$YM
%Z§G=Y
QKL=ZJKYf0YMYJ$YQJC
F°Z=N°À=JP[Q,%JYJJYQC[$Y
$YQJC[TYJ\PZMJ5YJY¯=*LFZH¨F°Z=ÎY=Y
$YM
%Z§G=Y
ZHgHg.L.Yg4F°Nx
F°.YNEYT
$YQJC[TYJ\PZMJ5YJY¯=HYVMYgCN
$YM
%Z§G=Y
ZHgHg.L.Yg4F°Nx
%PMYJ%w8YLEYNEYMFYHZMg.N·ZM%'f.
0°vnA¥{
F°.YNEYT
IYOYv§L
$YQJC[TYJ\PZMJ5YJY¯=HYVMYgCN_
H.N[HY5YLfLY:;Y.Y
F°.YN.YM
J,MYEYZGgLY5$YMJ
f.wC[THYVMYf:%'f.
$Y0Í
PV/Y
.ZF
F°p4C
J\QY~YCE\LÀM%PMYJZJ9]
J\Cg<
HY:,ZMIP
HYVMYgCNFYHZMg.N·ZMIHE
$YLYJHY0JZ=Z6M;Y.Y_
Al-Istifta
(Questions to conscience)
Bangla Title:
Bibeker kachey proshno
E\ Hadhrat Mirza Ghulam Ahmad Qadiani
The Promised Messiah and Imam Mahdi DV
7UDQVODWHGLQWR%DQJODE\
Maulana Feroz Alam
3XEOLVKHGE\
Ahmadiyya Muslim Jama'at, Bangladesh
$CMUJK$C\CT4QCF&JCMC
%QXGTFGUKIP/WJCOOCF0WTWN+UNCO/KVJW
+5$0
F°P.BY
®$YM%Z§G=Y¯H%Z8$YQJC[TYJ\PZMJ5YJY¯g=LFZH¨F°Z=ÎY=YQKL=
ZJKYf0YMYJ$YQJCF°Z=N°À=JP[Q,%JYJJYQC[$Y®QY.[.Y=]M,Q[¯
H%*LDYLYHYZQ.=YT$YLH[IYOYTZMg/g4E_
H%Z8g= ZHgNOIYgH J\PZMJ $YgMJ *HV K\H. fN°<[L F°Z= 'g©N .gL
QKL=JP[QJY,'C$YHgME¬ZKZEJQYP~YZE=$YMÒYQ =Y¯MYLFÙ
fBg. fF°ZL= =XYg. f.E f=YJLY Z3Eg= FYLg4Y EY« HLV =XYL ZHLÀg±
CXYRYgp4Y" *4YRY QKL= &PY $Y fK $Y.YgN 5[ZH= fE% =Y, *%
H%Z8g= Z=ZE $Y 'gMÒ/ .gLg4E_ *% ZHOgT Z=ZE $Y HgME
¬QKL= &PYL $Y*L $Y.YgN $YgLYQE , $H=Lg<L ZHOTZ8 P\n
ZHgH.,+N[0°vn .]L$YEZJBYPYH§ .gL_*Z8ZNÉL1\JFYRYZE0YE
HY f4gMfIYMYgEY f/MYL f3gT fHN[ LÀ={ LYg/ EY $YL *L PJBgE
f.YgEYPYF°JY<,fE%_
QKL=%JYJJYQC[$YP~Ôg. *%¿Yv§ DYL<Y4RYgEYQgTg4fKZ=ZE
EYZ.NL[T=HYQ[EH[CYZH.gLg4E_$B3=XYL$Y*JEf.YgEYfM/ZE
fE%fK/YgEZ=ZE*DLg<LCYZH.gLg4E_HLVZ=ZE$YPH/YgE*%
.BY% 'gMÒ/ .gLg4E fK ®$YZJ Z.4]% EY $YZJ KY Z.4] MYI .gLZ4 =Y
$YJYLZF°TfE=Y,J\ZEHQKL=J\QY~CPY*L.Y4fBg._¯*ZHOgT
H%gTL *. nYgE Z=ZE HgME ¬$YJYgCL LPaM PY QgME /Y=YJYE
EH[&E_ =XYL P¥YT ZLPYMg=L LPaMgCL $Y0JE DYLY PJY¹ QgTg4_
$YJYgCL LPaM J\§GYL FL f.' AYD[E EH[ ZQgPgH CYZH .LYL f.YE
$ZD.YL LYg/ EY_ =XYL FL f.HM $5DYLYT HY.YMYF f/YCYL PYgB
.gBYF.BE $HZNÍ $Yg4 $YHYL =Y, $YE\0g=L Ng= fN°Î PdZÍL
$YE\0g=L HY%gL Z0gT ET_ f/YCYL .PJ J\§GY PY*L $YDYZ=.
f5YZ= HY Z.L<g. $E\PLg<L .MYg<% f.HM $YJYL *% f5YZ= MYI
QgTg4_ $YMÒYQL FÙ fBg. $YJYg. LcF. $gB EH[ $Y/Y fCTY QgTg4
$YZL. $gB ET_ P\=LYV $YMÒYQ , =XYL LPagML $Y=YZIJYEg. 5Y0°=
.gLY EY_ $YZJ EH[ PY*L 4YTYT MYZM= FYZM= QZp4_ $YZJ JQYEH[
PY*LFCY$E\PL<.ZL_ZEg5LFfBg.$YZJZ.4]%HZMZEHLV
$YJYL F°I]L F fBg. $YJYL F°Z= KY ,Q[ .LY QgTg4 =YL% $E\PL<
.gLZ4_=Y%$YZJ$YL=]p4PdZÍLQZ~A=Z~Ag.IT.ZLEY_
*4YRY*%H%gTP.Mg.Pg=LZCg.$YQzYE5YEYgEYQgTg4*HVQKL=
JP[Q JY,'C $Y*L P==YL HÕ F°JY<, *g= 'gMÒ/ .LY QgTg4_
$YJLY$YNY.LgHYH%Z8HYVMYIYOYIYO[P.gMLZHgNO'F.YgL$YPgH
*HV*fBg.Pg=L$YgMYMYgIDEQgH_
®$YM %Z§G=Y¯ H%Z8L 'C\ $E\HYC .gLg4E 5EYH JLÕJ PY&C $YEPYL[
PYgQH_$YLHYVMYTHYE\HYC.gLg4EJY,MYEYZGgLY5$YMJPYgQH
%E3Y5 f.wC[T HYVMY f:k MµE_ H%Z8L F°p4C F°Y<ZF°T ÕKaL QKL=
/M[GY=]M JP[Q $YM /YgJP $Y% ZEHYZ3= .gL PCT $E\gJYCE CYE
.gLg4E_*F\§g.L$E\HYgCL.Yg5KYgCLIbZJ.Y$EA[.YK =YLYQgME
5EYH $YQJC =YgL. J\HYgNL PYgQH *HV f.wC[T $YLH[ f:k MµE_
*4YRY HYVMY *.Yg:J[ .=e. F°.YZN= HYVMY HYEYEL[Z= $E\KYT[ F°ÀG
ZLZ:V*L.Y5.gLg4E5EYHJYQJ\C$YQJCP\JEPYgQH_
* H% F°.YNEYT ZHZIExIYgH KYLY fKIYgH fPHY F°CYE .gLg4E =YgCL
PHY%g. $YMÒYQ =Y¯MY $gNO F\LkYgL IbZO= .LÀE_ fP% PYgB *%
.YJEY,.ZL$YMÒYQ LYHz\M$YMYZJEfKE*%H%F°.YgNLJYDgJf/YCY
fF°ZJ.gCLP=f3EYL*HV0°Q<.LYLf=jZG.CYE.gLE_$YJ[E_
fJYHYNgNL'LLQJYE
EYNEYM$YJ[L
$YQJC[TYJ\PZMJ5YJY¯=HYVMYgCN
;Y.Y
$Y0Í
fM/.FZLZ3Z=
F° Z =N° À = JP[Q , %JYJ JYQC[ QKL= ZJK Y f0YMYJ $YQJC $Y
PgE IYLg=L FYYH F° g CgNL .YZCTYE EYJ. n Y gE 5E0° Q <
.gLE_ Z=ZE $Y5[HE FZH¨ .]L$YE*L 0gHO<Y , JYQY= $E\P¶YE
fCYTY , *.Yv§ DJFLYT< 5[HE KYFE .gLE_ 3YLZC. Qg= %PMYgJL
ZHLÀg± fEYVLY $FHYC $YJ< J\PMJYEgCL 3LJ $HEZ= ZE5 DJ
ZHN Y gP PgwCQPVNT , EYJJY¨ DJ FYME %=YZC $HgMY.E .gL
Z=ZE%PMYgJLKBYB ,FZLFa < LcFF° . YgNL.Yg5$Y=ZEgTY0
.gLE_ =XYL ZHNYM L3EYPJ0° F°YT Z8 F\§. He=Y $YgMY3EY
DJ[T ZH=. HYQYP F°IdZ=g= Z=ZE $.Y8 K\Z 'FnYFE .gL PYH§
.gLE %PMYJ% *.JY¨ 5[Hv§ DJ *HV *.JY¨ *L% ZHN Y PPJa Q DYL< , FYME .LYL JYDgJ JYEH.bM =YL FLJ PÍYL PYgB P~Ô. ,
fKY0YgKY0 nYFE .Lg= FYgL_ FZH¨ .]L$YgEL ZNY , %PMYJ DgJL
ZHZDZHDYE% f.HM JYEH5YZ=g. hEZ=.=Y 'Ex = =L H\ Z ±Hd Z ¥ *HV
$YDYZ=.=YL A<ZN/gL fFjX4Yg= FYgL_ Z=ZE f1YO<Y .gLE .]L$YE
HY%gHM , QYC[gPL IZHO²Y<[ $E\KYT[ JQYE $YMÒYQ =Y¯MY =XYg. JP[Q
, JYQC[ ZQgPgH ZEK\ .gLg4E_ +N[ $YgCgN PE Qg= Z=ZE
=XYL QYg= P.Mg. *.¨ Q,TYL 5E HT$Y= 0°Q< .LY ÉLÀ .gLE KY
*/E ZHgN L Z8 fCN5\ g R f.YZ8 f.YZ8 JYE\ g OL JgD 4ZRgT
f0g4_ PgE F°Z=N°À= QKL= JP[Q JY,'C $Y*L Jd=]L FL
QKL= JY,MYEY fQ.[J E\ L À©[E LY /M[GY=] M JP[Q $Y'TYM HY
F°BJ /M[GY ZEHYZ3= QgT =XYL nMYZIZO QE_
PgE /M[GY=] M JP[Q $Y'TYM*L Jd = ] L FL QKL= JP[Q JY,'C , %JYJ JYQC[ $Y*L F°Z=N°À= F\¨ QKL= ZJKY HN[LÀ©[E
JYQJ\C $YQJC LY Z²=[T /M[GY ZEHYZ3= QgT CYZT={ 0°Q< .gLE_
QKL= ZJKY HN[LÀ©[E JYQJ\C $YQJC LY F°YT H4L /M[GY=]M
JP[Q ZQgPgH =XYL .YKJ 3YZMgT KYE_ PgE =XYL Jd=]L FL
=XYL HR F\¨ , %JYJ JYQC[L F°Z=N°À= fFj¨ QKL= ZJKY EYgPL $YQJC
LYgQ /M[GY ZEHYZ3= QE_ F°YT H4L 5YJY¯g=L $Ia=FaH fPHY
.LYL FL PgE =XYL Z=gLYDYE QT_ *LFL =XYL f4Y8 IY% QKL=
ZJKY =YgQL $YQJC LYgQ /M[GY ZEHYZ3= QE_ fN *ZF°M PE Jd=]L FaH FKv§ /M[GY=]M JP[Q LYgH QKL= ZJKY =YgQL $YQJC
LYgQ 5YJY¯=g. ZHN J T HYF. FZLZ3Z= , H= J YgEL NZNYM[
$HnYT $YEYL fg¨ HZMÎ fE=e={ F°CYE .gLE_ QKL= ZJKY JYPLcL
$YQJC /M[GY=] M JP[Q $YM /YgJP $Y% ZEZ/M ZHN $YQJC[TY
J\ P ZMJ 5YJY¯g=L FJ /M[GY $YDYZ=. ZF=Y , F° D YE ZQgPgH
H=JYgE fE=e={ CYE .gL 3gMg4E *HV Z=ZE F°Z=N°À= JP[Q $Y*L
$YDYZ=. $YZNP MYI.YL[ *. fPjIY0HYE F°gFj¨_
$YJLY JQY 0ZLTYE , JZQTYE $YMÒYQL F°NVPY.[=E .ZL *HV =XYL
P~YZE=LPagMLF°Z=CLÀCfF°L<.ZL_
fQ $YJYgCL F°I]F°Z=FYM. $YJLY ZEKYZ==ZEF[ZR= QgT f=YJYL
.Yg4 *gPZ4 P\=LYV $YJYgCL , $=Y3YL[ 5YZ=L JD.YL FYB.
P\ÔÍ.gLCY,$YJ[E_
ZF°TIY%gTLY$YMÒYQ $YFEYgCLA[T.LÀ<YTZP.LÀE$H0=BY.]E
fK$YZJC\¯$DYTP~AZM=*%F\Z§.Yg.C\¯IYg0IY0.gLZ4_*L'g©N
QgMY N¨À=Y fFYO<.YL[gCL .Yg4 Pg=L F°JY< ÔÍIYgH =]gM DLY_
$N°ÀZCgT 0I[L JJgHCEY ZEgT $YJLY *% H% ZMg/Z4_ JYEH.bgML
F°Z=FYM.«F°I\L ,FL ILPY fLg/ *.Z8 FZLZNgÍL JYDgJ *L PJYZ¹
f8gEZ4_
%Z§G=YLF°BJ$DYT
fQ J\PMJYE $YgMJ , fN°Î JYEgHL $E\PYL[ F°Y5gELY fP% HZ
P~Fg.$YFEYgCL.[DYL<YZKZEJQYP~YZE=$YMÒYQLFfBg.fF°ZL=
Q,TYL CYZH .gLE $YL $YMÒYQL Z.=YH .]L$YE NL[G *HV =XYL
JJ=YN[M,CTYJTLPagMLF°Z=ZHNYPLYg/E"$YMÒYQ =Y¯MY=XYL5E
$gMjZ..18EYHM[1Z8gTg4E*HV=YLFgÙPJ\{MP.MZECNEYHM[
,ZHT.LPYQYKPJBEF°.YN.gLg4E_Z=ZE*JE*.K\g0$YZHIa=
QgTg4EKYDJ[TCdZÍg.YEZC.fBg.Z4ME0x $YL%PMYgJLHgZ4M
DYLYgMYHNY=]M_fPK\g0L$YgMJLYZ4M*JE*.HZLJ=KYLFY
C\¯g8Y3MYLNZQYZLgTHgPg4_FYC[LYfPK\g0*JE*.H[gLLEYT
$Y=F°.YN .gL KYL QYg= LgTg4 C\g8Y =[L_ fPgMYL *.Z8g. =YLY
NYZ<=.gLZJBY,HÕZHD$FHYgCLJYDgJJ\PZMJ'~=g.=ZH=
.LYL 5E $YL $FLZ8 HHQYL .gL JYE\Og. ]N[T J=HYgC C[Z=
.LYL$FF°TYgP_
f=YJLYfC/gHfK=YLY*JEfE.gR=]MfK$.YLg<fJgOLZ=.gL
HY*JEf3YgLLJg=YKYL.Y5QgMYPQYTP~ÔZ¥3]ZL.LY_=YgCL.Yg4
L,TYgT=HY0=YE\0Z=..=gMYNg½LZH.e=$B 4YRY$YLZ.4] fE%
KY ZHgHg.L .Yg4 f.YgEYIYgH 0°Q<gKY0 ET_ =YgCL DgJL /\XZ8 QgMY
F°YTZÊ={HYgCL .Y9/ZR $BYU F°YTZÊ={HYC KYL JYDgJ $HYD F°HdZ¥L
JwCHYPEY3ZL=YB.LYLP.M²YL$HYZL=.LYQgTg4_
* ZHNYgPL f3gT fHZN F\<HYEgCL CdZÍg= $ZD. PYV1YZ=. $NÒ[M , $0°Q<gKY0ZHNYP$YLZ.4]Qg=FYgLZ."Z.vm=YPg¥{,*LY$YMÒYQ,
fN°Î PdZÍL HY fN°Î JYEgHL DJg. 0YMJwC .gL_ %PMYgJL 5E *Z8
PHg3gT .Z9E *.Z8 PJPY_ fP DJ KYL ZIZ¥ Ék .Yg9L ,FL $BYU
]ZNT ZHNYgPL ,FL =Y ZEgT 0gHO<Y .LY HY Z3v§YIYHEYL f.YgEY
F°gTY5E fE% $YL ZHgH., *L P=YTgEL ZHOgT .Y'g. $E\gF°L<Y
fKY0YTEY_Fa=FZH¨F°.eZ=*ZHNYPg.1d<Y.gL*LPYgBCaL={H5YT
LYg/HLV=YZ¨={HYgCLZHNYPg.Z=E=YMY.fCTP~Ôa<IYgHF°=Y/YE
.gL_ QKL= &PY $Y*L $Y.YgN $YgLYQE , $H=Lg<L K=8].]
P~Ô. $Yg4=Y*JE*.Z8ZHOTKYg.P\nZHgH.,+N[0°vn .]L$YE
ZJBYPYH§ .gL_*Z8ZNÉL1\JFYRYZE0YEHYf4gMfIYMYgEYf/MYL
F\=\gMLf3gTfHN[LÀ={LYg/EY$YL*LPJBgEf.YgEYPYF°JY<,
fE%_
PYL .BY QgMY * K\g0 $Y0JE.YL[ *% CYZH.YL. P[JYQ[E hELY5
ZHCYg=L$YZD.,%PMYgJLC\HM=YLPJgT$YZHIa=QgTg4E_fF°jS={
HM\EHYfKjHE*CYZHLFagH,5[HgELf.YgEY$VgN=XYLZJBYHMYHY
F°=YL<YLf.YgEY$IYPZ4MEY_=XYLf.YgEY.J fN°ÎLPagMLP\Ex=HY
L[Z=E[Z=FZLFvn[Z4MEYHLVLPaM.L[JPYfKP.MZNÙY,PVHYC
ZEgT *gPg4E *HV J\¥Y.[.bgML ZNgLYJZ< PY*L F fBg. KY Z.4]
F°JYZ<=Z=ZEPHZ.4]LF°Z=%&JYELYg/E_$YLZ=ZE*ZHNYP,LYg/E
fK Z=ZE PY $HYD F°HdZ¥L E[3 .YJEYHYPEYL Z3Z.UP._ FYgF
55ZL=gCLZ=ZEZ3Z.UPY,ZELYJgTLHHnY.gLg4E_Z=ZE*gPg4E
PdZÍL JYg6 J[JYVPYL 5E $YL fNO '~=g. FaHH=[ '~=gMYL PYgB
ZJZM=,P~Ôd.LYL'g©gN_KZC=]ZJ=XYL$YCNZHgNÒO<.L=YQgM
fC/gH fK =XYL JYg6 J\§GYL PY $YCN LgTg4_ ZQCYTYg=L F°Z=Z8
fÙg¨ Z=ZE F\q/Y<\F\q/LcgF =XYL% $E\PL< .gLE_ N¨À =XYL ZHgLYZD=YT
P.M Q[E FvnY $HM~AE .gLg4 $YL ZHFC HY PJPYL FYQYR QgT =XYL
,FL$Y4gRFgRg4_
=YLY=XYL.BYT¨ÀZ8P¶YEHY$YgMYZ.='~g=LZHLÀ±Y3YLJaM.f.YgEY
.BY /\Xg5 fHL .LYL PHY=. f3ÍY .gLg4 HY PHZ.4] /Z=gT fCg/g4_
ZHg²O , N¨À=YL HNH=[ QgT =XYL 5[HE[ ZHgNÒO< .gLg4_ Z.vm 3LJ
N¨À=YPg¥{,$FHYCfCTYfCYOYgLYF.LY,fQTF°JYg<Lf.YgEY'FYT
=YLYfHL.Lg=FYgLZEHY=XYL*JEf.YgEY.Y5=YLY/\Xg5FYTZEKY
AYBY¶=Y,.YJEYHYPEYLCYP={HgM0<Qg=FYgL_
=XYL5[HgELF°BJ$VgNZ=ZEJYEH3Ù]L$v§LYgMZEId=f.Yg<5[HE
.Y8Yg=E_f.'=XYg.Z3E=EY$YL=XYg.ZEgTf.YgEYJY=YJYZ=,Z4M
EY_=XYL.Yg4f.YgEY$YNYHY=XYLFÙfBg.f.YgEY$YNY,Z4MEY_
=XYL f.YgEY FZLZ3Z= Z4M EY $YL =XYg. P~YE fCTYL, f.YgEY F°gTY5E
Z4M EY_ PYDYLg< , f5ÎgCL JYg6 fKPH ZHOT ZEgT $YgMY3EY Qg=Y
=Yg=,=XYg.ZHgH3EYT$YEYQg=YEYHLVJgE.LYQg=YfK=YLf.YgEY
FCJKYCY%fE%_YE[<[gCLhH9g.=XYL.BY*ZRgTKY,TYQg=Y_fP
K\g0=XYLF°I\=XYg.PVHYCZCgTg4EfKZ=ZE=XYLPYgB$Yg4E$YL=XYg.
JgEYE[= .gLg4E *HV =XYg. ZF°T5EgCL JYg6 $v§I\ .gLg4E_ $YL
*% PVHYC ZCgTg4E fK Z=ZE =XYL EYJ PJ\Ex= .LgHE *HV =XYL P~YE
HdZ± .LgHE_ =XYL P==YL F°JY<g. PJZD. LÀ={ , JYQ= F°CYE
.LgHE KYL GMN°ÀZ=ALcF Z=ZE JYEH.agM /YZ= MYI .LgHE_ FdZBH[L
FaHFZÊgJ =XYg. N°±YIZ , F°NVPYL PYgB L< .LY QgH_ Ag0L
$ZDFZ=L ZEgCgN 50=JT =XYL JYQY= 4ZRgT fCTY QgH_ JKYCYHYE
f/YCYLFfBg.=XYg.PYQYK.LYQgH_P\CagLLFBFYZRZCgTCgM
CgMJYE\O=LZHÙ]±PJ\gCLEYT=XYL.Yg44]g8$YPgH*JEZ.=YgCL
PV/YZDg.=XYL.Yv§QgTFRYL'FJQgH*HV=YgCLfCg/=XYLH
PV.]Z3= Q,TYL $YNY fC/Y fCgH_ *. CZLC HZ FZLHYLFZL5gEL
PV/YZD. , =YgCL fHY6Y HQE *HV $gBL AÇ=YL .YLg< fKIYgH
C\WZÊv§Y0°§ QgT FgR =XYL, fPIYgH% C\WZÊv§Y0°§ QHYL $YNY fC/Y
fCgH_$YMÒYQJYE\gOLÖCgT=XYLF°Z=fK$Y.O<PdZÍ.gLg4EfPP\HYgC
=YLYAgCNFZL=Y0.gL=XYL0°YgJ*gPHPZ=nYFE.LgH_=YLY=XYL
PYYg=L AgFx ZHgIYL QgT P[PYB[gCL PYgB fJMYgJNY H5E .LgH_
=XYLPYQ3K MYgIL5EJYE\gOLJE'g²ZM=QgH$YL=XYLCNgEÖCT
ZH0ZM= QgH_ f/YCYL HYwCYLY PHZ.4] FZL=Y0 .gL FLJ ZEÎY
$Yv§ZL.=Y , ÖCgTL Ap4=YL PYgB $Y.]M QgT =XYL FCY $E\PL<
.LgH_QgL.L.JZHFCYFC=XYL5E=YLYPYEgwCHL<.LgH_=YgCL
JYg6 *.Z8 fN°<[ *JE, BY.gH KYgCL $YPQYgH P\GGY >JQYEH[ PY
*LZF±TPYQYH[gCLJYg6.=.*JEZ4gMEKYLYJQYEH[PY*LJ\/
ZEWPd=FZH©HY<[fNYEYL5E50g=LPYgBPÕ. Z4Ex .gLJPZ5gC
EHI[g= HgP BY.g=E =XYgCL $YPQYgH P\GGY HMY QT $E\HYC.@
$Y/YZT= .LY QgH $YL =XYL 1gL =YLY G.[LgHgN fAp4YT CYZLC
HL<.YL[ 5[HE .YZ8gT fCgHE_ =YgCL .YJEYHYPEY fMYF FYgH *HV
=YgCL ÖCT 5MDYLYL EYT F°HYZQ= QgH_ P= $E\DYHE *HV A0[T
$YgMYL $ZI=YL .MYg< =]ZJ =YgCL f3Y/ fBg. $N°ÀDYLY F°HQJYE
fC/gH$YL=YLYHgM>$BYUfQ
$YJYgCLF±I]$YJLY*.5E$YQzYE.YL[g.&JYgELF±Z=$YQzYE.Lg=
ÊgEZ4 PaLY $YgM %JLYE $E\HYC.@_ $YDYZ=. FZL=eZ¹ ,
P\0I[L $E\LYg0L HNH=[ QgT =XYLY =¥{YE[gCL EYT ZH0ZM= Z3g¥
.XYCgH_=YLY$YMÒYQLF°Z=.e==YLf3=EYTPJd±f.EEYZ=ZE=XYgCL
$I[Í Mg fFXjZ4gTg4E $YL =XYgCL $Y=Y JQYJZQJYZvA= $YMÒYQL
CLHYgLfP5CYHE=BYg._
$E\LcFIYgH*%CYgPL5E3=]ZC.fBg.'FQYL'Fg;j.E$BPYJ0°[
*HV QgL. F°.YL Z5ZEPF¨ $YPgH_ =XYL 5E $YZC fBg. $HDYZL=
ZP±Yv§ $E\PYgL =XYL F°I\ =XYg. JQY.MY< ZH5T[ $Y=Y *HV F°HM
$Y.Og< IbZO= .LgHE_ JYE\O PHZ.4] f4gR =XYL ²YgL 4]g8 $YPgH_
HYCNYQ=XYLfFYNYg..MY<P¶YE.LgH_HYCNYQ,P~ÔCNYM[LY=XYL
FBFYgE f3gT BY.gH_ P.M 5YZ=L JYE\O =XYL ZHgLYZD=YT CµYTJYE
QgH_=YLY=XYg.PJagM'UFY8gEL$YF°Y<f3ÍY.LgH_=YLY=XYL$YgMY
ZEZIgT fCTY =XYL $Y0JEPVHYC 3YFY fCTY *HV =XYg. fQT F°Z=FEx
.LYLP.MORKv .LgH_=YLY=XYLP==YLF°JY<YZCg=/X\=fHL.LY
=XYg. Q=Y .LY ]gN fCTY fCNYv§ZL= .LY $BHY C[EQ[E ZI/YZL
F°Z=FEx .LY =XYL ZHLÀg± $FHYC , HYgEYTY8 $ZIgKY0 *gE =XYg.
PL.YgLL .Y90RYT CXYR .LYgEY HY =XYg. PHg3gT ITYHQ .Í fCTYL
P.MORKv .LgH_*J=YHnYT$YMÒYQ =Y¯MYA0[T.eFYT=XYg.=YgCL
ORKvfBg.LY.LgHE=YgCLORKvHB.LgHE*HV=YgCLMYZ=
.LgHE_ZHGMJgEYLB,TZ=g=55ZL=$HnYT=YLY1gLZGLgH
$YL $HnY *JE QgH fKE 5[ZH=gCL JYg6 =YgCL f.YgEY $Z§={% Z4M
EY_$YMÒYQ=Y¯MY=XYg.fKP.MZETYJ=,F\LkYgLLF°Z=N°ÀZ=ZCgTg4E
Z=ZE=YLÙY.LgHE_$YMÒYQ ZE5HYwCYg.F°C¥F\LkYgLLF°Z=N°ÀZ=HY
N¨ÀL5ENYZ§L$[.YgLLH=T18YEEY_
* QgMY f/YCYF°C¥ PVHYC KY 18YL FagH% *% HYwCYL F°Z= ,Q[ .LY
QgTg4 $YL =Y J\C< .gL ZHZIEx fCgN f4Y8HR PHYL JYg6 F°3YL .LY
QgTg4_ZHZIExfCgN,ZHZIEx5YZ=LF°Z==YfF°L<.LYQgTg4_*P.M
5YZ=g.*LPY[LY/YQgTg4_*P.MF°3YLQ,TYLFL$Y5F°YTZ8
H4Lf.g8f0g4_=/E*LGMYGMF°.YgNLf.YgEYM<,Z4MEY$YL
f.YgEYP\Z3v§YN[MJYE\O*JEZ818YLZHOgTf.YgEYYE%LY/=EYHLV
F°g=.HZJgE.L=fK=Y18Y$P~|H_P.gM%*ZEgTQYZP9Y Y
.L= $YL *g. F°=YL<Y JgE .Lg=Y HY F°HdZ¥L =YREYT .YJEYHYPEYL
GPM0<.L=_$BHY=YLYHM=*Z8NT=YgEL.]Jv<YJQYJKYCYHYE
f/YCYL.BYET_*%IZHO²Y<[HYLYQ[gE$YQJC[TYTZHZIEx nYgE'gMÒ/
LgTg4KY'CaIYL=[TIYOYTZMZ/=*%$DgJL*.Z80°vn_.YgLYKZC
* ZHOgT PgwCQ BYg. =YQgM =YL 'Z3= f/YCYI[Z=L PYgB Ap4 ÖCgT
*Z8FY9.LY_*.%PYgB*%PVHYgCLLÀ={JYQY=,P\JQYEJKYCY
*HV*g=F°C¥F°JY<YZCLJZQJY$YLPVHYCfCTY,PVHYCFa< Q,TYL
K\g0L CaL={ , *L -{M *HV F°IY P~Ôg. Z3v§Y .LY_ PHYE[ P¥Y
KZC YE EY fCE =YQgM f.YgEY HZ ZE5 ÙJ=YT *JE PVHYC ZCg=
FYgLZ."*JEPVHYC$gE.$Yg4KYLZ.4] JY¨$YJLY'gMÒ/.LMYJ
$YL$gE.*JE$Yg4KY'gMÒ/.ZLZE_f/YCYI[Z=~ÔEx F°g=.J\¥Y.[L
5E*8].]%KgBÍ_Pg=LP¶YEfFgM=YgCLÖCTf.XgF'g9$YL=YLY
C\IY0YgCLEYTF°Z=ZTYH.gLEYHLV=YLYHgMfQ$YJYgCLF°I\
$YJLY&JYE*gEZ4P\=LYV$YJYgCLg.f=YJYLJ\¯ZJEHYZHNYP[HYwCY,
PY[gCL$v§I\.gLEY,_
F\ELYTfNYEf/YCYf=YJYgCLF°Z=.LÀ<Y.LÀE*P.MIZHO²Y<[K/E
.LY QT =/E *L FZLFa<=YL f.YgEY M<% Z4M EY *L $v§ZEZQ=
f5YZ=L f.YgEY ZH.YN, 1g8ZE $YL *L $F°.YZN= ZC.gMY $H0=
Q,TYL f.YgEY 'FYT, Z4M EY_ HLV ZHOTZ8 P~Ôa<IYgH JYEH[T CdZÍ ,
JYE\gOL DYEDYL<YL (gDz Z4M_ * $DJ ZEId= f.YgE 5[HE KYFE
.LZ4M_KYLYFaH Qg=%=XYLHYFCYCYg.5YE=*JE$ÇPV/.fMY.
H=[= $E f.' =XYg. Z3E=, EY_ %p4Y QgM .YZCTYgEL $ZDHYP[gCL
*HV *L $YNFYgNL J\PMJYE fFj¥ZM. *HV N¨ÀgCL K= 0°YJ $Yg4
=YgCL.Yg4,Z5gP.gLfC/g=FYL_
fPPJT$YMÒYQ=Y¯MY=XYg.Pg~AYDE.gLHgME
>$YBYU $YJYL f=jQ[C , AY=v $YJYL .Yg4 fKJE ZF±T =]ZJ, $YJYL
.Yg4f=JZE%ZF±T_f=YJYLPYQYKF±YºQ,TY,JYE\gOLJYg6FZLZ3Z=
MYgILPJT*gPf0g4_P\CagLLP.MFBFYZRZCgTJYE\Of=YJYL.Yg4
$YPgH$YL*=fHZNJYE\O$YPgHfKfKFgB=YLY3MY3M.LgH=Y
0I[L/YEY/gwCFZL<=QgH_P\CagLLP.MFBJYZRgTfPPYQYKf=YJYL
.Yg4 $YPgH *JE FB FYZR ZCgT =Y $YPgH KYg= f=YJYL .Yg4
$Y0JE.YL[ JYE\gOL FCIYgL FgB 0= QgT KYgH_ *JE .=. fMY.
f=YJYg. PYQYK .LgH KYgCL ×CgT $YJLY PYQYgKL fF±L<Y fKY0YgHY_
K/E $YMÓYQL PYQYK $YPgH $YL K/E K\0 $YJYgCL ZCg. F±=YH=E
.LgH =/EHMYQgHKYg.fF±L<.LYQgTg4fPZ.Pg=L,FLZ4M
EY"$YMÓYQLHYwCYgCLPYgBPYÚYg=LPJTf=YJYLÀÁ.]Z=.LY.YJ
ET_ JYE\gOL PV/YZD. fCg/ =]ZJ =YgCL PYgB PYÚYg= .YZv¨ F±.YN
.gLY EY_ $Y0JE.YL[ f=YJYL IgCL 5E ZE5 0dQ F±N¨ .L
=YKZ.LY$E\HYC.@_
*gMY$YMÒYQ=Y¯MYF°C¥fPPHPVHYCKY$H=[<Q,TYLFLfBg.$Y5
FKv§ C[1 H4L $Z=HYZQ= QgTg4 *g= H\Z±JYEgCL 5E $gE.
ZECNELgTg4_
*LFL$YMÒYQ =Y¯MY*%$DJg.A[TF°Z=N°ÀZ=fJY=YgH.ZHZIEx F°.YL
F\LkYL , ZHZIEx F°.eZ=L ZETYJg= IbZO= .gLg4E_ KYL GMN°ÀZ=ALcF
=XYL .Yg4 $B 'FQYL PYJ0°[ *HV F4wCE[T PH HmPQ CgM CgM
P¶YE[LY $YPg= BYg._ *JEZ. *. PJT nYE PV.]MYE .Z9E QgT
FgR_$YL*=fHZNfMYg.LPYgBPYYg=L.YLg<=XYL.Yv§QgTFRYL
'FJQT_*IYgH$YMÒYQ =Y¯MYKYHgMg4E=YPZ=PZ=%$YZL.
$gB Fa< QgMY_ JQY 0ZLTYE $YMÒYQL f3gT F°Z=N°ÀZ= LYT f. fHZN
P=HYC[Qg=FYgL"$YMÒYQ =Y¯MYfKPYQYK*HVfKPHZETYJ=$H=[<
.Lg=f3gTg4Ef.YgEYN¨À%=YF°Z=Q=.Lg=FYgLZE_*.PJTfP%
=.C[L HY 3aRYv§ ZP±Yv§ F°.YN fFgT f0M KYg. =YLY F°Z=Q= .Lg=
f3gTZ4M_fP%F°Z=N°ÀZ=Fa< .LYQgMYKYg.=YLYZJBYHgMF°=Y/YE
.gLZ4M_*%$DJg.A0 fBg./M[GY'FYZDfCTYQgMY_ZEÊT*g=
F°g=.P=P¶YE[,ZQVPYg²OJ\ÖCgTL5EZECNELgTg4_
fQJ\¥Y.[0<ÔÍ.BYHMf=YJYgCLF\Lke=.LYQgH*Z8Z.$YMÒYQL
.Y5EYZ.fPHZLHYEYgEY.BYfKLPaM$Y/YZT=Q,TYL5EZJBY
HMYL DdÍ=Y fCZ/gTg4" *IYgH KYLY ZJBY HMYL DdÍ=Y fC/YT *JE
$FLYD[LY*FdZBH[g=Z.$YMÒYQLNYZ§FYTEYZ.FYLfFgTKYT"
fQKYLYH\Z±JYEPY5$YZJf=YJYgCLZ²=[THYLZ5gP.LZ4$YMÒYQL
=Y.,TY$HM~AE.L $YL KYLY $YMÒYQg. IT .gL *HV$EYT .gL EY
=YgCL J= .gL $YJYg. '¥L CY,_ fQ FZLF Z3v§YDYLYL fMY.0<
K\H.0< *. HZ $YMÒYQL F fBg. fF°ZL= Q,TYL CYZH .gLg4
*LFL$A[.YL.YL[LYZH5gTLAgFxZHgIYLQgT=YLPYgBJ\HYZQMYTZM¹
QTZ.vm$YMÒYQ=YgCLDzVP,MYZ=.gLE$YL=YgCLORKvg.Z=ZE
ZJBYPYH§.gLE_=YgCLPYgB$YMÒYQZ.HHQYL.gLg4E=YKZC=]ZJ
5YEg= 3Y, =YQgM * F\Z§.YT =YgCL ZHOgT fM/Y Hd¥Yv§ FgR fC/g=
FYL_$YMÒYQ=YgCLPYgBfKHHQYL.gLg4E=YZ.$A[.YL.YL[5YZ=L
PYJgE P=ZJBYL F°gIC H\6YL 5E F°JY< ZQgPgH KgBÍ Q,TY 'Z3=
ET" $YMÒYQL EYgJ NFB .gL HMZ4 Z=ZE P.M fg¨ =XYg. PYQYK
.gLg4E =XYL N¨ÀgCL ZHLÀg± =XYg. 5TK\ .gLg4E $YL *Z8 18YL
FagH%Z=ZE=XYg.=YP~Ôg.$HZQ=.gLg4E_
fQ H\Z±JYE0< *Z8 Z. =XYL P==YL F°JY< ET" f=YJYgCL ZHgH. Z.
*.BYPJBE.gLfKfP%FZH¨P¥YZKZEF\<4YRY$EZ.4]g=PvmÍ
QEEYF\<.J H=[=.Y'g..Yg4f1Og=fCEEYZ=ZE*.5E$HYD
,F°=YL.g.IYgMYHYPgHE$YL$YJYgCLEH[PY*L$YT\kYMfBg.,
=XYg.C[1 5[HEfCgHE"fK=XYLF°Z=N¨À=YF°CNE.gLZ=ZE=YLF°Z=
N¨À=YLY/gHE$YLfK=XYLF°Z=H¶]={ LYg/Z=ZE=YLH¶] QgTKYgHE"
=XYL5EZECNEYHM[$H=[< .LgHEZHZIEx F°.YLPJBgE=XYg.IaZO=
.LgHEZHZIEx ZECNgELJYDgJ=XYg.PYQYK.LgHE$YL=XYg.ZHgNO
.MY<LYZ5g=IaZO=.LgHE"$ZD.vm =XYLN¨ÀgCLZHLÀg±P.Mfg¨
=XYg.5TK\.LgHEPJ\CTÙTZ=*HV$P~YgEL$YNYLJ\g/=XYL
ZELYF¥Y ZHDYE .LgHE" fK =XYL PYgB J\HYZQMY .gL Z=ZE =Yg. A[T
fYgDDzVPHYMYZ=.LgHE$YL=XYL5EPN QgTA0[T=LHYL[L
Z8.Y
KYLYJ\HYZQMY.gLg4*HVJ\HYZQMYLFLJd=\LZN.YgLFZL<=QgTg4*JE*.5gEL
EYJQgMYfJjMI[f0YMYJC§0[L.P\L[$YgL.5EQgMY5~\ZEHYP[«fJjMI[f3LY0
ZCE_ *.5gEL EYJ QgMY $YHC\L LQJYE J\Q[ '©[E MgY.[ $YL *.5E QgMY
fJjMI[ %PJY&M $YM[0R[ *.5E C\MZJTYM ZEHYP[ G.[L ZJKY *.5E QgMY
ZFNY,TYLZEHYP[fM/LYJ*4YRY$YgLY$gEg.%_*gCL$ZD.YVN%JYLYf0g4Z.vm
3MJYEZ8.Y
$Y1Yg==Yg.DzVP.LgHE"$B3fPHZP~Ôg.Z=ZE5YgEEfK
fP$YMÒYQP~Ôg.ZJBYHMg4*HVF°=YL<YL$YN°TZEgp4$YHYL$gCL
FB¿Í.LYLJYEgPJYE\gOLPYJgE=YHgMfHRYgp4HY'FnYFE.Lg4
F°Nx QgMY *JE HZ P~Ôg. f=YJYgCL Z. J=YJ=" $YMÒYQ Z. =Yg.
F°=YL<YPg¥{,PYQYK.LgMEEYZ.fP$YMÒYQLFfBg.fF°ZL=*HV
P=HYC[gCL $v§Ia" ,Q[ F°YZ¹L ZJBY CYZH.YL.LY Z. PGM.YJ QT"
KYLY=YgCLF°Z=,Q[EYQ,TYPg¥{,HgMfK$YJYgCLF°Z=,Q[QgTg4
$B3=YLYZJBYhHZ.4]HgMEY"
fQ$YgMJ0<=e=[THYL$YZJf=YJYgCL.Yg45YEg=3Y%*HZ*HV
=YL F°Z= $YMÒYQ fK $E\0°Q QgTg4 =Y P~Ôg. f=YJLY ÉgE4_ JYE\gOL
f3EYLHYH\6YLP\ZHDYgB $YMÒYQ =Y¯MY=XYg.*4YRY,$gE.ZECNECYE
.gLg4E_ *L *.Z8 QgMY =YL 5E C\¯HYL 'ÃYFY= 1g8g4_ *.%
LJKYgE3wCPaK0°Q<=XYLP==YLPYZCgTg4_fNOK\g0LM<YHM[L
PVHYCZCg=Z0gT.]L$YE,*P~ÔZ.=PJY3YLF°.YN.gLg4_.]L$YgE
KYPVZ¹IYgH'gMÒ/.LYQgTg4QYC[P=YZHNCIYgHH<EY.gLg4_fQ
FZLF Z3v§YDYLYL JYE\O f/YCY =Y¯MY * C\¯g8Y P~Ôg. *% $DJg.,
$HZQ= .gLg4E fKJEZ8 Z.EY 18EY 18YL FagH% HYLYQ[gE $YQJC[TYT ZMZ/=Z4M_3Ù\YgEL5E*g=ZECNELgTg4_$=*HFZLkYL.gL
.BYHMf=YJYgCLF\Lke=.LYQgH*Z8Z.$YMÒYQL.Y5EYZ.JYE\gOL
HYEYgEYZJBY"
*%PVHYCgMYL*.Z8QgMYIaZJ.~Ô$YPYLFagH%HY*Lf.YgEYM<
F°.YZN= Q,TYL FagH% $YMÒYQ =XYg. *gCN PQ ZHgNL PH¨ HRHR
.=.MYEY0EYHVNZHM\Z¹,.ÍCYT.5[HE5[ZH.YLAYC0°Q<.gLg4_$YJLY
$YJYgCLF\§.®QY.[.Y=\M,Q[g=¯=YgCLZH§YZL=ZHHL<ZCgTZ4_$<\PZ¶UP\ 5YZ=L
5E *Z8 QgMY ZHOTHmL PYL .BY_ *JYP $BYU Z5M.{C JYgP PYC\MÒYQ $YMÒYQL
.MY<EYgJ*.HZJYLYf0g4Z.vm =YLfI=L.MYg<LZ.4] fE%_$YZJPVHYC
ZCgTZ4MYJfP$YJYLJd=\LFagH MYEY,HEYLPYgBJLgH_$YMÒYQ =YLHVNg.
DzVP.LgHE_Z9.*IYgH%fPHB=Y,HEYLJYg6%QDYJ=Y0.gLg4_*Z8fP
P.M fMY.gCL 5E NYZ§ KYLY f/YCYL PYgB K\± .gL $YL $EYT , N¨À=YHN=W
=XYLLPaMgCL.YZGL$Y/YZT=.gLfM/.
IaZJ.g~ÔLPVHYCZCgTg4E_*gCN*HVFdZBH[LZHZIEx$gMZ.1g8g4
f=YJLY ÉgE4_ * P.M C\ZHFYg.L 0I[L $JYZENY .[IYgH JYEH5YZ=L
,FL $H=[< QgTg4 =Y f=YJLY 5YE_ 'CgTL fHMY KY Z4M QYP
f.YMYQMJT$§Y3gM=YJ\/B\HgRFgRg4_1gLL4YC0dQHYP[gCL,FL
DzgPFgR_C\W/fHCEY,MYgN1LIgLKYT_F°YPYgCLQYPLgPILF\L
hH9. HCgM KYT .HgL $YL HÕ PIYPZJZ= 3YFY FgR JYZ8L E[g3_
F°=[TJYEQTfK*5[HEZE4.F°QPEHYPJ\gCLH\CH\C hHZ.4] ET_
=YgCLJYg6KYLY5[ZH=Z4MC\W/,QYÕ=YP=YgCLÖCgT0I[LIYgH
fL/YFY=.gL$YL18EYL$Y.Z.=YZHC[< .gL=YgCLHÙg._=YgCL
fPPH F°YPYC J\/ B\HgR FgR KYg= =YLY F°Z=gKYZ0=YJaM.IYgH F°gHN
.Lg=Y $YL *g= $HnYgEL 5E 0I[L $Y=YZIJYE, F°CNE .Lg=Y_
JY0=IbZJ.g~ÔL*DYLY*/E,H¶QTZEHLV1g8KY,TYIbZJ.g~ÔL
f3gT, 'p3JY¨YL IaZJ.~Ô $YPY */E, HY.[ $Yg4_ f/YCYI[LÀ 5YZ=L
5E*g=CdZÍ'g~Y3gELf/YLY.$Yg4_
fQP\ZH3YL.0<f=YJLYZECNE,F°Y.eZ=.18EYLFYB.ÔÍ.gLHM
f=YJYgCL F\Lke= .LY QgH_ *PH $YMÒYQL ZECNE EYZ. F°=YL.gCL
HYEYgEY ZHOT" J\¯ZJELY *JE P\F\LÀO QgT BYg.E KYLY .BY HMYL PJT
P=HgME*HVK/EZH3YL.ZEK\.LYQT=YLY$EYT.gLEEYHLV
P\ZH3YL .gLE_ KYLY JYE\Og. $YMÒYQL J= IT .gL =YLY% P= f0YFE
.gL JgE QT fKE P= =YgCL EY. .=E .Lg4 HY =YgCL .YLYHYgP
fF°L< .LY Qgp4_ *LY F\LÀgOL fHgN EYL[ $YL J\¯ZJgEL $YMZ/MÒYDYL[
.YZGL
fPPHZECNgEL*.Z8QgMY$YMÒYQ=Y¯MY*$DJg.*fCgNHLVHdQ¥L
$gMLPH¨fFÒg0LF°YC\IYHPVYv§PVHYCZCgTg4E_Z=ZEHgMg4E
>$BYUPVYJ.HYZDLZH¨YL18gH$YLHYF.F±Y<QYZEQgH=YKZ.LY
$E\HYC.@_ ZQV F°Y<[ fKIYgH ZN.YLg. Z3gLZ4XgR Z4ExZIEx .gL
fGgM fFÒ0g. f=YJLY f=JEZ8 .Lg= fCg/4_ fFÒ0 .[IYgH * fCgNL
,FLQYJMY.gLg4=Yf=YJLYA3gÙF°=Ù.gL4_.=HYF.QYgL
JYE\OJd=\Lf.YgM;gMFgRg4=Yf=YJLYMÙ.gL4$YL*/EFKv§
=YZQV F°Y<[LJ=$YJ<fQgE3gMg4_F°Z=ZCE=Y1\gL1\gLJYE\gOL
,FL $YJ< .gL 3gMg4_ F°g=. H4L *Z8 FaHH=[ H4gLL =]MEYT
$ZD. I[Z=F°C f3QYLY F°CNE .gL $YL *LFL =YL% $E\PLg< $gE.
