stinky. (Class of Japanese)
– 天文学の本がある。I have an astronomy book. (Book of astronomy)
•
•
There can be a long string of のs in a sentence, all tracing the relationship back to the first.
– 友達のガールフレンドのお母さんの猫はセーターにご飯を吐き出した。。
My friend’s girlfriend’s mother’s cat threw up dinner on my sweater.
– アメリカの州の名前The names of the states of America.
4) Apposition: still showing the relation between two things, this time between two noundescriptors that both reference the same thing.
– こちらは旦那のキャプテンアメリカ。This is my husband, Captain America.
– 宇宙飛行士のカイザーさんは負けられない
– The Astronaut, Mr. Kaiser, is can’t lose.
– That 80-year-old lady is has a lot of cats.
– あの八十歳のおばあさんは猫が多いねえ。
の – It’s all about relationship baby
•
•
•
5) Nounification w/ relationship. Add の to particles to make a clause with some direction.
– へ：バットマンへの手紙 Letter to Batman…
– で：The party at Tony Stark’s house... スターク・トニーの家でのパーティー
– と：Naruto’s fight with Sasuke… ナルトのサスケとの試合
6) Turns phrases into nouns. の added to a phrase turns it into a clause that can be used as a
noun, thus turning the whole thing into a subject, topic, or object etc.
– 友達と一緒にバスケをするのが私の趣味だ。
– Playing basketball with my friends is my hobby.
– Crap, I forgot to eat the dog! (こと can also be used)
– 大変！犬を食べるのを忘れた。
７) ”The One” stands in for a noun when it has already been established (see a pattern?)
– あなたのそのシャツ、私は赤いのがある。That shirt you have, I have a red one.
– スタンプのテストで、読むのが一番難しかったと思う。
– Out of the STAMP tests, the reading one was the hardest, IMO.
– This time I want to see a scary one!
– 今度、怖いのを見たい。
と – Together forever
• 1) Connects two nouns/pronouns ONLY. EVER. THAT MEANS YOU.
– くつとくつしたを食べた。I ate shoes and socks.
– I speak Klingon and Elvish. クリングオン語とエルフ語を話す。
• 2) Accompaniment, meaning “together” or “with.”
– ケンは来週エミと結婚する。Ken is getting married to Emi next week
– Maggie made a movie with Megan and friends
– マギーはメーガンさんと友達といっしょに映画を作った。
• 3) Quotation. Used after a quote in sentences ending with 言う, 思
う, and 聞く (among others) to introduce a clause or phrase.
–
–
–
–
–
キャプテンアメリカはハンサムだと先生は思う。
Sensei thinks Batman is handsome.
“Honestly, I’ll turn in my homework, so please don’t kill me!” I said.
「宿題を本当に出しますから、殺さないでください！！」と言った。
“I tried to stop Colin from speaking English, but he was too far away!”
said Dylana to sensei.
– 「コリンくんが英語を話すのを止めようとしたが、遠すぎた！」とディレイ
ナは先生に言った。
と – This is your result
• 4) If, then. When, result. In “Phrase Aと、Phrase B”,
と is the ruler of cause and effect. EVERY TIME
Phrase A happens, Phrase B will result.
– 先生が毎回口開けると、嘘が出てくる。
– Every time sensei opens her mouth, a lie comes out.
– Every time Sensei says “hey guys,” only Barry says “yes.”
– 先生は「ねえ、みんな」と言うと、ベリーさんだけが「は
い」と言う。
• 5) と has several more uses, including quoting
onomatopoeia and showing change, but we will not
get into those here. (lucky you!)
に – Where to? When doin’?
• 1) Direction. に can be translated as “to” when indicating a
destination. Usewise, is interchangable with へ
– 地獄に行こう！Let’s go to Hell! (which is a city in the Cayman Islands)
– Go home, get in the tub, and fly to mars.
– うちに帰って、お風呂に入って、火星へ飛びなさい。
• 2) Direct Contact. に is used when a motion or action is directed at
or onto a place or object. (Jessika-san’s “Take a kni”)
– スティーヴェンはテーブルの上に座った。Steven sat on the table.
– Write your name in blood here please
– ここに名前を血で書いてください。
• 3) Specific time. に is used with various time expressions (year,
month, day, and clock time) to indicate a specific point in time. It
translates to “at” “in” or “on”. General time words, such as 今日,
昨日, 明日, and 前 etc. do not use any particle.
