A Cross-Lingual Grammar Model and its Application to JapaneseSpanish Machine Translation Manuel Medina González and Hirosato Nomura Kyushu Institute of Technology Outline Introduction Spanish Features and Considerations when translating. Parts of speech Voices System Summary Conclusions Introduction Current Machine Translation Systems output incorrect sentences when translating from Japanese to Spanish. http://www.worldlingo.com/en/products_services/worldlingo_translator.html Introduction The reason is because English is used as intermediate language, thus, leading to loss of grammatical information due to the differences between the languages. http://www.worldlingo.com/en/products_services/worldlingo_translator.html Introduction The idea is simple: To translate directly from Japanese to Spanish. 子供は公園で遊ぶ El niño juega en el parque In order to accomplish this, the way the analysis is performed must be adapted to support Spanish features Introduction We base our model on ALT J/E Machine Translation System Model, with some modifications. Model Source Language Direct Method Corpus-based Translation Target Language • Noun features • Determiner • Subjunctive Mood Analysis Generation Transfer Method Conversion Intermediate Language （PIVOT) Model Determining the missing information by predicting the result as we analyze the sentence. Outline Introduction Spanish Features and Considerations when translating. Parts of speech Voices System Summary Conclusions Spanish Features: Nouns Gender Table: Feminine. Book: Masculine. Number Table: Singular Tables: Plural Noun’s features decide almost all the possible changes a Spanish sentence can suffer. Spanish Features: Nouns あのテーブルは汚い。拭いておきましょう。 女性 あの → 女性形 汚い → 女性形 Zero代名詞 → 女性形 Semantic Categorization ALT J/E Semantic Categorization (2710 different, non-exclusive categories). Spanish Features: Adjectives As in English, only one category exists. 2 verbs mainly used: “Ser” and “Estar”. Both are equivalent to English “To be” verb. The meaning is different depending on the verb used. Yo soy feliz 私は幸せだ Yo estoy feliz Spanish Features: Adjectives Creation of categories Temporary state: Sad Permanent feature: Boring, interesting Weather Weather category is necessary because other 2 verbs are used: “Tener” and “Hacer”. What you feel Tengo calor 暑い Hace calor The weather Spanish Features: Adverbs Thinking of them as they are in Spanish, we create categories as in this language: Place Time Mode Quantity Order Affirmation Denial Doubt Addition Exclusion Spanish Features: Verbs Tenses Japanese: 3 (Present, past, future) Spanish: 16 Conjugations Different conjugation for each person in each tense. A conjugator system can be made for regular verbs, but there are too many rules to consider. 直説法・現在 juego juegas juega jugamos juegan juegan 直説法・完了過去 jugué jugaste jugó jugamos jugaron jugaron 直説法・不完了過去 jugaba jugabas jugaba jugábamos jugaban jugaban 直説法・未来 jugaré jugarás jugará jugaremos jugarán jugarán 直説法・可能形 jugaría jugarías jugaría jugaríamos jugarían jugarían 命令法 juega jueguen 接続法・現在 juegue juegues juegue juguemos jueguen jueguen 接続法・不完了過去 jugara jugaras jugara jugáramos jugaran jugaran 現在分詞 jugando 過去分詞 jugado 直説法・現在完了 he jugado has jugado ha jugado hemos jugado han jugado han jugado 直説法・直前過去 hube jugado hubiste jugado hubo jugado hubimos jugado hubieron jugado hubieron jugado 直説法・未来完了 habré jugado habrás jugado habrá jugado habremos jugado habrán jugado habrán jugado 直説法・大過去 había jugado habías jugado había jugado habíamos jugado habían jugado habían jugado 直説法・過去未来 形 habría jugado habrías jugado habría jugado habríamos jugado habrían jugado habrían jugado 接続法・完了過去 haya jugado hayas jugado haya jugado hayamos jugado hayan jugado 接続法・大過去 hubiera jugado hubieras jugado hubiera jugado hubiéramos jugado 接続法・未来形 hubiere jugado hubieres jugado hubiere jugado hubiéremos jugado hubieren jugado 日本語：遊ぶ（五段活用） 遊ばない、遊びます、遊ぶとき、遊べる、 遊ぼう。 スペイン語： Jugar 種類：語幹が変わる規則動詞。 原形： Jugar Reflexive Verbs A verb is reflexive if the action returns to its performer. There are verbs in Japanese that can be reflexive and non-reflexive at the same Non-Reflexive time. Reflexive 私は車を洗う 私は顔を洗う 顔 Reflexive Verbs Creation of “Has-a” relationships to determine whether if a verb must be treated as reflexive. 