*JE ITYHQ IbZJ.~Ô $Y1Y= .gL KY $ZD. ITYHQ_ *PH PVHYC Fa<
Q,TYL FagH% CaLCaLYgv§L ZHZIEx fCgN *L $Y0JE HY=Y 5YZEgT fCTY
QgTg4 HY F°.YN .LY QgTg4_ *g= 3Ù]YEgCL 5E ZECNE LgTg4_
$YMÒYQ =Y¯MY =Yg. $YgLY *.Z8 IbZJ.g~ÔL PVHYC, ZCgTg4E KY HR
Z.TYJ=PCdNQgH_$YJLY5YZEEY$YMÒYQ *LFL$YgLY.[.[F°.YN
.Lg= KYgp4E_ ZEÊT *g= ZHgH.HYEgCL 5E I[Z=L ZHOT LgTg4_
$=*HfQK\HYLYÔÍ.gL.BYHMf=YJYgCLF\Lke=.LYQgH*Z8
.[$YMÒYQL.Y5EYZ.JYE\gOLF°=YL<YJaM..BY"
$YMÒYQ =Y¯MY * K\g0L 5E $5 Jd=\ , F°Ia= CYgEL ZP±Yv§ .gL
fLg/g4E_ KYLY &JYE *gEg4 *HV ZEg5gCL &JYEg. $EYgTL JYDgJ
.M\ZO=.gLZE=YgCLg.LQJYgEL$KYZ3=CYgEIaZO=.LYQgH_$YL
KYLY=,HY,%g§0GYLÙJYF°YBEY.gLZEÖCgTL=Y.{,TY,ZHZIEx
$gMfEgJ$YPYI[Z=F°CZECNEYHM[KYgCLg.*%HYwCYL.Yg4PJF<
.Lg= HB QgTg4 $YL JQY -±= F°CNE .gLg4 *HV fENY0°§ HZL
J=Hm50g=LF°Z=$Y.eÍQgTg4*LY%$HYD=YTP[JYMq1gEL.YLg<
HYLHYLJd=\LAYC0°Q<.LgH_=YgCLJYBYT$Y.YNfIgFRgH*HV
=YgCL FYgTL =MYL JYZ8 PgL fGg8 KYgH_ F°g=. F°Y< A[T .gJL
F°Z=GMfIY0.LgH_NYZ§ ,F\LkYgLLJYZM.$YMÒYQ =Y¯MYLF°Z=N°ÀZ=
=/EAJZQJYTF°.YNFYgH_
=XYL*.Z8ZECNEQgMY$YMÒYQ =Y¯MY=XYg.*JgJ ÉIPVHYCZCgTg4E
fK fFÒ0 =XYL 0dgQ F°gHN .LgH EY $YL IaZJ.~Ô =XYg. , =XYL
PYQYK.YL[gCLDzVP.Lg=FYLgHEY_'ITF°.YL$ZEÍfBg.$YMÒYQ
=XYL 1Lg. LÙY .LgHE_ Z=ZE *% 'IgTL gP fÙg¨ =[L =a< fBg.
fHL .LgHE EY 3YMYgHE, EY_ =Yg= FYM., FLYgHE EY $YL DYL,
fCgHEEY_ZHNF°Z=FYM.$YMÒYQL.eFYT*JEZ8%QgTg4_*%$DJ*HV
=XYLPYB[LY=XYL$FYL$E\0°gQZELYFgC%$Yg4$YL=YLY*LÙ[<N½Z8
FKv§ÉEg=FYTZE_=YgCLITI[Z=*HV$Y=EYCfBg.=YgCLZELYFC
CaLg={ LY/YQgTg4_$B3f=YJLYfC/4.[IYgHfFÒ0$YJYgCL*fCgN
*L HdQ¥L $gM HLV 3=]ZCg. ZH§YL MYI .gLg4 $YL $ZM0ZM ,
HY5YLHwCgL QYEY ZCgp4 HY 1\gL fHRYgp4_ $E\LcFIYgH IaZJ.~Ô, K/E
$YgP =Y 0dQHYP[gCL $E\JZ=L f=YTYY .gL EY $YL DzVP .LY ,
ÙTZ=PYDgELPJT.YgLYJ=$Yg4Z.fE%=YZ5gP,.gLEY_*L
C\ZHFY.HYPJPYHM[fCgNLPH¨ZH§e=LgTg4_*%$DgJL0°YgJ=XYL
1gLL:YgE,HYgJHÕJYE\OfFÒg0JYLYf0g4_3YLFYgNL$gE.JYE\O
*L .LYM 0°YgP FZL<= QgTg4_ $B3 =XYL 1gL JYE\Og=Y CagLL .BY
*.Z8 %XC\L, JgL ZE_ KYL f3Y/ $Yg4 =YL 5E *g= $gE. ZECNE
LgTg4_ $YMÒYQL .PJ * $DgJL 5E K= ZECNE F°.YN fFgTg4 =Y
g< fNO .Lg= FYLgH EY_ =YL 5E ZHZIEx F°.YL $E\0°Q *JEIYgH
PYZ5gTLY/YQgTg4KYPdZÍfCg/,ZE$YL*LAYC,0°Q<.gLZE_KYLY
=ZR1ZR .gL P=g. ZJBY F°Z=FEx .gL EY *JE Z3v§YN[M , IYH\.
5YZ=L5E*g=P\ÔÍZECNELgTg4_
=XYL $YL *.Z8 ZECNE QgMY $YMÒYQ =Y¯MY =XYL fCYTY 0°Q< .gLE $YL
=XYLwCEHdBYfKg=fCEEY_$YJLYZE50°vn®QY.[.Y=]M,Q[¯g=fCYTY
0dQ[= Q,TY *HV $YFE F°I\L FYgE .Y.]Z= ZJEZ=L PYgB ZHE= Q,TYL
P\HYgCZ=ZEfK.eFYHYZLHO<.gLg4E*LHÕCdÍYv§=]gMDgLZ4_*/YgE
*L F\ELYHdZ¥L F°gTY5E fE%_ KYL PgwCgQL HYZ=. LgTg4 HY PgwCgQL
f3YLYHYZMg=fK$Y8.YFgRg4fP=Y/Z=gTfC/g=FYgL_
=XYLP==YL$YgL.Z8ZECNEQgMYP=,F°YLiHZNgÍPZ=.gL
$YMÒYQ =Y¯MYZE5PZExDYEfBg.=XYL$YLH[L3EY,He=Yg.HYZ0=YT
PZ=.gLg4E$B3Z=ZEQgME$EYLH_Z=ZE=YgCLIYOY5YEg=EEY
$YL$YLH[PYZQ=,FgREZEZ.vm=YPg¥{,f.YgEYHZ*%K\g±=XYL
PYJgECXYRYg=FYgLZEHLVMYEYLIgTf.'=XYLDYgL.Yg4,$YgPZE_
*Z8*JE*.FYE[T$Ef.'KYLAYC,0°Q<.gLZE_P=.BYQgMY
=XYL F°I\ =XYg. FYE .ZLgTg4E_ JYEH 5YZ=L F°I]L QYg= Z=ZE FYE
.gLg4E_$=*Hf=YJLYf.YBYTKYp4"f.EfIgHfC/EY$YL=Y.,TY
$HM~AE.LEY"
f=YJLYZ.HMg=3Y,fKfP*.5E.ZH"$B3.ZHgCLZ3×QgMYZE4.
HdBY .BY HMY_ =YLY P.M 'F=.YT $KBY% 1\gL fHRYT_ f=YJLY Z.
./gEY *JEZ8 fCg/4 fK .ZH P= , =¥{ FZL=Y0 .gL EY f.HM
=¥{PJd± , Pa LQPFa< $YgMY3EY% .gL F°YFa< .BY% HgM $YL
=¥{YgEPJd±.BYHMY4YRYJ\/f/YgMEY"PZ=.YL$gB .ZHLYf.HM
$FMYF.YL[gCL J= HY '~YgCL EYT $gQ=]. .BY HMYL 5E% '~\/
QgT BYg._ FÙYv§gL $YJYL *% L3EYg. f=YJLY $YDYZ=. Pa=Y ,
+N[=¥{YgEPJd±fC/4_*.%PYgB*LPdZÍ$Z='Ex=JYgELHY.
09gEL ZC. fBg. *Z8 $Z= Pa *HV N½3TgEL fÙg¨ $=v§
'Ex=JYgEL_ *g= 'g©NZHQ[E HY $F°gTY5E[T f.YgEY .BY CdZÍg0Y3L
QgH EY_ f=YJYgCL Z. QgTg4 fK f=YJLY Z3v§Y .L EY" $YMÒYQL .PJ
*Z8 .]L$YgEL HYZ0=YL F°Z=p4ZH KYg= .gL =Y Z3v§YN[M 5YZ=L 5E
ZECNEF°JYZ<=QT_
f=YJLY .[ * HZg. f3YL JgE .L" KZC f=YJLY P=HYC[ QgT BY.
=YQgM P= , F°YL CYZH Fa< .gL fP DLg<L .gT.Z8 f3YLY% FdÎY
'FnYFE.gLfC/Y,_f=YJYgCLJYg6*JEf.YgEYPYZQZ=.$Yg4Z.
fK=XYLJ=Z.4] L3EY.gLfC/Yg=FYgL"KZCEYFYL$YL=Yf=YJLY
./E, FYLgH EY =YQgM f5gE LY/ *Z8 3Ù]YE 5YZ=L 5E $EYE
ZECNgELJ=%*.Z8ZECNE_
PYL .BY QgMY $YMÒYQ =Y¯MY * HYwCYL 5E P.M ZECNE $H=[<
.gLg4E $YL P.M F°.YL PYQYK =XYg. ZCgTg4E_ P=HYC[gCL P.M
MÙ<,fF°ZL=F\LÀOgCLP.MZ3×=YLP¥YTPJgH=.gLg4E_'Ex=
hEZ=. 3ZLg¨ PZ= .gL , F\<.gJL PYJB F°CYE .gL Z=ZE =XYg.
JQYE ZNÍY3YL ZNZ/gTg4E_ Z=ZE EH[.bgML 5E =XYL ZEDYZL= L[Z=L
$D[En.gLg4E_P\=LYVfK=XYg.$YJ<.gLfPJQYJKYCYHYEf/YCYL
FÙfBg.KYLY*gPg4E=XYgCLPHYL,FLQYJMY.gL_ZHFgCLÙY.gL
Z=ZE=XYg.ZCgTg4ECdS=Y$YLP.MfÙg¨=XYg.CYE.gLg4ECdSZ3¥=Y
,$ZH3M=Y_Z=ZE=XYg.ORKv.YL[gCLORKgvLJ\g/PYQYK.gLg4E
$YL =XYL AYgB C\ke=.YL[gCL C\keZ= $ZEÍ.YL[gCL $ZEÍ ,
$YJ<.YL[gCL $YJ< F°Z=Q= .gLg4E_ PV.[<=YL FL Z=ZE =XYg.
AYp4wCZCgTg4E$YLfLYgCLPJTZCgTg4E4YTY_
fQJ\¥Y.[fN°<[Z3v§Y.LÀEKYg.FZH¨F°I\F°=YL.ZQgPgH5YgEEP\n
ZHgH.Z.JYEg=FYgLfKZ=ZE=Yg.*PHF\LkYLF°CYE.LgHE$YL
=Yg. * P.M PYQYK , PJBgE $Me= .LgHE" * P~Ôg. f.YgEY
$YTY=HYZHN F°Z=FYMg.Lf.YgEY'Z$Yg4Z."f=YJLYZ.ZHgN *L
f.YgEY CdÍYv§ /\Xg5 FY," *. HZ fK 3LJ ZJBYHYC[ fK P.YMP¶Y
$YMÒYQ P~Ôg. ZJBY L8EY.YL[ $YL MYgHYD ZHP5E ZCgT $ZHL=
F°=YL<Y .gL $YMÒYQ =Y¯MY =Yg. Z. H4L $H.YN fCgHE 'FLvm
=Yg.A[T$CdgNLF°Ia=PVHYC,fCgHEP.MZC.fBg.=Yg.PYQYK
.LgHEJ\HYZQMYTN¨ÀLZHLÀg±=Yg.PYQYK.LgHE=YLJYg6*PH
hHZNgÍL PJYQYL 18gH ZHgH. Z. =Y JYEg= FYgL" ./E, ET HLV
*JE.BYfKHgMfPPHgN°ÎZH3YLg.LF°Z=ZHNYPLYg/EY_PYHDYE
fK5YZ=$YMÒYQLEYJIYZgTF°=YL<Y.gL*HV*JE5YZ=KYLY$YMÒYQL
LPaMgCLZJBYHYC[HgMF°=Y/YE.gL=YgCL,FLf/YCYL$ZIP~ÔY=_
=YLY =XYL P==YL ZECNE fCg/g4 *L FL, fC/Y ZHOTg. f5gE ÉgE
$A[.YL .Lg4_ =YLY Z. 5YgE EY fK ZJBYHYC[g. P=HYC[L EYT
PYQYK.LYQTEY"KZCZJBYHYC[g.,fPIYgHPYQYK.LYQg=Y=YQgM
ZHOTZ8 PgwCgQL fCYMY3YgM FgR fKg=Y $YL P=ZJBYL ZHOT Z3L=gL
f1YMYg8 QgT fKg=Y $YL KYgCL F°Z= $YMÒYQL F fBg. ,Q[ .LY QT
=YgCL *HV ZJBYHYC[gCL JYg6 f.YgEY FYB.% $HZNÍ BY.= EY_
PYHDYE$ZIP~ÔY=fP%HZL,FLfK$YMÒYQLEYgJZJBYL3EY.gL
HY P=HYC[gCL ZJBY $Y/Y ZCgT F°=Y/YE .gL_ fK P=HYC[g.
F°=Y/YE .gL $YMÒYQL EYgJ F°=YL<YL $YN°T fETY F°g=. HZg.
$YMÒYQ *.% $Z0xg= PJgH= .LgHE KY =YgCL 5E F°m= .gL LY/Y
QgTg4_=YLY=YfBg.fHLQg=FYLgHEY_Z=ZEHgME
>$BYU f=YJLY FdZBH[g= .=.YM $HnYE .gL4" =YLY HMgMY $YJLY
*.ZCE HY ZCHgPL Z.4] $VN Z4MYJ 0<EY.YL[gCL Z5gP .gL fC/
Z=ZE HMgME YE BY.gM H\6g= fK f=YJLY $Z= AÈ .YM% $HnYE
.gL4PaLY$YMJ\°ZJEaE$E\HYC.@$YLZJBYHYC[LYHMgH
>$BYU$YJYgCL.[QgTg4fK$YJLYfPP.MfMY.g.fC/Z4EYKYgCL
$YJLY Cdke=.YL[ YE .L=YJ $YL F±=YL.gCL $v¨I\ JgE .L=YJ"
PaLYPYC$E\HYC.@_
P\=LYVfPZCE$YMÒYQ=Y¯MY=YgCL$HZQ=.LgHEfK=YLY5YExYg=$YL
f=YJLY C[1.YM $Z0xg=% HPHYP .LgH_ =/E =YLY 5YQYExYgJL /XY3YT
$YH± QgT f/YCYL LPaMgCL P=YTE .LgH $=*H P=g. ZJBY
F°Z=FEx.YL[gCL 5E FZL=YF_ K/E =YgCL HMY QT $YMÒYQL Z.=YgHL
ZCg.ZGgL$YP=Yf=YJYgCL*HV$YJYgCLJYg6J[JYVPY.LgH=YLY
HgM$YJLYHLV$YJYgCLFaHH=[f5ÎgCL$E\PL<.LH_=YLY$YMÒYQL
0°vng.ZFg9LfF4gE4X]gRfGgMg4HY$HY.gLg4_=]ZJ=YgCL$YMÒYQL
0°vnYHM[LFZLHg= $EYE0°gvnLfJYgQ$Yp4Ex fC/gH_ZKZE=YgCLF°Z=
fF°ZL= QgTg4E =YLY =XYg. *ZRgT 3gM $B3 Z=ZE $YMÒYQL F fBg.
QY.YJ HY PZ=.YL J[JYVPY.YL[ ZQgPgH *gPg4E_ $YMÒYQ =XYL P==YL
FgÙPYZCgTg4E$YLZ=ZEQgMEPgHY¥JPYCY=Y_Z=ZEN=Y½[L
ZNgLYIYg0 *gPg4E_ $YMÒYQ =Y¯MY =XYL 5E *JE PH ZECNE F°.YN
.gLg4EKYLÀ0xgCL$YgLY0ZHDYE.gL$YL.Ç.YZQE[L$HPYE18YT
Z.vmP[JYMq1E.YL[5YZ=L5EZECNEf.YgEY.Yg5$YgPEY_
fQ ZH3Ù<0< Z=ZE F°gTY5gEL PJT *gPg4E $YL %PMYgJL ,FL
.YZGLgCLFÙfBg.PJPYLFYQYRfIgFRYLK\g0*gPg4E_LJKYgE
F°Z=N°À= 3wCPaK 0°Qg<L PJT *gPg4E_ Z=ZE $v§CdZÍL ZIZ¥g= Pg=L
FYgEf:g.g4E_=XYLF°Z=fP%PHZ.4]LJYDgJPJBEH.LYQgTg4
K²YLYJgEYE[=,ZF°TgCLPYQYK.LYQT_.YZGLgCLJ\/H¶.gLfCTY
$YL KY F\XZ5 HY $5E =Y 3a<ZH3a< .gL fCTYL 5E =XYL $Y0JE Z4M
PJgTLCYZH_P\=LYVZ=ZEK\0g.:Y.g4E$YLK\0,=XYg.QY=4YZEZCgT
:Y.g4_ =Y Pg¥{, P[JYMq1E.YL[LY $HYL PYgB $A[.YL .gL_ =YLY
=XYg.fQTF°Z=FEx .LYL=[H HYPEYLYg/_=YLY'FQYP.YL[gCLCdZÍg=
=XYL F°Z= =Y.YT $B3 Z=ZE F°Z=N°À= JP[Q_ fKIYgH ]N $=[g=L
*.5EJP[QLQYRfIgg4fPIYgHZ=ZE,P\ÔÍF°JYg<LZIZ¥g=]N
I .LgHE_ %PMYgJL $YgMY HY Z.L< ZHp4]Lg<L 5E */E IL C\F\L
$YL JQYYE[ $YMÒYQL %p4YT JgEYE[= F°Z=N°À= JP[Q Z9. Z²F°QgL
KBYPJgT*gPg4EfKE$¶.YLf4gTKY,TYLFL$YMÒYQLf5YZ=PdZÍL
PYJgE Fa<JY¨YT F°.YZN= Qg= FYgL_ =XYL P==Y fPIYgH F°.YN fFgT
f0g4 fKLcF ÔÍ=YL PYgB PJ\gCL =L f3Yg/ FgR Z.VHY fKIYgH
PH0°YP[HEYA[TLcFF°.YNfFgTBYg._fNOK\g0LQJYEf/YCYLF
fBg.=XYL5E*Z8%ZEDYZL=FZL.ÇEYZ4M_
PYL.BYQgMY$E\0°QN[Mf/YCYfKIYgHZEDYL<.gLg4EfPIYgH=YF°.YN
fFgTg4_ Z=ZE IYLg=L F°Z= CdZÍFY= .gL * nYEg. Z/MYGg=L 5E
'FK\f¨fFgTg4E_f.EEYZ/MYGg=LDYLYLPa3EYg==YZ4MF°BJ
$YCgJL ZQ5L=nM_ =Y% PYJP fC/YgEYL 'g©gN $YL P= ,
F°YLCYZH$E\PYgLPJYZ¹LPYgBPa3EYLfKY0Pa¨F°Z=nYFE*HV=HM[0
, F°3YLF°PYgLL P~Ôa<=YL 5E $YMÒYQ =Y¯MY fNO K\g0L $YCJg. *
fCgNfF°L<.gLg4E_*/EfN°ÎJYEHfKIYgH%Z=.gLg4EfPIYgH%
K\0 $YHZ== QgTg4 HY 1\gL *gPg4_ *% .MY<JT IaZJg=% *L Z²=[T
ZHwC\F°BJZHwC\LPYgBZJZM=QgTg4_FZH¨0°gvnfKJEZ8ZMZ/=Z4MZ9.
fPIYgH% PaK FaH ZC. fBg. 'ZC= QgTg4 fKE $¶.YL fCg/ KYgCL
$YXZ/5M $YL HYDY JYgE EY =YLY F°NYZv§ MYI .Lg= FYgL_ P\=LYV
=YgCLJ\g/$EYZHM$YEgwCLHZQWF°.YN1g8g4$YL=YLY'UG]MÒ_$YMÒYQ
=Y¯MY =YgCL FB Qg= PgwCgQL .XY8Y $FPYL< .gLg4E fKE =YLY
Z8.Y
$YJLY$YCJN¾fP/YgEZMg/Z4$YZMGMYJK\.gL$YL*/YgEZMg/Z4$YZMGMYJ
4YRY_ $YJYL Jg= *Z8 %H
YE[ N¾ ET_ $HN *Z8, Qg= FYgL fK 'IT IYOYT *L
HHQYL PJYE f.EEY %H
YE[ , $YLH[ IYOYT $gE. Ng¾L ZJM LgTg4_ $YJLY
$YJYgCLH%ZJEYE\LLQJYgE'gMÓ/.gLZ4fK$YLH[IYOYP.MIYOYL5EE[.YgML
F±HYgQP.MIYOY$YLH[fBg.'u}a=QgTg4fM/._
ZELYFgCQXY8g=FYgL_=YLYZHLY<IaZJQg=5YExYg=HYHY0YgEnYEYv§ZL=
QgTg4_ $¶.YL QY Qg= =YgCL ZHN F°Z=FYMg.L f5YZ=g= nYEYv§L
.LYQgTg4KYLGgM=UÙ<YU=YLYCdZÍNZZGgLFYT_=YLYZHLYEIaZJ
fBg. *gP ZELYF¥YCY=Y F°I\L f.YgM $YN°T ZEgTg4_ =YgCL ÖCgT
&JYgEL F°C[F F°{ZM= .LY QgTg4_ =YLY *JE ZELYF¥YL fHÍE[g=
LgTg4 KYL DYgL.Yg4, NT=YgEL HVN f1XOg= FYgL EY_ $YL KYLY
%Q5[HgEL fJYgQ $Yp4Ex =YgCL ÖCgT fJYQL fJgL fCTY QgTg4 $B3
=YLYH\g6EY_LY==YgCL5EA[TF\p4F°MZ~A=.gLg4$BYULY=C[1
QgTg4_$¶.YL=YgCL5E=YH\ HY1XYZ8nYFE.gLg4fK.YLg<=YLY
ZEg5gCLPdÍ$¶.YgLQYH\:\H\/Ygp4_
fQK\H.0<fKP=g.$A[.YL.gL=YLPYJgEPg=LF°JY<ÔÍ.LY
HYfKP=HgM*HV=Y.{,TY,&JYEg.ZEkM\OLYg/$YLNT=YgELFB
$E\PL< .gL EY =YL F\LkYL ZEZÊ= .LYL 'g©N $YZJ f=YJYgCL
Z5gP.ZL*JEfMY.P~Ôg. f=YJLY$YJYg.HMfKHZCYZH.gL
fK$YZJf/YCYLFÙfBg.fF°ZL=QgTZ4$YL*.YLg<=XYg.F°Z=ZCE
F°Z=ZET= f/YCYL F fBg. PYQYK .LY QT =XYg. $P~YE ET HLV
P~YE.LYQT_=XYLF°I\P.MfÙg¨=XYLPfCE=XYL3YZQCYCÀ=FaL<
.gLE =XYL 5[HE5[ZH.Y =XYL JYE.YL[ 5YJY= , =XYL CMg. Z=ZE
.MY<JZµ=.gLE_PdZÍHYJYE\gOLFÙfBg.=YLF°Y¹PYQYK*HV=XYL
0°Q<gKY0=Y*=fHZNfKF°BJZCg.=YIYHY%fKg=YEY_Z=ZE=XYg.
/YZ=CYE.gLE$YLFdZBH[LF°Ygv§F°Ygv§ =BYP.M$gM$YLfCgNL
P.MnYgE,P.Mf.YgE=Y4ZRgTfCE_Z=ZE=XYLJKYCYPJ\Ex=*HV
$YZDF=ZH§e=.gLE$YLP.Mfg¨=Yg.F°.YNZH5TCYE.gLE_
JYE\gOLJ\g/J\g/=XYLF°NVPY4ZRgTfCE_PJPYLPJT=XYLfCYTY0°Q<
.gLE =XYL N¨ÀgCL MYZ= .gLE $YL =XYL 5E A[T ZETYJ=g.
FZLFa<=YCYE.gLEfK.YLg<JYE\gOLZQVPYQT_fK=XYLPYgBJ\HYZQMY
.gL =Yg. Z=ZE DzVP .gLE $YL fK =XYg. $P~YE .gL =Yg. Z=ZE
$FC§ .gLE_Z=ZE=XYLP\EYJ4ZRgTfCE*HVP.MF°.YLMYEYQg=
=XYg.ZELYFCLYg/E=Y4YRYZ.4] E[3HZ=XYLP~Ôg. KYHgMfHRYT
=YQg=Z=ZE=XYg.ZEgCYOF°JY<.gLE_
*JE ZECNgEL JYDgJ =XYL P==YL PY fCE KY ZP©[.gCL
P=HYC[gCL4YRY$E.Y'g.fCTYQTEY$YL*JEPHPJBE=XYL
FgÙ F°.YN .gLE KY f.HM P=HYC[gCLg.% fCTY QT_ Z=ZE =XYL
$YT\kYM =XYL ZEWNYPF°NYP =XYL .BY K\ZF°JY< , ZECNgE .MY<
ZEZQ=LYg/E_=XYL'Z,CdZÍL.MYg<$0Z<=JYE\O=XYLF°Z=$Y.eÍ
QT$YL=XYLZF°THYwCYgCL.Yg4=XYg.$YgLYZF°T=L.gLf=YgME_=XYL
3=]ÔYgN Z=ZE ZEÎYHYEgCL *.Z8 HYZQE[ PJgH= .gLE_ =XYg. Z=ZE
*JE*.NPIaZJZQgPgHF°.YN.gLEKYA[T$]L'C0=.gL$B3
FagH =XYL PYgB *.HZ, Z4M EY_ *LFL Z=ZE =XYg. *.Z8 ZHNYM
JQ[LÀgQFZL<=.gLEKYL4YTY,GgML,FLZEIL.gL$0Z<=JYE\O
$YL*LJYDgJÖCT5ZJg.P[ZH=.gLE$YL=YPg=5QgT,g9_
Z=ZE =XYL P==YL F°JYg<L JYDgJ f3QYLYT P5[H=Y fCE GgM =YLY
PGM=YL ²YLF°Ygv§ 'FE[= QT_ $YL *L JYDgJ $¶ f3Y/ HZDL .YE
$YL FCYHd= ÖCT /\gM fCE fQ K\HYLY f=YJLY *JEZ8% Qg= fCg/4_
$YJYL5YJY¯g=L.=.PCP.[IYgH$gMjZ..CdSZ3¥=YF°CNE.gLg4E
=Y f=YJLY fCg/4 *JEZ. =YgCL .=.g. *% 5YJYg= fKY0 fCTYL
$FLYgD fJgL fGMY QgTg4 HY F°§LY1Yg= Q=Y .LY QgTg4_ ZEÎY ,
&JYgEL f5YgL =XYLY ZEg5gCL $I[Í MÙ $5E .gLg4E_ =XYLY
NYQYCg=LNLH=Ap4JgCLEYTFYE.gLg4E_+N[fF°gJfENYp4ExgCL
J=5[HEZHP5EZCgTg4ECdZÍHYgEL5E*g=ZECNELgTg4_
$YMÒYQL .PJ *% $DJ fKjHgEL F°YL~| Qg= $Y5 FKv§ FLJ CTYM\
f/YCYL ZHZIEx DLgEL CYECZÙ<YT DE QgT $YPg4_ f.YgEY PJT =XYL
5E *.Z8 ZETYJ= ZHMZ~A= QgM $E ZETYJ= $H=[< QgTg4_ K/E%
f.YgEYN¨ÀLFfBg.f.YgEYIYgH=YLJYEQYZEL$YNYfC/YZCgTg4
$YMÒYQ=Y¯MYF°Z=HYLF°Z=Z8fÙg¨=YF°Z=Q=.gLg4E_P.MK\g±Z=ZE
ZH5TMYI.gLg4E_Z=ZE*JE*.FZL<=FKYgTfFXjg4EK/Ef/YCYL
PYQYK=XYL$E\.agM.Y5.gLP=ÔÍQgTKYT$YLPgwCgQL$YHL<
$FPd=QT_=XYL.Yg4CgMCgM5EPJY0J1g8_KYLYHMg=Y*Z8=]ZJ
f.YBY fBg. fFgT4" f/YCY =YgCL fCZ/gTg4E *Z8 =XYL ZEg5L% F
fBg._KYLY3Y%g=YZ=ZEMYZ=fQYE$YMÒYQL%p4YTMYEY,DzVP
=YgCL% FZL<YJ QgTg4 $YL Z=ZE =YgCL ,FL .]9YLY1Y= .gLg4E_
K/E%=YLYJYBY3YRYZCgTg4$YMÒYQLQYg==YgCL$Y1Y=.LYQgTg4_
=YgCLJYg6P\Z3v§YN[MÖCT,fNYEYLJ=.YEPdZÍ.LY$YL=YLYKYg=
5Y0°= QT *HV =YgCL %ZwCgTL F°/L=Y PdZÍ QgMY *L 'g©N_ =YgCL
$gEg.% *JE $Yg4 KYLY J\HYZQMY .gL MYZ= HY DzVP QgT f0g4 HY
=YgCLHVNZEJaMQgTf0g4_*L'g©NZ4M=YgCLg.-CYZPgELZECY
fBg.5Y0°=.LY_
=YLYK=ORKv .gLg4$YMÒYQ =Y¯MYA[THYwCYLFÙfBg.fPPHZ.4]
F°Z=Q= .gLg4E KZC, =YgCL ORKv FYQYR 8ZMgT fCTYL J= ITYHQ
Z4M_ Z=ZE F°g=. ORKv.YL[L ,FL f.YgEY EY f.YgEY NYZ§ $H=[<
.gLg4E_$YLfKf.'=XYLHYwCYLZHLÀg±fCYTY.gLg4Z=ZE=YLfCYTY
1d<YIgL F°=Y/YE .gLg4E_ JaM= .YZGLgCL fCYTY f.HM HB=Yg=%
FKHZP=QT_KYLYC\HM*HVKYLYFZLZnZ=LITYHQ=YP~Ôg.$EHZQ=
=YgCL$Yv§ZL.H¶\ QgTZ=ZEJ\HYZQMYLPJT*gCLQ=Y.=YgCLDzVP
.gLg4E_
*IYgH Z=ZE $ZEÍ , C\kJg. F°Z=Q= .gL ZHOgTL ZJJYVPY .gLg4E_
KYLY J\HYZQMYL DdÍ=Y fCZ/gTg4 =YgCL *.5E, fLQY% FYT ZE_
$FLYD[LY f.YgEY FgB $0°PL Qgp4 =Y ÔÍ .LY $YL ZQCYTY=F°Y¹ ,
¿gÍL fI=L FYB. ÔÍ .LYL 5E $YMÒYQ =Y¯MY fPPH ZECNE
fCZ/gTg4EKY=YgCLFaHF\LÀOgCLfC/YgEYQTZE_=YgCLYE[Q,TYL
CYZHf/YCYI[Z=LCYZH.]LHYE[%HYC=,=Y.{,TYN[MQ,TYLCYZHPQ
P.M CYZH $YMÒYQ =Y¯MY ZJBY F°JY< .gLg4E_ =YLY fKPH .J f0YFE
.L=Z=ZEFdZBH[LPYJgE=YF°.YN.gLZCgTg4E_Z=ZE=YgCLE0x=Y
F°.YN .gL ZCgTg4E $YL =YgCL C\HM=Y F°.YZN= QgT f0g4_ KYLY
$YMÒYQg. IT .gL *HV KYgCL ÖCT ¨§ BYg. $YMÒYQ =YgCL ZELYF¥Y
F°CYE .gLE $YL =YLY JwC FZL<YJ fBg. LY FYT_ *JE $gE.
P[JYMq1E.YL[$Yg4KYLY*%$DJg..YLY0YgLfF°L<]NZH±.LYHY
fCNYv§ZL=.LYLJYEgPPL.YgLL.Yg4$ZIgKY0.gLg4_
Z.vm *% K\g± *HV 3aRYv§ FZL<Z=L fÙg¨ $YMÒYQ =Y¯MY Z. HHQYL
.gLg4E=Yf=YJLY/\HIYM%5YE_.Z9EFZLZnZ=g=*$DgJL,FL
$H=[< $YMÒYQLfKP.MZETYJ=,$E\0°gQL.BY$YJLY'gMÒ/.LMYJ
=YL F\gLY8Y% F°.YZN= Q,TYL FagH% f4gF F°3YL .LY QgTg4_ P\=LYV
f=YJLY $Y.YgNL E[g3 HY FdZBH[L H\g. *L f.YgEY EK[L HY CdÍYv§
F°=YL.gCLJYg6fCg/4Z."KZC5YE=gH=YZEgT$YP$YL.BYLh/
fGY8YgEYH¶.L_
JYE\O=XYLF°Z=3LJ$EYT.gLg4_=XYLZHgLYD[=YT=XYLN¨ÀgCL$YN°T
F°N°T ZCgTg4_ =YLY =XYg. FHg=L EYT 3=]ZC. fBg. Z1gL fGgMg4
=/E$YMÒYQLFfBg.=XYL$E\.agMÔÍZH5TF°.YNFYT_KYLYHR
PY5g=Y =YgCL Z=ZE f4Y8 F°JY< .gLE $YL =YLY =XYL F°Z= KY ZEgÙF
.LgMY =Y²YLY FYÅY =YgCL% $Y1Y= .gLE_ KY =YgCL JYBY , 0°[HYT
$Y1Y=.gLg4$YL$YZJ=XYLFLJPYQYKMYI.gLZ4_E[3,C\LY3YL[LY
F\gLYF°mZ=LPYgB=XYLZHgLYD[gCLPYQYgKL5E*gPg4_Z.vm f/YCYL
%p4YT=YLYP~Ôa<IYgHFLY§QgTg4$YL$YMÒYQL.BY%5TK\QT_KYL
,FL=YgCLILPYZ4M=YgCLfP%$HM~AEQYZLgTf0g4_
Z.vm Z=ZE A[T HYwCYg. P.M ZHOgT P.M fÙg¨ *HV PHYHnnYT ZH5T
PYQYK,PGM=YCYE.gLg4E_$YLA[T%p4YLFa< HY§HYTE.YL[F°I]L
FÙ fBg. =XYg. F°IYH , F°=YF ²YLY PYQYK .LY QgTg4_ FdZBH[JT
ZH§e==XYLQYg=HT$Y=.YL[HYZQE[*HV$YMÒYQLPvmZÍLP¶YE[*.ZEÎ
fK% 5Eg0YÎ[ Z=ZE A[T HYwCYL 5E PJgH= .gLg4E $YL CaLZE.g8L
ZHZIEx nYEQg==XYL.Yg4fKP.M'FQYL,DEP~ÔC$YPg4=YKZC
=]ZJfC/g==YQgMHMg=fK*Z8/XYZ8+N[.eFY,PYQYKPJBE*HV
f/YCYF°C¥P~YE,JYQY=hHZ.4]ET_
FZL=YF*P.MZECNE,PYQYKPJBEfCg/,JYE\O=Yg.$A[.YL
.gLg4_ =YLY =XYg. C\W/.Í , PJPYT 55ZL= .LYL JYEgP P.M
ORKv .gLg4_ Z.vm $YMÒYQ =XYL ZELYF¥Y ZHDYE .gLg4E $YL P.M
C\ke=.YL[CYYM,F°g=.fPHZLQY=fBg.=XYg.LY.gLg4EfK
F°Z=²Zw²=Y*HV=[Lf4XYRYLJYEgPfHZLgTg4_K/E%=YLY=XYL5[HEg.
FYFFZM=YT.M\ZO=F°JY<.Lg=f3gTg4$YMÒYQ =Y¯MY=XYLC\W/,
C\ZÊv§Yg.QYZP$YEgwCHCgMZCgTg4E_CYEN[M$YMÒYQLHCYE=YT=XYL
5[HEFagHLf3gT$gE.fHZNAYp4wCJT,$YEwC1EQgT'g9g4_=YLY
3Y%= fK =XYL C\EYJ 4ZRgT FRr. Z.vm $E\FJ fPjwCK , ZELÀFJ
<YHM[L JYDgJ =XYL F°NVPY .LY QgTg4_ K/E =YLY =XYL 5[HEg.
.Í.L.gL=]Mg=F°Z=YH±QT=/E=XYL.Yg43=]ZC.fBg.'FQYL
'Fg;j.E , DEP~ÔC *JEIYgH $YPg= BYg. fKE 0Y4 fBg. GM
6Lg4_=YLY=XYLMYEY0EYfC/g=f3gTg4Z.vmf/YCY=Y¯MY=XYg.
ZHT.LIYgHP~YECYE.gLg4E*HV=XYLFCJKYCYHdZ±.gLg4E_
JQY $YÊgKL ZHOT QgMY =YLY 0YMJwC .gL Z9.% Z.vm P= P~Ôg.
=YLY*g.HYgL%'CYP[E_K/E=YgCLHMYQT$EYEgCLJ=f=YJLY,
&JYE$YE=YLYHgM$YJLYZ.ZEgHYDgCLJ=&JYE$YEH"fNYE*LY%
ZEgHYDZ.vm *LYH\g6EY_=YLYf/YCYLL[Z=*HVA[THYwCYLPYgB=XYL
HHQYL P~Ôg. Z3v§Y .gL EY_ $YMÒYQL EYgJ KYLY ZJBY HgM =YgCL
F°Z=CYE *Z8 Qg= FYgL Z." KYLY f/YCYL F°Z= ZJBYgLYF .gL =YgCL
F°Z=%Q.YM,FL.YgM$ZIP~ÔY==YgCLPYQYK.LYQTEY_
FdZBH[g=fPjIY0,P\g/LfC/Y=YLY.J%FYT*LFLKv<YCYT.+N[
NYZ§L0°YPZQgPgH=YLYJgLKY3=]ZC.Qg==YgCL0°YP.gL*..BYT
.e=.gJL ZHZEJT =YgCL fOYM$YEY fCTY QT_ K/E% P= EH[ fF°ZL=
QgTg4E=XYLJYDgJ$YMÒYQ =Y¯MY$JYE.YL[5YZ=g.MYZ=.gLg4E_
=YLY =XYL DzVgPL 5E $gFY .gL Z.vm DzVPF°Y¹gCL 4YRY $E
.Y'g. DzVP .LY QT EY_ =YgCL ORKv , fCYTYL GMN°ÀZ=g= $YMÒYQ
=Y¯MYZ.*JE*.HZg.DzVP.LgHEKYLP~Ôg. Z=ZE5YgEEfK
fPP=HYC["$YPgM*LY$¶5YZ=_
P\=LYVfQP\ZH3YL.0<*%HYwCY*HV=XYLN¨ÀgCLP~Ôg. f=YJYgCL
Z. DYL<Y" f=YJLY Z. JgE .L $YMÒYQL EYJ IYZgT *. F°=YL. K/E
f.YgEY J\¯ZJgEL PYgB J\HYZQMYT ZM¹ QT $YMÒYQ J\¯ZJgEL ZHLÀg± =Yg.
PYQYK.LgHE$YLfK=XYLZHgLYZD=Y.LgH,=XYLPYgBJ\HYZQMYTZM¹
QgH Z=ZE =Yg. DzVP .LgHE" fQ ZHgH.HYE ÔÍIYgH .BY HM
f=YJYgCL F\Lkd= .LY QgH_ *. HZ fK $YMÒYQL EYgJ ZJBY HgM
f=YJLY Z. JgE .L $YMÒYQ =Y Pg¥{, =YL Fg CXYRYgHE" K/E% =YL
5EPJPYPdZÍ.LYQgH$YMÒYQ =Y¯MY=Yg.AYp4wCfCgHE"K/E%=YL
ZHLÀg±ORKv .LYQgH$YMÒYQ =Y¯MYfP%ORKvg.3a<ZH3a< HYEPYU
.gL fCgHE" Z=ZE =YL 5E .eFY .LÀ<Y , 5[ZH.YL ²YL 'g~Y3E
.LgHE"fKIYgHfF°ZL=F\LÀOLYF\Lke=QEfPIYgH=Yg.F\Lke=.LY
QgH"=YL5EP.MJM,.MYg<L²YL'g~Y3E.LYQgH"=YLP~YE
,=YLP¥Yg.Z=ZEN¨ÀLQY=fBg.LY.LgHE"=YLYKYHgM=YfBg.
Z=ZE A[T ZECNE , PYgL JYDgJ =Yg. ZEgCYO F°JY< .LgHE" =Yg.
N¨ÀLQY=fBg.ZELYFCLY/gHE*HVF°g=.fPHZg.Dd=.LgHEfK
$YJ< .gL" fK =XYL N¨À=Y .gL Z=ZE =YL ZHLÀg± K\g±L 5E fHL
QgHE$YLfKIYgHZEÎYHYEgCLPYQYK.LYQTfPIYgHZ=ZEA[THYwCYg.
PYQYK.LgHE"
fQ K\HY0< * P~Ôg. $YJYg. HM $YL *JE f.YgEY F°=YL. $YJYg.
fC/Y,KYg.$YMÒYQ=Y¯MY*%HYwCYLEYTF\Lke=,.eFYJZµ=.gLg4E
$YLfP%f/YCYg.IT.LKYLZCg.f=YJYgCLF°=YH=E_
fQ$YgMJ,ZH0<$YZJf=YJYgCL.Yg4F\ELYT5YEg=3Y%f=YJLY
P= .gL HM $YL fP% $YMÒYQg. IT .L KYL QYg= NYZ§ , F\LkYL_
f=YJLY5YEP=HYC[LY./E,ZJBYHgMEY$YL=YgCLP=f0YFgEL
$IYPBYg.EY_C\IY0KYL,FLfJYQLfJgLZCgTg4fP4YRY$Ef.'
P=f0YFE.gLEY_
fQ K\H.PJY5 K\g0L FZµ=0< K\0$YgMJ0< , fCgNL ZH5E fK
$YMÒYQL F fBg. $YZHIa= QHYL CYZH .gL KYL Fg $YMÒYQL PJBE
C[¹ZCHY.gLL EYT P\ÔÍ $YL =XYL P==YL f5YZ= $¶.YL LYg=
Fa<3gwCLEYTZH.ZN=«fPHZP~Ôg. $YFEYgCLZ.J=YJ="$YMÒYQ
=Y¯MY =XYL 5E PJ\{M ZECNEYHM[ F°.YN .gLg4E_ fK .Yg5L% Z=ZE
ZP±Yv§ZEgTg4EfPgÙg¨$YMÒYQ=XYLPJBgECXYZRgTg4E_N¨ÀZJ¨PHYL
fg¨Z=ZE=XYLfCYTY0°Q<.gLg4E_EH[PYKYHgME*%$DJ=Y
4YRY $E $YL Z.4] HgME EY $YL Z=ZE ZQCYTY= fBg. ZHwC\JY¨ ZH3\=
EE_Z=ZEHgME$YMÒYQ=Y¯MY$YJYg.A[T,Q[g=EH[$Y/YZCgTg4E_
$YL%g=YFagH $YJYgCLLPaMJ\§GYPY*LIYOYT$YJYg.EH['FYZD
fCTYQgTg4_EH\T=HMg=Z=ZEÉD\ H\Z6gTg4E$YMÒYQLPYgBPJZD.
HY.YMYF=XYLFfBg.$CdgNLF°Ia=PVHYCF°YZ¹,HYF.IYgH,Q[
MYI.LY_Z=ZEHgMEEH\T=HMg=$YJLY=YH\6Y%EYKY$=[=+N[
0°gvn H\6YgEY QgTg4 HLV =Y */E *JE *.Z8 FCJKYCY KY fN°Î PdZÍ
$YJYgCL EH[ PY*L Fa< $YE\0= 4YRY F°CYE .LY QT EY_ *%
FCJKYCYKYLMYIQgH$YMÒYQ=Y¯MY=XYLPYgBPJZD.,Ap4HY.YMYF
.LgHE Z.vm NL[T= FagHL $HnYT HQYM BY.gH_ *L f.YgEY ZEgCN
ZHgTYZ5=,QgHEY$YLf.YgEYZC.ZEgCNEY*LPYgBPVgKYZ5=,QgH
EY_
Z=ZE $YL, HgME $YZJ JQYEH[ PY*L '~g=L *. PCP $YL =Y
Pg¥{, J\QY~C[ EH\Tg=L .MY<DYLYL $D[gE $YMÒYQ =Y¯MY $YJYg. EH[
$Y/YZT= .gLg4E_ $YL Z=ZE $YJYL F°Z= KY ,Q[ .Lg= f3gTg4E =Y
.gLg4E_ $YJYL EH\T= JaM= JQYEH[ PY*L% EH\T=_ $YL $YJYL
fFYNYg. =XYL f5YZ= , Z.L< hH $E Z.4] fE%_ KZC Z=ZE EY Qg=E
=YQgM $YZJ 'gMÒ/gKY0 , L<[THL<[T Z.4] Q=YJ EY_ EH[g. f3EY
KYT=XYL.MY<DYLYLJYDgJ_$YJYgCLEH[PYZKZEPHgN°ÎEH[*HV
Z8.Y
KZCf.YgEYHZF±Nx.gLfK$YMÓYQfKgQ=]EH\T=H·.gLZCgTg4E=Y%*%'g=
f.YgEY EH[ .[IYgH $YPg= FYgL" *L '¦L QgMY Z=ZE * HZg. EH[ $Y/YZT=
.gLg4E $YJYgCL fE=Y fN±Ï PdZÎ PY*L EH\Tg=L fN±Ï=| F±JYg<L 5E_ f.EEY
'g=L fN±Ï=| F±JYZ<= Q,TY 4YRY EH[L fN±Ï=| F±JYZ<= QT EY_ E=]HY *Z8 *JE
*.Z8 CYZH QgH ZH3Ú<gCL CdZÎg= KYL FgÚ f.YgEY F±JY< fE%_ *. HZL P¦YT
K=Ú<FKv¨ EH\Tg=LFLJhHZNÎYHM[fMYFEYFYgH=YLJYg6EH\T=.[IYgHPJYº
Qg=FYgL"$EgCL.MY<JZ¶=.LYLFLY.YÏY%QgMYEH[LJQYEFLY.YÏY_'g=
KZC*Lf.YgEYCdÎYv¨ EYBYg.=YQgM*Z8F±JYZ<=QTEY_*4YRY$YZJ*.YZD.HYL
HgMZ4 $YMÓYQ =Y°MY $YJYL EH\T= HMg= $ZD. .gBYF.BE , $ZD. HY.YMYF
H\Z6gTg4E $YL YE[ P\ZEx $YgMJgCL CdZÎg= =Y *.Z8 A[.e= HYFYL_ ZH=¶Y f.HM Ng¾L HHQYL ZEgT =Y% fQ ZHgH.HYE , ZH3Ú<0< =YRYÖRY .gL Z.4] HgM HgPY
EY_ fK f.' *L FZLFvn[ f.YgEY =]p4 CYZH, .LgH =YL ,FL $YMÓYQL $ZIPÕY=
*.%PYgBJYE\O*HVZGZLN=YgCL,$ZINYFfM/._
.MY<F°HYgQLZC.fBg.PHg3gT$0°0YJ[$YLZKZEFCJKYCYTPHg3gT
JQYE,PHYL'gDz=XYLP~Ôg. f=YJYgCLZ.DYL<Y"fKDgJL$YgMY
ÖCTg.$YgMYZ.=.gLEYKYZFFYPYg=LZFFYPYZEHYL<.gLEYKYL
$Y0JE JEg. F°NYv§ .gL EY $YL KYL *JE f.YgEY hHZNgÍL JYDgJ
F°NVPY.LYQTEYKYF°.YNQgMP=ÔÍQg=FYgLfPZ8Z.gPLDJ"
$ZD.vm KY $A[.YL.YL[ .YZGL *HV J\¯ZJgEL JYg6 f.YgEY FYB.