– 恵美さんを見たときに、愛は生まれたWhen he saw Emi, love was born
– The witching hour starts at midnight.
– 魔法の一時間は夜零時に始まる。
に – Who to? Where are you?
• 4) Location of Existence. にis used with います, あります, and すみます. It
translates to “at” or “in.”
– ジャスティンくんは机の下に座っている。Justin’s sitting below the desk.
– Sarah Palin lives near Russia. サラ・ペイリンはロシアの近くに住んでいる。
– There is a spider in my bag. かばんの中に蜘蛛がいる。
• 5) Indirect object marker. Usually comes before a direct object (marked by
を) Similar to “to.”
– シャリーンさんは私にケーキをくれる。Charlene will give me a cake.
– I often write fanmail to GRRM よくジョージR.R.マーティンにファン手紙を書く。
• 6) Some verbs take an indirect object in Japanese, even though they don’t
in English. Examples include 会います and 聞きます among others.
– 質問があったら、先生に聞いてみてもいいが、チョコレートも持ってきたほうが
いいよ。
– If you have a question, you can try asking the teacher, but you should bring
chocolate. (bribes)
– I met a friend at school. コミコンでデッドプールに出会った。
• 7) に has several other uses, including marking purpose, showing the source
of an action in a passive sentence, and in phrases such as “per hour” or “per
day”
へ - Towards!
• 1) Destination. Like に, へ is used to mark a destination when
moving toward a place. In fact, grammatically speaking, へ
can almost always be replaced by a に, while the other way
around is not true. However, へ often sounds more natural.
へ can be thought of as “towards” rather than “to,” with the
destination filling a larger and more vague area.
– うちへ帰る。I’m heading for home.
– うちに帰る。I’m returning to my home.
• 2) Refer to の note number 5. に cannot be pared with no to
make noun-clauses, but へ can. So in some cases, へwill take
over for に when の is involved, even though it could not
stand in the sentence by itself. Specifically, this happens for
case 1 and 4 listed in に.
– 政治への深い不信 Deep distrust toward politics
– A letter to myself in 10 years. 十年後の私への手紙
で – Where’s the action at?
How’d’ya do that?
• 1) Place of Action. It indicates the place where an action takes
place. It translates into "in", "at", "on"
– ラーメンで満たされたプールで泳いだ。I swam in a pool full of ramen.
– I played among the piled bodies of my defeated enemies.
– 倒した敵の積もった体の中で遊んだ。
• 2) Means. It indicates means, method, or instruments. It
translates to “by,” “with”, “in” “by means of”, etc. Basically the
answer to どうやって？
– ユニコーンで学校に行く。I go to school by unicorn.
– If you don’t speak in Japanese, I will cut off your ears.
– 日本語で話さないと、耳を切り落とすよ。
• 3) Totalizing. で is placed after a quantity, time, or amount of
money, and indicates an extent.
– ぜんぶで五億六百万八千円です。 That’s 506008000 yen all together.
– Stupid phone takes 8 hours to charge. バカな携帯は八時間で充電する
で – what’s the limit?
• 4) Scope. Gives the following sentence a zone of influence. It translates into “in,”
“among,” or “within,” etc.
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
パトリックは世界で一番かっこいいリーだよ！
Patrick is the coolest “Lee” in the world! (sorry Steven)
日本でどこに行きたいですか。Where do you want to go in Japan?
In the book, Katniss wasn’t so pretty.
本で、エヴァディーン・カットニスはそんなにきれいじゃなかった。
In the new movie, Kirk’s father died.
新しい映画で、カークのお父さんは死んだ。
• 5) Time Limit. It indicates time consumed for a certain action or occurrence. It
translates to “in” or “within.”
– 一時間で歩けるよ。You can walk there in an hour.
– 一週間でロボットは終わった。The robot was finished in a week.
• 6) Material. It indicates the composition of an object.
–
–
–
–
私はこのプロジェクトを絶望に落ちた生徒の魂で作った。
I made this project from the souls of despairing students.
これはやさいで作られたハンバーガー。
This is a hamburger made from vegetables.
• 7) Has still more uses, including showing required cost and marking cause, but we
will leave those for now.
OMG, MORE? WAT?
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
から、まで
より
か
や
も
だけ
ばかり
など
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
こそ
しか
さえ
のに
ので
けど
かしら
とも
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
し
わ
ぞ
ぜ
しか
よ
、、、だけ
じゃない

Download Report