目 人間 顔 鼻 Translation Rules Based on ALT J/E Translation Rules. Verb Particles used in special cases Categories of the expected nouns accompaining the particles Translation of the verb in each case. Indication if the verb must be treated as reflexive. 「乗る」 ＜動物＞に乗る = Montar en ＜動物＞ ＜交通機関 | 乗り物＞に乗る = Subir（R） a ＜交通機関 | 乗り物＞ ... Outline Introduction Spanish Features and Considerations when translating. Parts of speech Voices System Summary Conclusions Voices Passive: れる、られる Normal passive Indirect object reference Passive Reflexive Causative: せる、させる Coercive Permissive Voices: Model Japanese Sentence Identify Voice Voice, Structure Passive, Causative Predict Result Add or change elements Analyze elements … Pronouns Mood... Not explained deeply here due to the time limitation Outline Introduction Spanish Features and Considerations when translating. Parts of speech Voices System Summary Conclusions System JUMAN Named “JEMS”: Japanese Español Machine translation System. KNP Dictionary JEMS Core Translation Rules = Translated Sentence Semantic Categories JEMS Tests and Results JEMS compared against Worldlingo. Sentences taken from books like “Momotaro”, “Megane usagi”, “3 nen netaro” etc. Human-Translating the sentences, then inputting them into the systems and checking the output. Tests and Results Evaluation JEMS WL Correct 58% 24% Structure Errors (acceptable) 18% 26% Conj. Errors (acceptable) 12% 11% Incorrect (non-acceptable) 6% 25% Other Errors 6% 0% Tests and Results Possible Expected Outputs Input いよいよ春がやってきた Finalmente la primavera llegó. Finalmente la primavera ha llegado. Obtained Output Resorte usted cada vez más Errors: • Lack of verb • Incorrect subject • Incorrect structure 春 → Spring Spring = 1. Primavera 2. Resorte Analysis is not complete Outline Introduction Spanish Features and Considerations when translating. Parts of speech Voices System Summary Conclusions Summary Indirect Translation from Japanese to Spanish is not enough. Model based on thinking of the translated sentence since the analysis starts. Presented just a small part of the analysis necessary to translate into Spanish Developed a prototype system “JEMS” to test the model. Compared against an existent translation system. Outline Introduction Spanish Features and Considerations when translating. Parts of speech Voices System Summary Conclusions Conclusions Japanese-Spanish Machine Translation is just beginning. There are still many issues to be solved. Need to make the model bigger in order to analyze longer sentences. Once this model is finished, it can become the basis for other research about Machine Translation between Japanese and Romance Languages. Conclusions Spanish Me llamo Taro Me chiamo Taro 私は太郎です Italian Portuguese Me chamo Taro French Je m'appelle Taro Voices: Passive Normal Passive Very much like English Passive voice: Subject + Verb + Object Subject + “Ser” Verb + Verb’s Past Participle + “por” preposition + Agent 子供はボールを蹴った ボールは子供に蹴られた Voices： Passive ボールは子供に蹴られた 1. Identify the agent (子供に). 2. Identify the subject and its features. (ボールは→女性) . Past participle must match these features 3. Use translation rules to get the appropiate verb translation. 4. Change the past participle according to subject features. Translated Sentence Voices: Passive Indirect object reference 私は財布を盗まれた The subject of the Spanish sentence is neither “I” nor “Wallet”. “I” is the indirect object in the Spanish translated sentence. Indirect Object 私は財布を盗まれた Weird Japanese (ZERO)は私に財布 を盗んだ。 Voices: Passive 私は財布を盗まれた 1. No agent in the sentence. Rewrite it to “Weird Japanese” form (ZERO)は... 2. Get correct verb translation from translation rules. 3. Use conjugation for “they” Past participle is not used Translated Sentence Voices: Passive Passive Reflexive. Identified only in some patterns: ～では・には・・・される Sentences that translated into Spanish don’t have subject, the agent is present in the sentence and the verb is 「考える」、「思 う」、「言う」 日本では日本語が話される Voices: Passive 日本では日本語が話される 1. 2. Use Reflexive Pronoun “se”. Use “Singular 3rd. Person” conjugation Translated Sentence Voices: Causative 2 cases: Coercitive Sentences and Permissive Sentences. Sentences are translated differently depending on if the verb is intransitive or not. Possible use of subjunctive mood in the translated sentence.
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