ZELcF<.gLEY=Y%HYZ.gPLDJ"*DgJF°gHN.YL[*HV*DJfBg.
fK fHZLgT KYT =YgCL 'IT% Z. PJYE" C\¯*L JYg6 Z. f.YgEY FYB.
fE%" fP DgJL .[% HY ZHgNO={ KY JYE\gOL KYH=[T .YJEYHYPYEYL
$HPYE1Z8gT$E$YDYZ=.5[HgELJYDgJ=Yg.P[ZH=.gLEY"
fK $YMÒYQL $YMÒYQ =YL«FaHH=[ ZHZIEx 5YZ=L JYg6 *Z8% =XYL L[Z=
Z4M_ fK EH[ $YDYZ=. .MY< PYDgEL hHZNÍ LYg/ EY =YL P==YL
f.YgEYF°JY<BYg.EY*$HnYTfK=YL.Yg4$YPgHfP=Yg.Z3Eg=
FYLgH EY_ $YL =Yg. fP% LY/YgML PYgB =]MEY .LY KYT fK ZEg5L
fJOg. 1YOFY=Y, fCT EY $YL FYZE, FYE .LYT EY HLV 1Y8 ,
3YL<IaZJfBg.fPgMYg.CagLLYg/_
f=YJLY 5YE $YJYgCL DJ *.Z8 5[Hv§ DJ $YL $YJYgCL EH[ PY
Jd=gCL 5[ZH= .gLE_ Z=ZE $Y.YN fBg. JQY .MY<LYZ5PQ J\OMDYgL
HO<L=HYZLDYLYLEYT$YZHIa=QgTg4E_*%JQYEhHZNgÍf.YgEYDJ
*LPYJgECXYRYg=FYLgHEY_*.5EJYE\gOL5[HEfBg.n]M=YLFCY
$FPYL<*HV+N[F°YPYC,$YMÒYQL²YLFKv§ *%F°C[¹DJ 4YRY$YL
f.'fFXj4Yg=FYgLEY_fK*ZHOgTPgwCQfFYO<.gLfP$¶hHZ.4]
ET_
fMYg.LYPZ~ZM=IYgH*%HYwCYLZHLÀg±=LHYL[QYg=ZEgTg4=Y%PdZÍL
F°I\F°Z=FYM.,=YgCLZHLÀg±K\g±ZM¹QgTg4E_=YgCL.=.g./ª
ZH/Zª=.gLg4E.=.g.MYZ=.gLg4E$YL.=.g.=XYLNYZ§JaM.
PVHYC$E\PYgL*.Z8ZEDYZL=PJTFKv§ $H.YNZCgTg4E_=YLY=XYL
F°Z= $EYT .LY , =XYL ZHLÀg± ZE4. ZJBY3YgLL% ZP±Yv§ ZEgTg4_
=YgCLP.MCMf/YCYI[Z=HY=Y.{,TYLFBg.ZHP5EZCgTg4_=YLY
P= FB *JEIYgH *ZRgT f0g4 fKE f.YgEY ZPVQ fP FgB JYE\Og.
$YJg<L 5E ,XU fFg= HgP $Yg4 HY PF CVNgEL IT $Yg4 HY $E
f.YgEYZHFCfPFgB$gFÙY.Lg4_=YgCLHYPEYZ4M*%$DJg.Q=Y
.LYfQY.HY.YLY0YgLfF°L<.LYfQY.$BHYfCNYv§ZL=fQY.fKEFgL
HMg= FYgL« ZJBYHYC[ Z4M =Y% $YMÒYQ =Y¯MY =Yg. DzVP , ZEZÊ×
.gLg4EHY=Yg.MYZ=,$FJYZE=.gLg4E_Z.vm$YMÒYQ=Y¯MY=XYg.
IbgMY.,'DzgMY.fBg.'FK\FZLPYQYKZCgTg4E_Z=ZEZH5gTL5E
fCYTYLQY='Z9gTg4EGgMP.M$QV.YL[HB QgTg4_P.MPJPYL
PJT $YMÒYQ =Y¯MY =XYg. .Y=L Z3g¥ fCYTY .LYL PYJB ZCgTg4E *HV
=XYg.P~YZE=.gLg4E_$YLK/E%Z=ZEfCYTY.gLg4EZ=ZE=XYL:Yg.
PYRY ZCgTg4E_ =XYL fCYTYT *.Z8 F°IYH ZH§YL[ hHZNÍ fLg/g4E_ fK
=XYL ZHLÀg± fCYTY .gLg4 fP DzVP QgTg4_ $gE. JYE\O =XYL fCYTYL
=[gL=ZH=QgTfNY3E[TJd=\LAYCfFgTg4$B3=YLY=XYLJd=\L
ZCE< fC/YL F°HM HYPEY LY/g=Y $YL HMg=Y $YMÒYQ =Y¯MY
$YJYgCLg. ,Q[L JYDgJ =YL Jd=\L PVHYC ZCgTg4E_ ZEÊT *g=
ZHgH.HYEgCL5EZECNELgTg4_
$YMÒYQ =Y¯MY =XYL 1Lg. ZELYFC $YN°TnM HYZEgTg4E_ fK fP% 0dgQ
F°gHN.gLg4fPfFÒ0fBg.ZELYF¥YMYI.gLg4_f.YgEYfLY0HYf.N
=XYg. ÔN .Lg= FYgL ZE $B3 *L 3YLFYN fBg. JYE\Og. f4XY fJgL
ZEgT KY,TY QT_ ZEÊT% KYL f3Y/ $Yg4 fP *g= f/YCYL .]CL= HY
f/YCYLNZJ¥YLF°JY</\Xg5FYgH_F\<HYEgCL.MY<YgB Z=ZE=XYg.
$gE. GMHYQ[ F\<.gJL P\gKY0 CYE .gLg4E JgE QT fKE =Y *JE
HY0YEKYL=MgCNZCgTEQLHYfY=ZAE[HQJYE_FdZBH[g=Z=ZE=XYg.
0°Q<gKY0=Y CYE .gLg4E_ PdZÍ $QZEZN =XYL FYgE C\HYL $Y.Og< 4]g8
3gMg4$YL$YMÒYQ=Y¯MY=XYLF°Z=$gE.3Ù\YEg.$Y.eÍ.gLg4EKYLY
FZH¨g3=Y,HRPYD\ F°.eZ=LJYE\O_=YgCLÖCTAp4$YLHPJ\gCL
J= F°N§_ Z=ZE =YgCL ÖCgT FLÔgLL 5E F°[Z= PYL .gLg4E_
=YgCL ÖCT fBg. P.M F°.YL $QV.YL , $Y=~|ZL=Y fHL .gL
ZCgTg4E_$YL*P~Ôg. =/E$YJYg.$HZQ=.gLg4EK/E*%$DJ
$YgCj'gMÒ/gKY0Z.4]Z4MEY_*%PYQYK=/EP~Ôa<IYgHJYE\gOLCdZÍ
,IYHEYL$g0Y3gLZ4M_Z=ZE=XYg.Pg=L*.*JE4]L[CYE.gLg4E
K²YLY Z=ZE N¨Àg. MYZ= .gLE_ $=*H =YLY f0YFE FLYJgNL FL
ORKvLcF[fKP.MPXYFH\gEg4KZÎ=YLPH.Z80°YP.gLg4_$YLZ=ZE
F°Z=N°ÀZ= ZCgTg4E fK =XYg. * $DJg. MYZ= .Lg= 3Y%gH Z=ZE
=Yg. MYZ= .LgHE_ .YK= fK $FJYE .Lg= f3gTg4 $YL -±=
fCZ/gTg4 fP MYZ= QgTg4_ =YLY YE EY BY.Y Pg¥{, =XYg. ZJBY
F°Z=FEx .gLg4 $B3 =YgCL ZEg5gCL ÖCT 5Y0Z=. .YJEYHYPEYT
$Yp4Ex_ =YLY $YMÒYQL 5YJY¯=g. L3Ù] fC/Yg=Y HYgEYTY8 .BYL
JYDgJ$YMÒYQLHYwCYgCL.ÍZC=_Pg=LZEHYgP=YLYF°gHN.Lg=YEY
HLVfK=Yg=F°gHN.Lg=3Y%g=Y$YLfK$HYDET=Yg.=YLYHYDY
ZC=_
P\=LYV f/YCY =Y¯MY =YgCL F°Z= fYDYZvA=_ =YgCL 5E $YgEL
fFYNY. F°m= .gLg4E *HV $YggFL fMZMQYE ZN/Y =YgCL 5E
F°ZM= .gLg4E KY PQ .LY =YgCL FgÙ $P~|H $YL =YLY 'U.´YL
$Z0xÓ]ZMg., F°Z=Q= .Lg= FYLgH EY_ $YMÒYQL $PvmZÍ fBg. HXY3YL
f.YgEY'FYT=YgCLfE%$YL*JEf.'fE%fK=YgCLg.DzVgPLQY=
fBg.ZEkeZ=ZCg=FYgL_:YgEHYHYgJ=YZ.gT,=YLY*JE.Y'g.FYgH
EYfK=YgCLDzVgPLQY=fBg.LÙY.Lg=FYgL_P\=LYVFZL<YgJ=YLY
3LJÙTÙZ=,MYEY0EYLZN.YLQgTg4_*%HYwCYLF°Z==YLYfK
=[L4X]gRg4=YM¿ÍQgTg4_$YMÒYQ =Y¯MY=XYg.=YgCLC\keZ=fBg.
LY .gLg4E_ Z=ZE =XYg. ZELYF¥YL fHÍE[g= *HV NYZv§L E[gR $YN°T
ZCgTg4E_ =YLY ÍYL =.C[L HY ZP±Yv§g. FZLH=gEL 5E P.M NZ
ÙT .gLg4 $YL fK $YgMY $H=[< QgTg4 =Y ZEg5gCL J\g/L G]U.YgL
ZEZIgTZCg=f3gTg4_FYBLQgT=YLY=XYL,FL$Y4gRFgRg4_=XYL
EYJZ3×KYg=fNOQgTKYT*$ZIMYgO=YLY3Y%g=YfKIaZJ=Yg.0°YP
.LÀ.HY=XYL,FLFYQYRfIgFRr._$YMÒYQ =Y¯MY=XYg.ZE5PZExDYE
fBg. F°HMFLYgJ PYQYK .LgME fKE *Z8 =YgCL 5E $YggFL
.YL<QgTKYT_
$YMÒYQ =Y¯MYJ\¯ZJEgCLZHLÀg±.YZGLgCLQYg=f.YgEYF°JY<fCEEY_
$YL$YMÒYQ =Y¯MY=YgCLP~Ôg. fK$ÉI$CdgÍLPVHYCZCgTg4E=YLY
=Y f.YgEYIYgH f9.Yg= HY CaL .Lg= PÙJ QT ZE_ $YMÒYQ =Y¯MY *%
F°=YZCÍHYwCYg.ÉIPVHYCZCgTg4EfKZ=ZE=XYLZQGYK=,ZELYF¥Y
ZHDYE.LgHE$YLfKP.MC\kJ.YL[=XYLF°Z=N¨À=YfFYO<.gL=YLY
=XYL f.YgEY Z=% .Lg= FYLgH EY_ Z=ZE JYN[M f/YCYL .eFYHYZLg=
ZP5[HEKYFE.LgHE_*IYgH$YMÒYQ=Y¯MYA[TZELYF¥YL3YCgL=XYL
ZELYF¥Y ZHDYE .gLE_ $YFE PZExDYgE =XYg. AY0= 5YEYE $YL =XYL
N¨ÀgCLZHLÀg±DYLYgMY=LHYL[QgT.Y5.gLE*HVP.Mfg¨=XYg.
H¶]L EYT PYQYK .gLE_ =XYL $Ap4M=Yg. Ap4M=YT HCgM fCE $YL
IaZJg.=XYL5E*.Z8PH\5'F=.YTHYGMGMYZCg=FZLFa< HY0YgE
FZL<=.gLg4E_=XYLZEWNYPF°NYgPHL.=HY.MY<ZEZQ=fLg/g4E
*HV =XYg. .M\OJ\ .gLg4E_ =XYL F°C[gFL $YgMY Z=ZE fCgN fCgN
ZH§e=.gLg4EGgM=XYLF°Z=HÕF\<Y=Y$Y.eÍQgTg4_=YLY$YMÒYQL
PvmZÍL5EZEg5gCLfCNJY=e.YLJYTY=Y0.gLJYN[Mf/YCYL.eFY
MYgIL HYPEYT =XYL 0°YJg. $YFE ZEHYP ZQgPgH 0°Q< .gLg4E_ GgM
N¨ÀLY ZEg5gCL $Iv§L[< ZQVPYL .YLg< f=gMfHgE 5{gM ,g9 $YL
P.M1d<ORKv .gLZ.vm =YgCLORKv F°gQZM.Y4YRYZ.4]%Z4MEY_
=YLY P.M =a< HY HY<YDYL fBg. =[L fHL .gLg4 $BYU P.M F±.YL
ORKv .gLg4 $E\HYC. F°BJ ZCg. $YL *L FZL<YgJ $YMÒYQL F
fBg.DzVP4YRY$YLZ.4]fCg/ZE_=YLYPHP~=IYgH*.%DE\.fBg.
=XYL F°Z= =[L 4]gRg4 Z.vm Z=ZE $YMÒYQL .eFYDE QgT ZELYFgC 1gL
ZGgLg4E$YLfCgNfCgN=XYLP~YEJY0=IYgHHdZ±fFgTg4_*IYgH
$YMÒYQ =Y¯MYA[THYwCYg.PYQYK.gLE*HV$YFEF°Z=N°ÀZ=P=F°JY<
.gLE$YLZE5PZExDYEfBg.=XYg.$gE.PYQYK.YL[CYE.gLE_=XYg.
Z=ZE ÉIPVHYC ZCgTg4E fK Z=ZE N¨ÀgCL QY= fBg. =XYg. ZELYFC
LY/gHE =XYL ,FL QYJMY.YL[ F°g=. HZL ,FL Z=ZE FYÅY QYJMY
.LgHE_*IYgHZ=ZEZE5F°Z=N°ÀZ=LY.gLg4E$YL=XYg.P.M$ZEÍ
fBg.ZELYFCfLg/g4E_
=XYg.Z=ZEP.M.M\OfBg.FZH¨*.JgEYE[=HZLP~YEZCgTg4E
*HVZ=ZE=Yg.FZH¨.gLg4E_ZEIe=$YMYF3YZL=YL5EZ=ZE=XYg.
hE.8F°CYE.gLg4E$YL=XYLF°Z=KY,Q[.Lg=f3gTg4E=Y.gLg4E
*HVZEg5LFfBg.=XYg.PZ9.Z3v§Yg3=EYTPJd±.gLg4E,PZ9.
FgBL ZCNY ZCgTg4E_ =XYL 5E CagMY. , IagMYg.L P.M ZECNgEL
PJYQYL 1Z8gTg4 $YL =XYL ,FL N¨ÀgCL P.M $YJ< Z=ZE F°Z=Q=
.gLg4E_=XYLP.MZHOgTLZIZ¥fLg/g4E=Y.{,TYL,FL_=XYLP.M
$g0Y4YgMYZHOTg.P\NdV/M.gLg4E_=XYLZEZ¹=[LZ=ZE$I[ÍMg
fFXj4YgEY ZEZÊ= .gLg4E_ 50=g. =YL CYP[=]M HYZEgTg4E_ fK =XYL
.Yg4 .YF< , E[3 .YJEYHYPEY fBg. J\ QgT $YgP =YL 5E P.M
ZETYJg=L ²YL '~\ .gLg4E_ Z=ZE =XYg. $YN°T ZCgTg4E *HV MYME
FYME.gLg4E_=XYg.ZE5PZExDYEfBg.ZNZ/gTg4E_Z=ZE=XYg.P\JQYE
=¥{YgE PJd± .LYL 5E fHg4 ZEgTg4E_ ZEÊT Z=ZE f=YJYgCL .Yg4
ZEDYZL=PJgT*gPg4E_
P\=LYV * HZ P~Ôg. f=YJYgCL .[ DYLEY" Z=ZE Z. P=HYC[ EYZ.
ZJBYHYC["*%.eFYHY$E\0°gQL'UFZ¥f.YBYT"$YMÒYQ =Y¯MY=XYg.KY
fCTYLPHZCgTg4E_*JEJQYE.Yg5L.]CL=HYNZNT=YELYg/Z."
FZLkYL.gL.BYHMf=YJYgCLF\Lke=.LYQgH_fP%ZP±Ygv§LZCEg.
IT.LKYP.Mf0YFEZHOTF°.YN.gLfCgH_
Z²=[T$DYT
JgQYCT0< ÉE\E $YMÒYQ =Y¯MY $YFEYgCL .MYg<L FgB FZL3YZM=
.LÀE $YZJ ZEg5% HYC[ $YL $YZJ% ZHHYC[_ $YZJ LY/;Y. .gL .BY
HZMEY_CYEN[MF°I\LFfBg.$YZJ$v§CdZÍL,FLF°Z=ZÎ=_$YMÒYQ
=Y¯MY $YJYg. N=Y½[L ZNgLYIYg0 FYZ9gTg4E DgJL PVkYL .LY
%PMYgJL J\/ '{M .LY ]N I .LY Z/ÑDgJL F°{ZM= $Z0x
ZEHYF< PHgN°Î JYEgHL 5[HEYCN HY P\Ex= F\ELÀ[HE KY EÍ QgTg4
=YL PVkYL *HV QYZLgT KY,TY JaMgHYD F\EHQYgML 5E_ $YZJ%
F°Z=N°À=JP[Q,K\0JYQC[_f/YCY=Y¯MY,Q[,%MQYgJLJYDgJ$YJYL
F°Z= $E\0°Q .gLg4E Z=ZE $YJYL PYgB, LPaMgCL J=% HY.YMYF
.gLg4E_fPPHZECNgELJYDgJZ=ZE$YJYLP==YLPYZCgTg4EKY
f=YJLYF°=.L4_$ZD.vmZ=ZE$YJYLf3QYLY*JEIYgHf5YZ=JZµ=
.gLfCZ/gTg4EKYLPYgBf=YJLYFZLZ3=_
$YZJ*.BYHZMEYfKf=YJLY$YJYg.f.YgEYCZMMF°JY<4YRY%fJgE
EY, HLV $YZJ f=YJYgCL PYJgE * f1YO<Y .LZ4 fK $YMÒYQ $YJYL
Fg fKPH ZECNE , PYF°JY< $H=[< .gLg4E =YL F°Z= f=YJLY
P\ZH3YL.L_fQ$A[.YL.YL[LYP=HYC[gCL,$=[g=LEH[gCLfg¨
f/YCYLL[Z=fKJEZ4M$YJYLZECNEYHM[g.KZC$E\LcFEYFY,=YQgM
f=YJLY$YJYg.0°Q<.gLYEYHLVF°=Y/YE.gLY_KZCf=YJLY$YJYL
ZECNEYHM[g. FaHH=[gCL ZECNgEL $YCgM FY, =YQgM &JYgEL CYZH
QgHZECNEYHM[g.FYNEY.YZ8gT$YJYg.0°Q<.LY_
f=YJLY Z. $YMÒYQL .LÀ<YHYZL fCg/ $YÊK Qp4" $B3 =Y F°.YZN=
Q,TYL*Z8%'FK\PJT_f=YJLYfC/4fKJYVPFXg30gM%PMYgJL
$ZnF\ fHZLgT *gPg4 *HV *L N¨ÀgCL P~YZE= .LY Qgp4 $YL
fPH.gCL .LY Qgp4 =]p4=YZp4M_ f=YJYgCL Z. QgTg4 fK f=YJLY
$YMÒYQL ZECNE fCg/, $A[.YL .L4" Pg=L PaKg. f3Yg/L PYJgE
fCg/,f=YJLYf.E&JYE$YE4EY"
fQJYEHJµM[+N[$.Y8K\ZF°JY<YZCFa<LcgFF°.YNfFgTf0g4=Y
Pg¥{,f=YJLYf.YBYTFYMYp4"P.MZC.fBg.=XYLZECNEYHM[F°.YZN=
QgTg4_ *. $Z= 'gFZÙ= QYT %PMYgJL P\JQYE ZNÙY $H=[<
QgTZ4M FZL=YF $Y5 *L $YgCNZEgOD FZL=_ *L ,FL P.M
F°.YLPJPYLFYQYRfIgFgRg4_P.MZHFCYFC%PMYJg.ZHOCXY=
F°CNE.Lg4_P.M$ÉINZ*g.0°YP.LYL5E'C=_OÎPQY½
FYLQgTf0g4KYg=F°Z=N°À=JP[Q$Y*L$YZHIYgHLPVHYCLgTg4_
f/YCY Z. A[T F°Z=N°ÀZ= I .LgME EYZ. Fa< .gLg4E f=YJYgCL .[
JgEQT"fKIYgH1E0Q[E5MfBg.$Y3J.YZQVPF°Y<[fHZLgTQYJMY
.gL $E\LcFIYgH *% ZJMÒY= HY J\PMJYEgCL ZHgLYZD=YT P.M 5YZ=
+.H±QgTg4$YLPHP~=IYgH*L,FLQYJMY.gLg4f=YJLYZ.
=Y fC/ EY" %PMYJ *. F°=Y/Y= PQYTP~AMQ[E HZL EYT QgT
f0g4_P.MP[JYMq1E.YL[LMÙngMFZL<=QgTg4_%PMYgJL3wC
QgTf0g4ZEÔI_$ELY&gCL$YEgwCZHgIYLZ.vm$YJgCL3XYC*/E,
K\M.C$EZ=Yv§ $BYU$YJYgCL&C*/E,HÕCagL_$YJLY.YZGLgCL
QYg= FLYZ5= 5YZ=L EYT Qg=YCJ *HV ITI[Z=L JYg6 HgPHgP
.XYFZ4_=YLY$YJYgCLDJ P~Ôg. *JEPHJJF[RYCYT..BYHgMKY
HNYL$Y1Yg=Lf3gT,fHZNfHCEYCYT._*J=YHnYT$YJYLF°I\$YJYg.
N=Y½[L ZNgLYIYg0 FY9YgME_ f=YJLY Z. JgE .L fK Z=ZE $YJYg.
$F°gTY5gEFYZ9gTg4E"$YMÒYQLEYgJNFB.gLHMZ4$YZJJgE.ZL
F°gTY5E*/EFagHLfKf.YgEYPJgTLf3gTfHZN_
%PMYgJLP~YEZEJZ=HYMg.LEYT$FPd=QgTg4$B3%PMYJZ4M
CdZÍEwCE,fPjJ.YZv§P\F\LÀO=]M_Z.vm$Y5=]ZJ*Lf3QYLYTZHCYg=L
.YZMJY,.]F°BYLÙ=Z3×fC/g=FYp4_*LPHfPjwCK ,GMGMYZC
/R.]8YT FZL<= QgTg4_ *L F°HYQJYE FYZE QgT f0g4 f1YMYg8 $YgMY
$¶.YgL HCgM f0g4 $YL LY5F°YPYC LcF ZEgTg4 DzVPmgF_ =Y */E
5EJYEHNaE0dgQHYfJj3Yg.L$v§WPYLNaE0QzgLLJ=QgTf0g4KYg=
*/E fJjJYZ4 4YRY $YL Z.4]% $HZNÍ fE%_ f=YJLY *.BY IYHgM
.[IYgHfK$YMÒYQ =Y¯MY*K\g0f.YgEYJ\5Yg©CFY9YEZE"$B3*Z8
C§L/YE 8YgEYL PJT ET HLV $YDYZ=. /YCIYµYL C§L/YE
EYZKgMLPJT_HCYE=Y,.eFYHYZLL$YDYLf/YCYZH¯CYg=LITYHQ=Y,
FYgFLHEYLJ\g/PdZÍLPVgNYDgELf.YgEYPZCp4YF°.YNEY.gL¿Í=YL
ZHgODzVP.LYL5EJ\PMJYEgCLJDfBg.*.CYYMg.=YgCL,FL
3YZFgTg4E *.BY f=YJLY .[IYgH IYHg= FYL" Z/ÑYEgCL F°=YL<Y Z.
.J HY FB¿Í=YL 5E Z. =Y KgBÍ ET" $YL fP% NaE=Y $YMÒYQ *%
CYYgMLJYDgJÔa<.LgME"$YMÒYQL.PJ*Z8H\Z±JYE,3Ù]YEgCL
.BYETHLV=Y*JE*.Z8.BY«KY0YDYL$Y,TY5fBg.,1d<*HV
'g8L HYp3YL Ù[< N½ Qg=, C\HM_ >$BYU *Z8 ÉEg=% LÀZ3g= HYgD
*HV*Z8f/XYRYK\Z$E\HYC.@
*4YRY $YMÒYQ =Y¯MY fK/YgE *. HZ P~Ôg. 5YgEE fK fP F°=YL.
=H\, =YL PJBgE f.E 'FK\FZL ZECNE EYZKM Qgp4" fQ $ZHNYP[LY
f=YJYgCL ÖCgT Z. $YgCj f/YCYI[Z= fE%" *Z8 Qg=% FYgL EY fK
f.YgEYHYwCY$YMÒYQLEYgJF°=YL<YL$YN°TfEgH=YLFL,$YMÒYQ =Y¯MY
=Yg.ZF°T5gELEYTPYQYK.LgHE_*JEZ8KZCQT=YQgMf=YNYZv§
'g9 KYgH ZHOT f1YMYg8 QgT KYgH $YL &JYgEL fÙg¨ fCYC\MJYE=Y
fC/Y fCgH_ *Z8 P¶YE[gCL 5E HR FL[YL .YL<_ f=YJLY Z. CYZH
.L fK *. HZ $gQYLYZ¨ , P.YMP¶Y $YMÒYQ P~Ôg. ZJBY HgM
$YLf.YgEY,Q[EYQ,TYPg¥{,HgMfK$YJYLF°Z=,Q[.LYQgTg4=Y
Pg¥{, =YL F°I\ =Yg. P=HYC[gCL EYT PYQYK .LgHE" f.YgEY P\n
ZHgH. .[ * ZHOTZ8 JYEg= FYgL" f=YJYgCL .[ QgTg4 fK f=YJLY
f/YCYI[LÀgCLEYTZHgH./Y8Y,EY"f=YJYgCL5EZ.f.HMCYYM%
LgT f0M" F°Nx QgMY PVkYL. *HV PVgNYDE.YL[LY f.YBYT" DJg. fK
$ZHNYgPL'%gFY.Yf/gTfGgMg4=YZ.f=YJLYfC/EY"
Z/ÑYE $YgMJLY $gCL .[IYgH F°=YZL= .gL ZHZIEx .BY , .Yg5
.[IYgHZJBY$Y.O<PdZÍ.gL=YZ.f=YJYgCLf3Yg/FgREY"$YMÒYQ
=Y¯MY =YgCL ZHLÀg± f=YJYgCL Fg Pg=L $.Y8 F°JY< $H=[<
.gLg4E fQ H\Z±JYE0< f=YJLY f.E =XYL F°JY<g. .Yg5 MY0Y, EY"
$YMÒYQLEYgJNFB.gLHMZ4KZCFaHYFL=YgCLP.gM%=YgCLP.M
ZHgNO , PYDYL< JYE\O *HV =YgCL P.M ELEYL[, PJgH= QT $YL
FLÔLg. PYQYK .gL =H\, $YJYgCL F°I]L F fBg. $YJYgCL fKJE
ZECNEfCTYQgTg4=YLY$E\LcF*.Z8ZECNE,'FnYFE.Lg=FYLgH
EY_f.EEY=YLYZJBYL,FL%3Mg4$YL$YJLYPg=L,FLF°Z=ZÎ=_
$YJYgCL F°I\ 5[ZH= *HV =YgCL f/YCY Jd= fK =YgCL Z3U.YL , QY
Õ=YNZ.4]%fNYgEEY_$YJYgCL*.5E*JEEH[$Yg4EKYLP==YL
ZECNE$YJLY*K\g0,fC/g=FY%_$YL=YgCLQYg=$M[.$BQ[E,
ZIZ¥Q[E ZHNYP 4YRY $YL Z.4\% fE%_ P\=LYV fQ 'CYP[E0< f=YJLY
ZELYFCC\0f4gRf.YBYTKYp4"
$YJYgCL EH[ PY /Y=YJ\M $Y~A[TY_ =XYL FL =XYL $YgMYT ZKZE
$YgMYZ.=QgHEZ=ZEH=[=$Ef.YgEYEH[fE%_=YL$YZHIYHZ=ZE
PY*L$Y0JgEL%F°Z=p4ZHQgH_P\=LYV$YE\0g=L.MYg<,Q[MYI
.LY $YJYgCL F°YF *HV $YJYgCL $ZD.YL_ =Y $YJYgCL ZEg5gCL%
QYZLgTKY,TYP~ÔCKY$YJLY*%$E\PL<[TEH[PY*L$YE\0g=L
JYDgJMYI.gLZ4_$YJLY=YT.ZLZEHLVZHEYJagMfCTYQgTg4_
P\=LYV Fa< J\¯ZJE fP KYg. *% ZETYJ= CYEALcF F°CYE .LY QgTg4_
KYg. * fBg. CYE .LY QT EY =YL FZL<YJ $ÉI Q,TYL $YNV.Y
LgTg4_
*Z8$YJYgCLDJ $YJLYPHCY*%DJ $E\PLg<LP\GMfCg/BYZ.HY
'FgIY0 .ZL $YL *L f5YZ= F°=Ù .ZL_ Z.vm Z/ÑDJ *JE *.Z8
0dQ=]M KYL $JYZENY JYE\Og. I[=¨§ .gL $YL *L $¶.YL JYE\Og.
$¶ .gL fCT_ f3Yg/ FRYL J= *L f.YgEY ZECNE $Yg4 Z." f/YCYL
.PJ KZC %PMYJ DJ EY BY.g=Y =YQgM ZHNF°Z=FYM.g. f3EY .Z9E
QgTfKg=Y_ZES=¥{YEf.HMJY¨*DgJLJYDgJ%F°.YNFYT_*Z8
*JE *.Z8 Hd KY P.M fJjP\gJ GM ZCgT BYg. $YL =Y fPPH
$YQYL.YL[g. $YJv< 5YEYT KYLY ZHgH.HYEgCL $v§0=_ QKL= &PYL
DgJL K=8].] P~Ô. $Yg4 =Y f.HM *JE *. HdgL EYT KYg. JYZ8
fBg. 'FgR fGMY QgTg4 $YL F°HM 6gRY HYT\ *g. ZEg5L nYE Qg=
ZH3\= .gLg4_ $ZD.vm =kL *L f.YgEY M< HY Z3×% $HZNÍ LYg/
ZE_=YgCLDgJ.=gMY0=YE\0Z=..YZQE[*HVFZL=Z.4]$ZI=Y
4YRY$YLZ.4]%$HZNÍfE%_*Z85YEY.BYfKZE4..YZQE[ZHNYgPL
5E ZCg= FYgL EY_ *g= *JE f.YgEY NZ fE% KY ZHN F°Z=FYMg.L
ZCg. JYE\Og. $Y.O< .Lg= FYgL_ FL[Z= *HV K\g0 ZHLY5JYE
ZECNgEL JYg6% f.HM $Y.O< .LYL hHZNÍ BYg. $YL *L JYDgJ%
ÖCTFZLHZ==,JEFZH¨QT*HVfCYO¨ÀZ8CaL[Ia=QT_*PH*/E
%PMYJ,$YJYgCLEH[PY*L$YE\0g=LPYgB%P~Ô.K\_$YZJ*
ZHOgTL PY[ HLV $YZJ =XYL $YE\0g= =Y MYI .gLZ4 $YL $YZJ *
P~Ôg.*.5E$ZIHZ_$YJLY*LJYDgJ$A[.YL.YL[gCLPYJgE
Pg=LF°JY<$.Y8IYgH'FnYFgEL.Y5PJY¹.LZ4_fK1gLL$Z§={
ZEZÊ× QgT f0g4 HY fK HY0YgEL HdÙLYZ5 PJagM 'UFYZ8= DJ KZC
f=JE%QT=YQgM=YZ.gPLDJ"f.YgEYZHgH.HYEfPDJ F4wC.Lg=
FYgLEYKYZHLYE1L=]M*HVKYIYYMYZ9,H¶YEYL[LEYTHYKY
*JEf3Yg/LJ=KYCdZÍNZQYZLgTfGgMg4_
P.MF°NVPY$YMÒYQ=Y¯MYL_%PMYJ*.Z85[Hv§DJKYJd=gCL5[ZH=
.gL'OLIaZJg.Pg=5.gL$YL5[HEg.F°Y<3YM,fPjwCgK IgL
fCT_ f/YCYL .PJ $YZJ *JE 5YZ=L $Y3Lg< ZHTYZIIa= Q% KYLY
*.ZCg.HgMJ\PMJYEQHYLCYZH.gL$FLZCg.*DgJL*HV$YJYgCL
EH[ PY*L $YDYZ=. .MY<LYZ5 , PHYE[ f/YCYL PYgB
HY.YMYgFLP~|YHEYg.EY.3.gLfCT_*gCLZ.QgTg4fK*LY5Y0°=
Qg=3YTEY$YLZHgHg.L3] f/YgMEY"*gCL*gQE$HnYfBg.$YZJ
$YMÒYQL$YN°TF°YBEY.ZL_=YgCLfCg/*HV=YgCL.BYHY=YÉgE$YZJ
$YÊK Q%_ $YZJ $YMÒYQL FÙ fBg. F°=YZCÍ ZQgPgH =YgCL JYg6
CµYTJYE QgTZ4 Z.vm =YLY &JYE $YgE ZE_ $YZJ =YgCL $YMÒYQL ZCg.
$YQzYE .LZ4 Z.vm =YLY $YgP EY_ .BY ÉgE, =YLY *JEIYgH FYN
.YZ8gT KYT fKE ÉEg=% FYT ZE_ =YgCL .Yg4 .[ fP 5YZ=L Hd¥Yv§
*/E,fFXjg4ZEKYLYLPaMgCL$A[.YL.L=$YL$A[.YL.LYQg=
ZHL=Qg=YEY".]L$YgEZ.=YgCLCYTJ\=YLf1YO<YfCTYQgTg4KYL
ILPYT=YLY*JEZ8.Lg4"
$YMÒYQL .PJ $YZJ FLJ CTYM\ f/YCYL F fBg. *gPZ4_ $YJYL F°I\
$YJYLPYgBHY.YMYF.gLE$YLZ=ZE.eFY,$E\0°QHN=$YJYLF°Z=
,Q[.gLE_$YZJ=XYg.P¶YE.gLfFgTZ4$YLK=<FY%ZE==<
$gvAO<$HYQ=fLg/Z4_Jd=]g.HLg<LFL$YJYg.5[HEfCTYQgTg4_
ENL 'F.L<YC[ FZL=Yg0L FL% $YZJ Pg=L P¶YE fFgTZ4_ ZEÊT
$YJYgCLF°I\ ./E,P¶YE[5YZ=g.HB .gLEEY_fKZHNYgPLP¶YE[
=Yg.Z=ZEPgwCgQLfCYMY3YgMf4gRfCEEY_f=YJLYP.MF°.YLORKv
.gL4_ KZC $YMÒYQL .eFY , .LÀ<Y EY Qg=Y =YQgM $YZJ DzVP QgT
fK=YJ_$YJYLF°I] $YJYg.Pg~AYDE.gLHgMg4E=]ZJ$YJYgCLfxQ
CdZÍg= LgT4_ $YL P.M fg¨ *HV P.M ORKv.YL[L ORKgvL J\g/
Z=ZE A[T F°Z=N°ÀZ= LY .gLg4E_ Z=ZE $YJYg. PYQYK .gLg4E $YL
ZE5 PZExDYgE $YJYg. $YN°T ZCgTg4E_ f=YJYgCL P.gM% $YJYL ,FL
QYJMY .gL4 Z.vm $YJYL PYJgE f.YgEY JYE\O CXYRYg= FYgL ZE_ =YLY
ZHGM JgEYLB QgT ZGgL f0g4_ $YMÒYQ =Y¯MY KY f5YRY ZCg= HgMg4E
f=YJLY =Y .=E .gL4 $YL f=YJLY JYE\gOL JYg6 *% $FF°3YL .gL4
fK*LYJ\PMJYEET$ZD.vm $YJLYPQYTP~AMQ[EZQgPgHFZL=
Q%« *Z8% Z4M f=YJYgCL $ZIF°YT_ P\=LYV $YMÒYQ f=YJYgCL fEYVLY
$ZIF°YT f=YJYgCL J\g/ 4X]gR fJgLg4E $YL $YJYgCL /YZ= 50=JT
4ZRgTZCgTg4E*Z8.[ZJBYHYC[gCLF°Z=CYE"
fQJYEHJµM[f=YJYgCLC\¯g8YLcFLgTg4_*.Z8f=YJYgCLÖCgT$YL
$FLZ8ZHLY5.gLf=YJYgCLJ\g/_&JYEf.HMJ\g/$YLÖCgTZHLY5
.Lg4 $ZHNYP_ f=YJLY .BY HM f/YCYL 5E $YL .Y5 .L NT=YgEL
5E_ =Y% .]L$YgEL ZNÙY $E\PYgL HM f=YJYgCL $HnYE f.YBYT"
f=YJLYZ.=YgHFRfK&PYJd=\LAYC0°Q<.gLg4E=YPg¥{,=XYg.
5RgCQPQ $Y.YgN ,9Y, .]L$YgEL $YTYg=L F°Z= f=YJYgCL &JYgEL
$B $YJYLfHYD0JET_f=YJLYEYJYgKFRfK&PYJYLYf0g4E=XYL
fCQ'9YgEYQTZE$YLZ=ZE5[ZH=,EE_=YPg¥{,f=YJLYEYJYgKL
FL QXY8\ f0gR fJQLYgH HgP FR $YL PYB[gCL 'g©N .gL HM fK &PYL Jd=\g= ZHNYP[ fP .YZGL =YL NYZ§ QgMY F°{ZM= $Z0x =Yg.
.YZGL $Y/Y fCTY $YHN. *% QgMY f=YJYgCL EYJYK $YL *% QgMY
f=YJYgCL .BY $B3 f=YJLY .]L$YgE FY9 .L $YL *g=
ZHNYP,LY/$YHYLf5gEÉgE*L$Bg.$HY.L
f=YJLY Z. Z.=YgH QKL= &PYL Jd=\L FL $H=Lg<L .BY f.YBY,
fC/g=FY,"fQZHgH.HYE0<*L$B .["f=YJLYZ.
Z8.Y
$YLZ=ZE$YMÓYQ =Y°MYfKHgMg4EPaLY$YgM
%JLYE *L $B PNL[gL '§YE ET HLV *L JYDgJ LÁQ HY $Y=YL 'Dz0JE
H\6YgEYQgTg4_LY°GYLFagH=Y,TYGG[L'gMÓ/*.BYL%AYÚHQE.gL_Jd=\LFL
LYGYF±g=.J\°ZJgEL$ZD.YL$YL=Y.]L$YEQYC[P,ZHZIEx fL,TYTY=H<EYHY
FLÕLYHYQYC[PfBg.F±JYZ<=_
%ÖC[LYQKL=&PYL$YLYGYHY$YDYZ=.'ExZ=g=ZHNYP.Lg=YEY$YLHMg=Y
fK J\°ZJgEL EYT =XYL LYGY HY $YDYZ=. 'ExZ= Q,TY $P}H $YL Z=ZE $YDYZ=.
5[HE,MYI.Lg=FYgLEEY_*L.YL<QgMY=YLY=XYg.J\°ZJEJgE.Lg=YEYHLV
.YZGL $Y/Y ZC=_ =Y% *% $YTY= *HV $EYE $YTYg= $YMÓYQ =YgCL .BY /¶E
.gLg4E_Z=ZEHgME>$BYU$YMÓYQZEg5LZCg.=XYg.'Ex[=.gLg4E
PaLY$YEZEPY$E\HYC.@=YLY%ÖC[ZJBYHYC[gCL$v¨I\_
&JYE$YEYLFL$YMÒYQLZ.=YHg.$A[.YL.L4"f=YJLYZ.$YMÒYQg.
ITEY.gLIY%gCLPvmÍ.LYLf3ÍY.L4"f=YJLYZ.=XYLF°Z=N¨À=Y
fFYO<.LfKN=Y½[LZNgLYIYg0fF°ZL=QgTg4E$B3Z=ZEf=YJYgCL%
*.5E *HV * '~=I\" Z=ZE *.Yv§ F°gTY5gEL J\Qag= Z/Ñ[T
hELYg5L PJT *gPg4E $YL +N[ 0°gvn HZ<= L[Z= $E\PYgL P= ,
F°YT PZ= QgT $YZHIa= QgTg4E *HV $YMÒYQ =Y¯MY F°C[¹ ZECNgEL
JYDgJ =XYL P==YL PY F°CYE .gLg4E_ f=YJYgCL Z. QgTg4 fK
$YMÒYQL LQJ= $H=[< Q,TYL FL f=YJLY =Y F°=Y/YE .L4 $YL
.e=gCL $v§Ib Qg= 3Y, EY" f=YJYgCL .]F°HdZ¥L LY= HY $¶.YL
%PMYJg. f;g. ZCgTg4 $YL f=YJYgCL FYgFL .LYM fY= =YL
%PMYgJLZCg.fDgT$YPg4$YLf=YJLYIYH4/\HIYM.Y5.L4"
f=YJYgCL Z. QgTg4 fK f=YJLY K\0 , *L PJPYHM[ $YL .]GL[PdÍ
=]GYE,*LITYHQ$YJg<LF°Z=¿ÀgÙF%.LEY"f=YJYgCLJYg6Z.
f.YgEY ZHgH.HYE JYE\O fE%" $YMÒYQL .PJ $YJYgCL $YÊgKL f.YgEY
P[JY fE%_ f=YJYgCL .BYT , .Yg5 $A[.YL.YL[gCL F°=]¥gL
f=YJYgCLFZL.ÇEYT*HVZ/ÑYEgCL'¥gLf=YJLYKYF°m=.gL4=Yg=
$YJLY PZ=% Q=I~A_ f=YJLY AQg§ ZEg5gCL JaM .=E .L4 $YL
ZEg5gCL.BYLJYDgJDgJLN¨ÀgCLPYQYK.L4_ZEÊT$YMÒYQ =Y¯MY
*. HYwCYg. *% C\gKYg0L PJT FYZ9gTg4E $YL f=YJLY =Yg. .YZGL
HM4*HV&JYgEL0ZµfBg.HZQkYL.L4$B3Z=ZEfCC[FJYE$YgMY
,P\JD\L=¥{YEZQgPgH*gPg4E%PMYgJLP==YLAFgÙ+N[ZECNE
ZQgPgH.Y5.LYL5EKYg=%PMYgJLPaK$JYZENYfBg.fHZLgT$YgP
$YL$YMÒYQ*L$.MY<,Z=K\g0L$HPYE1Z8gT*L4YTYg.P\ZH§e=
.Lg= FYgLE *HV GMGMYZCL F°Y3]K CYE .Lg= FYgLE_ $ZD.vm
JYE\Og. fC/YgEYL 5E fK $HnYHHnY *HV nYE , .YgML CdZÍg.Y<
fBg.%PMYJP.MDgJL=]MEYT$ZD.=LPJd±_Z.vm=YPg¥{,f=YJLY
*g. $A[.YL .L4 HLV f=YJLY PHF°BJ *L N¨À=YT CµYTJYE QgT4_
$YJYgCL DYL<Y Z4M f=YJLY * K\g0L JgEYE[= , FZH¨ JYE\O $YL
ZFFYPYg=L 5E F°HYQJYE 6<Y Z.vm KY F°.YN fFgMY =YQgMY 50g=
f=YJYgCLJ=fEYVLYFYZE$YLfE%_f=YJLYZH=µYTZM¹QgT4$YL
$=ZD. HYRYHYZR .gL4 HLV FaHH=[gCL 4YZRgT f04_ f=YJLY ZEZO±
P[JYgL/Y $Z=J .gL4 $[.YL I .gL4 $YL J\PMJYEgCL .YZGL
$Y/YZCgT4_
f=YJYgCLZ.5YEYfE%fK$YZJZEIe=f.Yg<HPHYP.YL[*.5EJYE\O
Z4MYJKYLf.YgEYP~YE,0°Q<gKY0=YZ4MEY%NYLYT,$YJYLP~Ôg.
f.' Z.4] HM= EY $YJYL FÙ fBg. f.YgEY MYI HY fMY.PYgEL $YNY
LY/Y Qg=Y EY $YL $YZJ FZLZ3=, Z4MYJ EY" *J=YHnYT $YJYL F°I]
$YJYLF°Z=,Q[.gLE*HVHgME
>$BYU$YZJf=YJYg.JgEYE[=.gLZ4*HVF±YDYEZCgTZ4_P\=LYV=]ZJ
HM$YZJF±=YZCÎQgTZ4$YLZHNYP[gCLJYg6$YZJ%F±BJ_Z=ZE$YgLY
HgME $YJYL =,Q[C , AY=v $YJYL .Yg4 fKJE ZF±T =]ZJ, $YJYL
.Yg4f=JZE%ZF±T_P\=LYVf=YJYLPYQYKMYI,JYE\gOLJYg6FZLZ3=
Q,TYL PJT *gP f0g4_ *= fHZN JYE\O f=YJYL .Yg4 $YPgH fK fK
FgB =YLY 3MY3M .LgH =Y 0I[L /YEY/gwC FZL<= QgH_ $YMÓYQ ZE5
PZExDYE Qg= f=YJYg. PYQYK .LgHE_ *JE JYE\O f=YJYg. PYQYK
.LgHEKYgCL×CgT$YJLY$YJYgCLFÚfBg.,Q[.LH_P\CagLLP.M
FB JYZRgT fP PYQYK f=YJYL .Yg4 $YPgH *JE FB FYZR ZCgT =Y
$YPgHKYg=f=YJYL.Yg4$Y0JE.YL[JYE\gOLFCIYgL0= QgTKYgH_
$E\HYC.@
*.BY%$YJYLF°I]HgMg4E_$YZJ.[IYgHPYQYKMYI.LZ4f=YJLY=Y
F°=Ù .L4_ JYE\O $YJYL .Yg4 CgM CgM *gPg4_ $YJYL .Yg4 *=
fHZN'FQYL,'Fg;j.E$YgPfKE=YP==G]XgP,9YPJ\gCLf;'_*
QgMY$YMÒYQ=Y¯MYLZECNEYHM[KYL$YgMYLF°Z=f=YJLYCdZÍFY=.LEY
$YL =Y F°.YZN= Q,TYL FL f=YJLY $A[.YL .L_ f=YJLY Z. $YJYL
ZHOTZ8ZEgTZ3v§YIYHEY.LEY"$YJYLF°I] $YJYg.fPP~Ôg. PVHYC
fCTYL FagH f=YJLY Z. $YJYL EYJZ8, ÉgE4" $YZJ 1\Jv§ HZL EYT
CdZÍL$v§LYgMZ4MYJKYL.BYZHgNOHYPYDYLg<'gMÒ/.LYQg=YEY_
$YJYL 5[HgE *JE PJT, $Z=HYZQ= QgTg4 K/E $YZJ 'gMÒ/gKY0
f.YgEYHZZ4MYJEY_$YZJ*JE*.HZLJ=5[HE.Y8Y=YJKYL
PYgB JYE\O FZL= HmL EYT HHQYL .L=_ FK8.LY $YJYL 0°YgJ
$YPYL .BY Z3v§Y, .L= EY_ CN.gCL CdZÍg= *Z8 Z4M *.Z8
$g5YFYRY0XYKYLZ8MYgMY,ZJg8f0g4$YLJYE\O*/YgE$YPYF4wC
.Lg=Y EY_ *L .MY< HY 'F.YZL=Y Q
YP FYT $F.YZL=Y , ÙZ=.L
ZC. HdZ± fFg= BYg._ * 0°YgJL HYZPwCYLY Z4M FÉ=]M $YL =YgCL
HYZQ. MYEY.L $HnYL .YLg< JYE\O =YgCL Z=LkYgL HYD Qg=Y HY
=YLY$EgCLZ=LkYgLLP\gKY0ZC=_
%PMYJ.]L$YE*HVNL[Tg=L$YgCNZEgOD.Yg.HgM=YLY=Y5YEg=Y
EY_ *Z8 $YMÒYQL ZP±Ygv§L ZHT.L *.Z8 ZC. , =XYL NZL
$YÊK5E.*.M[MYfKDgJLN¨ÀgCLZHFgÙHNYL.Y5fCTYL5E
Z=ZE $YJYg. *LcF ZHLYE IaZJg= FYZ9gTg4E_ K\0FU $YZJ K/E
$FZLZ3=Z4MYJ=/E*HV$YJYL0dQ[=Q,TYLK\g0$YJYLF°I\ $YJYg.
P\PVHYC ZCgTg4E fK $YZJ JYE\gOL $Y.Og<L f.wCZHwC\ QgHY $YL
.YZGLgCL $YJg<L fJY.YZHMYT F°Z=H¶. HY ZELYF¥Y F°Y3[L F°JYZ<=
QgHY_ $YJYg. F°DYE HY PHg3gT LÀ={Fa< $YPgE HPYgEY QgH $YL
ÖCgTL 5E HÙALcF .LY QgH_ fKIYgH HÙ ÖCZFgµL P\LÙYL .Y5
.gL $YJYL IaZJ.Y f=JZE% QgH_ =YLY CaLCaLYgv§L FB FYZR ZCgT
'FQYLPYJ0°[,JaMHYEHm ZEgT$YJYL.Yg4$YPgH_JQYg0jLHYZvA=
f/YCYLFfBg.*Z8*.Z8A0[T,Q[_*Z8F°=YL<YJaM.f.YgEY.BY
ET HY *Z8 .YJEYHYPEYL PdZÍ ET HLV JQYJZQJYZvA= F°I\F°C¥
F°Z=N°ÀZ=KYFdZBH[g==XYL*$DgJL$YZHIYgHLFagH%ZMg/,f4gF
F°3YL.LYQgTg4*HVZHZIEx NQL,0°YgJ=YfF°L<.LYQgTg4_*LFL
Z=ZEF°C[¹PagKLEYT$YZHIb=QE_f=YJLY5YEfKCgMCgMJYE\O
$YJYL.Yg4*=FZLJY<'FQYLPYJ0°[ZEgT$YgPKY0<EYHYZQPYH
.gLfNO.LYKYgHEY_*g=Z.H\Z±JYEgCL5Ef.YgEYZECNEfE%"
KZC=]ZJ$YJYg.ZJBYHYC[JgE.L=YQgMJYE\gOLPYJgE$YJYLf0YFE
ZHOTYZC=]gMDL$YL$YJYL¹ZHOTYZCF°.YN.gLCY,_*.%PYgB
*%0°YgJLfMY.gCLZ5gP.LQT==]ZJf.YgEYN¨ÀLPYQYK,fFg=
FYL_=]ZJKYg=$E\P¶YE.gLPZ9.FgBLZCNYfFg=FYLf.HM*%
'g©gN% $YZJ * P~Ôg. f=YJYg. $HZQ= .LZ4_ KZC =]ZJ $YMÒYQg.
ITEY.L=YQgMKYgp4=Y%.L$YMÒYQ f=YJYLFZLHg= $E.Y'g.
ZEgT $YPgHE_ $YL KZC =]ZJ =XYg. IT .L =YQgM f5gE LY/ Pg=L
F°JY< $Z= ÔÍ $YL ZHOT $=v§ PQ5_ %PMYJ 6LYT 55ZL= *.8]
Z3v§Y.L*/E,Z.HPv§ *HVJdC\JwCHY=YPH%HYLPJT$YgPZE"=]ZJ
fC/4 $YJYgCL * K\g0 ÖCT5ZJE JgL f0g4 $YL HdZÍHYQ[ HYT\ *g.
FZL=Y0 .gLg4 =/E% $YMÒYQL .LÀ<YDYLY J\OMDYL HdZÍL J= HZO=
Q,TY $YL~| QT KY P.M NYL $HPYE 1Z8gT PHZ.4] PZ9. FgB
FZL3YZM= .gLg4_ fK .XY8Y %PMYgJL FY =ZH= .gLg4 * K\g0
$YMÒYQ =Y¯MY=Y$FPYL<*HV*LFgBfKP.M.w8.Y.[< HdLgTg4
=Yf.g8fGMY,.]3ZHYQ[EgMY.gCLCaO<fBg.FdZBH[g.FZH¨.LYL
ZP±Yv§ZEgTg4E_=]ZJ0°Q<.LHYEY.L$YZJ%HPv§HYZL_
$YZJ.YJEYHYPEYLHNH=[ QgTCYZH.ZLZEHLV$YZJÍYLFÙfBg.
FdZBH[g. .M\OJ\ .LY $YL F°HdZ¥g. .YJEYHYPEY , NT=YgEL /ºL
fBg.J\.LYL5EfF°ZL=QgTZ4_*%'~g=L,FLZ.ZHFC$YFC
ZEFZ==QgTg4$YLC\HM=Y.[IYgHJNfHgR3gMg4=]ZJZ.=YfC/
EY" *. 1gLL JQYJYL[ 1gLL P[JYEY 4YZRgT F°Z=gHZNL 1gL, 4ZRgT
FgRg4_$YLJd=\Jd=]HL<.YL[HZg.fPIYgH$YQzYE.gLg4fKIYgH
fPJd=]g.$YQzYE.gLg4_DJJE\OFa5YL[gCLFC=gMZFÍQgTg4$YL
N¨ÀLY *g. PXYgFL J= f4XYHM fJgLg4 KYL GgM =Y QgT f0g4 HEYL
.LYM 0°YgPL ZN.YL 0°YgJL J= HY f1YRYL FCFdÍ JY9=]M_ *J=YHnYT
$YMÒYQ =Y¯MY MÙ .gLE fK FdZBH[ ZHLY< QgT f0g4 $YL JYE\gOL
Z3v§YDYLYQgTf0g4ZH.e=_5Y0Z=.3Y,TYFY,TY,.YJEYHYPEY4YRY
=YgCL $YL Z.4]% $HZNÍ fE%_ C\ZETYL .[8LY C\ZETYL fJYgQ $Yp4Ex_
*gQE FZLZnZ=g= DgJL PVkYL '~g=L PVgNYDE , Ö= f0jLH
F\ELÀ±YgLL 5E Z=ZE $YJYg. f=YJYgCL JYg6 CXYR .ZLgTg4E_ $YMÒYQ
f=YJYgCL F°Z= .LÀ<Y .LÀE *.8\ IYH $YZJ Z. f=YJYgCL .Yg4
F°=YLg.LEYT$PJgT$nYgE*gPZ4"EYZ.NT=YEK/Ef=YJYgCLf4XY
fJgLZEgTKYZp4M=/E*gPZ4"
$YMÒYQ f=YJYgCLPZ9.FgBLZCNYZCEIYMIYgHf5gELY/*ZHOTZ8
f/YCYL ZP±Yv§ , ZHDYE $E\PYgL QgTg4_ *% $YgMY $¶.YL Qg=
'UPYZL= Qg= FYgL EY HLV =Y =XYL Fa< 3wC fBg. 'UPYZL=_ $gE.
fE.gR f/YCYL HYwCYgCL Ù=ZHÙ= .gLg4 f=YJLY Z. fC/ EY" .=
f3YLLgTg4KYLYDgJLP~ÔCM\8FY8.gL/Ygp4=H\,Z.f=YJLYF°=Ù
.L EY" f=YJLY Z. JgE .L LQJYgEL PYQYgKL PJT */E, $YgP ZE"
f=YJLY fKJEZ8 IYH4 =Y, Z.vm ET HLV $YMÒYQL .eFY , $E\0°QLYZ5
F°.YgNLPJT*gPf0g4_$YZJP\ÔÍF°JY<4YRYf=YJYgCL.Yg4$YZP
ZE_$YJYL.Yg4$YMÒYQLFfBg.*JEF°JY<YZCLgTg4KY'¥gLY¥L
ZHNYPg.CdS.gL_$YZJA5YZ=L5[ZH=gCLJYg6Jd=HUZ4MYJ$YL1gL
fBg., 0dQQYLY Z4MYJ_ $YZJ $5YEY , $FZLZ3= Z4MYJ QYg= f0YEY
.gT.5EfMY.4YRY$YJYg.0°YgJLf.'Z3E=EY_$YZJZEId=f.YgE
5[HE KYFE .L=YJ $YJYL .Yg4 f.YgEY EYL[F\LÀgOL $YEYg0YEY Z4M
EY_ $YZJ Z4MYJ JYEHCdZÍL $v§LYgM_ $YJYL f.YgEY fCgN KY,TYL
FZL.ÇEY,Z4MEY$YLIaFdgÎFZL¿J<,.ZLZE$YLH,fCZ/ZE$YL
%LY.KY,TYL,f3ÍY.ZLZE_f/YCYL.PJHMg=Z.$YJYL$YZB.
Ap4M=Y, Z4M EY_ K\0g. $YZJ *. H¶YL §E=]M fFgTZ4 KYL .Yg4
P\gFT C\gDL $YNY% .LY KYT EY_ $YL $YZJ *JE *. FÉL ZFg9
$YgLYQE.ZLKYg=$YLYJHYAYp4gwCLfMNJY¨fE%_*JEPJT$YJYL
F°I\ $YJYg. ÉIPVHYC ZCgTg4E fK Z=ZE ATV $YJYL P.M ZHOgTL
CYZT={ fEgHE $YL .eFYDE .gL A[T ZETYJg=L P.M ²YL $YJYL 5E
'g~Y3E .LgHE_ fKIYgH $YZJ HgMZ4 fP K\0Z8 Z4M HR .Z9E *HV
QgL. L.J $IYH$E8gEL K\0_ $YJYL F°I\ $YJYg. ATV $YJYL ZHOT
PQ5PYD .LY FB P\0J .LY $YL $YJYL P.M $IYH fJY3gEL CYZT={
fETYLPVHYCZCgTg4E_fKPJT$YLfKK\g0ZELYF¥YLfMNJY¨Z4MEY
$YJYg.*JE*.Z8$YVZ8HYEYgEYLZEgCNfCTYQgTg4KYg=fPP.M
PVHYCf/YZC=BY.gHfKE*LF°.YNP¶YE[gCL5EZECNE,N¨ÀgCL
ZHLÀg± Pg=L F°JY< PYH§ QT_ fQ P\Z3v§YZHC0< fP $YVZ8Z8 */E,
PVLZÙ=$Yg4$YLZEgJx*L4YFfCTYQgMY
*LFL $YMÒYQ KY F°Z=N°ÀZ= ZCgTg4E =Y% .gLg4E fKJE .BY f=JE
.Y5_$YMÒYQ =Y¯MY*.Z8f4Y H[5g.ZHNYMJQ[LÀgQ*HVFZLF,
P\AYC\ GgM FZL<= .gLg4E_ $A[.YL.YL[gCL PH CM PJgH= QgM,
*g. $A[.YgLL f.YgEY 'FYT fE%_ f.EEY PY[gCL PY
$A[.YL.YL[L J\g/ .YZMJY fMFE .gL_ $YL C[¹ZCHY.Lg. $A[.YL%
HY.[IYgH.LYKYT"*LFLf/YCYL.BYK/EFZLFa<=YMYI.LgMY$YL
$YJYL F°I\ $YJYL FY¨ IgL ZCgME =/E JYE\O $YJYL ²YgL 4]g8 *M_
$YZJ ZHwC\ fBg. ZP¶]g= $YL $E\ fBg. ZHNYM FHg= *.8Y f4Y 3YLY
fBg. GMPJd± *.Z8 Hdg FZL<= QgTZ4_ *. .[8 fBg. H[LgHgN
PYJgE*gPZ4*g=ZEÊT3Ù\YEgCL5EZECNELgTg4_
*.%IYgH $YJYL F°I\ $YJYg. F°YLg~|% C[1YT\ MYgIL PVHYC ZCgTg4E_
Z=ZEHgMg4E>$BYU=]ZJP\CagLLF°5EHY.gT.Z8
F°5EfCg/fKg=FYLgH«$E\HYC.@$YJYLF°I\$YJYg.C[15[ZH.gLg4E
KYL .MYg< $YZJ PLYPZL F°5E *HV *LFL $YJYL Pv§YgEL F°5E
fCg/Z4_ Z=ZE $YJYg. fP% ZEHVN HZL J= FZL=Y0 .gLE ZE KYL
f.YgEYPv§YEQTEY_*.F\<HYgEL5E*%ZECNE%KgBÍ_
P\=LYV fQ $YgMJ PJY5 J\QYZ©P , H\UFZ¥P~ÔEx HZ0< $YJYg.
*.8] HM\E$YMÒYQ Z.*PHHHQYL*JE*.HZLPYgB.Lg4EKYL
Z8.Y
*% $YVZ8Z8 HYEYgEYL FL Z©N H4LYZD. .YM fFZLgT f0g4_ Z.vm $YMÓYQL .eFY ,
.LÁ<YLZECNEfK$Y5FKv¨*Z8EÎQTZE_$YLfPK\g0$YJYLPYEMYgILf.YgEY
M< HY /YZ= $5gEL f.YgEY 'gMÓ/% Z4M EY_ $YZJ ZE5E f.Yg< PYE ,
0±Q<gKY0=YHZ=$HnYT5[HEKYFE.L=YJfM/._
P~Ôg. Z=ZE 5YgEE fK fP $YMÒYQL EYgJ ZJBY CYZH .Lg4 $YL =XYL
f3Yg/L PYJgE ZJBY HMg4" $YFEYgCL ZHgH. Z. *.BY HMg= FYgL"
$YFEYLY./E,Z.$YMÒYQL*%L[Z=fCg/g4EfK*.F°=YL.g.Z=ZE
C[1.YM$CdgNLPVHYCZCgTKYgHE*HVP=EH[LEYT=YL5EA[T
P.MZETYJ=g.FZLFa<=YfCgHE*HVP.Mfg¨=Yg.F°.YNP~YgE
IbZO=.LgHE"ZJBY3YLPg¥{,=Yg.fKjHEfBg.HYD.FKv§ $H.YN
fCgHE" =Yg. PQPQ PYB[ CYE .LgHE $YL fP =YL PYB[gCL FÙ
fBg.Fa< ZHN§=YMYgIDEQgH"Z=ZE=Yg.PYQYK.LgHE$YL=YL
N¨ÀgCL.].]gLLJ=.gÍZEFZ==$HnYTFZL=Y0.LgHE"=Yg.*JE
PHCYgE.e=YB.LgHEKYPJPYJZT.K\g0L$E.Y'g.fCTYQTZE"fK
=YL PYgB J\HYZQMY .gL =Yg. =YL f3Yg/L PYJgE DzVP MYZ= ,
$FJYZE=.LgHE"fKC\ZETYLF°Z=$Y.eÍ$YLC\\ZETYLfJYgQ$Yp4Ex*HV
ZJBY $YgLYF.YL[ , F°=YL. $YFEYLY Z. JgE .gLE fK fP *JE
PYQYK fFg= FYgL" HY $YFEYLY Z. =YL FgÙ $YMÒYQL *JE PYQYK
./E,F°=Ù.gLg4E"
$YMÒYQ $YFEYgCL ZQCYTY= ZCE $YFEYgCL Z. QgTg4" $YFEYLY f.E
J\¥Y.[gCLJ=Z3v§Y.gLEEY"$YL.=ZCE$YMÒYQLPYQYKF°Y¹HYwCYgCL
.YZGL$Y/YZT=.LgHE"$YFEYLY$YJYg.f.EZJBYHYC[$Y/YfCE=Y
$YZJ5YZEEY_
$YZJ Z. $YMÒYQL Z.=YH *HV LPaM0< KY ZEgT *gPg4E =Y $A[.YL
.gLZ4 EYZ. $YFEYLY $YMÒYQL ZECNE fCg/E ZE HgM ZJgB $5\QY=
fC/Ygp4EfK.YLg<PgwCQ.Lg4E"$YZJZ.$YFEYgCL.Yg4$PJgT
*gPZ4 fK .YLg< QT= $YFEYLY HMg= FYgLE fP fP% IYgH *gPg4
fKIYgH F°=YL.LY *gP BYg." $YFEYgCL .[ QgTg4 fK $YFEYLY P=
Z3gEEEY$YLfCg/E,EY"
%Z=QYgPL FY=YT ZJBYgLYF.YL[ 5YZ= *HV ZJBY CYZH.YL.gCL $HM\¹
hHZNgÍL F°Z= MÙ .LÀE $YL fC/\E =YgCL ZJBY $YgLYgFL .YLg<
$YMÒYQ .[IYgH =YgCL PJagM 'UFY8E .gLg4E" Z=ZE =YgCL DzVP
.gLg4EHLV=YgCLEYJZ3×FKv§ $HZNÍLYg/EZE_Z=ZE=YgCLZ3×
ZJZ8gTZCgTg4E$YLZJBYHMY,P=HYC[gCLZHLÀg±CXYRYgEYL.YLg<
=YgCL PYQYK.YL[gCL ZEZÊ× .gL ZCgTg4E_ KZC $YMÒYQ =Y¯MYL F
fBg.P=,ZJBYLFYB.EY.LYQg=Y=YQgMNYZv§ 'g9fKg=Y$YL
FZH¨$FZH¨ZHLYE,$YHYC*HV0dQ[=,F°=Y/Y=gCLJYg6f.YgEY
FYB.%$YL$HZNÍBY.=EY_
$YMÒYQ $YFEYgCLF°Z=.LÀ<Y.LÀE_f5gELY/\EF°=YL<YÙ<nYT[QgT
BYg.$YLZJBY$YgLYF.YL[$HgNgOMYZ=QT_$YLf/YCYLF°Z=ZJBY
$YgLYF.YL[LY F°=Y/Y= 5YZ=_ PHYE[ F°I\ =YgCL PYQYK .gLE EY_
$YMÒYQ=YgCLFgPYfCEEY$YL=YgCL=ag<f.YgEY=[L,BYg.EY_
H\ZM$Y,RYgEY4YRY=YgCL.Yg4$YLf.YgEYP~ÔCBYg.EY_PJBEF\Í
,0dQ[=5gELEYT=YgCLPYQYK.LYQTEY_f/YCYLL[Z=QgMYK/E
ZJBYHYC[gCL f.' f.YgEY P=HYC[L F°Z=²Zw²=YT CµYTJYE QT HY =XYL
PYgBZH=µYT5RYT*HVJ\HYZQMYLJYEgP=YLPYgB²gw²ZM¹QT$YMÒYQ
MYEY,0EYLPYgB=Yg.IaFYZ==.gLE_P=HYC[,ZJBYHYC[gCL
JYg6 FYB. .LYL fÙg¨ f/YCY =Y¯MYL L[Z= *IYgH% 3gM $YPg4_
ZJBYHYC[gCL $YMÒYQL F fBg. f.YgEY PYQYK F°CYE .LY QT EY $YL
=XYLY ZGZLN=YL PYQYK, MYI .gL EY_ $Y.YN fBg. f.YgEY A0[T
f5YZ=, =YgCL MYI QT EY $YL =YgCL PYJgE F\<HYEgCL $YDYZ=.
/YY 'FnYFE .LY QT EY_ =YLY C\ZETYfMYI[ .].]L hH Z.4] ET =]ZJ
=YgCL *L% F°Z= $Y.eÍ fC/gH_ 50g=L fJYgQ =]ZJ =YgCL ÖCTg.
.YFg< ILY FYgH_ ZEg5gCL ZHLÀg± =YLY ZEg5LY% PYÙ fCgH_ *JE
JYE\O$HgNgOMYZ=QT_=/EZ0gTfP%FYB..YL[P¥Yg.f3EYKYT
ZKZEFZH¨fBg.$FZH¨g.FdB..gLE_KYLY=YgCLF°I]LPZExDYgEP=
HgMg4$YMÒYQ =XYgCLC\ZETYZHJ\/fLg/g4E$YL=XYgCLÖCT=XYLZEg5L
F°Z= $Y.eÍ .gLg4E_ =XYLY =XYL /YZ=gL P.M C\W/.Í , NYQYC=g.
QYZPJ\g/HL<.gLg4E_ZEg5gCLZI=LHYZQLPH%=XYg.PXgFZCgTg4E_
=YgCLKYZ.4] Z4MPHA ZEgT=YLY=XYLF°Z=DYZH=QgTg4E$YL=XYL
IYgMYHYPYMYgIL$YNYT=Y0A[.YL.gLg4E_=XYLY=XYgCLIYgMHYPYL
=,TYGHYF°CZÙ<P~ÔEx.gLg4E_=XYLY%*JEfMY.KYgCL*FdZBH[,
FL.YgMMYZ=.LYQgHEY_P~YE,$YDYZ=.'ExZ=LF°YPYgC=XYLY
$HnYE.LgHE_N¨ÀLJ\.YZHMYT=XYLYfQXY38/YgHEEY_
$YMÒYQ =Y¯MY=XYgCLP.MF°.YLFLY5TfBg.LY.LgHE_P.MÐME
fBg.Z=ZE=YgCLLÙY.LgHE,ÙJY.LgHE$YLP.MF=gELJ\g/
Z=ZE =YgCL Pg=5=Y , $YLYgJL ZHDYE .LgHE GgM =XYLY ZELYFC
5[HEKYFE.LgHE_=XYgCL*HVZJBYCYH[.YL.gCLfI=LFYB.C[¹
ZCHY.L , =JPYp4Ex LYg=L FYBg.L EYT HY P\gFT C\D , $=v§ 8.
ZPL.YL FYBg.L J=_ CN.gCL PYJgE =XYgCL MMYg8L f5YZ= $=v§
ÔÍ_=XYLY*50g=LEYL[,=YgCLfPjwCKg.ZHCYT5YZEgTFL.YMg.
$YZME .gLg4E $YL *L $YLYJCYT. FZLgHgNL AYC fFgTg4E_
ZEg5gCL .YJEYHYPEY ZHP5E ZCgT =XYLY $YMÒYQg= F°NYZv§ /X\g5
fFgTg4E_ =XYLY f/YCYL PYJgE fP5CYHE= QgTg4E P.M P~Ô. Z4Ex
.gL =XYL% ZCg. DYZH= QgTg4E_ =XYLY FdZBH[g= fJY8Y IY= , fJY8Y
.YFR ZE~xJYgEL PHZ5 ZEgT% PvmÍ_ *L GMN°ÀZ=ALcF Z=ZE =XYgCL
$Y=Yg.ZHC\g=Y{MfFYNYg.PZ=.gLg4E*.%PYgBF4wCE[T,
P\AYC\ /YHYL, ZCgTg4E_ $YL =XYLY KY Z.4] fGgM *gPZ4gME Z=ZE
=XYgCLg.=YLPH%fGL=ZCgTg4E_
$YMÒYQ ZEÎYHYE HYwCYgCL PYgB *JE HHQYL% .gLE_ =XYgCL F°Z=
CdZÍFY=.gL$YMÒYQ=XYgCLFa=FZH¨fFgTg4E_Z=ZEfCg/g4EfK=XYLY
=XYg. $E P.gML ,FL F°YDYE ZCgTg4E =Y% Z=ZE, =XYgCLg. $E
PHYL ,FL F°DYE ZCgTg4E_ Z=ZE fCg/g4E =YLY =XYL $YMÒYQL =Y%
Z=ZE, =XYgCL QgT f0g4E $YL Z=ZE =XYgCLg. $YgMYL $H=L<nM
HYZEgTg4E_F°BJK\g0LJYE\OHY$Y'TYM[EfBg.$YL~| .gLfNOK\g0L
JYE\O FKv§ $YMÒYQL P\Ex= HY L[Z= *JE% 3gM *gPg4_ =XYgCL 5E
$gE. $¶.YL .aF /EE .LY QT Z.vm f/YCY =Y¯MY AQg§ =Y fBg.
=XYgCLLÙY.gLE_=YgCLDzVP.LYL5EfKPJPY%JYBY3YRYZC.EY
f.E=YLJYDgJ$YMÒYQ =Y¯MYPZ=.YL$gB =YgCLP~YEF°.YN.gLE
HYF°Z=ZÎ=.gLE_f.YgEYZHFC=XYgCLDzVP.LYL5E$YgPEYHLV
$YMÒYQ *L JYDgJ F°JY< .Lg= 3YE fK =XYLY% =XYL PJBEF\Í_ =XYLY
*JE JYE\O KYgCLg. =XYgCL H¶] $YMÒYQ JgEYE[= .gLg4E_ $YMÒYQ
=Y¯MYf.HM=/E%f.YgEY5YZ=g.MYZ=.gLEK/E*PHfEYVLYgCL
QYg==XYgCLÖCT.ÍFYT_PdZÍLJYg6$YMÒYQLP\Ex=HYL[Z=*IYgH%
3gM $YPg4_ =XYLY $YMÒYQL .Yg4 QY= '9YgM Z=ZE =XYgCL fCYTY 0°Q<
.gLE_ =XYLY ZH5gTL fCYTY .LgM P.M $=Y3YL[ .eF< HB QT $YL
=XYLY $YMÒYQL ZELYF¥YL 4YTYT 5[HE KYFE .gLE_ =]ZJ =XYgCL 5[ZH=
3MYgGLY.Lg=fC/Z.vm PZ=.YL$gB =YLYf/YCYL5EZHM[EJYE\O_
=]ZJZ.JgE.LfK*JEJYE\Of.HM$=[g=%Z4M"$YL$YMÒYQ=XYgCL
J= 5YJY= $Y/YL[EgCL fNO K\g0L fMY. JYg6 PdZÍ .Lg= 3YE EY"
f/YCYf=YJYLJM.LÀE*Z8*.Z8F°.YN¿YZv§_
fQ IY% $YMÒYQ f=YJYT JY5EY .LÀE =]ZJ ZHN F°Z=FYMg.L $IYP HY
L[Z=E[Z='FMZ±.LYfBg.$gE.CagL3gMf04_KZC=YgCL$Z§={ EY
BY.g=Y=YQgMFdZBH[*HV=Yg=KYZ.4] $Yg4PHhELYg5IgLfKg=Y_
=Y% Z.TYJ= FKv§ =YgCL $Z§={ $=YHN.[T_ f=YJYgCL F°Z=
.YZGLgCL$YJ<F°Z=Q=.LY*HVf=YJYgCL$YgMY0°Qg<LfKY0.gL
f=YMYL 5E $YJYL F°I] $YJYg. fF°L< .gLg4E_ f=YJYgCL Z. QgTg4
f=YJLY.e==YF°.YN.LEY$YLZQCYTY=HYPZ9.FBg.$HY.L"
f=YJLY Z. JgE .L HdBY .YK.MYF 3YZMgT KY,TYL 5E f=YJYgCL
MY0YJQ[Ef4gRfCTYQgH"$Y5g.LFL$Y0YJ[.YMHMg=,Z.4] $Yg4_
$YZJ .YJEYHYPEYL HPH=[ QgT f=YJYgCL .Yg4 $YZPZE *HV $YZJ
$Y=F°.YgN HY $Y=F°3YgL, $Y0°Q[ Z4MYJ EY HLV .HLHYP[gCL EYT
ZEIeg= 5[HE .YZ8gT ZCg= f3gTZ4MYJ_ $Y=F°.YgNL F°Z= $YJYL 1d<Y
Pg¥{,Z=ZE$YJYg.F°.YN.gLg4E$YLKN,/YZ=LF°Z=$HYPg¥{,
Z=ZE$YJYLEYJg.PYLYZHgN PJ\{M.gLg4E_$YZJ¹LQPMY5\.
P5YLÀ*HVJYZ8g=ZJZN°=0ZM=QYRHYf/5\LH[g5LLÀ={Q[EZ6ZMÒL
EYT *. C[15[HE .YZ8gT ZCgTZ4_ *LFL $YJYL F°I] $YJYg. =Y
ZCgTg4E KY N¨Àg. fYDYZvA= .Lg4 $YL Z=ZE P\ÔÍ , PJ\{M ,Q[L
JYDgJ $YJYL F°Z= $E\0°Q .gLg4E_ ZEgHYDLY 'g¥Z5= QgT $=Y3YL
$YL~| .gL_ =YgCL JgD Z.4] *JE, Z4M C\keZ=L fÙg¨ KYLY Z4M
$EgCL=]MEYTfHN[ITYHQ_=YgCLFÙfBg.$YJYLF°Z=$Z0x.]µZM
,F°3ª6RH%g=BYg._
fQH\Z±JYE0<=YgCLFZL<YJZ.QgTg4f=YJLY=YfCg/4"=YgCL.BY
HMYLFL*/E$YZJf=YJYgCL$YMÒYQLF°Z=$YQzYE.ZL_KZCf=YJLY
0°Q<.L=YQgM$YMÒYQ%f=YJYgCL5EKgBÍ_$YLKZCf=YJLY$A[.YL
.L=YQgMZ=ZE%f=YJYgCLZE.8fBg.ZQPYHfEgHE_$=*H=YLF°Z=
NYZv§fKZQCYTY=HYPZ9.FgBL$E\PL<.gL_
fQ K\H.0< f/YCY f=YJYgCL F°Z= .LÀ<Y .LÀE_ f=YJLY ZHgN *.
JQYZHFÒHPYZD=Qg=fC/4$YLZHZIEx DLgELZECNEFKgHÙ<.L4_
* K\g0L PHg3gT C\IY0Y 5YZ= QgMY J\PMJYE_ =YgCL 5Y0Z=. F°IYH
F°Z=FZ¥ZHM\¹QgTf0g4$YL=YgCL$gEg.%DJ f4gRZCgTg4_P.M
ZHFCYFC =YgCL ,FL% ZEFZ== QT_ ZHFCYFC f.HM =YgCLg. DzVP
.gL_K/E%f.YgEYZHCY=KYJYBY3YRYfCT=Y=YgCLJYg6%$E\F°gHN
.gL_FdZBH[HYHm50=K/E%=YgCLPYJgEA< HY5Y0Z=.DEP~ÔC
'FnYFE.gL=/E=YgCLf3Y/4YEYHRYQgTKYT$YL=YLY*LfJYgQ
$Yp4Ex QgT KYT_ $YJLY fC/Z4 fK =YgCL K\H.LY %PMYJ[ JaMgHYDg.
5MYZM ZCgTg4 $YL EH[ PY*L $YCgNL 4YF FKv§ J\g4 fGgMg4_
Z/ÑYEgCL fFYNY. FZLDYgEL FYNYFYZN =YLY CYZR .YZJgT f0YXG M~AY
.gLg4_ =YLY * K\g0 $Y.YgNL E[g3 HY IbFdgÎ PHg3gT CaIY0Y 5YZ=_
$YMÒYQL .eFY HZO= QgM =YLY =Y 'gFÙY .gL $YL =XYL .LÀ<Y HZO=
QgM =Y fBg. J\/ ZGZLgT fET_ $YMÒYQL FÙ fBg. /YY HY C§L/YE
$H=[< QgM =YLY $HY F°CNE .gL $YL ZIEx FgB $0°PL QT_ =YLY
$YgELCYQENZHY'¥YF,Ó]ZMg.IT.gLEYZ.vm %Q5Y0Z=.
Z==Y HY .Í P~Ôg. ¨§ BYg._ fK FgBL $gD., NT=YE $Z=J
.Lg= FYgL ZE =YLY *L F\gLY8Y% $Z=J .gLg4 3LJ ZHgCYQ[
/YExYPg.,=YLYQYLJYZEgTg4_
=YgCL fI=L *JE JYE\O, $Yg4 KYLY $YgMJ Q,TYL CYZH LYg/ Z.vm
=YgCL $Y3YL$Y3L< ZEgHYgDL EYT_ $ *HV ZQCYTY=ZH3\= QgT,
*LYJYE\Og.FB¿Í.gL_=YLYfPP=g.'gFÙY.gLKY$=v§P\ÔÍ
, F°C[¹_ =YLY PHgN°Î LPaMg. JYZ8g= CYGE .gL $YL &PYg. P\'p3
$Y.YgN$YgLYQE.LYT*Z8$gE.HR*.Z8$EYT*HV$PJHw8E_
=YLYfCg/,fCg/EY_P=fCg/=YLYf5gEÉgE$¶PYg5_=YLYfP%
P=g.f0YFE.gLKYZCHY.gLLEYTÔÍ_f/YCYLPYQYK.=JZQJYL
PYgB$H=[<QgMY=YLYZ.fCg/ZE"$YMÒYQ=Y¯MYH4LH4L=YgCL*JE
PH ZECNE fC/YE KY =YLY fC/Y F4wC .gL EY Z.vm =Y Pg¥{, =YLY
*JEIYgH $HYIgL FYN .YZ8gT KYT fKE =YLY Z.4]% fCg/ ZE_ =YLY
=Y.{,TYLFB*JEIYgH*ZRgT3gMfKEf.YgEYZPVQfPFgBZN.YgLL
'g©gNHgP$Yg4HY$EYEZHFCYFC=YgCLZF4] DY,TY.Lg4_=YLY
Z. JgE .gL fK =YLY Z5YZP= QgH EY *HV =YgCL ZHd= HmL EYT
f4gRfCTYQgH"=YLYZ.$YJYLF°I]LFÙfBg.$Y0=ZECNEYHM[fCg/
EY" f.YgEY ZJBYHYC[L PYgB Z. $YMÒYQL *JE HHQYL =YLY fCg/g4
fKJEZ8 =XYL *% $DJ fÙg¨ F°.YN fFgTg4" =YgCL Z. QgTg4 fK
=YLY.ÍfCTY0YMJwC,$FJYE.LYL$IYPFZL=Y0.gLEY"=YLY
Z. =XYL ZHgLYZD=YL .PJ f/gTg4 HY NFB .gLg4 *HV ZHgLYZD=YL
$[.YL.gLfLg/g4"$YMÒYQPHgN°Y=Y,PHCÍY_=YgCL5E$YgÙF_
=YLY=Y.{,TYLP[JYgL/YfBg.fHZLgTf0g4_=YgCLÖCgTfJYQLfJgL
fCTYQgTg4_=YLYhENgIY5,$¶={g.F°YDYEZCgTg4_=YLYPdZÍg.IT
.gLPÍYg.$YMÒYQg.ET_=YLY$YgEL=YF,fMZMQYEZN/Yg.IT
.gL EY_ =YgCLg. DJNYMYL 3YZH fCTY QgTZ4M Z.vm =YLY =Yg= F°gHN
.gLZE_$Ef.'=Yg=F°gHN.LÀ.=Y,=YLYF4wC.gLZE=Y%K\0
%JYJg.JYEgH*Z8=YgCL.Yg4.[.gL$YNY.LYKYT"
Z8.Y
$YZJ*.YZD.HYLZMg/Z4$YJYg.$YMÓYQ =Y°MYfKPHZECNgELPVHYCZCgTg4E=YL
fI=L PHg3gT HRZ8 QgMY $YJYL $E\PYL[gCL PV/YZD. $YJYL .Yg4 CgMCgM
JYE\gOL$Y0JE*HV=YgCL*%5YJY=I\Q,TY_*%,Q[*JEK\g0QgTg4K/E
$YZJ *.5E $/Y= JYE\O Z4MYJ $YL K/E PYDYL< , ZHgNO JYE\gOL f.' $YJYg.
5YE=EY_*LFL$YJYL$E\PYL[gCLPV/Y*JEIYgHHdZ²fFg=BYg. KYgCLPZ9.
PV/YCdN,$CdgNY=f/YCY4YRY$YLf.'5YgEEY_=YLY*gCN,$EYEfCgN
F±HM HdZÎL EYT 4ZRgT FgRg4 KY fCgNL P.M F±Yv¨g. PJYEIYgH .MY<JZ¶=
.gLg4_ P\=LYV Z3v¨Y .L *PH Z. JQYE ZECNgEL $v¨I\ ET" ZJNL fBg. $YJYL
.Yg4PgEL5YE\TYL[LfNOZCg.fKF©*gPg4=Y$YJYL*%.BYLP=YTE,
PJBE.gL_$YZJP\ZH3YL.gCLfC/YgEYL5E*LC\°g8YMY%E=]gMDLZ4=YQgMY
3MJYEZ8.Y
FÙYv§gL=YLYHgM*HZ*.5EZJBYHYC[fKPdZÍg.FB¿Í.gL_
fPJ\PMJYgELfFYNYg.$Y=F°.YN.gLZ.vm F°.e=FgÙfP$YMÒYQ ,
=XYL LPaM J\§GY PYf. ZHNYP .gL EY_ FZL=YF =YLY $YJYL ÖCT
Z3gLg=YfCg/ZE=Y%F°NxQgMY=YLY$YJYL¹$ZHNYPP~Ôg..[.gL
$H0= QgMY" =YLY *JE $gE. ZECNE fCg/g4 KY FagHL DzVPF°Y¹
5YZ=gMYfC/gM=YLY%Q.YM,FL.YgMNYZ§fFg=YEY_
P\=LYV * QgMY =YgCL C\IY 0_ =YgCL 5E PaK 'ZC= QgTg4 *HV ÔÍ
$YgMYL ZHp4]L<, 1g8g4 Z.vm =YLY QYT $Y=g0YFE .gL LgTg4 $YL
$¶.YLg.F°YDYEZCgTg4_=YLYZHN§ ,ZHNYP1Y=g.LJYg6*HVZCE
,Z=ZJLLYg=LJYg6FYB.ZELcF<.gLEY_=YLYF°=YFYZvA=$YMÒYQL
FÙ fBg. fK $YgMY $H=[< QgTg4 =Y ZEHYZF= .Lg= 3YT_ =YgCL
ORKvFH=g.nYE3a=.LYLJ=ITYHQQgM,$YMÒYQKY.Lg=3YE=Y
.LYL Z=ZE Fa< ÙJ=Y LYg/E_ =YLY Z. ZEg5gCL *JE 5YZ= JgE .gL
KYgCLF=E18gHEY"$YMÒYQ=YgCLORKvHB.LgHEfQY.EY=YZNLY
,DJE[g=PQg5%PYMEN[MP\gFTC\gDLEYTHY$Z='Ex=,P\ZJÍ
/YHYL=]M_=YLYZ.=XYLZP±Yv§FZLH=gELNZLYg/"$YJYgCLPgHYp3
JZQJYL$ZD.YL[F°I] $=[HFZH¨Z=ZEPCY5TK\QE=XYg.FLYZ5=
.LY KYT EY_ Z=ZE $Y.YN fBg. FY=YM FKv§ PH¨ A[T %p4Y F°H=E
.gLE_*JEf.YgEYK\HY$Yg4Z.fK=XYg.IT.LgH*HVP[JYMq1E
.LgHEY"AYD[EHYQ[EDYEDYL<YLCYP={ Qg=J\f.YgEYJYE\O$Yg4
Z. fK HYD QgH $HYD ET" =YLY Z. ZF=YZF=YJgQL J=YJg=L ,FL
ZEIL.gL"$B3=YgCLJ=YJg=Lf.YgEYCdSZIZ¥fE%_=]ZJ=YgCLfP
P.MJ=YJg=LfÙg¨HÕDYZHIfC/gH=YgCLJ=./E,*.FgÙ
./E,ZIEx FgÙ_*Lf.YgEYZnZ=fE%HLVJ\Qag=J\Qag= *g=FZLH=E
$YgP_$YMÒYQL.PJ$YZJP=HYC[_$YZJKYZEgT*gPZ4f.YgEYYE
JQYPYZE=,JZQJYZvA=FYYHZEHYP[JP[QJY,'CZJKYf0YMYJ$YQJC.YZCTYE[L
F±Z= $YJYL PYMYJ 0±Q< .LgHE FLPJY3YL *% fK * fCgN $YFEYL $E\PYL[gCL
PV/Y$5
_=YgCLPV/Y*=fHZNfKHYM\.<YHY.V.L.Z<.YLJ==YLY$0Z<=_
=YgCLP.gM%$YFEYL.BY$E\PYgL3gM$YL$YFEYLPYQYK.YL[gCL$E\PL<.gL_
$YQJCfKYQL[HCLÁª[E$YgM.5YZwC
TYgNZ:gPALZ/
ÒY¾fM/.
, P\ÔÍ F°JY< EY BY.Y Pg¥{, =YLY =Y $A[.YL .gLg4_ KZC =YLY
P=HYC[ QT =YQgM $YZJ Jd=]Cµ HY *L f3gT, HR fK f.YgEY NYZ§
0°Qg< F°m= $YZ4_ =YLY f.HM $CdN P~Ôg. $E\JYgEL ZIZ¥g= .BY
HgMZ.vmPZ=.YL$gB$CdNP~Ôg.=YLY$HZQ=ET_
=YLY HgM * P.M Q=IY0YgCL .YLg<% IbZJ.~Ô , fFÒg0L F°YC\IYH
1g8g4=YLY%Q=p4YRY5YZ=_fC/*LY.[IYgH$FMYF.gLfQ+N[
0°vn , LPagML N¨À0< f=YJLY f.E $YJYgCL fCYOYgLYF .L4" Pg=L
F°JY<P\ÔÍ.gL=]gMDLY*HV'CYP[E5YZ=g.P=..LYL5E$YMÒYQ
=Y¯MY =XYL HYwCYg. fF°L< .gLg4E *Z8% Z. NYZ§ $YPYL .YL<"
f=YJYgCL.[QgTg4"f=YJLYHM4.["*PgHL$YZHIYgHLFagH%$YMÒYQ
* P~Ôg. $HZQ= .gLg4E Z.vm =Y Pg¥{, f=YJLY $YMÒYQ , =XYL
LPaMg.QYZP9Y YLMgÙFZL<=.L4_f=YJLYKY.L$YMÒYQ=YLPH%
fCg/E_ f=YJLY $A[.YgLL =JPYp4Ex LY=gMY , *L $JYZENY F°=Ù
.L4_ f=YJLY *.5E fF°ZL= F\LÀgOL F°gTY5E *HV =YL $Y0JgEL
MÙ<YHM[$E\DYHE,.L*LFL,$g¶LJ=J\/ZGZLgTZEp4
K/E %PMYgJL LYY F°IY= 'ZC= QgMY $YL $YMÒYQ =Y¯MY =XYL JQYE
ZECNgEL JYDgJ ZNL.g. ZHM\¹ .Lg= 3Y%gME f=YJLY =XYL ZECNE
P~Ôg. ORKgv ZM¹QgTf0gMfKEJYE\OPg=LZCg.$YPg=EYFYgL_
f=YJLY PaLY EagL ÔÍIYgH FR fK P.M /M[GY *% '~= fBg.%
$YPgHE =YLFL, %Y&M[ &PYg. fFg= 3Y, $YL =XYgCL %Y&M[
/M[GYP~Ôg.KYHMYQgTg4=Yf=YJLYI]gMKY,_f=YJLY$YMÒYQLEH[
PY*LQYC[gPFRfK$BYUf=YJYgCLJDfBg.%
f=YJYgCL%JYJ$YPgHEZ.vmf5gEÉgEf=YJLY$PYg5Y_
f=YJLYZ.=XYg.$A[.YL.LfKLQJYgELFÙfBg.P\ÔÍZECNE,
F°JY<YZC ZEgT *gPg4" .YZGLLY .[IYgH f=YJYgCL PHgN°Î DJg. Ù=
ZHÙ= .Lg4 =Y Z. f=YJLY MÙ .gL4" f=YJLY DJ f4gR =YgCL J=
NT=YgEL $E\PYL[ QgT KY, * QgMY =YgCL HYPEY_ $YMÒYQ f=YJYgCL
F°Z=.LÀ<Y.LÀE_f5gEfLg/Y$YMÒYQL$Y=YZIJYgELCYZHZ4M*K\g0
A[THYwCYg.fF°L<.LYF°Z=N°ÀZ=LÙY.LY,P[JYMV1E.YL[gCLQY=
fBg. A[T HYZQE[g. LÙY .LY $YL $YZJ QMYJ fP% F°=YZCÍ HYwCY«
KYg. fF°L< .LY QgTg4_ *Z8 fP PJT KY FaH fBg.% ZEDYZL= Z4M_
P\=LYV f=YJLY Z. ZHNYP nYFE .LgH" P= ÔÍ QgT f0g4 $YL *L
PJT,ZEDYZL=QgTg4P\=LYVf=YJYgCLZ.QgTg4fKf=YJLYH\6EY"
FZL=YFf=YJYgCL5Ef=YJLY$YJYg.PHF°BJ$A[.YL.LgM$B3
f=YJLY%g=YFagH $gFÙYTZ4gM"f=YJLYZ.fC/EY.[IYgHZNL.Ia
FdgÎL $YEYg3.YEYg3 =BY P.M F°Ygv§ *HV fCgNL P.M f.YgE 4ZRgT
FgRg4" $YMÒYQ KY $H=[< .gLg4E f=YJLY Z. f5gEÉgE =Y $A[.YL
.L4"fQ5YZ=L$YgMJ0<f5gEÉgE1\gJLfFTYMYFYE.gLYEY$BYU
f5g0, 1\gJL f1YgL fBg.Y EY $B3 $YMÒYQ =Y¯MY f=YJYgCL JQY
C\ZHFYg.LJYDgJ5Y0°=.Lg4E_$YLf=YJYgCLg.JQYPJPYP~Ôg.
$HZQ=.Lg4E_QYTF\<HYELYfKJEIT.gLfP%I[Z=f.YBYTf0M"
$N°ÀDYLYf.YBYTQYZLgTf0MKYF°HMFLYJNYM[f/YCYLLg<F°HYZQ=
Q,TY'Z3="f=YJLY%DgJLDYL.HYQ.fFTYMYZ4gMZ.vm f=YJYgCL
gFTYMYLcF[ P¥Y fBg. f.HM $ZHNYP% 'Fg3 FRg4 HLV F°HYZQ=
Qgp4_ $YZJ $YÊK Q% f=YJYgCL ÖCTFYZ/ Z:J, ZCM EY $YL 4YEY,
G]8MEY_fQP[JYMq1E.YL[LYf=YJYLYZ.f.HMFZLkYLC§L/YgEHgP
ZHZIEx F°.YL .YHYH ZCgT ELJ ELJ LÀZ8 /Y,TYL HY LY5.[T
I]ZLgIYg5L5EPdZÍQgT4"$B3$YMÒYQ=Y¯MYHgME
PaLY $YK KYZLTY= _ Z=ZE HgMEZE fK $YZJ f.HM /Y,TYL 5E
PdZÍ .gLZ4_ JQYE $YMÒYQ FZH¨ f=YJLY f.YE FgB $0°PL Qp4" $YL
f.YE LY§Yg. F°YDYE ZCp4" f=YJLY Z. JLgH EY" FdZBH[L PJYZ¹ FKv§
5[ZH= BY.gH" f=YJLY Z. Z3L[H QgT *L GMGMYZC 'FgIY0 .LgH
$YLDzVPQgHEY"FdZBH[L$YT\kYMFZLPJYZ¹L²YLF°Ygv§f=YJLYf.E
5Y0°=Qp4EY"*gCgNfFÒg0LF°YC\IYHQgTg4$EYEPJPY,JYBY3YRY
ZCgTg4 f=YJLY Z. fC/ EY" KZC f=YJLY 0YZM CY, HY HYg5 .BY HM
=YQgM *L FZL<Z= f=YJLY *RYg= FYLgH EY $YL =Y f=YJYgCL ZF4]
4YRgHEY_f=YJLYZ.fC/EY"f=YJYgCL.[LY=.YEYfLY0QgTg4EYZ.
f=YJLY $¶ 5YZ=" QgL. L.J PJPY , ZHFCYFC f=YJYgCL PYJgE
JYBY3YRYZCgTg4*JEZ.=Yf=YJYgCL,FLf=YJYgCLPv§YEPv§Z=*HV
f=YJYgCL EYL[0< , ZE.8Y=[TgCL ,FL HZO= Qgp4_ F°g=. H4L
f=YJYgCL ZF°T5E f=YJYgCL f4gR KYgp4 QYÕ=YN , wCE H=[=
f=YJLY $YL Z.4]% .LYL NZ LY/ EY_ Z.vm $YMÒYQL L[Z= QgMY LPaM
fF°L< .LY 4YRY f.YgEY 5YZ=g. Z=ZE NYZ§ fCE EY «fKE Pg=L F°JY<
P\ÔÍQgTKYT$YLZHOgTL3bRYv§ZP±Yv§F°.YNFYT_$YMÒYQ=Y¯MYA[T
0°gvn *IYgH% HgMg4E $YL FaHH=[ 5YZ= PJagQL fÙg¨ =XYL *L[Z=%
F°.YN fFgTg4_ f=YJYgCL Z. QgTg4" f=YJYgCL F°Z= fK %JYJ fF°ZL=
QgTg4E f=YJLY =XYg. f.E Z3gE ZEg= FYL4 EY" f=YJYgCL JYg6 KYg.
f/YCYLZCg.$YQzYE.YL[ZEK\.LYQgTg4f=YJLY=XYL$E\PL<.LEY
fK P=g. ZJBY F°Z=FEx .gL , $A[.YL .gL =YL FZL<YJ Z. QT
f=YJLY Z. 5YE EY" f=YJLY Z. $=YL Jd=\ ZEgT PvmÍ" FL.YgM fK
Z5YZP= QgH fP IT Z. $YgCj fE%" f=YJYgCL Z. FZH¨ 5[HgEL
HY<[L$ZD.YL[.LYQgH"f=YJYgCL.[QgTg4fKf=YJLY.M\O=Yg.
F°YDYE CY, $YL KY PHg3gT Ap4 , FZLp4Ex =Y FZL=Y0 .L" fK
f=YJYgCL .Yg4 *gPg4 =Yg. F°=Y/YE .gL *. Jd=g. $Y.YN fBg.
$YJv<5YEYp4f=YJLY0YMJwC.L$YLJ\g/KY$YgP=Y%HM$YL
fPZCEg. IT .L EY fKZCE F°g=. HZg. .e=.gJL GMYGM fC/YL
5E'FZn=.LYQgH_EH[f.HMAgCgN%$FJYZE=QT*%Z3LY3ZL=
L[Z= $E\PYgL =YLY 0YMJwC .gLg4 Z.vm $YMÒYQ =Y¯MY, PHgN°Y=Y ,
PHYE[_
fQ$YJYL5YZ=f=YJLYf3Y/BY.g=f.E$¶PY5$YLf5gEÉgEf.E
$ Q,TYL IYE .L" KYLY QYZP 9Y Y .L= =YgCL FZL<YJ P~Ôg. Z.
f=YJLY $H0= E," f=YJLY fHYM=YL EYT =XYg. ÕM fGY8Y, fK A[T
$YgMYL $YN[HYgC PagKL EYT PH¨ f4gT f0g4_ Fa< 3wC f=YJYgCL
f3Yg/LPYJgEZ.vm f=YJLY*g.1d<Y.L_F\<HYELYfP%3XYgCLZCg.
IYgMYHYPYLPYgB4]g8f0MZ.vm f=YJLY$EYT,$=Y3YgLLFBfHg4
ZEgM_ JYE\O $Y0°QIgL $YPgMY $YL f=YJLY FdÎ F°CNE .gL 3gM
f0gM_$gE.FZLQYP.YL[*JEIYgH$YJYLJd=]LPVHYCZCgTg4fKE
PHYE[$YMÒYQLFÙfBg.=YgCLF°Z=%MQYJ.LYQgTg4_=YLY*Z8
HYLHYL HgM fHZRgTg4 $YL JYE\gOL JYg6 =Y F°3YL .gLg4_ Z.vm ZHOT
K/E'gÅYF°JYZ<=QgMY$YL$YMÒYQ =YgCLQYZP9Y YLKgBYZ3=5HYH
ZCgME FZL<Z=g= =YLY %MQYJ F°YZ¹L CYZHL FL AÇ PJgTL fI=L
DzVP QgT f0M_ =YLY =YgCL FÉ=]M $E\PYL[gCL 5E $E\gNY3EY ,
MYEYLÉ.gEYZ.4]/R.]g8Y%fLg/f0M_
'UF[RE.YL[ K/E% $YJYg. .Í fCT $YMÒYQ =Y¯MY *L GMN°ÀZ=g=
$HN% $YJYL 5E .=. ZECNE F°.YN .gLE_ $YZJ =YgCL
'UF[RE.YL[ 18EYHM[ QY.[.Y=]M ,Q[g= H<EY .gLZ4 fKE =Y P¶YE[
ELEYL[L CdZÍNZ MYgIL .YL< QT_ PY~ÔZ=. 18EY *JE *. HZL
PYgBP~Ô. LYg/fKZKM.CJYgPJYLYf0g4_=YLEYJQgMYPYC\MYÒ Q_
$YJYg. $ZIP~ÔY= .LY , 0YZM fCTY Z4M =YL F°DYE .Y5_ =YL 0YZM
JN fHgR% 3MZ4M_ $YL =YL 0YZM , 0YMJwC K/E 3LgJ fFXjg4 KYT
$YL.ÍfCTYLfÙg¨PHY%g.K/EfP4YZRgTKYT=/E$YJYLF°I]A[T
=.C[LHYZP±Yv§ $E\PYgL$YJYLF°Z==YLJd=\MYEY,ZEHVNQ,TYL
PVHYCP~AZM=,Q[EYZKM.gLE_Z=ZEHgMEPaLY
$YM .Y,PYL _ $YJYL JKYCYHYE F°I] $YJYL F°Z= fK ,Q[ .gLE =Y
$YZJ JYE\gOL JYg6 F°3YL .ZL_ *LFL $YMÒYQ $YJYL %MQYgJL P=YTE
.gLE_ CTYM\ f/YCYL HYwCYgCL *% N¨À *HV *% hELY5HYC[L PYgB
$YMÒYQ .[HHQYL.gLg4E$YZJ$YJYLfM/YT=Y=]gMDLYL%p4Y.ZL_
Z.vm $YJYL5YJY¯g=L*.5E'Z.M$YJYg.=Y.Lg=HYL<.gLE$YL
=Y F°3YgLL ZHOgT $YJYg. IT fC/YE *HV HgME KZC $YFZE =Y .gLE
=YQgM PL.YgLL ZHLY0IY5E QgHE_ $Y%E $YFEYg.% $FLYD[ PYH§
.LgH_FZL¨Yg<Lf.YgEY'FYTBY.gHEY$YL'±YLFY,TYP~|HQgHEY_
)<0°n HZfKIYgHPJPYT55ZL=BYg.Z9.
fPIYgH ZHFCYFC $YFEYL ,FL 5\gR HPgH_ N= f3ÍY .LgM, *L
FZL<Z=fK.[QgH=YPHYL5YEYPL.YL$FLYD[gCL4YRYLFY¨ET_
PYHDYEfMY.gCLEYT*%,Q[f0YFELY/YLJYg6%.MY<ZEZQ=_$YZJ
HMMYJ %MQYJg. P~YE .LY $YZJ PJ[3[E JgE .ZL $YJYL Jg= =Y
f0YFE .LY FYF $YL *Z8 f4Y8gMYg.L hHZNÍ_ ÍY EY 3Y%gM f.'
.Y'g. .Í ZCg= FYgL EY $YL Z=ZE BY.g= $YZJ PL.YgLL ITI[Z=L
f=YTYY.ZLEY_$YJLY$YJYgCLF°I]g.:YZ.ZKZE.eFYLYZ5L'UPnM_
KZCZ=ZE'¥LEYfCE=YQgM$YJLY.ÍCYT.5[HEZEgT%PvmÍBY.H_
$YL $YMÒYQL .PJ Z=ZE *% C\ke=.YL[g. $YJYL ,FL F°I]={ .Lg=
fCgHE EY_ Z=ZE =YL ,FL ZHFC ZEFZ== .LgHE $YL =XYL $YN°T
F°=YN[ HYwCYg. FZL¨Y< fCgHE_ $YJYL *% .BY DJ[T YgE fN°Î={ ,
JYQg=L$ZD.YL[ZEÎYHYEgCL*.ZNgLYJZ<ÉgEE$BYU$YJYgCLZF°T
fJjMI[ QY.[J EaL '©[gEL .BY HMZ4_ $YJYL .BY ÉEg=% =XYL J\/
fBg.*%QYC[PZEWPd=QT>.=.HYQ=$g0Y4YgMY
fMY.fC/gHKYgCLf3QYLY,JZME=YKZ.LY$E\HYC.@_$YJYL,=XYL
.BYT ÖCT AZ§ FYT_ =YLY P=..YL[g. ¿Yv§ *HV =YL ITg. $JaM.
$Y/YZT=.gLE_*LFL$YZJPYC\MÒYQLJd=\.YJEY.gLPHYE[f/YCYL
.Yg4=YLZHLÀg±Z=EZCEfCYTY.ZL_=/E$YJYLF°I] $YJYLF°Z=,Q[
.gLE
>$BYU.=.HYQ=$g0Y4YgMYfMY.fC/gHKYgCLf3QYLY,JZMEZ.vm
$YMÓYQL EYgJ NFB .gL K/E =YLY Z.4] HgME Z=ZE =Y Fa< .gLE
=YKZ.LY $E\HYC.@ $BYU Z=ZE f=YJYg. =YL C\keZ= fBg. LÙY
.LgHE_
$YMÒYQL.PJ*%fCYTYLFLJY¨.gT.Z8LY=%QTg=Yf.g8BY.gH
$YJYL .Yg4 =YL Jd=]L PVHYC $YgP_ P.M F°NVPY JQYE $YMÒYQL
f.EEYZ=ZEN¨Àg.3YH\.fJgLg4E_
fQJYEHJµM[$YZJf=YJYgCL.Yg4$YJYLF°I\LFfBg.]DY= ,
ZEWAgCL/Y,TYgEYL5E/YCIZ=/YYZEgT*gPZ4f.'=Y0°Q<.gL
DzVPY=.]DYfBg.ZELYFCBY.g=3YTZ."*%/YCKYLPTEYfP
*JE fMY.gCL $v§I\ KYgCL C\IY0Y HMY QT_ fK =Y /YgH =YL 5E
*g= JQY F\LkYL LgTg4 $YL *LFL LgTg4 $gNO .eFYHYZL_ $YMÒYQ
=Y¯MY *L JYDgJ f=YJYgCL fHY6Y MY1H *HV f=YJYgCL ZN.M , fHR[
$FPYL<.Lg=3YE*HVJLÀIaZJfBg.f=YJYgCLZETYJ=,.MY<JT
IaZJg= ZEgT fKg= 3YE_ f=YJYgCL fP% P.M $¶.YLLYZN fBg. J\Z
ZCg= 3YE KYL PYgB H%g4 F°HM 6Y HYT\_ f=YJYgCL $YgMYg.Y{M
F°YPYgCfFXj4Yg=3YE$YLf=YJYgCLFYF,ZJBYfBg.J\ZZCg=3YE
fKEf=YJLYfPHZLEYTQg=FYLfK0°Q<[TQ{ .gL1gLZGgL_
Z.vm f=YJLY ZEg5gCL fCQg. FYgF .M\ZO= .LY $YL fF°JYÔC fBg.
nYT[IYgH CagL BY.Y ZEgT% PvmÍ_ $YZJ f=YJYgCL PYJgE 5[HE P\DY
'FnYFE .gLZ4 Z.vm f=YJLY Jd=\L fFTYMYg. F°YDYE ZCgT4_ $YZJ
f=YJYgCL $YZC 0dgQL /YEY .Y¯HY ZCg. $YQzYE .gLZ4 Z.vm f=YJLY
F°Z=JYL F°Z= DYZH= QgT4_ f=YJLY $YJYgCL 0YZM CY, $YL $YJLY
f=YJYgCL 5E 0I[L .Í , 'U.´YT I]0Z4 $YL ZECYLÀ< JJKY=EYL
JYg6f=YJYgCL5E*JEIYgHfCYTY.LZ4fKE$YJLY$¶.YgLLEYJYK
$BYU %NYL EYJYK FRZ4_ PHZ.4]% $YMÒYQL QYg= Z=ZE KY 3YE =Y%
.gLE_ PHZ.4]L 3aRYv§ ZP±Yv§ =XYL% QYg=_ *% 'g²0 , 'U.´Y $YL
.=ZCE"*JEZCE$HN%$YPgHK/E*%FYBL0MgH_
fQJYEHJµM[PYDYLg<L.BYLF°Z=.<FY=.gLYEYf.EEY=YLYNYZv§
,ZELYF¥YLFBg.$HY.gLg4_KZCf=YJLY$YÊK Q,=YQgM=YgCL
*% .BYL =]MEYT fHZN $YÊgKL ZHOT $YL Z. QgH fK &PY PNL[gL
$Y.YgN5[ZH="$B3Z=ZEJd=gCLCgMfKY0ZCgTg4E$YL=YgCLPYgB
5YExYg=F°gHN.gLg4E_=YLYHgMZ=ZEfNOK\g0Jd=gCLPFZL=Y0
.LgHE $YL f.YgEY fCgN $H=L< .gL 3ZMÒN H4L $HnYE .LgHE_
*LFL fP/YE fBg. 3gM KYgHE $YL nYT[IYgH Jd=gCL PYgB ZJZM=
QgHE_ * QgMY =YgCL ZHNYgPL PYLYVN $YL =YgCL 'u|8 ZHNYgPL
JJ.BY_ P\=LYV $YJLY =YgCL *JE F°MYF ÉgE f.HM $YÊK% Q%_
$YZJ H\Z6 EY .YJEYHYPEY =YgCL * FKYgT ZEgT *gPg4 EYZ. =YgCL
,FL'~YCEYf4gTf0g4_=YgCLZ.QgTg4fK*=C[1.YM$Z=HYZQ=
.LY*HV.]L$YEFY9.LYPg¥{,$Y5FKv§ =YLYP=FgBLP¶YEFYT
ZE"
P\=LYV $YZJ 5YZEEY *Z8 f.JE '~YCEY $B3 *LFL N= N= H4L
f.g8 f0g4 $YMÒYQL .PJ =YgCL .]L$YE ZHgLYD[ , &JYE ZHDzVP[
Q9.YZL=Y $YJYg. ZHZ= .gL_ =YgCL .Yg4 P.M F°.YL ZH¯CY= ,
$ZHNYgPLfCjLYg=LK\g0*.5EEYTZH3YL.P=,F°YPQN=Y½[L
ZNgLYIYg0 *gPg4E Z.vm $YZJ $YÊK Q% =YLY f.E =Yg. $A[.YL
.LM"K\0=XYg.QY=4YZEZCgT:Y.g4$YLZ=ZEK\0g.:Y.g4E_f/YCYL
.PJ $YZJ% JP[Q JY,'C_ $YJYL F°I\ $YJYg. ÔÍ= F°YDYE CYE
.gLg4E_$YZJ$YJYLF°I\LFfBg.$v§CdZÍL,FLF°Z=ZÎ=_KZCFCY
$FPYL<,.LYQT=YQgM,$YJYLZHNYgPZ.4] fKY0QgHEY$BYUFaH
Qg=%$YZJZHNYgPPJd±_
$YMÒYQ =Y¯MY JYE\Og. $HYD $YL K\0g. =JNYp4Ex LYg=L EYT fC/g=
fFgT $YJYg. FYZ9gTg4E fKE =YLY =,HY .Lg= FYgL_ Z.vm QYT
$YJLY .[IYgH =YgCL ZQg=YFgCN ZCg= FYZL" f.EEY =YLY *JE *.
5YZ=KYLYÉEg=3YTEY*HV*LYPg=LFBfBg.ZH3]=_=YLY+N[
C§L/YE,P\AYC\ LÀZ8fBg.J\/ZGZLgTZEgTg4*HV4¨IQgTf0g4
fK.YLg</YCI=[FY¨fP/YgE%FgR$Yg4_
=YLYC\ZETYLfIY0ZHMYPg.F°YDYEZCgTg4*L5E=YgCLZ5QzYTFYZE
$YgP HLV =YLY f9XY8 3Yg8_ $YJYL P==YL EaE=J F°JY< QgMY $YZJ
NYZ§L fKPH IZHO²Y<[ .ZL =Y Fa<=Y MYI .LgH_ P\=LYV =YgCL Z.
QgTg4 fK =YLY $gFY .gL EY" =YLY HgM &PY $Y 5[ZH= *L
.YL<QgMY=YLYPZ=.YL$gB.]L$YE,QYC[gPLYELYg/EY_QKL=
&PYLJd=\L.BY=YLYf1YL=LIYgH$A[.YL.gL$YL=XYL5[ZH=BY.Y
P~Ôg. Q9.YZL=YJaM. $Y3L< F°CNE .gL $YL *% DYL<Y ZEgT% =YLY
JLgH_KZC.]L$YgEZHNYP.L$YL$ZHNYP[EYQg=3Y,=YQgM=]ZJ
*JE.BYfBg.ZHL=BY.$YL=YgCLJ=QgTYEYKYLY$YMÒYQL.BYg.
$HY .gLg4 *HV ¿ÀgF FKv§ .gL ZE_ =YLY HgM =XYL 5[ZH= BY.Y
P~Ôg. J\PMJYEgCL %5JY PHP~= J= LgTg4 fJYg8% ET =YLY
ZJBY HgM_ %5JY Ji=. .[IYgH Qg= FYgL" f.EEY *gCL JgD%
ZIExJ=YHM~A[ J\=YgKZMLY, LgTg4_ K/E =YgCL HMY QT f=YJLY Z.
f=YJYgCLF°I\L'ZP~Ôg. Z3v§Y.LEY"HYf=YJLYZ.
*g= &JYE LY/ EY" =YLY fK '¥L fCT =Y f/YCYL $YTYg= F°gFg<L
EYJYv§L_ * 4YRY =YLY HgM fK $B ANL[gL $Y=YL LY¯GY HY
'DzYgLYQE_fC/=YLY.[IYgHP=FBf4gRZCgp4=YgCL5YEY$Yg4
Z.TYJ=ZCHgP$YMÒYQ =Y¯MYQKL=&PYL'~g=L¿Í=YP~Ôg. =XYg.
F°Nx .LgM*QgMYfP%'ZKYLZIZ¥g=Z=ZE=XYLPYJgE'¥LfCgHE_
*JE.BY%f=YJLY.]L$YgEFgRBY._
$YMÒYQL.PJ$YZJ=YgCL$HnY=YgCLZHgH.H\Z±,ZH3YLZHgH3EY
fCg/ KYLFLEY% ZHZ=_ =YLY Z. 5YgE EY $Y=Y .HK Q,TY ,
.HLHYP[gCL $v§I\ Q,TY 4YRY f.YgEY JYE\gOL 5E ANL[gL
F\ELÀ¦YEZCHgP'FZn=Q,TYP~|HET"=YgCLZ.QgTg4fK=YLYZ3v§Y
FKv§.gLEY"PYQYHYLYPHgN°ÎPdZÍg.JQYEH[JYZ8g=.HLn.gLg4E
*HV$Y5,JZCEYT=XYL.HLZHCJYE_$=*H&PYJYLYKYEZE*JE
.BY HMY ZNÍY3YL HZQIb= ZHOT $YL *Z8 $gE. HR ZNL. KY F\<g.
PJagMZHEYN.gL$ZD.vm *Z8.YµYEZHHZ5=DYL<Y_P=.BYQgMY
=XYg.=XYLIY%gCLEYTJd=\fCTYQgTg4$YLPJPYJZT.fMY.gCLEYT
Z=ZE%gv§.YM.gLg4E_=XYL5[ZH=BY.YLZHNYPZ/ÑYEgCLJDQg=
J\PMJYEgCLJYg6$E\F°gHN.gLg4_f.HM*%ZHgNOg={L.YLg<%=YLY
=XYg. 'FYP ZQgPgH $HM~AE .gLg4 $YL *LFL Z/ÑYELY 8Y.Y /L3
.gL *g. P.M NQL , 0°YJHYP[L JYg6 F°3YL .gLg4 f.EEY =YgCL
JYg6 f.YgEY Z3v§YN[M , 3Ù]YE fMY. Z4M EY_ $=[g=L J\PMJYEgCL
K=8\.] P~Ô. $Yg4*Z8Z4M=YgCL¿YZv§ HY=YLYfQXY38f/gTg4_=YLY
f/YCYLCdZÍg=$FYL0KYLYEYf5gEI\M.gLg4=YLYf.HMF°.eZ=0=
PLM=YL.YLg<,$ZI=YL$IYgH*JEI]M.gLg4E_
$YMÒYQ=Y¯MYF°g=.*JEJ\5=YgQCg.HY/Y.YL[JY5EY.gLBYg.E
fK FZH¨ Z3v§YDYLYL HNH=[ QgT f.YgEY ZHOgTL HY/Y .gL $YL
$PC\FYT $HM~AE EY .gL PYDYE\PYgL 0gHO<YL CYZT={ FYME .gL =Y
Pg¥{, I]M QgT KYT_ f.HM =YLY HYZ=gLg. KYgCL .Yg4 EYTZH3YL.
%JYJ ÔÍ ZC. ZEgCNEY ZEgT *gPg4E $YL ¿Í=Y fBg. ZQCYTY=g.
FdB. .gL fCZ/gTg4E *HV $F°.YN ZHOTg. F°.YN .gLg4E Z.vm =Y
Pg¥{,=YLY=XYL.BYT.<FY=.gLZE*LY%Pg=LFBFKv§fFXj4\g=
FYgLZE_HLVfKPg=LFB$HM~AE.gL=Yg.=YLYHYDYfCT_=YLY
=XYLZHgLYZD=Y.gLg4$YLN¨ÀgCLEYTN¨À=Y,iELY5HYZC=YLJYg6%
DzVP QgT f0g4_ *Z8 .gL% =YLY $YEZwC= $YL $Y0= ZCEg. I\gM
f0g4_*LYZ.=YI]gMf0g4fKP~Ôg.$YMÒYQP=..gLg4E_=.C[L
HYZP±Yv§ K/EF°.YNFYgH=YLY=YgCLDLYNYT[Q,TYLnYEg../E,
$Z=J.Lg=FYLgHEY_.YJEYHYPEYLHNH=[ QgTF°g=.HZKY
KY.gLg4=YZ=ZEfCg/g4E_fKP\nJEZEgT$YPgHfPF°{ZM=$Z0x
fBg.J\ZFYgH_$HYF°CNE.YL[FYFY3YL[LK=8].]P~Ô.$Yg4=YL
$H=L<nM QgMY $Z0x fP fP/YgE JLgH, EY HXY3gH, EY_ $YJYgCL
P.YMP¶Y * $gFYT .Yg8_ $YJLY F°Z=Z8 J\Qa= =.C[L HY ZP±Yv§
F°.YZN=Q,TYL$gFÙYTBYZ._ZEÊT$YMÒYQL$YKYHHYNYZ§f=YJYgCL
²YgLL .RY fEgRg4 $YL f=YJYgCL ZHOCXY= fIg2 ZCgTg4 =H\, Z.
f=YJLYfC/EY"
f=YJYgCL 5[HE 5gML F°Y< PVQYL[ ZPVgQL BYHYT" P\=LYV *L QY=
fBg. ZEkeZ=L 5E J\ZL C\0 F°m= .L_ fQ 'CYP[E0< f=YJLY ZE5
QYg= ZEg5gCL DzVP .gLY EY_ f=YJYgCL 5[HE &JYE DgJL JYg6
ZEZQ=LÀZ8,6<YLFYZEg=ET_DJ KZCEYBYg.=YQgM$YLf.YgEY
5[HEfE%_
DJ 4YRY f.YgEY 5[HE fE%_ f=YJLY 5YE .]GL HY $ZHNYP %PMYgJL
FXY5LfIgZCgTg4_JYE\gOLJ\g/f.HM*LEYJ4YRY$YLZ.4] $HZNÍ
fE%_ $YMÒYQL .PJ *% ZHgNO ZPVQ %PMYJ .].]LgCL .YJgR Ù=
ZHÙ= N¨Àg. Z4ExZIEx .LYL FZLHg= ZF4] Q8Yg.% F4wC .gLg4 $YL
fEj.YT*JEnYgE$YPE0°Q<.gLg4fK/YgE$Z§={ZHFExQ,TYL$YNY
BYg.>%PMYgJLfNY3E[T$HnYLcF.IYOYTZ3©YZT=QgTg4$E\HYC.@_
*.YLg<%f=YJYgCL5[HEP.MZC.fBg.TZ=,Z==YT55ZL=
$YLZHFCYFCf=YJYgCLZE=PYB[_
fP f=YJYgCL $YZEYg. P\F°N§ fFgTg4_ f=YJLY ZE=ZCE *L FC=gM
ZFÍ Qp4_ f=YJLY fC/4 fK f=YJYgCL ,FL 'FK\FZL ZHFCYFC FZ==
Qgp4 $B3 f=YJLY MY0Y=YL $QV.YL .gL 3gM4" f=YJYgCL ,FL
ZEFZ==F°Z=Z8NYZ§FagHL$YKYgHLf3gTITYHQZ.vm=YPg¥{,f=YJLY
IT .L EY_ fKPH ZHFCYFC %g=YJgD ZEFZ== QgTg4 =Y f=YJLY
fCg/4$YL.=.$Z3gL%$YFZ==QgH_P\=LYVf=YJLYPÍYLPJ[gF
$E\gNY3EYL PYgB $HE= Q, fKE PGM.YJ Qg= FYL_ f=YJYgCL .Yg4
=,HY .LYL $YNY .[IYgH .LY fKg= FYgL f.EEY fK ZECNE% $YgP
f=YJLY $HY F°CNE .L_ f=YJLY fK QYZP9Y Y .Lg= $Z3gL% *L
F°Z=GMfC/g=FYgH_
$YL f=YJYgCL ,FL ZEFZ== ZHFCYHM[L *.Z8 QgMY *. 5YZ=
f=YJYgCL A<fLjgFL fMYI fCZ/gT .]G]L[ HY $ZHNYgPL F°Z= $YQzYE
5YEYT_F°g=.HZfK=YgCL.Yg4KYT=YLY=YgCLZ/ÑDgJ C[Z=
.LYL5EAg<LfMYIfC/YT_=YLYP~ÔCNYM[$YLf=YJLY.FC.Q[E_
=YgCL 5E Hm50g=L 'ExZ=L ²YL /\gM fCTY QgTg4 $YL f=YJYgCL
ZCgEL Pa3EY , PJYZ¹ 1g8 .gÍL JYg6_ *Z8 *JE *.Z8 FL[Y« KY
P.M FL[Y fBg. HR $YL *JE *.Z8 ZHFC KY P.M ZHFC fBg.
ITYHQ_f=YJLY=YgCLLÀZ8LJ\/YgF[Z.vm =YLYET_=YLYf=YJYgCL
fCgN *gPg4 *HV =YgCL HYCNYQLY *L JYZM. fPg5 HgPg4_ P\=LYV
*L ²YLY F°IYZH= Q,TY *. $HN~|YH[ ZHOT KY f=YJLY fC/4_ $YL
*.Z8 HR ZHFC QgMY f=YJYgCL DEY;LY DJ ZEgT QYZP9Y Y .gL $YL
CZLCLY C\ZETYL F°Z= $Y.eÍ_ P\=LYV $YJLY f=YJYgCL , =YgCL F
fBg.$YN§ Qg=FYLZ4EY*HV$YJLYPHYLFfBg.ZELYN_$YJLY
'ITFgÙLF°Z=CdZÍFY=.gLZ4Jd=\LM<fCg/LÀ0[L$HnYfKJE
QT$YJYgCL$HnY,=/E=Y%QgMY_f.YgEY.YZGgLLFgÙf=YJYgCL
FLYZ5= .LY P~|H Z4M EY Z.vm f=YJYgCL FYF% f=YJYgCL FLY§
.gLg4_ P~YZE= f/YCYg. fKIYgH f=YJLY FZL=Y0 .gL4 *.%IYgH
f=YJLY,FZL=QgH_$YMÒYQ =Y¯MYf=YJYgCLÖCgTLF°Z=MÙ.gL
=Yg=f.YgEY=Y.{,TYfCg/EZE=Y%f=YJYgCL,FL*.$HYD5YZ=g.
3YZFgTg4E $YL f=YJYgCL NYZ§ fCTYL 5E Z=ZE =YgCLg. *.Z8 MYZ9
ZCgTg4EP\=LYVf=YJLYZ.ZHL=QgH"
>$YMÒYQ ==Ù< f.YgEY 5YZ=L IY0 FZLH=E .gLE EY K=Ù< =YLY
ZEg5LJYg6FZLH=EEY$YgEPaLY$YLLYC@P\=LYVf=YJLYZ.
ZEg5gCLFZLH=E.LgH"
>$YLKZCf=YJLY.e=Q,$YL&JYE$YE=YQgMf=YJYgCLNYZ§ZCgT
$YMÒYQL Z. MYI" PaLY $YE ZEPY @ P\=LYV f=YJLY Z. &JYE
$YEgH"
*% nYT[ FYF .gL, f=YJLY Z. ZEg5gCL 5[ZH= JgE .L" *.5E
ZH3< JYE\\gOL 5E FÉL J= 5[HE KYFE .LYL f3gT Jd=\% fN°T_
f=YJYgCL Z. QgTg4 fK f=YJLY P=. Q, EY" $Z0x fKIYgH %¶Eg.
ZEWfNO .gL fPIYgH Z/ÑDJ f=YJYgCL F°Z=ZET= ZEWfNO .gL 3gMg4
fKE $YMÒYQ KY ZEDYL< .gLg4E , ZMg/ fLg/g4E =Y Fa<=Y MYI .gL_
.PJ*%ZHFCP.MZHFCfBg.ITYHQ_*%IaZJ.~ÔP.MIaZJ.~Ô
fBg. ZHFE._ fQ ZHgCYQ[LY f=YJYgCL ,FL KY HZO= QgTg4 =Y
f.HMf=YJYgCLFYgFL%NYZ§_hCZQ.HYZDf.HMfCQg.DzVP.Lg=
FYgL Z.vm $YDYZ=. ZHFCYHM[ fCQ &JYE , $Y=Y PHZ.4]g. *.%
PYgBDzVgPLJ\g/f9gMfCT_KZCf=YJYgCLZHgH.BYg.=YQgMN¨ÀgCL
0YMJwC EY .gL HLV ZEg5gCL 0YZM CY,_ f=YJYgCL .[ QgTg4 fK
f=YJLY $Y.YgNL ZCg. HY $YDYZ=. 50g=L FYgE =Y.Y, EY f.HM
HmHYC[ 50g=L CYP={ .gL 3gM4_ $YMÒYQ =Y¯MY f=YJYgCLg. DgJL
Pg=5 C\D 'FQYL ZCgTg4E Z.vm f=YJLY =Y *ZRgT 3M Z.vm *. 5YZ=
f=YJYgCL PYJgE Na.gLL JYVP FZLgHNE .gLg4 $YL f=YJLY 0I[L
$Y0°QIgL=YIÙ<.L_=YgCLJDQg=fKf=YJYgCLDgJ F°gHN.gL
fPf.HMJ\EYZG.ZQgPgH%F°gHN.gL_fMYIMYMPYZEgTHY5YgL1\gL
fHRYT $YL FTPYL 5E QY= FYg=_ =YLY PV/Y0ZLÎ *HV f=YJLY
PV/YM1\_P\=LYVfQ$gLCM*%5[HE.TZCgEL"f=YJLY5Y0Z=.
DEP~ÔgCL F°Z= $Y.eÍ Q, $B3 fC/ EY fK f.YBY fBg. f=YJLY fP
P~ÔC*.Z¨=.L4_
$¶5YZ=LEYTf=YJLYf.HM/YHYLHYC§L/YEfC/Z.vm ZH¿Yv§.YL[
ZHNYP1Y=.g.fC/EY_f=YJLYP[PYB[gCLZEgTJgCL$YNgL*NYL
EYJYK EÍ .L $YL $MPgCL EYT 5[HE .YZ8gT CY,_ f=YJLY DJg.
$Yv§ZL.IYgHZHgH3EY.LEY_$YLDgJLfNY3E[T$HnYfCg/f=YJYgCL
f.YgEY C\W/, QT EY_ $YHYL HM fK $YJLY PHNZ ZEgTYZ5= .gLZ4
*HVZH3Ù<=YLPYgB.Y5.gLZ4_P\=LYVfQFZLFZ3v§YDYLYLJYE\O
Z3v§Y .L * FdZBH[g= $YMÒYQ .=e. *.5E %JYJ fF°Lg<L PJT .[
$YgPZE"f=YJLY$YMÒYQLPYgB.e=$[.YLI.L*HV$YMÒYQ =Y¯MY
KYf5YRYfCTYLZEgCNZCgTg4E=YZ4Ex.L*.%PYgBFdZBH[g=hELY5
4ZRgT fHRY,_ $YMÒYQL .PJ *Z8% PJT f=YJYgCL Z. QgTg4 fK
f=YJLY 0°Q< .L4 EY" $YMÒYQL .PJ fKIYgH JYg= QY5[gCL .YHY
LgTg4 Z9. fPIYgH $YZJ, $IYH[gCL .YHY_ $YZJ% Q5gL $YP,TYC
KYL * FdZBH[g= *HV JYE\gOL JYg6 0°Q<gKY0=Y LgTg4 $YL =YLY *L
ÔgN .MY<JZµ= QT_ $YMÒYQ fP 5YZ=g. $ZIN¹ .LÀE KYLY HgM
*%HZL'g©NQgMY5Y0Z=.AYB 3ZL=YB .LY$B3$YJLYHmAYB
fBg.CagL_$YZJZHZIEx DLg<L'FQYL'Fg;j.EZH=Lg<L5E$YZP
ZEHLVJYE\Og.*.={HYC,EYJYgKL,FLF°Z=ZÎ=.LYL5E*gPZ4_
$YJYLÖCgT.[$Yg4=Y$YMÒYQ%IYM5YgEE*HVZ=ZEA[TZECNgEL
JYDgJ *% PYÙ, ZCgTg4E fK =YLY ZJBYHYC[_ $YJYL CYZH JE0RY
f.YgEY.BYETHLV$YZJP=PQ.YgL*gPZ4$YLP=PQ.YgLfF°ZL=
QgTZ4_f=YJYgCLZ.QgTg4fKf=YJLY$YJYg.Z3EEY"fQJ\PMJYE0<
$YZJZH¿Yv§.YL[E%HLV$YZJf=YJYgCLQYLYgEYP~ÔC_f=YJYgCLf.'
$Yg4 Z. fK $YJYL $YJv< 0°Q< .LgH $YL $YJYL 'ZL F°Z= P\E5L
fCgH" $QV.YL[0< f=YJYgCL JYg6 Z. *.5E, PZ9. Z3v§Yf3=EYL
JYE\O fE% fQ" KZC $YZJ fF°ZL= EY Q=YJ =Y QgM \NFa5YL[LY DJg.
ZFÍ.Lg=Y_ZEÊTHEYLFYZEJYBYFKv§ fFXjg4f0g4$YL=YJYE\Og.
DzVP.gLg4_f=YJLYZ.5YEEYFYC[LY.[IYgHFB¿Í.gL"
Z8.Y
$YMÓYQ$YJYLF±Z=KY,Q[.gLg4E*Z8=YLPYL.BY_*Z8$YMÓYQLFÚfBg.*.Z8
LcF. IYOY_ =Y°H[LgH¦Y0< HgMg4E AFx ZHCYT Q5gL $YP,TYC HMg= YE[ ,
P\Z3v¨YN[MHZg.H\6YTfM/._
$YZJ *JE ¿Í=YL PJT fF°ZL= QgTZ4 KY FdZBH[g. .M\ZO= $YL
FdZBH[HYP[gCL DzVP .gLg4_ f=YJYgCL Z. QgTg4 fK f=YJLY H\6 EY"
f/YCYL.PJ*K\g0f=YJYgCL$HnYLf3gTfNY3E[T$HnY$YL.YgLY
fE%_
$YJYLF°Z=f=YJYgCLZHJ\/=Y,$HYF°CNEP.MP[JY4YZRgTf0g4_
f=YJLYZECNEYHM[fCg/4*HVf=YJYgCLP\ÔÍZECNEfCTYQgTg4=Y
Pg¥{,f=YJLY=YFYBgLLEYT4X]gRfGgMZCgT4_f=YJYgCL5EF\g<L
²YL f/YMY QgTg4 Z.vm f=YJLY ²YL H¶ .gL fLg/4 fKE =Y f=YJYgCL
$YZEYTF°gHN.Lg=EYFYgL_
f=YJYgCL Z. QgTg4 fK $YMÒYQL ZEZO± ZHOTYZC P~Ôg. PYHDYE=Y
$HM~AE.LEY$YLZJBYF°Z=FEx .LYL5E'~\/QgTBY."$YMÒYQ
=Y¯MY =LHYL[ FZL3YMEYT PHg3gT CÙ KYLY P[JYMq1E .gL =YgCL
ZHLÀg±Z=ZE=XYL=LHYL[/YFfBg.fHL.gLE_
ZEÊT $YZJ% JP[Q JY,'C $B3 f=YJLY $YJYg. 0YZM CY, , ZJBY
F°Z=FEx .L $YL HM fK *% CYZH ZJBY *HV *Z8 *JE *. 'Z
FaHH=[LY KYL ZHgLYZD=Y .gLg4 YE , fN°Îg={L CYZH BY.Y Pg¥{,
f=YJYgCL*JE.BY$YJYg.Q=HY..gL_f=YJLYZ.f5gEÉgE.]L$YE
ZHgLYD[ .BY HM" PYQYH[gCL K\g0L FL %5JYL PHP~= ZHNYP CYZH
*.Z8 $M[. CYZH *HV *.Z8 1d< ZJBY .BY_ EYTE[Z= ZHP5E.YL[
4YRY$Ef.'*Z8ZEgT*=HYRYHYZR.Lg=FYgLEY_$YL%5JYZ.
.gLQg=FYgL"J\=Yg5ZMLY.[HgM=YZ.f=YJLYI]gMf04"f=YJLYZ.
JgE .L fK f.HM f=YJLY% J\PMJYE $YL =YLY J\PMJYE ET" P\=LYV
F°JYZ<=QgMYf=YJYgCL.BYP\ZEZCÍHYZEZÊ=f.YgEY.BYETHLV*
ZHOgT f=YJLY PgwCgQ ZM¹_ */E $YMÒYQ =Y¯MY f=YJYgCL J=gIgCL
ZHOgTZP±Yv§ZCgp4E_
$YJYL .Yg4 $YJYL F°I\L FÙ fBg. PYÙ , $gE. ZECNE LgTg4 KY
f=YJLY fCg/, $A[.YL .L4" KYLY $YJYL FagH $Z=HYZQ= QgTg4E
=YgCL f.YgEY FYF QgH EY $YL =YgCL ,FL f.YgEY fCYO, H=YgH EY_
KYgCL.Yg4$YJYLHY<[fFXjg4g4$YLKYLY$YJYLZECNEfCg/g4=YLY
$YJYg. Z3Eg= fFgLg4 HLV $YZJ ATV =YgCL $HZQ= .gLZ4_ =YgCL
PYJgE $YJYL P==YL F°JY< ÔÍ Z4M_ Z.vm =YLFL, =YLY $YMÒYQL
$YTY=g. $A[.YL .gLg4 *HV $YJYg. .Í ZCgTg4_ *LY *JE 5YZ=
KYgCL5E$YMÒYQLNYZ§ $HDYZL=f.EEY=YLYf/YCYg.IT.gLEY_
=YLY f/YCYL $YTY= , LPaMgCL QYZP9Y YL MgÙ FZL<= .gL_ $YZJ
=YgCL.Yg4ZECNE4YRY$YZPZEHLV$YJYLF°I\ =YgCLZECNgELFL
ZECNE *HV fJY¯g5KYL FL fJY¯g5KY fCZ/gTg4E_ Pg=L F°JY<
P\F°Z=ZÎ= P\ZHZC=_ ZH=Z.= ZHOgTL, P\LYQY QgT f0g4_ =Y Pg¥{,
$A[.YgLL fÙg¨ *gCL JgEYHdZ¥ .g9YL_ $YMÒYQ $YJYg. JP[Q ,
F°Z=N°À= JYQC[ JgEYE[= .gLg4E«* .YLg< Z. =YLY $YMÒYQL PYgB K\±
.LgH"%p4Y,NYPE=XYL%3MgH_Z=ZEA[T.gJL5EZ5YZP=QEEY
HLV =YLY Z5YZP= QgH_ =YgCL .=. *% ZH=g. MYEY , 0EYL
J\g/ ZHL= QgT $E\gNY3EYL PYgB $YJYL .Yg4 ZGgL *gPg4_ Hm=W
=YgCL$ZD.YVN%Z4M$EYT.YL[_
=YLY Z. &PYL 5[ZH= BY.YL ,FL f5YL fCT $YL fP% %5JYg.
PHP~= J= f0YFE .gL KYg= PH PYQYH[L Ji=. Z4M" fK 5YZ=
$YMÒYQLLPagMLPYQ3K MYI.gLg4*LY=XYgCLFB$HY.gLZIEx FB
,ZIExL[Z=E[Z=L$E\PL<.gL_=XYgCLPHY%JQYEH[PY*LJYDgJ
.MY<JZµ=QgTg4E*HV=XYL.Yg4ZNÙY0°Q<.gLg4E_QKL=&PYL
Jd=\ZHOgT=YgCLJYg6%5JYJi=.LgTg4_JQYEH[L%gv§.YgMLFL
*Z8F°BJ%5JYZ4MfKZHOgT$YgMJLY$HZQ=_f=YJLYZ.$YMÒYQL
'ZPaLY$YgM%JLYEI]gMf04EYZ.
f5gEH\g6$A[.YL.L4"PYQYH[LY*%%5JYHYPHP~=ZHNYPZEgT%
C\ZETY fBg. ZHCYT ZEgTg4E =Y Pg¥{, f=YJLY J=FYBg. ZM¹_
f=YJYgCL JYg6 CMYCZM , QYEYQYZE $YL~| QgT f0g4_ f=YJYgCL .Yg4
=XYL5[ZH=BY.YP~Ôg.f.YgEYF°JY<fE%HLVf=YJLYf.HM$E\JYgEL
ZIZ¥g=.BYHM4_$YMÒYQ=Y¯MY&PY$YP~Ôg.HgMg4E
Z.vm f=YJLY $YMÒYQL 'Z ZEgT Z3v§Y, .L EY $YL *ZCg. JgEYgKY0,
CY,EY_$YMÒYQ fHN[5YgEEEYZ.f=YJLY"EYZ.f=YJLY*JE.BYHM4
fKZHOgTf=YJYgCLf.YgEYYEfE%"
L< fLg/Y f.YgEY N½ K/E f.YgEY $gB HHQYL .LY QT f.YgEY
ZHgNO={ HY HZ=J 4YRY% =Y P.M fÙg¨ *.% $gB HHÖ= Q,TY
'Z3= Z.vm f=YJYgCL JYBYT =Y,TYGG[L fK $B HgP $Yg4 =Y f.HM
&PYL%ZHgNO={ JgE.L$YLf=YJLYHMfK*%$gB PYLYZHgN =XYL
f.YgEY NL[. HY PJ.Ù fE%_ fKE *% $B =XYL 5gEL PYgB% 5E
ZEgTg4*L$Z§={FagH,Z4MEY$YL*LFgL,Z.TYJ=FKv§QgHEY
fQK\H.K\ZL/YZ=gLDgLEY,fK&PYL5E%QTZE$YL$YMÒYQLF
fBg. =XYL $Z§={% PdZÍ .LY QT ZE *JE FZLZnZ=g= f=Y =Y,TYGG[
N½Z8 $MV.YLZHQ[E EYL[L EYT fBg. KY,TYL .BY_ P\=LYV Z3v§Y .L
$YJYgCLg. f=YJYL ZHOCYX= fC/YgH EY_ =,HY 0°Q<.YL[ $YMÒYQg. IT
.L_ f=YJLY Z. JgE .L *% $BZ8 fP% 0YZM3Y KYg= &PY 4YRY $E
f.'FYLYg/EZEHY*JE5YJY=KYL%JYJQ,TYLP~YE*%P~YZE=
HYCNYQ4YRY$YL.YgLYIYg0f5Yg8ZE"
KZC $YJLY *% $YTYg= HHÖ= =Y,TYGGYL *.JY¨ $B PNL[gL
$Y.YgN KY,TY .ZL =YQgM, *% $YTY= QKL= &PYL FdZBH[g= $YPYL
ZHOTg. ZJBY PYH§ .gL $ZD.vm *g= N¨ÀgCL 'g©N QYZPM QT EY
HLV&PYLPNL[gL$H=L<EY.LYLZHOTZ8%AnYgEHMHUBY.gH«KY
ZHgH.HYEgCL5E$ÔÍET_fQH\Z±JYE0<.]L$YgEf=YJLYFY9.L
fK ZQPYHZE.YN ZCHgP fK ZCE PdZÍ 'Z¦= QgT $YMÒYQL PYJgE
'FnYZF=QgHfPZCE&PY*%'¥L%fCgHEZ=ZEHMgHE_
Z=ZE HMgHE $YZJ $YJYL '~=g. *.={HYC , $Y=YZIJYE[ $YMÒYQL
P¥YT ZHNYP[ ZQgPgH fLg/ *gPZ4_ *LFL Z.TYJ= FKv§ $YZJ =YgCL
.Y4fBg.ZHZp4Ex QgTKY%$YL'¦YEZCHPFKv§ $YZJ$YLFdZBH[g=
$YZPZE_fP.YLg<$YJYLFL=YLYZNL.,f.YgEY.CY3YgLZM¹QgTg4
Z.EY$YJYL5YEYfE%_$YJYg.*L5EfCYOYgLYF.LYKYTEY_*Z8%
=XYL'¥gLLPYL.BY_Z.TYJg=LFagH =XYLFdZBH[g=$YPYL.BYZ8KZC
P=QT=YQgMJQYP~YZE=$YMÒYQLF°gNxL'¥gL=XYg.1d<ZJBYHMg=
QgH *Z8 ÔÍ=% ZJBY DYL<Y_ =Y% ZEWPgwCgQ EKaM HY &PYL $Y.YN
fBg.$H=L<ZIZ¥Q[E,ZJBY.BY_
P\=LYV fQ ZH3Ù<0< 5Y0°= Q,_ .]L$YgEL ZNÙYL ZHFL[g= f=YJLY
f.YBYT $HnYE .L4" P= .BY QgMY &PY =XYL $EYE EH[ IY%gTL
J=% Jd=\HL< .gLg4E $YL PHgN°Î LPaMF°C¥ PVHYgC f=YJLY =Y
fPIYgH% FgR BY._ f=YJLY Z. JQYEH[L QYC[gP *Z8 FgR4 fK Z=ZE
$Y.YgNJd=gCLPYgBEEHLVFdB.*..gÙHgP$Yg4E"EYfJYg8%
ETHLVZ=ZEJd=Z.TYJ=FKv§ $YLFdZBH[g=Z=ZEZGgL$YPgHEEY_
fKHZf5gEÉgE*LZHFL[=.BYHgMfPfPPHfMY.gCL$v§I\
KYLY.]L$YEg.$A[.YL.gL_QXYKYLY$YJYLFagH 3gMf0g4E=YgCL
.BYZIExf.EEY=XYLY=XYgCLF°I]LCdZÍg=$FYL0_
.]L$YEPYÙfCTfK&PYZ.TYJ=ZCHgPHMgHE5YZ=LJ\L=YCQ,TY
P~Ôg. $YZJ $EHZQ=_ $YZJ 5YE=YJ EY fK =YLY PdZÍL F°I]g. f4gR
$YJYg. JY¯H\C HY 'FYP ZQgPgH 0°Q< .gLg4_ *IYgH Z=ZE Z/ÑYEgCL
ZH¿YZv§ , ¿Í=Y P~Ôg. Z.4] 5YEYL .BY $A[.YL .LgHE_ KZC
Z.TYJg=L FagH =XYL $YPYL .BY BY.g=Y F\<HYEgCL L[Z= $E\PYgL
$YMÒYQLCLHYgL*LP=YTE.LY%=XYLJKYCYP~=.Y5Qg=YHLVHMY
'Z3=fPZ8%LPaM,%JYJgCLIbO<_=Y%Z=ZEZJBY$HM~AE.LgHE
$YL PYÙ f0YFgEL J= $FLYD .LgHE $YL HMgHE fQ F°I] $YZJ
C\ZETYg=KY%ZE$YL$YJYL'~g=L$HnYP~Ôg. $HZQ=E%.Yg5%
$YJYL$H=JYgE=YLY.[.gLg4=Y$YZJ5YZEEY*Z83LJ1d<*.Z8
ZJBYKYÉgEfMYJZN'gL,g9$YLNL[L.Z~Ô=QT=Y%*Z8.[IYgH
Z8.Y
QKL= J\Z0LY ZHE fEY°JYgEL HLYg= QKL= %JYJ H\/YL[ H<EY .gLE JQYEH[ PY
HgMg4E $YJYL 'g=L Z.4] fMY.g. HXY ZC. Qg= DgL Z.TYJ= ZCHgP QYZKL .LY
QgH_=/E$YZJHMHfQ$YJYLF±I]*LY$YJYLZF±TPYB[_'¦LfCTYQgH=]ZJ
5YEEYf=YJYLFL=YLYZ..gLg4_=/E$YZJF\<HYEHYwCY&PY°LJ=HMH
PaLY $YM JYgTCY *.%IYgH %JYJ H\/YL[ =Y,TYGG[L $B PÕg. %HgE
$YHzYgPL HLYg= H<EY .gLE ¬$BYU J\=Y,TYGG[.YL $B QgMY
J\ZJ=].Y¬$BYU$YZJf=YJYg.Jd=\fCHfM/._
IYHYfKg=FYgL"KZC$YJLYDgL,ZE%fKZ=ZE*DLgEL.BYHMgHE
$YL =XYL FdZBH[g= $YPYL PJTg. JQYJZQJYZvA= $YMÒYQL F°gNxL J\g/
f5gEÉgEf0YFE.LgHE*HV'~g=L$ZHNYP,¿Í=YLJ\g/=YgCL
Q8.YZL=YFa< $Y3L<P~Ôg. $HZQ=BY.YL.BYf0YFE.LgHE=YQgM
$YMÒYQ=Y¯MY$HN%HMgHEfQ&PYf=YJYLZ.QgTg4"=]ZJZ.$YJYL
P~YE , F°=YFg. IT .L EY $YL $YJYL F°gNxL '¥gL $YJYL PYJgE
ZJBYHM4"=]ZJZ.ZGgL$YPYLFL$YHYLFdZBH[g=KY,ZE"
$YL A[T '~g=L ZNL. P~Ôg. $HZQ= Q, ZE" KYLY f=YJYg. 'FYP
HYZEgTg4*HVKYLYFdZBH[JTZH§e==]ZJZ.=YgCLfC/ZE"=YLYP.M
'X3]nYEQg=f3j.Pf1YRYLEYT4]g8*gPg4_$YL=]ZJ=YgCLPYgBK\±
.gL4*HVf=YJYLF°g3ÍYT,NZHgM=YgCL\NI.gL4$B3=]ZJ
*/E,f=YJYLEKaMHY$H=Lg<L.BY$A[.YL.L4f=YJYLZJBY,
F°=YL<YPZ=%$YJYg.$HY..gLg4_
P\=LYV PYL .BY QgMY &PYL $Y.YgN KY,TY P~Ôg. f=YJYgCL ZHNYP
ZJBY , ZIZ¥Q[E $YL DgJL 5E QYZE.L *Z8 Qv§YLg.L f3gT .J
ÙZ=.LET_
f=YJLY HM .]L$YgE ®LYGY¯ N½, LgTg4 QXY =Y $Yg4 Z.vm
J\=Y,TYGZG.Y Ng½L JYDgJ *L $B ÔÍ QgT f0g4 HLV $YTYg=L
F°Z=Z8N½$YDYZ=.LYGY¯LF°JY<,PYÙHQE.gL_f=YJLYZ.=YgHL
Z.4] .BYL ,FL &JYE $YE $YL .=. .BY $A[.YL .L *Z8% Z.
f=YJYgCL %PMYJ EYZ. .]GL[ , P[JYMq1E" f=YJLY Z. %ÕC[gCL EYT
$YMÒYQL Z.=YHg. FZLH=E .Lg= 3Y," f=YJLY Z. fC/ EY
J\=Y,TYGZG.YN½.]L$YgELYGY¯LFagHLgTg4"f=YJYgCL.[QgTg4fK
f=YJLY.]L$YgEL$YTYg=LDYLYZHEYgPLLÀ={g.$HY.L4"f=YJLY
f=YJYgCL5EQYZE.LL[Z=$E\PL<.gLBYg._
$YL KY f=YJYgCL 5E .MY<.L =Y 'gFÙY .L *HV P[JYMq1E .L_
$YMÒYQ .[ .]L$YgEL $B FZLH=E , NT=YgEL FB $E\PL< .Lg=
f=YJYgCL HYL< .gLE ZE" $YMÒYQL .PJ $YZJ F\ELYT $YMÒYQL EYgJ
NFB.gLHMZ4ZHg²O,N¨À=Y4YRY$YLf.YgEYZ.4] f=YJYgCLP=
fBg. ZH3\= .gL ZE_ f=YJLY DgL ZEgT4 *% HR hELYg5L JYg6% hELYg5L$HPYEZEZQ=_
f=YJLY$YJYg.*JgJ$ZIK\.LfK$YZJZ.HMYL$E\PYL[gCL.YZGL
$Y/YfC%$YLfN°ÎPdZÍL'ZLZHLÀ±Y3L<.ZL_$YMÒYQFZH¨f=YJLY
*==YRY=YZR.[IYgHZEg5gCLG=,TYF°CYgEL.BYI]gMf0gM_
$B3$YJLY=ZR1ZR.Y'g..YZGLHZMZE*HVF°BgJfQTF°Z=FEx .ZL
ZE_ f=YJLY .[ *gCgNL $ZMg= 0ZMg= HY5YgL HwCgL HLV PH¨
$YJYgCLZHLÀg±.]GL[G=,TYF°3YL.gLfHRY,ZE"f=YJLYMYgHYD
ZHP5EZCgTfKG=,TYHY5[.gL4=YZ.fHJYM\JI]gMf0gM"$YJYgCL
ZHNYP /ªE *HV $YJLY KY .Lg= f3gTZ4 =Yg. ZJBY F°Z=FEx .LYL
f=YJLY PHY=. f3ÍY .gL4_ *IYgH f=YJLY ZHNZ8 H4L HLV $YgLY
$ZD..YM ORKv .gL4_ f=YJLY P.M F°.YL $NYZv§g. 'gk ZCgT4_
$YJYg. %p4YJ= 0YMJwC .gL4 *HV *LFL =Y $YFE FL PHYL JYg6
F°3YL .gL4 fKE f=YJYgCL DLY FRYL f.YgEY IT fE% *HV f=YJLY
Z5YZP=,QgHEY_
Z.vm f=YJLY fK f5YZ= ZEHYZF= .Lg= f3gT4 $YMÒYQ =Y¯MY =Yg.
FZLFa<=YZCgTg4E$YLfP%PJ\CIgLZCgTg4Ef=YJLYKYLFYZEÉZ.gT
KY,TYL ÖCgT C\LYNY MYME .Lg=_ $YJYgCL IYg0 *.Z8 ZHLY<IbZJ
$YP\.*Z8%f=YJLY3Y%g=Z.vm $YMÒYQ $YJYgCL*.Z8'X3] nYgE$YN°T
ZCgTg4E KY QgMY *.Z8 PH\5NYJM , HY0YEHÕM 'F=.Y_ $YL
$YJYgCL *JE PH ZETYJ=LYZ5 , .MY<LYZ5g= IbZO= .gLg4E KY
Z8.Y
$YMÓYQ=Y°MY.]L$YgEHgMg4EPaLY$YMJ\°ZJEaE_
$YMÓYQK/E$YJYg.&PYLJP[MHYPCdNHYZEgTg4E=/E%VgL5LY5=|g.$YJYL5E
ZELYFC , $YLYJCYT. LYH,TY 'X3]nYE *HV P\wCL $YHYPngM FZL<= .gLg4E_
P\=LYVP.MF±NVPY$YMÓYQLZKZEZEKYZ==gCL$YN±TnM_F±Y,ZQ.J=$YMÓYQL%
$EEhHZNÎ_LYg/$YMÓYQJYgLf."$YL$YMÓYQPHgN±ÏLÚY.=YfM/._
f=YJLY,f=YJYgCLZF=YJY=Yf.'fCg/ZE_*Z8Z.F°=YL<Y,ZJBYL
GPM"f=YJLYZ.f.YgEYK\g0*LCdÍYv§fCg/4"
$YMÒYQ f=YJYgCLF°Z=.LÀ<Y.LÀEf5gELY/$YJYLCYZHLP==Y,
&PYL Jd=\L ZHOTZ8 $E\DYHE .LY .Z9E Z.4] Z4M EY Z.vm f=YJYgCL
$HYDF°HdZ¥A[T%JYJg.ZJBYF°Z=FEx .Lg=F°gLYZ3=.gLg4_*L
GgMf=YJYgCLÖCTHQgTf0g4$YLf=YJLYfKIYgHIYHY'Z3=Z4M
fPIYgH IYHZE_ $YZJ f=YJYgCL .Yg4 ZECNE , P\ÔÍ PYÙF°JY<PQ
*gPZ4_ $YMÒYQ $YJYL .Yg4 %HgE JZLTJ P~Ôg. *.Z8 ZHOT F°.YN
.gLg4E KY f=YJYgCL 5E Z=ZE f0YFE fLg/g4E_ *Z8 =XYL .eFY fK
Z=ZE$YJYg.fP.BYH\Z6gTg4EKYZ=ZEf=YJYgCLPYJgEF°.YN,.gLE
ZE*HVH\6YE,ZE_
PaLY$YM .YQG$YMÒYQ =Y¯MY$YJYgCLg.C[1.YMf=YJYgCLCdZÍL
$YRYgMfLg/g4E$YL$FLZCg.f=YJYgCLf3Y/g.fLg/g4EFCYHd=_
f=YJLY&PYL$Y.YNfBg.$H=Lg<L5E$gFÙY.Lg=_$YMÒYQ=Y¯MY
PJ\{M P= fBg. f=YJYgCL CdZÍ ZGZLgT ZCgTg4E fKE JQYJZQJYZvA=
$YMÒYQL ZES LQPYHM[ P~Ôg. f=YJYgCL C\HM=Y f=YJYgCL PYJgE
F°.YNfFgTKYT_J=YJ=H.LYLPJTf=YJYgCLZNÍY3YL,IC=Y
fN/YgEY%QgMY=XYL'g©gN_Z=ZEf=YJYgCL*.Z8FL[ÙYTfGMg=3YE
fK .YLg< ZHOTZ8 f=YJYgCL PYJgE f1YMYg8 QgT f0g4_ Z=ZE
f0YFE[T=YLFL*Z8F°.YN.gLg4E_
$YMÒYQ =Y¯MYFZH¨.]L$YgE&PYLJd=\LPVHYCF°CYE.gLHgME&PY
Z8.Y
$YJYL F±Z= .]L$YgEL IYOYT *% ,Q[ .LY QgTg4_ $YL fKIYgH QYHYP[gCL Z=ZE
M\YZT= fLg/g4E $YJYg., $YJYL F±I] *.%IYgH f0YFE fLg/g4E_ *Z8 $YMÓYQL
L[Z=fKZ=ZEA[T.=.LQPJYE\gOLCdZÎL$v¨LYgMLYg/EfKE=YLYH\6g=FYgL
fK=YgCLYE$=v¨ P[ZJ=$YLfKE$YMÓYQ ZE5HYwCYgCLFL[ÚY.Lg=FYgLE_
$ZD.vm*L'gªNQgMY=YgCLJYg6f.J\°ZJE$YLf.$FLYD[=YÕÎ.gLfCTY_
Z.TYJ=ZCHgP=YL'~g=L.]GL[g=ZM¹Q,TYLFagH%ZE5Jd=\L.BY
*HV5YZ=L.]GL[g=ZM¹Q,TYL18EYF°HYQP~Ôg.$=YL.BYA[.YL
.LgHE $YL JQYEH[ PY HgME $YZJ =XYg. fJ¯LYg5L LYg= Jd=gCL
JYg6%TYZQTYLPgfCg/Z4Z.vm f=YJLY=Yg.ANL[gL$Y.YgN'9Y,
P\=LYV*Lf3gTHRFYF$YLZ.QgH"$YJLY*L=]MEYTHR$YÊgKL
$YLZ.4] fCZ/EY_f=YJYgCLZ.QgTg4fKf=YJLY.BYH\6EY"$YJYL
.BY $=v§ ÔÍ P\=LYV f=YJLY FMYTgEL f.YgEY FB /X\g5 FYgH EY_
f=YJLY=XYL5[ZH=BY.YLZHOgTQ8.YZL=YF°CNE.LZ.vm F°JY<ALcF
Z.4]%'FnYFE.LEY>$YL.BYT$YMÓYQL
f3gTf.fHZNP=HYC[Qg=FYgL"PaLY$YEZEPY$E\HYC.@
f=YJYgCL.Yg4*4YRY$YLf.YgEY'¥LfE%fK$YJYgCLHYFCYCYLY
*% ZHNYgPL ,FL F°Z=ZÎ= Z4gME $B3 f=YJYgCL FaHF\LÀO fPY5Y
PLMFB fBg. ZH3\= Z4M_ JYE\gOL *JE DYL<YL JaM% HY Z.« KY
PYQYH[gCL K\0YHPYgE HLV =e=[T N=Y½[L FL PYJgE *gPg4" $YMÒYQ
F°C¥ PVHYC Fa< Q,TYL FagH% =Y FZLH=E .LYL f.YgEY $ZD.YL
=YgCLZ4MEY_
HLVZNÍY3YL,NYM[E=YLCYZHZ4M*%6<YDYLYLZHOTZ8$YMÒYQLQYg=
f4gRfCTY_*Z4M'~g=Lf5ÎgCLL[Z=_$CdgNLPVHYCH<EY.Lg=
Z0gT =XYLY f.YgEY ZEZCÍ $B ZEgT EYg4YR HYwCYLJ= $Y3L< F°CNE
.Lg=E EY_ =XYLY *g= &JYE LY/g=E $YL /X\Z8EYZ8 =¥{YgEL $YDYL
f/YCYLQYg=f4gRZCg=E_J\¥Y.[,ZH3Ù<gCLCdZÍg=*QgMYPHg3gT
ZELYFCFvnY_
Z.vm *LFL*JE*.Z8F°5E*gPg4KYLYA[TYE,H\Z±LFZLP[JY
Mq1E.gLg4$YL=YgCLfKHMYQgTZ4M
PaLYHE[%PLY&M=Y=YLYI]gMf0g4_=YLY4YLgFY.YLJ=HVN
ZH§YL.gLfHRYT_=YLY*JEZHOgTQ9.YZL=YJaM.$Y3L<F°CNE.gL
KY=YLYF°.e=FgÙ$YT={.Lg=FYgLZE_=YgCL5E*HV=YgCLDdÍ=YL
5E $YgÙF =YgCL QYg= J\PMJYEgCL fP% ÙZ= QgTg4 fKJEZ8
Z/ÑYELY.gLZ4M$YL'~g=LC\ZIgÙLK\g0=YLYQgMYZHLYEIbZJ=]M_
=YLY&PYg.ANL[gL$Y.YgN'9YTZ.vm=XYL'ZPaLY
HE[ %PLY&M ZEgT Z3v§Y .gL EY HLV ZQVPYZHg²gO JN P[JY
4YZRgTKYT_
fQ K\HYLY *% $YTYg=L ZHOTHm P~Ôg. f=YJYgCL .[ J=YJ=" f.E
f=YJLY ²BgHYD. .BYL $E\PL< .L $YL ÔÍ , ²BQ[E $YTY=g.
'gFÙY .L" f=YJLY Z. 5YE EY * $YTY= $E\PYgL .YZGLLY $YJYgCL
EH[fN°ÎEH[JgEYE[=gCLZNgLYJZ<L.Yg4$Y.YgN$YgLYQgELZECNE
f3gTZ4M" $YMÒYQ =Y¯MY =YgCL '¥L ZCgTg4E fK ANL[gL JYE\gOL
$Y.YgN $YgLYQE =XYL L[Z=L FZLFvn[_ *Z8 =XYL F°Z=N°ÀZ= , ZETJ
ZHgLYD[_.BYL.BYKZCDgL,fETYQTfK&PYANL[gLZ²=[T$Y.YgN
'Z¦=QgTg4E=YQgM*%$YTYg=fK.BY$A[.YL.LYQgTg4=Y.[
HY *L $B% HY .[" JQY PJYZE= F°I\L CdZÍg= QKL= &PY Z. JYE\O
Z4gME EY" =YQgM F°Nx CXYRYT =XYg. $Y.YgN 'Z9gT fETYL *JE Z.
$FZLQYK=YfC/YZCM"FdZBH[Z.A[TPV.[<=YL.YLg<=XYg.fKg=HYD
.LM EYZ. %ÕC[gCL QY= fBg. HXY3YL $YL f.YgEY 'FYT Z4M EY HgM
=XYg.M\Z.gTLY/YL5E$Y.gNLZCg.'Z9gTfETYQgMY"
fQ JYE\O fPY5Y , P= FgBL P[JYFZLP[JY $Z=J .gLY EY_ $YL
PZ9. FYMÒYT PHZ.4]L FZLJYF .L HY EYgTL CdZÍg= PHZ.4] fC/_
$YMÒYQL.PJZEÊT&PYLJd=\%PMYgJL5E'¥J$YL=XYLJd=]g=%
DgJLP.MF°.YLZH5TZEZQ=_f=YJLYZ..MYg<LZHZEJgT$.MY<
3Y,"f=YJLYZ.MYIfMY.PYgELJYg6FYB..LgHEY"f/YCYL.PJ
QKL= &PYL 5[ZH= BY.Y $YL *% DgJL $BYU %PMYgJL fHXg3 BY.Y
Z8.Y
$BYUPaLYHE[%PLY&MJYE\OfK5R
fCgQL PYgB $Y.YgN fKg= FYgL EY *% $YTY=Z8 =YL *.Z8 PgwCQY=[= , P\ÕÎ
F±JY<_$4YRY$YLf.'=Y$A[.YL.Lg=FYgLEY_=XYL'Zf=
$YTY=PaLY$YM $Y°LYG*LF±Z=%Z=LgTg4_JYE\gOL
$Y.YgN'Z§=Q,TY*JE*.Z8ZHOTKY*%$[.YgLLFZLFvn[_P\=LYVfP%FZH©
P¦Y$[.YLI.LYLJ=©ÁZ8L(gDz_fQZHgH.HYE0<Z3v¨Y.LfM/._
./E% PQYHnYE .Lg= FYgL EY_ f=YJLY fCg/4 &PYL 5[ZH= BY.YL
ZHNYP .=8Y GMCYT. QgTg4 $YL .=8Y HLHYC HY DzVgPL .YL<
QgTg4_=XYL5[ZH=BY.YLDYL<Y.[IYgHZ/ÑYEgCLJCC5\Z0gTg4*HV
.[LcgF =YgCL 'FnYFE .gLg4 $YL .[IYgH =Y P\CdS %PMYJ DJg.
Ù=ZHÙ=.gLg4=Yf=YJLY5YE_
$=*H fK/YgE 'FZn= HY 3MJYE 18EYF°HYgQL fÙg¨ *L ÙZ=.L
ZC.gMYÔÍfP/YgEKY$YJYgCLPYJgEfE%fP%fÙg¨*Z8.[.gL
.MY<.LQg=FYgL"fKgQ=] =XYL5[ZH=BY.YPVYv§ ZHNYgPLÙZ=.L
ZC.gMYL$ZI=Y$YJYgCLC[1ZCgEL=Y%=YF°.YNfFgTKY,TYLFL
*ZHNYgPL.Yg4$YLZ.JM$YNY.LYfKg=FYgL"H\Z±JYEHZA[T
FL[ZÙ=ZHOTHY$ZI=Yg.$HY.gLEY_$YMÒYQ =YgCLF°YLFgB
FZL3YZM=.gLBYg.E_Z=ZEA[THYwCYgCLF°Z=.LÀ<YN[M$YL¿Í=YL
JYg6 FC3YL<Y fBg. =YgCL LÙY .gLE_ *g= PgwCQ fE% fK &PYL
5[ZH= BY.YL DYL<Y , =XYL $H=Lg<L ZHNYP ¿Í=YL 50g= FCYFgEL
*.Z8 fPYFYE_ *L .Yg4 QgL. F°.YL ZHFCYFC 4YRY $YL Z.4\% $YNY
.LYKYTEY_
$YMÒYQL.Yg5f.YgEYEYf.YgEYF°YBYg.KYf=YJLY'ZRgTZCg=FYL
EY HLV *JE F°Y BYg. KYL DYgL .Yg4, f=YJLY ZIRg= FYLgH EY_
=Y% Z3v§Y .L f/YCY f=YJYgCL F°Z= .LÀ<Y .LÀE_ ZEÊT &PYL 5[ZH=
BY.Y,fNOK\g0=XYL$H=Lg<LZHNYPfKP~Ôg. f=YJLY$Y5FKv§
Q9.YZL=YJaM. JgEYHdZ¥ F°CNE .gL $YP4 *JE *. ZHNYP KY
f=YJYgCLZHwC\JY¨'F.YL.gLZE$YJYgCLPHgN°ÎDJg.,PJBE.gL
ZEHLV=YZ/ÑDgJLJCC5\Z0gTg4*HVCgMCgMJ\PMJYEgCL]N[T
J=HYgCC[ZÙ=.gLg4_=Y%fQJ\PMJYE0<$YZJH\Z6EYf=YJLY=XYL
$H=Lg<L *JE Z. F°gTY5E $E\IH .gL4" =XYL 5[ZH= BY.YL DYL<Y
f=YJYgCL 5E ÙZ=.L iH 'F.YL[ ET_ *L ÙZ= .= ITYHQ =Y Z.
ZH0= H4LgMYg= MÙ .LZE" ZH0= PJTZMg= * ZHNYP f=YJYgCL
f.YE.MY<PYDE.gLg4"P=.BYQgMY=Yf=YJYgCLDzVgPLZE.8=L
.gLg4,ELEYL[gCLDJ3]Z=g=%%¶EK\Z0gTg4_P\=LYVfQZH3Ù<LY
*LFL *L .Yg4 $YL .[ .MY< $YNY .LY fKg= FYgL" KYLY Z/ÑDJ
0°Q< .gL f=YJLY fCg/ BY.gH =YLY FYZCgCL QYg= * 5YgM% $Y8.Y
FgR_ *Z8 fP% =kL fK =YgCL DzVgPL .agF ZEgÙF .gLg4_ =YLY
J\PMJYEgCL%HVNZ4MZ.vm*LFLPYFHYHgELZQVF°Y<[QgTf0g4_
=YLY %PMYgJL N¨À=Y .gL $YL $=v§ 1d< , fEYVLY IYOYT *g.
0YMJwC.gL_=YLY=YgCLZE.8Y=[T,ZF=YJY=Yg.H\.GY8Y$Y=EYC,
fGXYFYgEY.YExYLJYg6f4gRfCT$YLZEg5LYPHgN°ÎJYEHg.0YMJwC
.LY*HV$=[g=LP.M0°gvnLf3gT'U.O 0°gvnL$HJYEEYTH=[QT_
=YLYHgMfK*Z8.ZHL.ZH=Y_f.*L²YLY.MY<JZµ=Qg=FYgL"
=YLY $YJYgCL DJg. QYZP=YJYNYL MgÙ FZL<= .gLg4_ =YLY *g.
f.HMPJYgMY3EYL4gM%L<.gL_=YLYHgMKZC*DJZHNYPZEgT
Jd=\HL<.L=YQgMZEZÊ=IYgH5YQYExYgJF°gHN.LgH_
$YMÒYQ =Y¯MY f=YJYg. PZ9. FB f3EYL f=jZG. ZCE f=YJYg. NYZ§L
FgB FY fCTY fBg. LÙY .LÀE_ f5gE LY/ f=YJLY * FL[ÙYg. $Z=
PYJYE ZHOT IYH4 Z.vm $YMÒYQL CdZÍg= =Y $=v§ 51E ZHNYP_ *Z8
f=YJYgCLJYg6$gE.g.DzVP.gLg4$YL$gE.CMg.5YQYExYgJF°ZHÍ
.ZLgTg4 fP .YLg<% $YMÒYQ =Y¯MY =XYL JQYE 0°gvnL ZHZIEx nYgE =Y
'gMÒ/ .gLg4E_ $YL *L F°Z= $Y.YN ZHC[< Q,TY FYQYR DzgP FRY
*HV ITYHQ NYZ§L MÙ<YHM[ F°.YZN= Q,TYL J= ZHOT $YgLYZF=
QgTg4_ f/YCYL .PJ J\PMJYELY JQYE $YMÒYQL 'ZL FZLFvn[ .BY
HgMZ/ÑYEgCLQY=g.fKIYgHNZNYM[.gL=YfCg/$YZJKYLFLEY%
$YÊK Q%_ =YLY HgM &PY PNL[gL $Y.YgN 'Z¦= QgTg4E $YHYL
f.YgEY K\g0 FdZBH[g= $H=L< .LgHE *Z8 Z/ÑYEgCL .Yg4 =XYg.
'FYPZQgPgH0°Qg<LPHg3gTHRF°JY<_*LJYDgJ=YLYHÕ$g.
ZH¿Yv§ .gL_P=.BYQgMYZ=ZE%gv§.YM.gLg4E*HVJd=gCLPYgB
ZJZM= QgTg4E $YL *% JgJ +N[0°vn , LPagML P\Exg= $gE. F°JY<
LgTg4_ .]L$YE ZHZIEx nYgE =XYL Jd=\L .BY 'gMÒ/ .gLg4_ $YJYgCL
EH[,PYfJ¯LYg5LLYg==XYg.Z²=[T$Y.YgN%TYZQTYLPYgBJd=gCL
JYg6fCg/g4E_*Lf3gTHR*HVJQYEPY$YL.[Qg=FYgL"=Y
Pg¥{, $LY *.BY ÉgE $YJYL ,FL QYJMY .gL $YL HgM =LHYL[
fFgM $YJLY f=YJYg. Q=Y .L=YJ_ $B3 f/YCYL =LHYL[ *gCL
=LHYL[L f3gT fHZN DYLYgMY_ J\HYZQMYL PJT =YgCL f.'f.' Z.
f/YCYL =LHYL[L $Y1Y= F°= .gL ZE" Z=ZE .]L$YgE =XYL Jd=] $YL
=XYg.'X3] ,6<YHÕMnYgE$YN°TfCTYL.BYHYLHYL'gMÒ/.gLg4E_
$YL$EYEF°JYg<LZIZ¥g=ÔÍQgTg4fKZEZÊ=IYgHfPnYEQgMY
.YN[L_fP/YgE&PYL.HL$YZHke=QgTg4_*%18EYL'gMÒ/F\LgEY
0°gvn, fC/Y KYT KY EY fJgE 0=v§L fE%_ P= F°.YN fFgT f0g4
$=*HP.MF°NVPYZHNF°Z=FYM.$YMÒYQL_*fCgNL$ZDHYP[LYPY
ZCgTg4 fK *Z8 *.5E %PY&M[ EH[L .HL_ Z=ZE F°YT C\¯QY5YL H4L
FagH 5YZ=L QYg= ZEKYZ== , ZE0dQ[= Q,TYL FL * fCgN ZQ5L=
.gLg4E_
$=*HPYL.BYQgMYK\ZF°JYg<LZIZ¥g=QKL=&PYLJd=]F°JYZ<=_
.]L$YgEL $YTY= , QYC[Pg. $A[.YL.YL[ H=[= $E f.' * .BY
$A[.YL.LgHEY_fK$A[.YL.gL$YMÒYQ 3Y%gM=Yg.=YH\Z6gTZCg=
FYgLEZ.vm Z=ZEKYg.3YEFB¿ÍQg=fCE$YLKYg.3YEZQCYTY=fCE
*HV =XYL ZCg.% =YLY ZGgL KYgH_ =YLY f.HM PgwCgQL $E\PL< .gL_
=YLYf.YgEYF°JY<$XY.gRDgLfLg/g4HgM$YJYgCLf3Yg/FgREY_$YL
.]L$YgEL P\ZEZÊ= F°JYg<L ZHFZLg= ZE4. DYL<Yg. $XY.gR DgL LY/Y
ZHNYP1Y=.=Y*HV=Y.{,TYLFBfBg.fHZLgTKY,TYhHZ.4]ET_
$=*H =YgCL 5E DzVP KYLY ZHL= QT EY_ Z3v§YNZg. KYLY .Yg5
MY0YTEY=YLYHgMfK&PYZ.TYJg=LFagH$YPgHEHYZ.TYJg=LMÙ<
ZQgPgH$YPgHEPaLY$YE
ZEPY*Z8*JE*.Z8.BYKY=YLYFaHF\LÀOgCL.Yg4ÉgEg4_$YL
* P~Ôg. =YLY ZHgH.HYEgCL EYT Z3v§Y .gL ZE_ =YgCL .[ QgTg4"
=YLY f.E H\g6 EY fK */YgE ®%MJ¯ Ng½L $B QgMY FdZBH[g=
ZECNEJaM.IYgHZHEYZF=YT=XYL5E0°Q<fKIYgHFaHH=[0°gvn,*L
'gMÒ/LgTg4_f.YgEYYE[,ZH3<HZ=Y$A[.YL.gLEY_PY.]M
$YQgM Z.=YgHL &JYE $YEYL K=8].] P~Ô. $Yg4 KYg. 'ZMÒZ/=
$YTYg=LF°Z=FYCZHOT,JgE.LYQT*LALcF=]ZJ5YEKY*/YgE
'gMÒ/ .LYL F°gTY5E fE%_ =]ZJ 5YE %ÕC[gCL *.Z8 ZHNYM 5Eg0YÎ[
&JYE EY *gE% JYLY Z0gTg4_ P\=LYV *.Z8 ÔÍ ¿Yv§ ZHNYgPL 5E
$YMÒYQLHY<[g.FZLH=E.LgHEY_ZEÊT$YMÒYQ=Y¯MYHgMg4E
PaLY $YM JYgTCY F°Nx QgMY &PYL F°Z= &JYE $YEYL FL N¨À=Y
Z.gPL" f=YJYgCL JZ§gk H\Z± HMg= Z. Z.4] fE%" KYLY CYZH .gL fK
PH %ÕC[ &PYL ,FL &JYE $YEgH *% $YTYg= Z. =YgCL /µE fE%"
f=YJYgCL Z. QgTg4 fK f=YJLY F°.YN , P\ZHZC= $YTYg=L ZHgLYZD=Y
.L4"f=YJYgCLQYg=.[F°JY<$Yg4"f=YJYgCL$HnY$YJYg.ZHZ=
.gLf=YJLYf.YEF°JYg<LZIZ¥g=ZH=µY.L4"
$YMÒYQ =Y¯MY &PYL Jd=\L .BY .]L$YgE *.YZD.HYL 'gMÒ/ .gLg4E
f=YJYgCLZ.QgTg4fKf=YJLYPC\FgCN0°Q<.LEY"ZHNF°Z=FYMg.L
.BYT f.YgEY ZHgLYD BY.g= FYgL EY_ f=YJYgCL Z. QgTg4 fK f=YJLY
K\ZFa< ZHOgTLF°Z=hHL[JgEYIYHF°CNE.L$YLF°Z=ZÎ=FL~ÔLYg.
$A[.YL.L"$YJLYf=YJYgCLPYJgE$YMÒYQL'Z'FnYFE.ZL=H\,
f=YJLY$HYIgL*ZRgT3M_f=YJLY5YEZHgNO={Q[E$HnYTJP[Q
JY,'C*L$H=Lg<LZHOTZ8*JEfKZHOgT&JYgELfÙg¨f=YJYgCL
, $YJYgCL JYg6 f.YgEY J=gIC fE%_ P= .BY QgMY f=YJYgCL ,
$YJYgCLJYg6JaMZH=. $Y.YNfBg.&PY$Y*L$H=L<PVYv§_
$YMÒYQ =Y¯MY =XYL PJ\{M 0°gvn =XYL Jd=\ PVHYC ZCgT *% ZH=g.L
$HPYE1Z8gTg4E_P\=LYVf/YCY=Y¯MYKYg.ZQCYTY=ZCg=3YE=YLH
.]L$YgE HZ<= .BY 0°Qg<L 5E '~\ .gL fCE_ .]L$YEg. HYC ZCgT
f=YJYgCL,$YJYgCL.Yg4$YLf.YE 0°vn $Yg4KY$E\PL<.LYfKg=
FYgL"
f=YJYgCL5E$YgFf=YJLYDJ[TZH=. $BYUJ\EYZKLY*HVfCYTYL
F°Z=gKYZ0=YHYJ\HYZQMYLJTCYgE$YPEY_f=YJLYCagLHgP$YJ<.L
$B3$YJYgCL.Yg4$YMÒYQL0°vn ,=XYLLPagMLP\Exg=LHÕCZMMF°JY<
LgTg4_=Y%fP%5YZ=L.Yg4$YJLY.[IYgHP='FnYFE.Lg=FYZL
KYLY$HYLPYgBF°=Y/YE.gL_
*LY Z. 5YgE EY fK ZHCYg=L 'u|YH. EH=vHYC[ , .YZGLgCL
$YMÒYQL F fBg. PJBE , PYQYK .LY QT EY_ $YL $YMÒYQL CdZÍg=
=YgCL0°Q<gKY0=YfE%*HVF\<HYEgCLEYT=YgCLLÀ={,fCTYQT
EY_&PYLJd=\PVHYCfCTY4YRY*JEZ.$FLYD$YJYL$Yg4KY=YLY
$YJYL F°Z= $YgLYF .Lg= FYgL" $B3 =XYL FagHL EH[LY, %gv§.YM
.gLg4E=YLYZ.ÔÍ$YTY=ZIZ¥.ZEILgKY0%5JYHYPHHYC[P~=
J=g.$A[.YL.gL$BHY=YLYZ.P\ZH3YL.LgHEY"f/YCYL.PJ&PY
%gv§.YM .gLg4E_ =YLY F°.YN Pg=L F°Z= N¨À=Y fFYO< .gL $YL
.]L$YEZHgLYD[.BYHgM*HV$YgCjIT.gLEY_&PYLJd=\g==YgCL
PJPY8Y Z." P= .BY QgMY *LY P[JYMV1E.YL[ 5YZ=_ =YLY =XYg.
*JEhHZNgÍLDYL.,HYQ.$Y/YfCTKY$E.YgLYJYg6fC/YKYT
EY_ =YLY f5gE ÉgE Z/ÑYEgCL PYQYK .gL_ $YMÒYQL $Y=YZIJYE
.[IYgH JYEg= FYgL fK .Y'g. fP% ZHgNO={ fCTY QgH fK fg¨
FdZBH[L ÉLÀ fBg. $Y5 FKv§ f.' *L $VN[CYL QT ZE" *L =]MEYT
.]GgLL ZE.8=L ZHNYP $YL .[ Qg= FYgL" QYT KZC =YLY Z3v§Y .L=
*JEZHgNO={ F°CYEZNLg.LZIZ¥hHZ.4] ET_fQ$LYZNL.fBg.
HRFYF$YLZ.Qg=FYgL"
fP.BYg.L<.LK/EZ/ÑYELYHMM&PYf/YCYLF\¨f.EEYZ=ZE
ZHEY ZF=YT 5E0°Q< .gLg4E $YL fP ZHNYPg.% =YLY $XY.gR
fLg/Z4M_$YMÒYQ=Y¯MYA[T'Z
PaLY $YgM %JLYE*L JYDgJ =YgCL .BY /µE .gLg4E_ Z.vm
$YJLY .]L$YgE &PYL LYGY , EKaM PVYv§ ZHgNOg={L '¥L fCZ/ EY
$B3*Z8]NFa5YL[gCL.Yg4&PYLf/YCYQ,TYLPHg3gTHRF°JY<_
KZCLQJYEf/YCYLCdZÍg=&PYL$Y.YgN0JE,$H=Lg<LDYL<YPZ9.
Qg=Y =YQgM fKIYgH ]N[T J=HYgC ZHNYP[gCL K\Z /µgEL 5E Z=ZE
$YCgJL .BY 'gMÒ/ .gLg4E Z9. fPIYgH .]L$YgE &PYL JP[gML HY
F°Z=p4ZHLfg¨,*%iHZNgÍL.BY'gMÒ/.LY$YHN.Z4M_P\=LYV
*%.YZQE[fKZJBY,ZIZ¥Q[E$YL*Z8fKF°MYFhHZ.4] ET=Yg=
f.YgEY PgwCQ fE%_ $YMÒYQL '¥L EY fCTYL JYg6 *ZCg.% %Z=
LgTg4HY'¥LEYfCTYL*Z8%.YL<_f=YJLYZ.5YEf.YEF°Y$YMÒYQ
=Y¯MYg.*%'¥LF°CYEfBg.ZHL=fLg/g4"$B3$YMÒYQL5E*.%
PYgBZ/ÑYEgCLCYZHL'¥LF°CYE,Fa<$FgEYCE$YHN.Z4M
ZEÊT Z/ÑYE $YgMJLY *JE *. 5YZ= KYLY F°Z=ZET= HYRYHYZR HY
$Z=NgTYZLfg¨P[JYMV1E.Lg4_=YLY$QV.YL,-±g=L.YLg<
Pg=L F°Z= ¿ÀgÙF .gL EY_ $YZJ %PMYgJL PJBgE =YgCL PYJgE
$YMÒYQ F°C¥ F°JY<YZC KBYKBIYgH 'FnYFE .gLZ4_ $YZJ * P~Ôg.
.gT.Z8H%ZMg/PdZÍL.MY<YgBCaLCaLYgv§LZHZIExfCgNF°3YL.gLZ4_
K/E$YJYgCLJYg6ZHHYCC[1 QgTf0M$YL.YgLYJYg6%PMYgJLF°Z=
$Y.O< fC/MYJ EY $YZJ H\6MYJ ZHOTZ8L 5E $E\0°QN[M f/YCYL
$E\0°gQLF°gTY5E_K=<LQJYgELPYQYKEY$YPgH$YZJZ.4]%.Lg=
FYLHEY_=/E$YZJf/YCYLPZExDYgEPYQYK3Y,TYL5E$HE=QMYJ_
$YZJ Jd=HU Z4MYJ $YJYL F°I\ $YJYg. C\¯g8Y .BYL JYDgJ 5[ZH=
.gLg4E*HV$YJYLC\¯f3Y/g.$YgMYZ.=.gLg4E_
Z=ZEHgME
>$BYU fQ $YQJC $YMÓYQ f=YJYg. .MY<JZ¶= .gLg4E_ LQJYE f/YCY
.]L$YE ZNZ/gTg4E fKE =]ZJ fP 5YZ=g. P=. .Lg= FYL KYgCL
FaHF\LÁOgCLP=. .LYQTZE$YLfKE$FLYD[gCLFBÕÎQgTKYT_
=]ZJ HM $YZJ F±=YZCÎ QgTZ4 $YL $YZJ PHF±BJ &JYE $YETE.YL[¬
$E\HYC.@_$YL$YJYLF°I\ $YJYg.ÉIPVHYCZCgTg4EDJ 5TK\
Z8.Y
Z.HMYL $E\PYL[ N©ÁLY J\PMJYE $YJYg. PHg3gT HR .YZGL $Y/Y fCT_ =YgCL
.BYL /¶gE FagH% $YMÓYQL F fBg. $YJYL Z.=YH HYLYQ[gE $YQJC[TYT 'Z
LgTg4_Z=ZEHgMEHM>$YZJF±=YZCÎQgTZ4$YL$YZJ
3MJYEZ8.Y
QgH , F°PYL MYI .LgH_ f=YJYL J= JYE\O JZ<J\Y =]M KYgCL EÍ
.LYQTEYHYHB.LYQTEY_*%$DgJLF°Z=PYQYK.YL[PHNZJYE
f/YCYL F fBg. PHF°BJ *Z8% ,Q[ .LY QgTg4_ $YJYL F°I\ $YJYg.
ÉIPVHYC ZCgTg4E fK Z=ZE $YJYL 5E PJ\{M ZECNEYHM[ F°.YN
.LgHE *HV Pg=L P==Y , ZJBYL $PYL=Y F°JYg<L 5E NYZ§JaM.
F°JY<YZC , F°C[¹ ZECNEYHM[L JYDgJ $YJYg. JY0= PYQYKPJBgE
DE .LgHE_ *LFL $YZJ FYC[ 5EPag¨ Z/ÑYE C[ZÙ= Z/ÑYE HYØ
*HVJ\NZL.gCL,$YJv<5YZEgTZ4*HV=YgCLHgMZ4f=YJLY$YMÒYQL
ZECNE,PYQYgKLJYDgJP=g.FL[Y.gLfC/fKE*Z8ÔÍQgT
KYTfK.Yg.f/YCYLFfBg.PYQYK.LYQT$YL.YL,FL$ZINYF
HZO= QT_ =YLY *% F°Z=gKYZ0=YT $Ng PZ= QgT fKY±YL fHgN
fHLQgMYEYHLV=YLY0g= $Y=g0YFE.gLg4_f/YCYL.PJKZC=YLY
fHL Qg=Y =YQgM $YJYL F°I] =YgCL ,FL $HB $Y1Y= QYEg=E $YL
=YgCLP.gM%HB,ZHGMJgEYLBQgTZGgLfKg=Y_
PH F±BJ &JYE $YETE.YL[$E\HYC.@_ $YL =YLY HgMg4 * HZ fKE J\PMJYEgCL
.HgL CYGE EY QT_ Z.vm =YgCL .BYL /¶gE FaH Qg=% JQYEH[ PY*L 'Z
LgTg4_Z=ZEHgMg4EJP[Q J,'C$YJYL.HgLCYGEQgHE_Z=ZEZ.TYJ=ZCHgP
$YJYL PYgB 'Z§= QgHE_ *Z8 fP P.M .YgGL $Y/Y CYE.YL[L .BYL /¶E KYLY
$YJYg.5YQYExYJ[JgE.gL_KZCf=YJYLPgwCQBYg.=YQgMG=,TYHY5gCLZ5gP
.L_HLKg/LZHT.LZHOTYZCL*.Z8QgMYf.YgEYf.YgEYJYE\Og.Jd=\LFLEH[
PY*L.HgLLhE.8fCTYQTKYL$Iv¨gLLgTg45YExY=$YL.=.g.=YfBg.
CagLLY/YQT_$YJYLLPaMPY$YJYg.5YZEgTg4E$YZJhE.8F±YºgCL$v¨I\_
$YJYg. fK 5YQYExYJ[gCL $v¨I\ $Y/Y fCT *Z8 =YL .BYL /¶E_ $YL *% CYGE
KYL.BY$YMÓYQ=Y°MY$YDYZ=.$gBHgME=Y*JE*.Z8ZHOTKY$YMÓYQLZ.=YH
=XYL LPagML 'Z , $YPgL HY PYQYH[gCL 'Zg=, ZHCJYE_ * ZHOgT $YDYZ=.
$ZI=YPÕEx 5YJYg=L Ji=. LgTg4_ *.%IYgH =YLY HgM * HZL 5YJY=
.YZGL J\°ZJE ET =Y% J\PMJYEgCL .HgL =YgCL JLgCQ .HLn .LgH EY f.EEY
=YLY PHg3gT 1d< .YZGL_ $YJYL F±I\ =/E $YJYL F±Z= ,Q[ .LgME *HV *.Z8
Ib/g¶LF±Z=%Z=.gLHMgME*Z8fPIaZJKYg=5YExY=LgTg4_fP/YgEfKCYGE
QgH fP 5YExYg= KYgH *HV fP ZELYFC fMY.gCL $v¨I\_ N©ÁLY *= HYRYHYZR EY
.LgM *= ZETYJ= ./E, MYI Qg=Y EY_ P\=LYV =YgCL fYD $YMÓYQL LQJ=g.
$YJv<5YZEgTg4_$=*HP.MF±NVPYZHNF±Z=FYM.$YMÓYQLfM/.
$YL $YMÒYQL .PJ KZC =]ZJ P¶YE .Lg= =YQgM %PMYJg. ZECNgEL
IYµYL,ZECNgELNQLZQgPgHfFg=$YL*g=*JEf5YZ=fFg=KY
PHYL F°Y< 5\ZRgT fCT_ P\=LYV $YgF fP% 5YZ=L 5E KYLY *g=
M\YZT=¹DgEL5E.e=ET$YL*LIYµYgLLF°Z=JgEYgKY0fCT
EY_ =YLY %PMYJg. JQYE ZETYJg= PJd± ET HLV ZH3a< QYR PCdN JgE
.gL_ =YLY% *JE 5YZ= KYLY ZHNYP .gL EY fK $YMÒYQ QKL= J\QY~C
PY*LFL.YgLYPYgBHY.YMYF.gLE_=YLYHgMJQYEH[PY*L
FL HY.YMYF HY .gBYF.BgEL PJYZ¹ 1g8g4 fKE f/YCY * K\g0
HY.NZQYZLgTHgPg4E$YLÉD\JY¨N°H<NZ$HZNÍ$Yg4_*K\g0L
FgL QT= =XYL N°H<NZ, QYZLgT KYgH KZC .BY HMY , fCYTY 0°Qg<L
NZ% ZHM\¹ QT =YQgM $EYE iHZNÍYHM[ .YK.L BY.YL, $YNY .LY
KYT EY P.M +N[ <YHM[L f.YgEY ZEÊT=Y BY.gH EY HY ZHNYP 'g9
KYgH_ fK HZ JQY P~YZE= f/YCYL f.YgEY hHZNgÍL nYZTg={ $A[.YL
.gLfPfKE.YK=PH<g.%$A[.YL.LM$YLfPEYZ§.=YLFgB
FYHYRYM_fQZH3<0<*JEHZP~Ôg. f=YJYgCLJ=YJ=Z."fP
Z.J\PMJYEEYZ.ZJMÒYg=L$YgMYL'UPHYZJEYLfBg.ZH3]="f=YJLY
Z. JgE .L %PMYJ HMg= f.HM Z.4] .YZQE[g. H\6YT $YL *L *JE
f.YgEY ZECNE fE% KY f3Yg/ FRYL J=" PHgN°Î PdZÍL %gv§.YgML FL
$YJYgCL F°I\ Z. $YJYgCL 'gFY .LgME" =YQgM * '~g=L P==YL
F°JY< Z." F°Nx QgMY PaLY GYZ=QYT $YMÒYQ fK F\LkYgLL .BY HgMg4E
$BYU*%'~=g.$=[='~g=LEH[gCLPCdP.LYLF°Z=N°ÀZ=ZCgTg4E
=YZ. Z=ZE I\gM f0g4E" $YJLY Z. .]L$YgE 'gMÒZ/= fN°Î '~= E%"
.]L$YgEL .BYL ZHLÀg± .[ $YJYgCL ZE.eÍ '~g= FZL<= .gLg4E"
*.BY Z. ZHgH. P~= fK $YJLY $YMÒYQg. f3EYL 5E PHY=. f3ÍY
.LgHY=H\,=¥{YgELFB/\Xg5FYHEY"
$YJLY f/YCYL .LÀ<YL F°=[.« fIYgLL JdC\JwC HY=YgPL 5E QYÕ=YP
.LZ4Z.vm $YJYgCLC\IY06YHYT\,$YJYgCLIYg0f5Yg8EY_*Z8%
Z. * '~g=L fN°Î={" $B3 FdZBH[L $YT\ fNO Q,TYL ²YLF°Ygv§_ f5gE
LY/*DYL<YZH3g<LCdZÍg=fKJE¿Yv§ *.%IYgHFZH¨+N[0°gvnL
Jg=,ZJBY_$¶$HnYTfKJd=]$YgP=YLf3gTITYHQJd=\$YLQg=
FYgL Z." $YL JQY CYEN[M f/YCYL f3QYLY EY fCg/ fK Jd=\ QT =YL
=]MEYT$YLf.YE$¶={$ZD..ÍCYT.Qg=FYgL"*%'~=KZCfHYHY
, HZDL Qg=Y =YQgM * C\Wg/ fF°ZJ.LY JgL% fKg=Y KYLY fF°JYÔgCL
PYgB PYYg=L f3ÍYT ZEg5gCL ZHM\¹ .Lg4_ * FdZBH[g= =YLY Jd=]g.
PYCgLHL<.gLf.HMfP%$I[ÍP¥Yg.FY,TYL'g©gN_P\=LYV*%
HY§H=Y Pg¥{, =YgCL H¶] .[IYgH =YgCL HY.]M=YL fMZMQYE ZN/Y ,
$gFYL $Z0xg= FZL=Y0 .Lg= FYgLE" PZ=% KZC ZHOT *JE Qg=Y
=YQgM * 5YZ= PHg3gT C\IY0Y 5YZ= PYH§ Qg=Y_ =YgCL F°IY=,
$YgMYg.Y{MQg=YEY$YL=YgCLZ3U.YL,fNYEYfKg=YEY_fLYCE,
fQX3Z.LJYg6%=YgCLIHM[MYPYQg=Y_
$YPgMZHOTZ8*JEETHLV$YMÒYQ =Y¯MYQgMEFLJ.LÀ<YJT_Z=ZE
]DY PdZÍ .gL =Y ZEHYLgEL 5E /YHYgLL, HHnY .gLg4E_ f=ÍY
5YZ0gT =Y ZEHYLg<L 5E FYZE, PdZÍ .gLg4E_ =¥{YgEL P¶YE[gCL
5E *Z8% 3MJYE L[Z=_ $YZJ =Y F°=Ù .gLZ4 =Y% .[IYgH *g.
$A[.YL.Lg=FYZL"$YZJ=YFL[Y.gLZ4=Y%$ZI=YMYgILFL
fPZHOgT.[IYgHPZwCQYEQg=FYZL"
$v§CdZÍL ZIZ¥g= $YJLY KY fFgTZ4 =YL F°Z= JYE\Og. $YQzYE .LY
$YJYgCL 5E $YHN._ P\=LYV fK *.$Z²=[T $YMÒYQg= ZHNYP[ $YL
f=jQ[gCLHY<[g.1d<Y.gLEY=YL'Z3=F\LgEYf4XRY.YFgRPvmÍEY
QgT DgJL '¥J fFYNY. P¶YE .LY_ $Iv§L[< , HYZQ. fFYNYg.
Fa<JY¨YT PZ= Q,TYL ZHOgT Pg3Í BY.Y $ZD.vm F\gLY ZEÎY ,
$Y.]M=YL PYgB P~YZE= f/YCYL ²YgLL .RY EYRY f.EEY Z=ZE FLJ
CYEN[M P¥Y_ JYE\gOL F°gNx Z=ZE ./E, .Yv§ QE EY_ =XYL DEIYµYL
P[JYQ[E,.ÇEY=[=_fKK=$Y.]Z=ZJEZ=LPYgBKY3EY.gLfP==
fHZNFYT_=Y%=XYLCYEP~Ôg. ZELYNEYQ,TY%HYwCYL'Ex=&JYgEL
FZL3T_ *Z8 IYHY% KYT EY fK A[T fF°ZJ.gCL 5E =XYL ²YL H¶ QgT
KYgH *Z8 .ÇEY=[=_ fQ JYEH JµM[ f=YJLY f/YCYL CYE , =XYL
ZETYJg=L ZI/YL[_ P\=LYV =XYL CYE .LY Pg¥{, f=YJYgCL =Y F°=Y/YE
.LY3LJC\IYg0LFZL3YT._*JEÙ]DYg=L=]MEYTHRC\IY0Y$YLf.
QgHfK=YLPYJgEP\AYC\/YHYL,ELJELJLÀZ8FZLgHNE.LYPg¥{,
=Y0°Q<.gLEYF°=Y/YE.gLHLV*LF°Z=ZGgL,=Y.YTEY$B3
fP Ù]DYL 5{YMYT .Y=L , 55ZL=_ IY%gTLY f/YCY f=YJYgCL F°Z=
.LÀ<Y.LÀEZEZÊ=f5gEY$YZJf=YJYgCL.Yg4*.Z8A0[T/YCZEgT
*gPZ4_ $YMÒYQ =Y¯MY * N=Y½[L ZNgLYIYg0 f=YJYgCL fP $YNY FaL<
.gLg4EKYL5Ef=YJLYfCYTY.Lg=_Z=ZEf=YJYgCL5EZETYJg=L
²YL 'g~Y3E .gLg4E f=YJLY =Y 0°Q< .L ZE" $YZJ 5YZE K=< EY
$YZJ f=YJYgCL ZHNYgPL $E\PL< .ZL f=YJLY $YJYL F°Z= $YgCj PvmÍ
QgHEY_$YZJ$YJYLF°I\L,Q[F°=Y/YE.gL.[IYgHf=YJYgCL.YJEY
HYPEYL$E\PL<.Lg=FYZL"$B3Z=ZEZE5HYwCYgCL,FLF°HM*HV
Fa<ÙJ=YHYE$YL=XYL%ZCg.f=YJYgCLZGgLfKg=QgH_
$YZJ HÕ ZECNE , .MY<LYZ5 *HV ZHZIEx F°.YL PYQYKPJBE F°C¥
QgTZ4_ HdBY f3ÍY .Lg= .Lg= PH QYZLgT f.HM xYT\, KZC ZJBYHYC[gCLLgTKYT=H\ *²YL=YgCL5Ef/YMYQTEY_f=YJLYZ.
JgE.LfK$YMÒYQ =Y¯MY*JE*.ZHNYP1Y=.g.IYMHYPgHEfK3LJ
FYFY3YL[" $YZJ f=YJYgCL 5E =XYL FÙ fBg. *JE *. ZPVgQL J=
*gPZ4 fK 5M fBg. 3Z.g= fHL QT $YL H[LZHgJ QYJMY .gL_
P\=LYVFYZCEYZ§.,J\NZL.gCLJDfBg.*JE*.5EJYE\O$YJYg.
fC/Y,fK$YJYLF°Z=²Zw²=YTJYg9EYJgH$YLF°HMFLYJNYM[f/YCYL
ZECNgEL JYDgJ $YJYL fJY.YZHMY .LgH" $YMÒYQL .PJ =YgCL PHY%
$YJYLZN.YL_$YMÒYQ =YgCLFMYTgELFBLÀ±.gLZCgTg4E_f.YgEY
5M HY PJ\C =YgCL $YN°T fCgH EY_ =[H 0Z=P~ÔEx f1YRYL EYT FB
IaZJ$Z=J.gL$YJLY=YgCLZCg.4]g83gMZ4_$YJLY%ENY$YMÒYQ
ZH5T[,PGM.YJZQgPgH=YgCL.L=M0=HYFLYn.LgHY_
=YLYf=YJYgCL,FLZH5T[Q,TYLNZLY/=EYZ.vmf=YJLYZEg5LY%
Z8.Y
$YJYLF±I]$YJYLF±Z=,Q[.gLg4E*%LYg==]ZJK=fCYTY.gL4$YZJ*LPH.°Z8
0±Q< .LH_ *L JgD *.Z8 Z4M %PMYgJL JZQJY , PYE HdZ²L fCYTY_ % JY3
fM/._
LÙ<YgHÙ<.YL[gCL f4gR 5gML ZCg. 4]g8 f04 $YL $YN°T CY=YL
P\LÙYfHÍE[g.$HY.gLZHLYEIbZJg.fHg4ZEgTg4_f=YJLYYgEL
FYgBTg.fQMYTEÍ.gL4$YLC\CNY0°§,HZ=JYE\gOLJ=QgTf04_
f=YJLYZEg5gCL*JE*.'EYCHdg±LJ=HYZEgT4KYLf.YgEYP\Z3Zv§=
J=YJ= HY ZHgH. fE% $BHY fP% FÉL J= QgT f04 fK =e<M=Y 4YRY
$YLZ.4]%f3gEEY_f=YJLYJQYP~YZE=f/YCYLFfBg.=BY$Y.YN
fBg.fK$$H=[<QgTg4=Y0°Q<.LEYZ.vm5Y0Z=.$gLK=8].]
P~Ô. $Yg4 =Y *PH N¨ÀL fJY.YZHMYT Z.4]% ET_ $Y5g. f=YJYgCL
ZEHYP QgMY $LZÙ= 5M , JLÀ fK/YgE f.YgEY FYZE fE%_ f=YJLY
f5gEÉgE FZLkYL F°HQJYE F°PH< FZL=Y0 .L KY =eZO=gCL ZFFYPY
ZEHYL< .gL *HV Ék IaZJg. fHg4 EY, $YL $ÉI M< HY F°Y<QYL[
LcF. CYEH HY ZFNY3g. IT .L EY_ Z²F°QgLL F°3ª CYHCYQ fCQg.
6MgPZCgTg4=H\,f=YJYgCLZ.QgTg4fKf=YJLY*%JgEYLJ4YTYT
$YN°T EY, EY KY f=YJYgCL fLYgCL =[H=Y fBg. LY .LgH P\gFT
FYZELPVHYCfCgH*HV.HgLL0=fBg.f=YJYgCLZELYFCLY/gH_
fKLPaMQ,TYLCYZH.gLg4=YLP==YLPHg3gTHRF°JY<QgMYfP%
K\0K/E¿Í=Y3LJFKYgTfFXjg4f0g4HY¿Í=Yg.K/E3LgJfFXj4YgEY
QgTg4_ KZC $YJYL ZHOgT =]ZJ PgwCgQ BY. =YQgM K=< f/YCY
$YJYgCL JYg6 J[JYVPY EY .gLE ==Ù< $gFY .L f.EEY Z=ZE
PHgN°Î J[JYVPY.YL[_ f=YJYgCL 5E * .BY Z. KgBÍ ET fK N¨ÀL
J\HYZQMY0°Qg<LFLZ=ZE$YJYgCLFgÙP=ZJBYLFYB.Pa3.ZECNE
F°.YN .gLg4E $B3 =YLY CYZH .gLZ4M f/YCYL F fBg. ZH5T
=YgCL% 5E ZEDYZL=_ P\=LYV K\ZF°JYg<L ZIZ¥g= KYL DzVP $ZEHYK
Z4M f/YCY =Yg. DzVP .gLg4E_ f=YJLY ORKv .gL4 $YL Z=ZE
FZL.ÇEY.gLg4E$YL$YMÒYQPHgN°ÎFZL.ÇEY.YL[_
N¨À .[IYgH f=YJYgCL 3=]ÔYgN =XYH\ f0gR HgPg4 $YL .[IYgH
f=YJYgCL ,FL ZHFCYFC fEgJ *gPg4 =Y f=YJLY 5YE *HV fC/4_
f=YJLYC\HM=YL.YLg<=YgCLfPHYCYgPFZL<=QgT4$YL.YJEYHYPEY
=YgCLF°Z=f=YJYgCL$Y.eÍ.gLg4_=YLYORKgvL*JE5YMH\gEg4KY
$v§CdZÍ , HYQCdZÍ 'ITg. ZHZ= .gLg4_ f=YJYgCL .[ QgTg4 fK
f=YJLYF°3ª=]GYEP~Ôg.¿ÀgÙFQ[EKYHdLYZ5g.JaMfBg.'UFY8E
.gLg4_=YLY*JE5YZ=KYLYf=YJYgCL5EDJ3\Z=,¿Í=Y%.YJEY
.gL_ =YLY f=YJYgCL Z=L f.YgEY P\gKY0 QY=4YRY .LgH EY_ =YLY
FdZBH[HYP[gCLFLYIb=.gL=YgCLCYPCYP[HYZEgTfLg/g4_=YLY$Y.YN
$ZIJ\g/ =[L ZEgÙgFL ²YLF°Ygv§_ .PJ =YgCL PYJgE CXYRYgEYL J=
f=YJYgCL f.YgEY PYJB fE%_ =YgCL PYJgE f=YJLY /R.]g8Y hH Z.4]
E,_P\=LYVHM$YZJZ.f=YJYgCLF°Z=LY0YZvA=QgHYEYZ.QgHYEY"
*PJTf=YJLYf.EZECYp4Ex"f=YJLYZ.FL.YgMLfJY.YZHMYTFYZBH
5[HEZEgTPvmÍfK.YLg<fENY0°§JYE\gOLEYTHm50g=LF°Z=$Y.eÍ
QgT4" f.YE fJYQ f=YJYgCL 1\J FYZRgT fLg/g4" f=YJLY ÙTZ=L
MgÙ FZL<= QgT4_ fQ K\HY0< f.YgEY NZ f=YJYgCL $HZNÍ $Yg4"
$YMÒYQL .PJ $YJYgCL $E\0°QN[M F°I\ 4YRY $YL Z.4] $HZNÍ fE%_
$YZJ5YZEEY$Y5FKv§ f=YJLY.[.gL4$YLIZHOg='F.L<ZCgT
.[.LgH"fP%H\Z±f=YJYgCLf.YE.Yg5LKYf.HM=]p4JYZ4=]M$YL
*fFYNY.FZLDYE.gLf=YJLYf.YEfPjwCKF°.YN.Lg=3Y,"
K/E $YZJ f=YJYgCL JYg6 CXYZRgT HMMYJ $YZJ JQYP~YZE= $YMÒYQL
F fBg. *gPZ4 f=YJLY fYD , LYg0 f=gMfHgE 5{gM '9gM_
f=YJYgCL '¥L Z4M * *. F°=YL._ $YL f=YJLY $YJYg. ZH=YZR=
NT=YE=]MYE.gL4_QYTf=YJLYK\g0LF°Z=,=Y.YgMEY_K\0Z.
¿Í=YLF°PYgLL5E*.CYYgMLCYZHLYg/EYZ.*.5EPVkYLg.L
J\/YgFÙ[ fK DJ F\E5[ZH= .LgH $YL f=YJYgCL Ö= f0jLH F\ELÀ±YL
.LgH" $YJYL ÖCgT KY $Yg4 $YMÒYQ =Y¯MYg. $YZJ *L PY[ LY/Z4_
$YMÒYQL .PJ $YZJ =XYL F fBg. *gPZ4_ ZJBYL HNH=[ QgT $YZJ
f.YgEY Z.4\ .ZLZE_ $YJYg. .YZGL $Y/Y fCTY , =]p4=YZp4M .LYL
ZP±Yv§ .gLf=YJLY$gE.HR$EYT.gL4_$Y5.YM%PMYgJL,FL
.[ZHFCZEFZ==Qgp4fPZCg.Z.f=YJYgCLf.YgEYCdZÍfE%"P\=LYV
fK/YgE f=YJLY $YJYgCL ZEgT QYZP9Y Y .L fP/YgE $YJLY f=YJYgCL
5E F°HQJYE $N°À , $ZHLYJ f3Yg/L 5M ZHP5E ZCZp4_ f=YJYgCL Z.
QgTg4f=YJLYZEg5gCLP~Ôg. f.EIYHEY$YL%PMYgJLC\HM=YL
F°Z=f.ECdZÍFY=.LEY"CYYMgCLHHQYgLZ.*/E,f=YJYgCLfF8
IgLZEfK*%I[Z=F°C,ITYHQPJgT$YL*.5ECYYgML$gFY
.L4" $B3 $YZJ N=Y½[L ZNgLYIYg0 *.Yv§ F°gTY5gEL PJT *gPZ4_
3wC , PaK 0°Q< IaZJ.~Ô , fFÒ0 $YJYL P==YL PY ZCgTg4_ $YZJ
*.BY fIgH $YÊK Q% f=YJLY ZECNE fC/ Z.vm =Y Pg¥{, f=YJYgCL
PgwCQ CaL[Ia= QT EY_ fQ $YgMJ0< *Z8% Z. f=YJYgCL $v§CdZÍ"
P=.BY QgMY f=YJYgCL , f=YJYgCL =Y.{,TYL JYg6 HYD fPgDg4
f=YJYgCL fP% $QV.YL KY f=YJLY f0YFE .Lg=_ f=YJYgCL f3Y/ $¶
QgT f0g4 fK .YLg< =Y N¨ÀgCL PdÍ hELY5 fCg/ EY_ $YJYL EYJ
f=YJLY CYYM LY/ Z.vm HY§H=YL F°Z= f=YJYgCL f.YgEY CdZÍ fE%_
f=YJLY $YJYg. .YZGL $Y/Y CY, HLV F°g=. fP HZL f3gT HR
.YZGL $Y/YZT= .L fK EH[gCL $A[.YL .gLg4 *% G=,TYL 5E
f=YJYgCLHYQHY
$Z= $YÊgKL ZHOT QgMY \NFa5YL[ , J\NZL.gCL KYLY f=YJYgCL
DJg. ZEJaM .Lg= 3YT =YLY f=YJYgCL CdZÍg= CYYM ET HLV $YZJ%
CYYMHLVPHg3gTHRhELY5HYC[_$YJLYZHN F°Z=FYM.$YMÒYQ 4YRY
$E.YgLY.Yg4$ZIgKY0.ZLEY_f=YJYgCLCdZÍg=fKgQ=]$YZJ.YZGL
=Y% .[IYgH .YZGgLL ZQg=YFgCN f=YJYgCL .Yg5 $YPg= FYgL" Z.vm
$YMÒYQL FgB $YJYg. fK .Í fCTY QgTg4 =Y 'gMÒ/ .LYL %p4Y QgMY
$YLfPPH.BYLDYLYHYZQ.=Y%$YJYgCL*FKv§ZEgT*gMY_
$YMÒYQ f=YJYgCLF°Z=.LÀ<Y.LÀE_f=YJYgCLZ.QgTg4fK$EYT,
P[JYMq1EFZL=Y0.LEY$YL.gJLF°Z=GMCY=YPHYE[g.IT.L
EY" fQ JYEH P.M $YJLY $YMÒYQL F fBg. KBYPJgT *gPZ4 Z=ZE
.BY HZMgTg4E =Y% $YJLY J\/ /\gMZ4_ $YJLY f=YJYgCL Pg=L HY<[
fFXj4Y% $YL f=YJYgCL F fBg. FY% $ZIP~ÔY= $YZJ H\Z6 EY *Z8
f.JEQ[EHHQYL"f=YJLY%ÕC[gCLPYgBFa<PYJPLY/5\=YLPYgB
5\=Y $YL .BYL PYgB .BYL PYJP F°Z=ZÎ= QgTg4_ =YLY =YgCL
ÖCgTLPV.[<=YL.YLg<$YMÒYQLEH[&PYg.CYYM$Y/YZCgTBYg.
$E\LcFIYgHf=YJYgCLFfBg.$YZJ,*.%EYJfFgTZ4_f=YJLY.BY
, .Yg5 =YgCL J= QgT f04_ .YZGLgCL F fBg. &PY $Y fK
FZL<Z=L P~\/[E QgTg4E *gCL KZC PL.YgLL IT EY BY.g=Y =YQgM
$YJYL FZL<Z=, =CÀF% Qg=Y_ =Y% $YJLY * PL.YgLL F°Z= .e=
Z.vm =Y .F8=YHN=W ET HLV $E\0°gQL .e==YALcF_ f/YCYL .PJ
$YJLY *L 4YTYT *JE ZELYF¥Y MYI .gLZ4 KY $Y5g.L K\g0 J\PMJYE
PL.YgLL F fBg. MYI .LY P~|H ET_ =Y% =YgCL ZHLÀg± Z5QYgCL
'g©gN=LHYL[QYg=fETY$YJYgCL5Ef.YgEYIYgHhHDET_=YgCL
ZHLÀg± K\± .LY JaM= ZHgCYQ .LY_ =YgCL ZHLÀg± K\± ZHgCYQ ,
hELYg5L $YN°T fETY P.M J\PMJYgEL 5E $iHD f.EEY =XYLY
$YJYgCLF°Z=ZHZIExIYgH$E\0°Q.gLg4E_$E\0°gQLF°Z=CYEZ.$E\0°Q
Q,TY'Z3=ET"
*g=PgwCQfE%fK=YgCLPL.YL$YJYgCL5EZELYFCfCYMEY_*L
.MYg< $YJLY K\g0L $=Y3YL fBg. LY fFgTZ4_ =C\FZL $YJLY *%
ZHOgT I[= E% fK $YJLY FYZCgCL ZHgLYD[ HLV $YJLY =YgCL
ZHgLYD[=YT PHYg0°_ f.EEY =YLY *.5E C\HM HYwCYg. ZHNF°Z=FYM.
JgE.gL_=YLY$Y.YN,FdZBH[LÍYg.FZL=Y0.gLg4_$YMÒYQ IYM
5YgEEfK=YLYZJBYHYC[,F°=YL.CYYM*HVF°gF<.YL[_$YJLY
5YZEPL.YL*ZHOgT=YgCLPYgBfE%$YL=YgCL*ZHOgT'UPYZQ=,
.gL EY $YL PQgKY0[, ET_ HLV P=.BY QgMY =YLY f.HM EYgJJY¨
Z/ÑYE_%ZMg.$HY.gL=YLYZEg5LY%$Y%EF°<TE.gL_P\=LYV
$YJLY .[IYgH =YgCL Z/ÑYE HMg= FYZL" PZ=.YL $gB =YLY ZIEx
5YZ=_ =YLY ZIEx FB $HM~AE .gLg4_ =YLY %ZM FgR EY *HV *L
$YgCNZEgOD P~Ôg., $EHZQ= $YL *ZCg. CdZÍ, fCT EY_ 60RY
ZHHYgCLPJT$YJLY=YgCL%EPYGHYP\ZH3YL.Lg=fCZ/_
$YZJ =YgCL .gT.5Eg. ZH=µYL PJT FL[Y .gLZ4_ $YZJ fCg/Z4
=YLY$YJYgCLF°Z=*.Yv§fPxQF°H<_=YLY$EYT.LYF4wC.gLEY$YL
*L $ZIPZ¶, LYg/ EY_ J\NZL.gCL $D[gE ZCEYZ=FYg=L fK $ZI=Y
$YJYgCL QgTg4 =YL =]MEYT *gCL 4YTYT LY= $gE. '¥J_ P\=LYV
=YgCLF°Z=.e==YF°.YN$YJYgCL5E$YHN._KZC$YJLY.e=EY
Q%=YQgM$YJLYEYQ0YLPYH§QgHY_
P\=LYV PYL .BY QgMY $YJLY * PL.YLg. $E\0°QN[M fFgTZ4_ =Y%
=YgCLF°Z=.e=BY.Yf/YCYLZ.=YH$YJYgCL5E$YHN..gLg4_
fP.YLg<%$YJLY=YgCLF°Z=.e=$YL$YJLYf.HM=YgCL.MY<%
.YJEY .ZL_ $YJLY $YMÒYQL .Yg4 fCYTY .ZL Z=ZE fKE =YgCL %PMYJ
0°Qg<LfPjIY0fCE_*.HYwCYL'FYPEY.LYfBg.Z=ZE=YgCLJ\
.LÀE ZKZE PJPY , C\W/fHCEYT =YgCL J=% 55ZL= Qg=E_ Z=ZE
A[T DgJL 5E =YgCL f3Y/ /\M\E *HV PHgN°Î DgJL F°Z= =YgCL
JgEYgKY0 $Y.eÍ .LÀE_ *.% PYgB %QgMjZ.. , FYLgMjZ.. ZHOgT
=YgCLTZ=LQY=fBg.LY.LÀE_
*% QgMY $YJYgCL fCYTY_ $E\0°gQL F°Z=CYE $E\0°Q% Q,TY 'Z3=" KYL
ÖCT FYFY3YL[ *HV fK NT=YEPCdN fP 4YRY $E f.' PCY3YgLL
F°Z=CYE.CY3YgLLJYDgJF°CYE.gLEY_P\=LYV$YJLY$EYT.YL[gCL
L[Z=$E\PL<.ZLEY_*%F\Z§.YT$YJLYf.HMfPPHZ/ÑYE$YgMJ,
FYZCgCL.BYHMZ4KYLY%PMYJg.0YZMfCTY$YL$YJYgCLfE=YfN°Î
PdZÍL $HJYEEY .LYg. $YHN.[T DJ[T CYZT={ HgM JgE .gL_ P\=LYV
$YJLY $YMÒYQL F fBg. =YgCL HYDY fCTY , F°Z=Q= .LYL 5E
CµYTJYEQgTZ4_Z=ZEA[TDgJLPQYT*HVPgHY¥JPYQYK.YL[_
$YJYLF°I\$YJYg.=XYLDgJLPYQYgKL5E*JENg½LJYDgJPg~AYDE
.gLg4E KYg= $YZJ $gE. HR F°Z=N°ÀZ= fC/g= FY%_ Z=ZE HgME
>=YgCLg.$YMÓYQLF±Z=N±Á=ZCEPÕg.
P\PVHYC , ZQg=YFgCN CY, =YKZ.LY$E\HYC.@_ $YJLY F°NYv§ ,
ZEZÊ= Z3g¥ CdS ZHNYgPL PYgB HMg= FYZL $YMÒYQ A[T DJg. PYQYK
.LgHE$YL*g.N¨ÀgCLQY=fBg.LY.LgHE*g.A0[TPYQYgKL
JYDgJP.MDgJLZHLÀg±5TK\.LgHE_Z.vm=Yf.YgEYK\±ZH0°QHY
=BY.ZB= Z5QYgCL JYDgJ ET HLV NYZ§JaM. ZECNgEL JYDgJ QgH
$YL *JE QY= ²YLY QgH KY N¨ÀL 1YR J8.YgH« $YJLY =XYL Z.=YgH
*IYgH% F°Z=N°ÀZ= fCZ/_ $YJYL F°I\ $YJYL F°Z= $E\LcF $YgLY ,Q[
.gLg4E * QgMY fPP.M ,Q[L PYL .BY $YL $YMÒYQ ./E, A[T
F°Z=N°ÀZ=L H=T .LgHE EY_ $EYT.YL[LY =YgCL $EYgTL FZL<YJ
fIY0.LgH_
* K\g0 M<YHM[ *IYgH% F°.YN fFgTg4 $YL FdZBH[HYP[L PYJgE
$YJYgCL F°I\ NYZ§JaM. ZECNgEL JYDgJ% $Y=F°.YN .gLg4E_ $YZJ
P.MfCgN=XYLf.YgFLM<YHM[fC/g=FYZp4_$gE.g.fFÒ0ZEZÊ×
.gLg4$gE.g.IaZJ.~ÔDzVP.gLg4$YLJd=\0°YP.gLg4_LY=KYLY
LY5F°YPYgC $Z=HYZQ= .Lg=Y =YgCLg. =]ZJ $Y5 .HgL Jd= FZ==
fC/4_=YgCLhH9./YEY5EJYEHNaEQgTf0g4$YLLY5F°YPYCFZL=
FgR$Yg4_=YLY*JE$YHYgP'g9g4KY=YgCLg.=YgCLIY%gCL.Yg4
ZGLg= fCgH EY HY F°Z=gHZNgCL .Y4 fBg. =YgCL ZEg5gCL 0dQgMY,
f5YLFaH.'±YL.Lg=FYLgHEY_
=]ZJ JYE\Og. fC/gH =YLY *% JQYJYL[ Qg= FYZMgT HXY3g= FYLgH EY
$YL $Y.YgNL E[g3 =YgCL FMYTgEL f.YgEY 5YT0Y, BY.gH EY_ *%
ZHFCg.fPIYgH$CdgÍLZM/EHYhCHC\ZHFY.HMYKYgHEYfKIYgH.=.
C\IY0Y CYZH .gL HLV F°.e= fPjIY0HYE fP fK *% P.M ZECNEg.
NEY.gL$YLFYB\gLCdS'F=.YTF°gHN.gL_
$YMÒYQ f=YJYgCL F°Z= .LÀ<Y .LÀE_ ZEZÊ= f5gEY * P.M ZHFCYFC
*JEKYf=YJLYHYf=YJYgCLFaHF\LÀO%g=YFagH fCg/ZE_*gMY*JE
*. HZL P==YL ZECNE ALcF F°.YZN= QgTg4 ZKZE $E\0°QN[M
$YMÒYQLFfBg.f=YJYgCLJYg6fF°ZL=QgTg4E_f.EEY$YMÒYQ=Y¯MY
A[T DgJL PVkYL , *L P==YL F°JY< =]gM DLg= 3YE_ $ZD.vm *L
HY0YEg.Pg=5.Lg=*LHdLYZ5g.'FYgCTGMGMYZCg=IgLZCg=
*HV*LÉk NY/Yg.PH\5,Pg=5NY/YTFZLH=E.Lg=3YE_*4YRY
JYE\O $YMÒYQL P= , PZ9. DJ P~Ôg. $H0= QgT FLJ CTYM\ F°I\L
F°Z=$Y.eÍQgH$YLP~YZE=HZLEYTHm50g=LF°Z=$E[QY,1d<Y
F°CNE .LgH *Z8% 'g©N_ P\=LYV K/E Z=ZE DgJL LYY F°IY=
$YEgME$YLK\ZF°JYg<LZ.L<F°.YN.LgME=/E=YgCL$ZD.YVN
=Y EY fC/YL F°g3ÍYT f3Y/ f;g. fGMM $YL f5gEÉgE $YMÒYQL
$YJv<g.$HY.LM_
FZL=YF=YgCL5E=YLY.MY<g.$HY.gL$.MYg<LF°Z=$Y.eÍ
QT_²YLf/YMYLPJT*gPf0g4P\=LYVf.*JE$Yg4fKHYLHYL.RY
EYRgH"KYLf3Y/$Yg4=YL5E=¥{YgEL6<YDYLYF°HQJYELgTg4_
$YMÒYQ =Y¯MY $=v§ JYN[M_ fK HZ PZ9. JEJYEZP.=Y ZEgT =XYL
²YgL$YgPZ=ZE=Yg.ZELYN.gLEEY_fKHYLHYL3YTZ=ZE=Yg.HZD=
CYgEIaZO=.gLE_
$YÊgKL ZHOT QgMY $YDYZ=. hCgEL FYNYFYZN JYE\gOL ,FL hCZQ.
hCECNY, F°.8 LcF DYL< .gLg4_ =Y Pg¥{, =YLY JgE .gL P~YZE=
$YMÒYQL F fBg. =YgCL f.YgEY PVgNYDE.YL[L F°gTY5E fE%_ =YgCL
5EP.M²YLLÀ±.gLfCTYQgTg4=YPg¥{,=YLYJgE.gLfK=YLY
P.M F°.YL ZETYJ= F°C¥ QgTg4_ =YLY $YMÒYQL ZETYJ=LYZ5 P~Ôg.
'CYP[E$YLFÉLJ=5[HEKYFgE%PvmÍ_$YJLY=YgCLQ[EJgEYHM,
fNY3E[T$HnYfCg/$YÊK Q%$YLK=<=YgCLPGM=YfCTYEYQT
$YMÒYQL .Yg4 $YJLY =YgCL PVgNYDgEL 5E fCYTY .gL KYgHY_ LYg=L
fNO F°QLPQ $YJLY fHZNL IY0 PJT =YgCL 5E fCYTYL JYg6%
$Z=HYZQ= .LZ4_ * f3Y/ =YgCL FYgE f3gT $Yg4 $YL =YgCL Z3v§YT
$YJYgCL1\JQYLYJQgTf0g4_
$YMÒYQL .PJ $YZJ fFÒg0L F°YC\IYgHL FagH% fFÒ0 P~Ôg. =YgCLg.
$HZQ= .gLZ4_ K=Ù< $YJYL F°I\ %Z= fCE ZE *HV K=Ù< Z=ZE
$YJYg.f0YFELQPP~Ôg. $HZQ=.gLEZE$YZJJ\//\ZMZE_*LFL
fFÒ0=YgCL,FLQYJMY.gLg4*HV=YLYJd=]LZN.YgLFZL<=QgTg4_
*%/HL*JEPJTfCTYQgTg4K/E*P~Ôg. Z3Z.UP.gCL,f.YgEY
PZ9.DYL<YZ4MEY$YLf.YgEYZHgH.HYEHYYE[JYE\O,*P~Ôg.
Z.4] HgMZE_ *LFL $YJYL F°I\ $YJYg. fKIYgH PVHYC ZCgTg4E Z9.
fPIYgH 18EY 1g8g4_ Ag0L F°I\L F fBg. *Z8 $gE. HR *.Z8
ZECNEZ.vm JYE\OfPZCg.Cd.FY=FKv§ .gLZE_f.YgEYHZ$N°À,
ZHP5EfCTZE$YL=,HY*HVPU.gJLF°Z=,f.YgEYJgEYgKY0fCTZE
HLV FYF , $HYD=YT =YLY P[JY Mq1E .gLg4_ =YLY $YJYg. ZJBY
F°Z=FEx .gLg4 *HV .YZGL $Y/Y ZCgT HgMg4 *f=Y 1d< CYYM_
$YJYL*.Y.[g={LK\g0$YJYLF°I] 4YRY$YLf.'$YJYLF°Z=PQJZJ=Y
F°CNE .gL ZE_ $YJYg. 0YMJwC .LYL ZHOgT =YLY PHY% *.J= Z4M
$YLfPIYgH$YJYLZF4] DY,TY.gLg4fKIYgHf.')<0°§ JYE\gOLZF4]
fMg0 BYg._ Z3LY3ZL= ZHg²gOL .YLg< =YLY $YJYg. f3gE ZE_ $YJLY
QYHYP[ , ZNMYZMZFL fM/.gCL J= =YgCL CdZÍL $v§LYgM 3gM KY%_
=YLY$EYT,-±=HN=$YMÒYQLZECNEYHM[g.$A[.YL.gLg4$B3
$BYU=YgCLÖCT=Yg=ZHNYPLY/=_. L$Y3L<,HYRYHYZRL.YLg<
=YgCL 5E F°=YH=E P~|H Z4M EY_ f/YCYL .PJ $Y.YN fBg. F°HM
HdZÍDYLYLEYTZECNE$H=[< QgTg4$YLF°C[F,F°{ZM=QgTg4Z.vm
=YgCL$¶.YLCaL[Ib=QTZE_$0Z<=PYHDYEHY<[,P=.HY<[Pg¥{,
=YgCL FYF Q
YP FYT ZE_ 00<3]~A[ Pg=5 HdÙ FY.Y GMGMYZC ,
CdZÍEwCE G]Mg. F°=Y/YE .gL =YLY Ék :YM ZEgT% PvmÍ_ f/YCYL
.PJ $YZJ 5YZEEY f.E =YLY *PH ÔÍ ZECNE fC/Y Pg¥{, $YJYg.
$HY.gLg4_$YMÒYQ =Y¯MY=YgCL.Yg4*HVF°g=.fPHZL.Yg4
fK $¶.YgL LgTg4 Pg=L $E\.agM A[T 'U.O F°JY< Fa<JY¨YT F°.YN
.gLg4E_ =YgCL FÙ fBg. K/E $YJYL fP% IT QgMY KY *.YZEWP
JYE\Og.I[=.gL=/E$YJYL$E\.bgM$YJYLF°I]LPYQYK$YPgMYKY
F°Z=ZCEF°Z=ZET=HZD=Qg=BYg._$YLK=ZCEPg=LF°JY<Fa<JY¨YT
F°.YZN=QTZE==ZCE$YJYg.PYQYK,PJBEF°CYE$HYQ=BYg._
PYQYgKL DYLY BYg. ZELHZp4Ex $YL ZECNE *JE *. FKYgT fFXjg4 KY
g< fNO .LY Z4M $P~|H_ =H\, $YZJ IYHMYJ *% F\Z§.YL fNgOL
ZCg. =YL JD fBg. *.Z8 ZECNgEL .BY ZM/H QTg=Y $YMÒYQ *L
JYDgJ f.YgEY IYM F°.eZ=L JYE\Og. 'F.e= .LgHE $YL JYE\O 5YEg=
FYLgH fK $YMÒYQL PYQYK IbFdgÎL FaH , FZÊJg. FZLgHÍE .gL
fLg/g4 $YL F\<HYE , .]3[ PHYL JYg6 *L /YZ= 4ZRgT FgRg4
*JEZ.*PHZECNgEL$YgMY.48YP\CaL$YgJZL.YFKv§fFXjg4g4_
PJ\{MZECNE,HRHRF°JY<YZCLJDfBg.$YMÒYQ =Y¯MY$YJYLF°Z=
fKPH,Q[.gLg4E=Y$YJYL5EETHLV%PMYgJLP=YTgEL5E_
$YZJ *.5E fPH. hH Z.4] E%_ Z.vm $A[.YL.YL[gCL $HnY $YJYg.
$YÊKYZvA= .gL_ =YLY ZJBY F°Z=FEx .LYg=% $ER_ =YLY F°BJPYZLL
ZHgLYD[gCL IaZJ.YT $H=[< QgT KYT $YL A0 fBg. fK $YgMY $H=[<
QgTg4P.gM%=YZEHYFgELF°g3ÍYTZE5ZE5IaZJ.YfLg/g4KYL.Yg4
KY Z.4] Z4M * MgÙ PHA HT .gLg4_ Z.vm $YMÒYQ =Y¯MY A[T $YgMY
HdZ± .gLg4E $YL =YgCL $Fg3ÍY DaMYHYZML f3gT fHZN Z.4] Z4M EY_
$YJLY =YgCL iELY5g. =LZHÙ]¾ PJ\gCL J= *HV GX]gP ,9Y HEYL
EYTfCg/Z4Z.vmm *L3aRYv§ GMYGMQgMY$YJYgCLZH5T*HV=YgCL
FLY5T$YJYgCLP~YE$YL=YgCLMYEY_KZC*ZHOTZ8$YMÒYQLFÙ
fBg. EY Qg=Y =YQgM =YLY $YJYg. 3b<ZH3b< .gL fGMg=Y $YL
5[ZH=gCL JD fBg. $YJYL EYJZENYEY ZEZ3× .gL ZC=_ Z.vm $YMÒYQ
=Y¯MYLQY=$YJYg.N¨ÀLC\keZ=fBg.LÙY.gLg4*.FKYgT$YJYL
ZECNEP\CagLLfCgNfFXjg4KYT*Z8ZHNF°Z=FYMg.L.Y5hHZ.4]ET_
*/E $YJLY $YgJZL.YT F°.YZN= *.Z8 ZECNgEL .BY 'gMÒ/ .LH_ $YJYgCLP==YLPaK FaH ZC.fBg.'ZC=QgTg4$YL=YFZÊJYgCL
PYJgEA[TC[Z¹P\ÔÍLcgFF°.YN.gLg4_P\=LYV*Z8$YMÒYQL.eFY,
.LÀ<Y$YMÒYQL$FYLCYE,$E\0°Q_$YLfP5YZ=L5EÉIPVHYCKYLY
=XYg.f3gE$YLfPPHHYwCYLJQYgPjIY0KYLY=XYg.0°Q<.gL_
:]%g.F°C¥$YJYgCLJ\HYZQMYL3YgM=YL
ZHLÀg±.e=fCYTY,JYE\gOLJYg6=YF°3YgLL
FL$YMÒYQ=Y¯MY.[HHQYL.gLg4E=YL
ZHHL<
fNYE $YMÒYQ f=YJYgCL F°Z= .LÀ<Y .LÀE $YMÒYQL PYQYgKL HÕ CdÍYv§
*HV $YJYL P==YL PYgMYL JYg6 *.Z8 QgMY fP% ZECNE KY
$YMÒYQ =Y¯MY:]%EYgJ*.HZg.DzVgPLJYDgJF°.YN.gLg4E_*%
$PYDYL< ZECNE , JQYE J\¯g5KYL ZH§YZL= ZHHL< QgMY $YgJZL.YT
P~ÔCNYM[Z/ÑYE,$QV.YL[FYZCgCLJYg6*.HZLEYJZ4M:]%_
=YLF°YT*.MJ\L[CHYIZ4MKYLYZ/ÑYEgCLL[Z=$E\PYgLCYP
CYP[LEYT=YL$YE\0=.L=_A5YZ=,ZH5YZ=LJYg6=YL*=KN,
/YZ=Z4MfK=YLEYJFdZBH[LF°Ygv§F°Ygv§ 4ZRgTFgR_=YLPg~YQE[
NZ Z/ÑYEgCL *. ZHNYM 5Eg0YÎ[g. fPHYCYgP FZL<= .gL
fLg/Z4M_ fP EH[ , LPaM Q,TYL CYZH .L= $YL *.% PYgB QKL=
&PYL &NLg={, ZHNYP[ Z4M_ fP $YJYgCL JQYP~YZE= LPaM PYf.
0YMJwC.L=*HVHRFCYZD.YL[,'p3JKYCYNYM[Q,TYLCYZHLY/=
*.%PYgBPHg3gT$ZI5Y=,PHJQYEQ,TYL$Y=F°PYCZE=_P~ÔC
/YZ= , $E\PYL[gCL PV/YL ZC. fBg. F°Z=ZCE F°Z=ZET= fP 'ExZ=
.LZ4M_ZI/YL[Q,TYPg¥{,LY5YLQYgM5[HE.Y8Y=_=YLF°=YL<Y,
ZJBY3YL Pg¥{, C\HM J\PMJYELY =YL fIZÃL ZN.YL QgT FB QYZLgT
HP=$YLZHTYZIIa=Qg=YYE[QgM,=YLYFB¿Í=Y*RYg=FYLg=Y
EY_ PZ=.YL $gB fP %PMYgJL N¨À Z4M $YL $YJYgCL JQYEH[ PY
PHgN°Î PdZÍg. 0YZM ZC=_ $HN KN /YZ= *HV P~ÔCNYM[ Q,TYL
fÙg¨fP$gE.HRJKYCYLY/=_fPHMg=Y$YZJPHJ\PMJYEg.Q=Y
.LH$YLf.YgEY*.={HYC[J\¯ZJE$HZNÍLY/HEY_fP*JEfMY.gCL
$v§I] Z4M KYgCL .BY , .Yg5 ZJM BYg. EY_ FdZBH[g= fP
ZGL$Y'gELJ=-±=F°CNE.gL$YLJd=]g.I]gMKYT_ZCE.Y8Yg=Y
fP JYE\gOL P~ÔC QLg<L JYg6 $YL LY= .Y8Yg=Y JgCL $YPgL_ =YL
3=]FYgNPJgH=QgTZ4M$,ZEgHYDZ/ÑYELYKYLY$gQYLY¨$=YL
FYE[TFYE.LY$HYQ=LYg/$YL$=YHN=W=YLLPaMQ,TYLCYZHL
P=YTE .gL_ fP AYD[E Z4M EY HLV C\ZETYL CYP¥{ .L= $YL Z4M
J\gYZHQ[E Z6E\g.L J= $ZD.vm fP Z4M A[T K\g0L NT=YE *HV
NT=YgEL PYB[_ Z.vm $YJYL FÙ fBg. J\HYZQMYL $YQzYgEL FaH FKv§
JQY P~YZE= $YMÒYQ =Yg. $H.YN fCE_ $YZJ JQY P~YZE= $YMÒYQL
CLHYgL=YLZHLÀg±fCYTY.ZL_
$YZJ =YL JYg6 NT=YgEL C\0¶ fF=YJ_ $YZJ =Yg. NT=YgEL HN[Ia=
DLYNYT[,LQJYEf/YCYLCYPgCLN¨ÀZQgPgHfFgTZ4_fPFdZBH[g.
*HVFdZBH[HYP[LZEWNYPF°NYPHY$DYZ=.5[HEg.ZHZIEx DLgEL1d<
$F.gJLJYDgJ.M\ZO=.gLg4_$YZJ*K\g0=YLJ=f.YgEYDdÍ$
HLV Z5{E $YL fCZ/ZE_ fP Z¨={HYCPdÍ *. '~YC Z4M_ fP Z4M
*.={HYgCLN¨À*HVfEYVLYDgJLFgÙLY/=EYg4YRJgEYHdZ¥_fP*L
$ZEÍ.LZC.gMYg.F\<YE.Lg=Y$YL*LE0x ZC.gMYg.F°NYZv§L
'F.L< ZQgPgH fC/g=Y_ DE[ , P~ÔCNYM[gCL JD fBg. $LY =YL
CgMfKY0ZCgTg4_=YLY=Yg.*=FZLJY<DEP~ÔC²YLYPYQYK.gLg4
KYHYCNYQ HYPL.YgLLQ=Y.=YgCLIYµYL4YRY$Ef.YBY,fC/YKYT
EY_ LYg5L DEP~ÔC =YL .Yg4 ZEgT $YPY Qg=Y fK .YLg< =Yg.
HYCNYQ$Y/YfCTYQT_IYHPYgHfPLY5YHYCNYQgCLJ=%5[HEKYFE
.LY$YL~| .gL_ÙJ=YL=]gBY.Y.YgMfPA[T$HYDF°HdZ¥g.FZH¨
EY.gL*LFa< CYP={ HL<.gL_NT=YgELZH¿YZv§LZN.YLQgTfPEH[
,LPaMQ,TYLCYZH.gLHgP_ZJBYCYZHZJBY3YL,$FHYC$YgLYF
fBg.fPZHL=QTZE_fPDgLZEgTZ4MfK*Z8*JEZHOTKYP~Ôg.
=Yg. Z5YZP= Qg= QgH EY $YL A[T 5[HE fP ZHMYZP=Y , F°Y3\gKL
JYg6.YZ8gTfCgH*HV=YLJYQ=,$YZI5Y='¥gLY¥LHdZ±FYgH_
P=HMg=.[fP*.YLg<0H ,$QV.YgLLFBfHg4fET$YLJQY
P~YZE= f/YCYL NYZ§g. IT .gL ZE_ *g= PgwCQ fE% fK ZJBY
$YgLYF.YL[ *.ZCE DLY FgR $YL =YL (DzYgLYQ< HY 'ExZ= H¶ .gL
fCTY QT_ f/YCYL $Y=YZIJYE =Yg. ZPVgQL EYT Z4ExZIEx .gL_ fP
FLYJNYM[,fPxQN[Mf/YCYL0°gvn F°Z=N°À=DzVgPLZCEF°=Ù.gL_
ZEÊT KYLY f/YCYL EYgJ F°=YL<YL $YN°T fET $YL ZJBY HgM =YLY
AÇ.YM%5[ZH=BYg.*LFLDLYFgR_f/YCYL$ZINYF*FdZBH[g=,
=YgCLZF4] DY,TY.gL$YLFL.YgM,_=YgCLP~YZE=.LYQTEYHLV
=YLYMYEY,0EYLAYCFYT_FaHH=[ ZJBY$YgLYF.YL[gCLFZL<YJ
.[ QgTg4 fP PVHYC Z. f=YJYL .Yg4 */gEY fFXjg4 ZE" $YMÒYQ =Y¯MY
ZJBY CYZH.YLgCL FZL<YJ P~Ôg. I[= EE_ Z=ZE =YgCL JYBYL ,FL
A[T=LHYL[6]Mv§LYg/E$YL=YgCL8].gLY8\.gLY.gLE_
=YL DzVP Q,TYL Z.4].YM FagH $YZJ =Yg. J\HYZQMYL 3YgM ZC% $YL
=Yg.ZMZ/fKf=YJYLCYZHZJBY=\ZJ*.3LJZJBY3YL[,F°=YL.hH
Z.4] E,«fK*%=]p450g=LQ[EAYgB ZJBYHMg4_&PY$YEH[L
(gDz$YLZ.4]%Z4gMEEY_=]ZJf.HM*.5EZJBYCYZH.YL.3]gEYFX\Z8
«fKZEg5,¿Í$YL$EgCL,¿Í=YLJ\g/f9gMfCT_P\=LYV=XYg.IT
.L ZKZE f=YJYL ZJBY3YL MÙ .Lg4E_ $YZJ $YQzYE .LZ4 fK =]ZJ
%PMYJ=BYP=DJ*HVF°=YFYZvA=,P~YZE=$YMÒYQLZCg.F°=YH=E
.L_ =]ZJ KZC J\/ ZGZLgT EY, $YL *% $YJv<g. $HY .L =YQgM
$YP$YJLYJ\HYZQMY.ZL_fKP=FZL=Y0.gL$YLF°=YL<YJaM.IYgH
LPaM,EH[Q,TYLCYZH.gLg4=YLZHLÀg±$YMÒYQL$ZIP~ÔY=KY3EY
.ZL_ $YMÒYQ =Y¯MY f=YJYL *HV $YJYL JYg6 FYB. ÔÍ .LgHE $YL
P=HYC[L5[H©NYTZJBYHYC[g.DzVP.LgHEfKEf.P=HMg4$YL
f. ZJBY HMg4 =Y JYE\O H\6g= FYgL $YL fKE *% 3bRYv§ ZP±Ygv§L
JYDgJZ3L=gLZHHYgCLZELPEQgTKYT_
$YMÒYQL .PJ fNO K\g0 ¿Í=YL F°PYgLL PJT KYL $Y0JgEL F°Z=N°ÀZ=
fCTY QgTg4 $YZJ% fP% F°Z=N°À= JP[Q_ ZEÊT &PY %gv§.YM .gLg4E
*HVZEWPgwCgQZ¨={HYCZJBY_=]ZJEH[Q,TYLCYZH.gL$YMÒYQLEYgJ
ZJBY3YL.L4$B3$YJYgCLEH[PY*LFLEH\T=fNOQgTf0g4_
.]L$YEQgMY$=[g=LP.M0°gvnLJYg6fN°Î*LFLNZLT=HYQ[$YL
f.YgEY 0°vn EYgKM QgH EY_ J\QY~C[ NL[Tg=L FL $YL f.YgEY NL[T=
fE%_ $HN PHgN°Î LPagML IYOYT $YJYg. fK EH[ 'FYZD fCTY QgTg4
=Y$YE\0g=L.MYg<*.Z84YTYLJ=ZHOT_$YZJZEg5LJYg6f.YgEY
fKY0=Y fCZ/ EY_ $YZJ KY Z.4] MYI .gLZ4 =Y *% FZH¨ JQYJYEgHL
.MYg<_
$YJYL EH\T= HMg= $YMÒYQ =Y¯MY ÉD\ F°Ia= HY.YMYF , .gBYF.BE
H\Z6gTg4E_ =YL ,FL f/YCYL $ZINYF fK * 0ZµL HY%gL f.YgEY
'p3YZIMYP LYg/ $YL ZEg5g. Z.4] *.8Y JgE .gL *HV JQYEH[L
$YE\0g=L f5YTYM /\gM fGgM Z.VHY $YE\0g=L NdVq/M fBg. fHZLgT
$YgP_$YJYgCLLPaMPYQgME/Y=YJYEEH[&E_=XYLP¥YTZLPYMg=L
LPaMgCL $Y0JE DYLY PJY¹ QgTg4_ $YJYgCL LPaM J\§GYL FL f.'
AYD[E EH[ ZQgPgH CYZH .LYL f.YgEY $ZD.YL LYg/ EY_ =XYL FL f.HM
$5DYLYT HY.YMYF f/YCYL PYgB .gBYF.BE $HZNÍ $Yg4 $YHYL
=Y,$YE\0g=LNg=fN°ÎPdZÍL$YE\0g=LHY%gLZ0gTET_f/YCYL
.PJJ\§GYPY*L$YDYZ=.f5YZ=HYZ.L<g.$E\PLg<L.MYg<%
f.HM$YJYL*%f5YZ=MYIQgTg4_$YMÒYQLFÙfBg.$YJYg.LcF.
$gB EH[ $Y/Y fCTY QgTg4 $YZL. $gB ET_ P\=LYV $YMÒYQ , =XYL
LPagML$Y=YZIJYEg.5Y0°=.gLYEY_$YZJEH[PY*L4YTYTMYZM=
FYZM= QZp4_ $YZJ JQYEH[ PY*L FCY $E\PL< .ZL_ ZEg5L F
fBg.$YZJZ.4%]HZMZEHLV$YJYLF°I\LFfBg.$YJYLF°Z=KY,Q[
.LYQgTg4=YL%$E\PL<.gLZ4_=Y%$YZJ$YL=]p4PdZÍLQZ~A=Z~Ag.
IT.ZLEY_F°g=.g.Z.TYJ=ZCHgP=YL.e=.J P~Ôg. Z5YPYHYC
.LYQgH$YLf.YgEYf0YFE.BY$YMÒYQL$5YEYET_
$YZJ fP% F°=YL.g. HgMZ4 *% $YJvg<L FL KZC =]ZJ fJYHYZQMYT
$VN0°Q<EY.L$YL*.%PYgBEH\Tg=LCYZHLJYDgJ$YMÒYQLEYgJfK
ZJBY3YL .L4 =Y Qg=, =,HY EY .L =YQgM fIgHY EY fK *% Da==Y
fCZ/gT =]ZJ FYL fFgT KYgH HLV $YMÒYQ =Y¯MY f=YJYg. MYEYCYT.
.g9YLNYZ§LJYDgJDzVP.LgHE_
Z=ZEf=YJYg.MYZ=.LgHE*HVF°=YL<YLAYC0°Q<.LYgHE_$YJLY
FLÔgLLJd=]LF°Z=ÙY.L=YJ_$YZJ$YMÒYQL,FLZEIL.L=YJZKZE
Pg=LPQYT*HV*%ZJMÒY=HY%PMYgJLZELYF¥YZHDYE.YL[_
*LFL=Yg.'g©N.gLfM/Y$YJYLL3EYHM[$YgJZL.Yg=HYF.IYgH
F°3YL .gLZ4_ $YgJZL.YL fHZNLIY0 FZ¨.Y , PYJZT.[g= $YZJ KY
ZMg/Z4=Y4YFYQgTg4_$YZJJgE.ZLPQPQ FZ¨.Y$YJYLHH
F°3YL.gLg4$YL=Y*=HYF.QYgLQgTg4fK$YZJg<fNO.Lg=
FYLH EY $YL 'gMÒg/L 5E H%gTL FY=YT =Y PV.]MYgEL 5E FKY¹
nYE,fE%_$HN$YgJZL.YLfKPHF¨FZ¨.Y$YJYL.Yg4fF°L<.LY
QgTg4$YLKYg=$YJYLF°3YLfJYHYZQMY*HVZP±Yv§ KY3EY.gL:\%gTL
ZHLÀg±$YJYLfCYTYL.BY'gMÒ/.LYQgTg4fIgHZ4Z8.Yg=fPPHF¨
FZ¨.YL .gT.Z8L EYJ 'gMÒ/ .LH fKE JYE\O 5YEg= FYgL fK *Z8
f0YFEf.YgEYZHOTET_HLV=YFdZBH[LFaHFZÊJ,'¥LCZÙg<=BY
FdZBH[LP.M$M,F°Ygv§=YF°3YZL=QgTg4_*%F°3YgLL.YL<QgMY
:\%HRHRHYCNYQgCLEYT/YZ=LY/=_$YgJZL.Y*HV%'gLYgFL
f4Y8HR P.gM% =Yg. /\H IYMIYgH 5YE=_ *P.M fCgNL fMY.gCL
CdZÍg==YLJYQY=,$YZI5Y=Z4MHYCNYQgCLEYT_*4YRYfP$gE.
fHZNFZL¿Jg<$I§ Z4M$YLHY.F8]=YLf5YgLJYE\Og.CÙZN.YL[L
EYT ZN.YL .L=_ fP .YLg< f.YgEY FZ¨.YL JYZM. J\HYZQMY P~Ôg.
=YgCL .Yg4 KY FY9YgEY QgTg4 =Y 4YFg= $A[.YL .gL ZE_ P= .BY
QgMY fP% F°Z=²Zw²=YL GMYGM fC/YL fMYI =YgCLg. =Y 4YFg=
0I[LIYgH$E\F°YZ<=.gLg4_$YgJZL.YLfKPHF¨FZ¨.YT:]%PVYv§
$YJYLJ\HYZQMY,fCYTYLZHOTZ8f4gFg4=YLPV/Y$=v§HYF._
Z.vm $YJLY $YJYgCL *% Z8.YT CdÍYv§ALcF JY¨ .gT.Z8L 'gMÒ/
.LZ4_
Z8.Y
ZJ.EV FZ¨.YLEYJ,=YZL/
F°Hg¶LPYLYVN
ZCZN.Yg0Y%w8YLgF±8LP J[KYf0YMYJ$YQJCFYYgHL$ZDHYP[_Z=ZE
%5\E
:]%g.J\HYZQMYL:Y.ZCgTg4E_$YNY.LYKYT
Z. fK fP F±Z=³Zw³=YT EYJgH" J[KY PYgQH
ZMg/E :]% EH\Tg=L CYZHL fÚg© *.5E
ZJBYHYC[ , F±=YL._ $YZJ $YMÓYQL .Yg4
fCYTY .ZL Z=ZE fKE =Yg. DzVP , ZEJaM
.gLE_ Z=ZE $YL, HgME $YZJ Pg=L ,FL
LgTZ4$YL:]%ZJBYL,FL_$YMÓYQ$YJYgCL
JYg6 ZP²Yv¨ .LgHE Z=ZE ZJBYHYC[g. DzVP
.LgHE $YL P=HYC[L 5[HgE% $E5Eg.
ZEZËØ .LgHE_ J[KY f0YMYJ $YQJC $YL,
HgME $YZJ% JP[Q JY,'C $YL P= f.HM
%PMYJDgJ%ZEZQ=_
ZC f8ZM0±YG % 5\MY% Ng¾L PYJYE =YL=gJL PYgB 'FgLYgMÓZ/=
/HL%*g=f4gFg4_
$Y0±ÁE8 PYEGYEZPPg.Y C\*.Z8N¾FZLH=E.gLÖHÖ'FgLYgMÓZ/=
/HL%*g=f4gFg4PÕYC.$YL,ZMg/g4E
MYZ:gPAL
fK ZP²Ygv¨L * L[Z= K\ZK\ *HV
EYTP=_*g=PgwCQfE%KYLfCYTY0dQ[=
QgHfP%Pg=L,FLF±Z=ZÏ=_
3MJYEZ8.Y
PYL.BYQgMY:]%Z4MZE.eÍ=J*.5EJYE\O$ZIN¹ÖCT,/YExYPHY
NT=YgELIY%_fP%PMYgJLN¨ÀZ4MHLVHMg=QgHN¨ÀgCLJYg6
ZJ.EV FZ¨.YLEYJ,=YZL/
F°Hg¶LPYLYVN
ZC
ZM8YgLZL
:Y%g5Ò
:]
%
gTL
'gªgN
F±C¦ $YJYL J\HYZQMYL
ZE'%T. gN 5\E ZH¨YZL='gMÓ/.LYQgTg4*.%PYgB=YL,
$YJYL 4ZH f4gFg4_ *4YRY ÖHÖ 'gMÓZ/=
/HL%f4gFg4_
ZE'%T. fJ%M *¶ fK ZNgLYEYJ f4gFg4 =Y QgMY C\% CYZH
*gF±P gN 5\E .YLg.L JYg6 J\HYZQMY_ :]%gTL ZHLÁg²
$YJYL fCYTYL .BY 'gMÓ/ .gLg4_ $YL,
ZMg/g4 3]RYv¨ .BY QgMY P=HYC[L 5[HgE
ZJBYHYC[L DzVP Q,TY_ *4YRY HY.[ F±Hg·
'FgLYgMÓZ/=/HL%f4gFg4_
Lg3ÒYL fQLYÇ gN FZ©.Y ZMg/g4 :]%g. J\HYZQMYL :Y. fCTY
5\E
QgTg4_*4YRYFagHKY'gMÓ/.LYQgTg4=YL
ZH¨YZL=ZHHL<LgTg4_
fL.:fHYÒEgN5\E 'FgLYgMÓZ/=/HL%*g=f4gFg4_
*Y:IYL8Y%5YL gN 'FgLYgMÓZ/=/HL%*g=f4gFg4_
5\E
ZC fHYÒE FY%M8 gN $YJYL , :]%gTL 'gMÓ/ .gLg4 *LFL
5\E
J\HYZQMYLfCYTYL.BYZMg/g4_
FYB GY%¶YL ,TYZNV8E 'FgLYgMÓZ/=/HL%*g=f4gFg4_
gN5\E
ZC f:%ZM %w8YL ,NE 'FgLYgMÓZ/=/HL%*g=f4gFg4_
ZN.Yg0YgN5\E
f:gJYY8 ZE.YM J\HYZQMYL 'gMÓ/ LgTg4 *4YRY 'FgLYgMÓZ/=
Lg3ÒYLgN5\E /HL%*g=f4gFg4_
ZN.Yg0Yf:%ZMZE'5
'FgLYgMÓZ/=/HL%*g=f4gFg4_
HYZMV8E ZG fF±P gN 'FgLYgMÓZ/=/HL%*g=f4gFg4_
5\E
'ÒYL ÕY% gN 5\E 'FgLYgMÓZ/=/HL%*g=f4gFg4_
3MJYEZ8.Y
ZE.eÍ=J_fP3Y%g=YfK%PMYgJLEYJFKv§J\g4KY._fP=YL$ZIN¹
F¨FZ¨.YT HLYHL %PMYJ *HV *.={HYC[ QYE[G f0YÎ[g. $ZIN¹
$Y/Y ZCgTg4 $YL fCYTY .gL fK fQ $YMÒYQ J\PMJYEgCL DzVP .gL
ZJ.EV
FZ¨.YLEYJ,=YZL/
F°Hg¶LPYLYVN
ZN.Yg0Y%w8YL,gNEgN5\E J\HYZQMYLfCYTYL.BY'gMÓ/.gLg4_
*YMHE[fF±PgN5\E
'FgLYgMÓZ/=/HL%*g=f4gFg4_
5Y.gPYEYM 8Y%JP gN 5\E
HYZÆgJYL $YgJZL.YE gN 5\E
HYgGgMY 8Y%JP gN 5\E
ZE'%T.fJ%MgN5\E
'FgLYgMÓZ/=/HL%*g=f4gFg4_
fHYÒEfL.:gN5\E
f:8
gT8%VZMNZE'5gN5\E
ZQZMEYfL.:MY5\MY%
f5LJNYgTLf0g58%5\MY%
ZE' fENE ZE.YM % 5\MY%
ZQ'ÒE ZE.YM LY 5\MY%
fPYEYZE'5gN5\E
Z8
3J¶ZE'5MY5\MY%
0ÓYPg0Y fQLYÇ gN $gYHL
ZE'%T. .JYZNTYM *Y:IY8Y%5YL
gN$gYHL
ZCJZEVf8ZM0±YGgN$gYHL
'FgLYgMÓZ/=/HL%*g=f4gFg4_
'FgLYgMÓZ/=/HL%*g=f4gFg4_
'FgLYgMÓZ/=/HL%*g=f4gFg4_
'FgLYgMÓZ/=/HL%*g=f4gFg4_
'FgLYgMÓZ/=/HL%*g=f4gFg4_
'FgLYgMÓZ/=/HL%*g=f4gFg4_
'FgLYgMÓZ/=/HL%*g=f4gFg4_
'FgLYgMÓZ/=/HL%*g=f4gFg4_
'FgLYgMÓZ/=/HL%*g=f4gFg4_
'FgLYgMÓZ/=/HL%*g=f4gFg4_
'FgLYgMÓZ/=/HL%*g=f4gFg4_
'FgLYgMÓZ/=/HL%*g=f4gFg4_
'FgLYgMÓZ/=/HL%*g=f4gFg4_
J\HYZQMYL$YJv<,:]%gTL'gMÓ/LgTg4_
CY,_FdZBH[Lf.YgEY$gM=YgCL*.5Eg.,$HZNÍfLg/YEY_=]ZJ
$YJYg.=YgCLF=E*HVDzVPfC/Y,$YLPJ0° IaFdgÎZ¨={HYC=BY
Z=Ef/YCYPVYv§ZHNYP4ZRgTCY,_fPHgMg4$YZJP.MJ\PMJYE,
%PMYJDgJLDzVPfC/g=3Y%*Z8%$YJYL5[HgELFLJM_*L
f3gT HR f.YgEY MÙ $YJYL fE%_ $YJYgCL .Yg4 %VgL5[ fK FZ¨.Y
$Yg4=Yg=*.BYgMYLPH.¯Z8fM/YLgTg4_fKFRgHfPZEWPgwCgQ
=Yg= =Y fC/g= FYgH_ fQ FY9. *% F°=YLg.L fEYVLYZJL DYL<Y
FY,TYL 5E * .¯Z8 .BY f=YJYL 5E KgBÍ Q,TY 'Z3=_ * .YLg<%
JQYEH[ PY =Yg. Na.L $Y/Y ZCgTg4E f.EEY FZH¨ Hm *%
$FZHg¨L.Yg4Z4M$=v§ $F4wCE[T$YLZNLg.LfEYVLYJ[,F°=YL<Y
Z4M=YL.Yg4$=v§ZF°T_
FY9.0<=YL.BYT%PMYgJLfK3LJ$HJYEEYLgTg4=YZEÊTH\6g=
fFgLg4E_ fP fK NT=YgEL =]MEYT fHZN $ZIN¹ F°=.YL[LY =Y
$HgMY.E.gLg4E_*.FKYgTfPJYE\gOLJYg60YMJgwCLJa= F°=[.
QgT KYT_ ZEgOD , HYL< .LY Pg¥{, fP ZHL= Q,TYL Z4M EY_
ZJBYHYC[LJd=\LJYDgJP=HYC[LP==YF°.YgNLJYEgPf/YCYLF
fBg. K/E $YZJ =YL PYgB J\HYZQMY .LMYJ , =Yg. J\HYZQMYL :Y.
ZCMYJ=/E*.$YgJZL.YHYP[HgM$YLA[TFZ¨.YT:\%,=YL3ZL¨
P~Ôg. Pa LZP.=YL 4gM fMg/ :\% ./E, J\HYZQMYL N= FZLH=E
.LY4YRYJ\HYZQMY0°Q<.LgHEY_fPHMgH$YZJJ\HYZQMY0°Q<.LHEY
Z.vm $ZIN~ÔY= , 0YMJgwC $YJYL J\.YZHMY .gL fC/ fK F
0YMJgwCL FZLJY< , JY¨YT F°Z=FÙ fBg. *Z0gT BY.gH fP P=HYC[
$YL =YL F°Z=F ZEWPgwCgQ ZJB\._ *Z8 *. FZ¨.YL JYZMg.L 'Z
fK :]%*L 3ZL¨ PVYv§ =BYZC $E\P¶YE .gL fHL .gLZ4M_ fP =YL
:]% J\/ fBg. KY fHL QT fP P~Ôg. DYL<Y LY/= *HV *L AYC,
ZEgTZ4M_$EYEHÕFZ¨.YLJYZM.HYP~ÔYC.LY,*.%DLg<L.BY
f4gFg4_=YLY$YgJZL.YLP~YZE=$ZDHYP[,LÀ={Fa< fMY._*4YRY
$YZJ, J\HYZQMYL ZHOgT =YL 3ZL¨ KY3Y% .gLZ4_ $YJYL F¨ K/E =YL
.Yg4 fFXjg4 fP LYg0 $Z0xNJY QgT KYT $YL $QV.YLHN= f=gMgHgE
5{gM ,g9 $YL 5gML fE.gRL J= E/ , CXY= fHL .gL_ fP HgM
$YZJ *% HZg. *.Z8 JYZ4=]M HLV =YL f3gT, =]p4 JgE .ZL_ *
JYZ4$YJYg.ETHLVA[TJd=\g.$YJv<5YZEgTg4_$YLfP*.BYZE5
FZ¨.YTF°3YL.gLg4_*%$QV.YL,C~| P~Ôg. KZCDYL<YfFg=3Y,
=YQgMf=YJYL5E*Z8%KgBÍ_P~YZE=,F°=YFYZvA=$YMÒYQLILPYT
$YZJ=YL$QV.YgLL.YLg<%fCYTY,J\HYZQMYLfF°L<YfFgTZ4_$YJYL
F fBg. J\HYZQMYL $YQzYgEL FagH * HZ ZHNYM DEIYµYgLL JYZM.
Z4M_$YZJ=YLZHLÀg±*%fCYTY.L=YJfK$YMÒYQ =Yg.MYEY0EY
,$YggFLJYg6DzVP.LÀE_$YJYLfCYTYLFagH fPLY5YHYCNYQL
J= F°IYHNYM[ Z4M $YL =YL NZ F°=YF /YZ= Z4M Hdg¥L EYT
PHHYZF_fPP\wCLP\PZ=,P\'p30dQLYZ5*HVP\CdSF°YPYgCLJYZM.
Z4M_ 5[HgE fP f.YgEY ZHFCYFC fCg/ZE_ F°Z=ZCE F°Z=ZET= fP =YL
CM HR Qg= fCg/g4_ * FdZBH[L P~|YH P.M ZETYJ= , AYp4wC =YL
$YTg¥Z4M_$IYH$E8E,C\W/f.N.Yg.HgM=YfP5YE=EY_fP
fLNJ[ H FZLDYE .L= $YL 'Ex=JYgEL CÀ=0YJ[ HYQgE 3MYgGLY
.Lg=Y_Jd=\fK*.ZCE$Y1Y=QYEgHfPP~Ôg. fPZ4M'CYP[E$YL
fPIYHg=YfK=Yg.P\C[15[HEfCTYQgH_
fP fP% P.M fMY.gCL J= ZCEYZ=FY= .L= KYLY JYE\gOL ZP5CY
%HYC= , JYQg=L HYQHY .]ZRgT $I§ $YL LYZ¨ KYFE .L= $Z=
f.YJM,fJYMYgTJZH4YEYT_Z.vm=YL$CdÍP~Ôg.$YZJKYHgMZ4=YL
P==Y F°JYg<L 5E f/YCY =Y¯MY K/E A[T =.C[L F°.YN .gLE =/E
=YL ZHMYPHÕM , $YEwC1E 5[HgEL KHZE.YFY= 1g8_ $YMÒYQ =Y¯MY
=Yg. $ÉI 3g $YH± .gLE_ fP ZE5 5[HgEL PF ²YLY $BYU«A[T
$F.J ,FYFLcF[PYgFLf4XYHgMJYLY=.IYgHCVZN=QT_CÀ=0°YJ[,
$YLYJCYT.HYQE=YL5E.gÍL.YL<QgTKYT*HV=Y0Z=QYZLgT
HgP_ =YL Pa fLNJ fJY8Y fLNgJ HCgM KYT_ *IYgH $EYE ZHOT,
*JEIYgHFYgÅKYTfKF°Ia=P~ÔC/L3.gLfPfKNQL0gRZ4M*.
FKYgT fP/YE fBg. fP HZQke= QT_ ¹ P~ÔC /L3 .gL fP fK P\CdS
F°YPYCZEJY<.gLZ4M=Y=YL5EZEZO±QgTKYT_$YMÒYQ =Y¯MY*g=%
ÙYv§ QEZE HLV =YL ZHLÀg± A[T P.M ZP±Yv§ HY§HYTE .gLE_ =YL
JZQJY , P~YgEL P.M 'UPg. C\JgRJ\3gR fCE $YL KY Z.4] =YL
ZETvg<Z4MPHZ.4] =YLQY=fBg.$EHZLZETvg<3gMKYT_=YL
$QV.YL=YL5EITYHQ$¶.YLf:g.$YgE*JEZ.fP=YLFagHY
P~ÔC P~Ôg. P~Ôa< ZELYN QgT KYT $YL K\g0 =Yg. H¶YL C\D FYE
.Lg= QT $BYU fP HB=YL $¶.YgL QYH\:]H\ f/g= BYg._ CYZLgCL
.OY1Yg==Yg.ZE~xJYgELHYQEFÉHHQYL.Lg=QT_*LFL.=.
'¥LYZD.YL[=Yg.)<0°g§LEYTFY.RY,.gL*HVfP[Pv§YE,H¶]
HY¶gHLFfBg.$gE.MYEY0EYfC/g=FYT_
*JEZ.=YLZF=Y$YgJZL.YLf.YgEYf.YgEYFZ¨.YTF°.YN.gLg4fK
fP5YL5Pv§YEHZI3YgLLGPMfP=YL-LP5Y=Pv§YEET_*IYgH
$DWF=E,$AYIYZH.6gRYHYT\ =Yg.K¨=¨HgTZEgTKYT$YLK\0
=Yg. P.M F°.YL MYEYL PHg3gT 1d< .OY1Yg= Z.Í .gL_ fP
$HgQMY$EYCgL JYZ8g= FgR BY.Y FX3Y0MY QYR HY PFCVZN= HZL
EYT Jd=HU QgT KYT_ *. PJT P.M F°.YL P~YE =Yg. fCTY Qg=Y
Z.vm *. FKYgT *JE PJT, $YgP K/E f.' =Yg. Z3Eg=Y EY_ =YL
PYB[,$E\PYL[gCLP.gM%4¨IQgTKYT_8Y.YFTPYPQYTP~ÔZ¥
,5YT0[gLLZ.4]%=YLQYg=$HZNÍBYg.ZE_fPC\0=$IYHZ.Í,
MYEY0EYL.MHgTfHRYg=BYg._=YLf3jHYp3YLFYZEÉgOfETY
QTLcF.$gB*HV=YLHY0YEÉZ.gTKYT$YL=YL8gHLFYZE,'gH
KYT_ =YL 1L QgT KYT MÙ[4YRY $YL =YL F°C[F ZEgI KYT_ =YL QY
Õ=YPQgT,g900<ZHCYL[_HY0YE,*L6<Yf1YRY,HYQE=YL.Y4
fBg. Z4gE fETY QT_ PJ=M , H¶]L IaZJ =YL 5E QgT ,g9 PV.[<_
'F=.Y*HV*g=KYZ.4]Z4MPH=YLN¨ÀQgTKYT_fKP~ÔgCL3YZH
=YLQYg=Z4M=Yf/YTYKYTHYf.gRfETYQTfPN¨ÀgCLFÙfBg.
60RYZHHYC*HV*L.ÍCYT.ZC.gMY%F°=Ù.gLg4_P.MMYEY
,0EYfC/YLFL$YFYCJ§.fPFY1Y=Z.ÍQTfKE=Y=Yg.fEYVLY
Z8.Y
*JEF±Y<[HYHYQEKYg=ÀJ<$=v¨ $YLYJCYT.*HVKYC
Á=0Z=PÕEx
fM/._
*JEF±Y<[HYHYQEKYg=ÀJ<.ÎCYT.*HVKYL0Z=$=v¨NÓBfM/._
5[HE fBg. ZHM\Z¹L FLFYgL f9gM ZCg= FYgL_ JYE\\gOL .XYgD =Yg.
*.nYEfBg.$E¨HQE.LYQg=Y_F°YHFYT/YEYLfH0fFgM$gEL
QYg= :]P MY0YgEYL J\/YgFÙ[ Qg=Y_ *L FL fP FY0M QgT KYT_ KYL
GMN°ÀZ=ALcF=YL.BYHY=YT$Yg5HYg5N½HYF°MYgFL$YZD.fC/Y
fCT*HV=YL3YM3ME,,9YHPYT'g²0'U.´YF°.YNfFg=BYg._
*Z8=YL3aRYv§MYEYZ4M_$YL*LFLZHZIExF°.YL$YgÙgFLJYg6fP
Jd=\L ZN.YgL FZL<= QT_ PgEL JYg3 fP JYLY KYT Z.vm =YL
F\g<LdZ=3YL<.gL=YL5EC\¯gGY8Yf3Yg/L5MfGMYLJ=f.'Z4M
EY HY =YL .BY L< .gL f.YgEY ZHMYF.YZL<[, Z4M EY_ =YL Jd=\L
PVHYC$YJYL.YgE$YPYLFagH%$YJYLF°I\ $YJYLF°Z=,Q[.gLE*HV
HgME>ZEËT$YZJ*.ZJBYHYC[LJd=\L
PVHYC ZCgTZ4 ZEËT $YMÓYQ P=HYC[gCL PYgB $Yg4E =YKZ.LY
$E\HYC.@ $YZJ H\6g= FYLMYJ Z=ZE $YJYL *HV $YJYL DgJL N¨ÀgCL
JDfBg.$YJYLPYgBf.YgEYJ\HYZQMY.YL[LJd=\PVHYCZCgTg4E_$YZJ
*% ÔÍ ,Q[L FL $gFYT Z4MYJ $YL 18EY 18YL FagH% =Y HCL ,
$YMQY.YJ FZ¨.YT f4gF, ZCgTZ4 fKE =Y Fa< Qg= fCg/ ZHNYP[gCL
&JYECdSQT_$YJYgCLF°I\LF°Z=N°ÀZ=Fa< Q,TYLPJTQg=%:\%Q9YU
JYLYKYT_*IYgHZJBYfM5Z8gTFYMYT*HVP=5TK\QT_
P\=LYV P.M F°NVPY $YMÒYQL ZKZE ZHN 50g=L F°Z=FYM._ $YMÒYQL
.PJ $YJYg. KZC A< JZ<J\Y , Q[LYL *.Z8 FYQYR, fCTY Qg=Y
$YZJ==$YEwCfF=YJEYK=8Y*%ZJB\.,iELY5HYC[LJd=\PVHYgC
$YEZwC= QgTZ4_ *JE f.YgEY EYTFLYT< $Yg4 Z. fK JQYCYEN[M
$YMÒYQF°C¥*%JQYEZH5TMÙ.LgH"
*Z8QgMYfP%Kv<YCYT.NYZ§ KYQ[EN¨ÀL,FLHZO=QgTg4_$YJYL
K=8].] P~Ô. $Yg4 J\HYZQMYL FL $YMÒYQ =Y¯MY $YJYL P.M MÙ Fa<
.gLg4E_ P= ÔÍ .LYL 5E HÕ ZECNE F°.YN .gLg4E $YL
F\<HYEgCL*.Z8HRHYZQE[g.$YJYLF°Z=$Y.eÍ.gLg4E_A<fLjgFL
mF[.e=IYµYLZ=ZE$YJYLZCg.fQXg.ZEgT$YgPE$YL$YJYg.P.M
J\HYZQMY.YL[ ZHCYg=L Pa3EY.YL[ E=]E .BY 'u|YHE.YL[ J\L=YC ,
.YZGgLL ZHLÀg± ZH5T CYE .gLg4E *HV $YJYL Fg PJ\{M
ZECNEYHM[$H=[<.gLg4E_
Z8.Y
$YMÓYQ =Y°MY $YJYg. HYLHYL :\%gTL Jd=\ PÕg. $HZQ= .gLg4E $YL fK P.M
P\PVHYCZCgTg4E=YPV/YT$5
_*LPH.°Z8=YLJd=\,NYZ¨ $YPYLFagH%HCL
,$YM QY.YJFZ©.YTf4gFfCTYQgTg4CN.HYFY9.LY=Y/\gMfC/g=FYgLE_
PgEL gN Z:gPAL $YJYL ZEg5L PÕg. $HZQ= .Lg= Z0gT $YJYL F±Z=
%MQYJ.LYQgTg4=YQgMY>$YZJP=HYC[P=HYC[
$Z3gL%$YMÓYQ$YJYLFgPYfCgHE=YKZ.LY$E\HYC.@_
fP%%MQYJgMYL$YgL.Z8$YJYLF±Z=,Q[.LYQTPgELLYfGH
ÁTYZL=YQgMY
>$YJLYf=YJYg.$Z3gL%ZH5TCYE.LH$YLf=YJYg.ZHT.LPYEfCgHY_f=YJYL
fCYTY 0dQ[= QgMY_ $YZJ hPEPYJv¨PQ $.YU f=YJYL PYQYKYgB $YPH_ f=YJYL
fCYTY0dQ[=Q,TYLfKY0=YKZ.LY$E\HYC.@_
PgELfNEgIAL$YJYLF±Z=,Q[.LYQT>ZH5Tf=YJYL%
=]ZJ%5TK\QgH=YKZ.LY$E\HYC.@_
F\ELYTPgEL%Z:gP~AL$YJYLF°Z=,Q[.LYQT
>=]ZJ$YMÓYQLFfBg.PYQYKMYI.LgH_KYLY=Y.|,TY
$HMAE.gL*HVPU.JN[M¬$YMÓYQ=YgCLPYgB$Yg4E=YKZ.LY$E\HYC.@_
PgEL%5\E$YJYLF±Z=,Q[.LYQT
>$YMÓYQZMg/fLg/g4EfK$YZJ,$YJYLLPaM0<$HN%5TK\
QgHY_f=YJYLJ=JYE\OfJYZ=J\Y./E,EÎHYDzVPQgHEY$YLf=YJYL5[HgE
./E,*JEZCE$YPgHEYfKZCE=]ZJZ=0±¨Qg=FYL=YKZ.LY$E\HYC.@_
$YHYLPgEL%Z:gPAL$YJYLF±Z=,Q[.LYQT
>f=YJYLF±I\ HgMEZ=ZE$Y.YNfBg.*JEZ.4] $H=[< .Lg=
KYgp4EKYf=YJYg.PvmÎ.LgH*HV=Y$YJYgCLFfBg..LÁ<YLZECNEALcFQgH_
*Z8*JE*.Z8ZHOTKYLZP²Yv¨QgTf0g4=YKZ.LY$E\HYC.@_
PgELgNJY3$YJYLF±Z=,Q[.LYQT>f=YJYLM$Z5=Qg=
KYgp4=YKZ.LY$E\HYC.@_F\ELYTPgEL%*ZF±M$YJYLF±Z=,Q[.LYQT
>$YMÓYQLFÚfBg.P\ÕÎPYQYK,ZH5TPZEx.g8
P=g.$HY.YL[5YZ==XYLNYZ¨fBg.HXY3g=FYLgHEY=YKZ.LY$E\HYC.@_
3MJYEZ8.Y
KY $YZJ g< fNO .Lg= FYLH EY $YL =Y fM/YL NZ, $YJYL fE%_
$YJYL fCYTYL FL $YMÒYQ :\%gTL PYgB .[ HHQYL .gLg4E =Y
$YgJZL.YHYP[gCL Z5gP .L_ $YJYL .Yg4 $YP $YZJ f=YJYgCLg.
PgEL%*ZF±M$YJYLF±Z=,Q[.LYQT
>$YMÓYQf=YJYg.F±NVPE[TJKYCYT'FE[=.LYLZP²Yv¨ZEgTg4E¬$BYU
PYE , ZH5gTL *JE *. FKYgT fK/YgE f=YJYL F±NVPY .LY QgH =YKZ.LY
$E\HYC.@_
ZQwC[IYOYT,Q[.LYQT$E\HYC$YZJ*JEZHOTF±.YN.LgHYKY0[5YLF±IYH,
NZg. ZEWgNO .LgH $BYU $YZJ *JE ZECNE F±.YN .LgHY KY Z/
ÒYEgCL 0[5YL¬
$BYUZ/
ÒDgJLF±IYHF±=YFg.ZJZ8gTfCgH_
PgEL % 5\E $YJYL F±Z= ZQwC[ IYOYT ,Q[ .LY QT $E\HYC C\°g8Y ZECNE
F±.YNFYgH_$YZJf=YJYg.*JEZ.4]fC/YgHYKYf=YJYg.PvmÎ.LgH_
PgELgN5YE\TYL[$YJYLF±Z=,Q[.LYQT
>=YLYHMgH=]ZJfF±ZL=E,=]ZJHM
f=YJYgCL*HV$YJYLJYg6PY[ZQgPgH$YMÓYQ*HVKYgCL.Yg4Z.=YgHLYE$Yg4
=YLY%KgBÎ=YKZ.LY$E\HYC.@_
PgEL%5\MY%$YJYLF±Z=,Q[.LYQT$E\HYCfC/$YZJ$Y.YNfBg.
f=YJYL5EHdZÎHO<.LH$YLIaZJfBg.,'UFEx .LgHY_f=YJYLN©ÁgCLK=8].]
PÕ.$Yg4=YLYDLYFRgH_
PgELgN$Y0Ò$YJYLF±Z=,Q[ZQwC[.LYQT$E\HYC$YMÓYQ$YJYgCL
JYg6J[JYVPY3YE=Y%$CaLIZHOg=*.Z8ZECNEF±.YNFYgH_
PgEL fN fPg¹AL $YJYL F±Z= ,Q[ ZQwC[ .LY QT ¯fQ ZH5T[ f=YJYL
F±Z=PYMYJ_f=YJYLfCYTY0dQ[=QgMY_>$YJYLZECNEF±.YZN=QgTg4_
KYLY &JYE *gEg4 =YgCL P\PVHYC CY, fK =YgCL 5E ZH5T $HDYZL= =YKZ.LY
$E\HYC.@_
PgEL gN $gYHL $YJYL F±Z= ,Q[ .LY QT ZQwC[ $E\HYC $YMÓYQ
ZJBYHYC[L N©Á Z=ZE =Yg. 5YQYExYJ FKv¨ fFXj4YgHE_ E[3 HZL ILY:]ZH QgTg4
fEj.Y:]ZHgTfCTYQgTg4_f=YJYLF±I]HR.g9YLQg¨FY.RY,.gLE_
PgEL MY fGH
ÁTYL[ $YJYL F±Z= ,Q[ ZQwC[ .LY QT $E\HYC PJ\|M
ZECNE$YJYgCLZH5T_
3MJYEZ8.Y
$YJYL F°I\ , JZEgHL ZECNE fC/YgHY_ $YL $YJYgCL PHgNO ZEgHCE
QgMYP.MF°NVPY$YMÒYQ=Y¯MYLZKZEZHNF°Z=FYM._
F°.YN.
ZJKYf0YMYJ$YQJCF°Z=N°À=JP[Q
FYYHLÀCYPF\L.YZCTYE
%*ZF°M
PgEL%fGH
ÁTYZL$YJYLF±Z=,Q[.LYQT
> $YL, *.Z8 &C $YPg4 K/E =]ZJ JQYE ZH5T MYI .LgH_ $YJYT f4gR CY, fK
f=YJYg. .Î ZCgTg4 =Yg. $YZJ Q=Y .LgHY_ 3=]ZC. fBg. FZLgHÎE.YL[ ZHZIEx
F±.YLNYZ¨$H=[<QgH_=YLYf.YgEYZECNEfC/gM$HY.gL$YLHgM*Z8*JE
5YC\KYK\g0K\g03gM$YPg4=YKZ.LY$E\HYC.@
PgEL%JY3$YJYLF°Z=,Q[.LYQT
>=YLY=YLMYN.YGE$YHd=.gLZEgT$YPgH_$YZJ%JY3 fBg.JYg3LfNOFKv¨
=YLJd=\LPVHYCZCgTZ4$BYU¬*PJgTLfI=L*HZLJ=\LPVHYCF±.YNfFgT
KYgH_ZEËT$YMÓYQP=HYC[gCLPYgB$Yg4E=YKZ.LY$E\HYC.@_
QKL=ZJKYf0YMYJ$YQJC.YZCTYE[$Y
F°Z=N°À=JP[Q,%JYJJYQC[
*%F\§g.LF°BJPVkLg<$YgM.5YµYL:]%*LFÙY1Y=.HZM=
Q,TYLFagHL,FgLLC\g8Y4ZH*IYgH4YFYQgTg4
PJYZ¹
$YJYL ÖCgT * DYL<YL 'g~O 1g8g4 fK PYDYLg<L $H0Z=L 5E *%
F\Z§.YT$YJYL,$YJYLZF=YZF=YJgQL5[HE3ZL=Z.4]8YQgM,ZMg/
fCTYCL.YL$YMÒYQ =Y¯MYQT==YgCL'F.d=.LgHE¿Í=Y*RYgEYL
NZfKY0YgHE*HV=YLYF°.e=P='C1Y8EP~Ôg.IYHgH$YLEYT,
P\ZH3YgLLF°Z=$Y.eÍ,QgH_
f/YCY f=YJYgCL F°Z= .LÀ<Y .LÀE f5gE LY/ $YJYL EYJ f0YMYJ
$YQJCZF=YZJKYf0YMYJJ\=KY_=XXYLZF=YZ4gMEZJKY$Y=YJ\QY~C
=XYL ZF=Y ZJKY M J\QY~C_ =XYL ZF=Y ZJKY GgTK J\QY~C $YL =XYL
ZF=YLEYJZJKYJ\QY~C.YgTJ_=XYLZF=YZ4gMEZJKYJ\QY~C$YPMYJ
ZF=YZJKYJ\QY~CZCMY,TYLfH0_=XYLZF=YLEYJZJKY$YMY²[EZF=Y
ZJKY 5YGL fH0_ =XYL ZF=YL EYJ Z4M ZJKY J\QY~C fH0 ZF=Y ZJKY
J\QY~C$YHC\MHY.[_=XYLZF=YLEYJZJKYJ\QY~CP\M=YEZF=YZJKY
QYC[fH0_
=HfK0°YgJ$YJYLHPZ=*LEYJZ4M%PMYJF\LKYFgL.YZCTYE
EYgJ/YZ=MYI.gL_*Z8FYYgHLC\¯Z8EC[$BYU«LYI[,ZHTYP*L
$HHYZQ.YT$HZn=_KYFYYgHLf.wC,LY5DYE[MYgQYL*L'¥LFagH
$HZn=_ $YZJ $YJYL ZF=YZF=YJgQL 5[HEYgMg/ FgRZ4 $YL
*.%PYgB $YJYL ZF=YL .Yg4, ÉgEZ4 fK $YJYL ZF=YZF=YJQ
fJY1MgCL $DW§E F\LÀO Z4gME_ Z.vm $YMÒYQ =Y¯MY $YJYL F°Z= ,Q[
.gLg4E fK =YLY Z4gME PZ=.YL $gB FYLP HVN[T =].[ EE_
$E\LcFIYgH$YJYLF°Ia $YJYg.$HZQ=.gLg4EfK$YJYLJYCYC[gCL
f.'f.' GYg=J[ HVN[T *HV $YQgM HY%=Ia Z4gME_ $YMÒYQ =Y¯MY
FLJF°Y,ZQ.Jg=L$D[gE=YgCLJYg6%PQY.,%PJY%gMLHVNg.
*.[Ia=.gLg4E_
$YZJ$YJYLZF=YL.Yg4ÉgEZ4$YL=XYgCLf.YgEYf.YgEY5[HEYgMg
FgRZ4IYLg=$YPYLFagH =XYLYF°BJZCg.PJL.gwCHPHYP.Lg=E_
fP$gML=XYLYDEY;JYE\O,NYP.gN°<[IaZ4gME$YLJ\PMJYEgCL
AYBLÙY,ZELYF¥YZHDYE.Lg=E_
*IYgHfCNfBg.fCNYv§L0JE.YgMLF°HYgQ=XYgCLHÕCagLZEgTKYT
*HV PGgLL .YZ9E 0I[LIYgH =XYgCL 5[HgE fL/YFY= .gL_ $HgNgO
=XYLY.YZCTYEEYJ.IaZJg=FYLYg/E_*%$Mg.=XYLY.MY<JT*HV
*L JYZ8g. FZH¨ fFgTg4E $YL *L 5MHYT\ *L JYE\O *HV =LÀM=Y
=YgCLJEWF\=QT*HV=XYLYfP/YgEHPZ=nYFE.gLE_
=XYLYNQgLLf3gT0°YJg.F°YDYEfCE_$YMÒYQLFfBg.*g==XYgCL
PQYTP~ÔZ¥ , 5YT0[L fCTY QT $YL =XYLY 0°YJ , NQgLL A={YZD.YL[
QE_ * $HnYT C[1.YM f.g8 KY,TYL FL fJY1M LY5g={L $E\.bgM
$YMÒYQLZP±Yv§ .Y5.gL_$YMÒYQ =Y¯MY=XYgCL$YJYLZF=YZF=YJQ
*=CgML HYCNYQL $YPgE HPYE_ $YL *. FKYgT =YLY * $gML
nYT[ HYCNYQL $YPE $MV.e= .gLE_ J=YL PYZH. LY5Cµ =YgCL
ZETvg< 3gM $YgP_ $YMÒYQ =Y¯MY A[T .eFY , .LÀ<Yg< =YgCL
JgEYkYJEYFa< .gLE_C[1.YMF°Y3]K ,PJdZ±LJYg6P~YE,P\EYgJL
PYgB LY5={ .LYL FL f/YCY =Y¯MY A[T 0I[L ZHgH3EY , Pa F°YL
ZIZ¥g=*JE*.5YZ=L$I\CT18YEKYgCL®/YMPY¯HMYQT$YL=YLY
Z4M .g9YL ÖCgTL $ZD.YL[_ =YLY P~}Yv§gCL P~YE .L= EY $YL
C\HMgCL F°Z= f.YgEY PQYEI\Z= F°CNE .Lg=Y EY_ K/E% =YLY f.YgEY
5EFgC F°gHN .Lg=Y =Yg= hELY5 4RYg=Y $YL P~YZE=gCL MYZ=
.Lg=Y_ =YgCL $=Y3YL , ZEgÔOg<L .YLg< %PMYgJL 3=]CN[ 3wC
NN[.MYLJ=Ù[<QgTKYT_=YLYZ4M%PMYgJLF°Z=3LJN¨ÀIYHYFEx
$YLPHgN°ÎPdZÍLDgJLPHg3gTHRN¨À_*PJgT%*P.ME[3gCL
FÙfBg.$YJYLZF=YZF=YJgQL,FLPJPYLFYQYRfIgFgR_*.
FKYgT=XYgCLg.=XYgCL®ZLTYP=¯HY5YT0[LfBg.HZQkYL.LYQT$YL
.YZGLgCLQY==XYgCLDEP~ÔCZ4ZEgTZEgTKYT_=XYLYCÀ=0Z=P~ÔEx
f1YRYL$Y1Yg=55ZL=QEHYNZNYM[gCLFÙfBg.=YgCLDYYfCTY
QT$BYU«=YgCLPJPYLJYg6f9gMfCTYQT_P\ZH§e=,1E4YTYHÕM
nYEfBg.=XYgCLHZQkYL.LYQT_=XYgCLfCNYv§ZL=$HnYTH4gLLFL
H4L5[HE$Z=HYZQ=.Lg=QT_$=Y3YL[gCLQYg==XYgCLZECYLÀ<.Í
fCTY QT_ CTYM\ f/YCY 4YRY f.' =XYgCL F°Z= .LÀ<Y .gL ZE_ *LFL
$YMÒYQ=Y¯MYL%p4YT%VgL5gCLK\g0$YJYLZF=Y.=.0°YJfGL=FYE
HMYKYTQYLYgEYP~ÔZ¥LPJ\C fBg.*.fGY8YHY=YLf3gT,Z.4] .J
Z=ZEZGgLfFgTg4E_
PYL.BY QgMY fK K\0 GMGMYZC PJd± HdALcF Z4M $YL fK K\0
P\PZ=EHHDaLJ=Z4M*JEK\g0L$HPYgELFL$YJYLZF=YZF=YJQ
HB=Y , $YggFL fHCEY ZEgT FdZBH[ fBg. ZHCYT fEE_ $YZJ =YgCL
18EYg. ZN<[T ZHOT ZQgPgH ZEgTZ4 KYL Lg< f3Y/ fBg. $N°ÀHEY
H%g=BYg.fP.BYIYHgMf3Yg/LFYZEBYJg=3YTEY_$YZJKYfCg/Z4
=Y IYHgM ÖCT fGg8 KYT $YL $YZJ .YExYT fIg FZR_ $YZJ ZEIeg=
JEg. HMMYJ *% 5[HE f.HM F°QPE $YL *L 3aRYv§ FZL<Z= 3LJ
HB=Y,DzVPhHZ.4]ET_%Q50=A[TP.M.Í,PV.[<=YLJYDgJ
$YJYg. * FdZBH[ P~Ôg. H[=N°± .gL f=YgM $YL $YJYL ÖCgT *L
3Y.Z3.g.'gFY.LYLfF°L<YPYL.LYQT_
$YMÒYQ =Y¯MY C\ZETYL fJYQ , 5Y0Z=. 3Y.Z3. $YL *L Hd , GgML
F°Z= $Y.eÍ Q,TY fBg. $YJYL CdZÍ PZLgT fEE_ $YZJ $5YEY$g3EY
BY.g= F4wC .L=YJ , ZEId= f.Yg< 5[HE .YZ8gT fCTYg. fN°T JgE
.L=YJ_hH9.,PIYPJYgHN$Y=~|ZL=Y,fMY.fC/YgEY.J fBg.
CagLBY.YF4wC.L=YJ_$YMÒYQ $YJYg.$YJYL.]9\L[fBg.fHL.gLE
$YLJYE\gOLJYg6P\/YZ=F°CYE.gLEKZC,*gÙg¨$YJYL3LJ$E[QY
Z4M_ Z=ZE $YJYg. fNO K\g0L /M[GY *HV K\0 %JYJ JgEYE[= .gLE_
Z=ZE$YJYLPYgBF°3]LHY.YMYF.gLE*L.=.*/YgE=]gMDLZ4_*
PgHL F°Z= $YJLY fPIYgH ZHNYP LYZ/ fKIYgH PdZÍ.=YL Z.=YgHL F°Z=
FZH¨.]L$YEZHNYPLYZ/_
=YQgMYZEJxLcF
fQ $YQJC f/YCY f=YJYT .MY<LYZ5g= ZP .gLg4E_ =]ZJ KY Z.4]
ZEgF.gL4=Y=]ZJ.LZEHLVf/YCYZEgF.gLg4E_f/YCYf=YJYg.
.]L$YEZNZ/gTg4E«$BYU*LPZ9.$B f=YJYL.Yg4F°.YN.gLg4E
fKE=]ZJfP5YZ=g.P=..Lg=FYLKYgCLZF=YZF=YJQg.P=..LY
QTZE_fKE$FLYD[gCLFBZ3Z×=QgTKYT«$BYU*Z8fKEÔÍQgT
KYT fK f. f=YJYL F°Z= ZHJ\/ JgEYIYH F°CNE .gL_ =]ZJ HM $YZJ
f/YCYL FÙ fBg. F°=YZCÍ QgTZ4 $YL $YZJ% *L F°Z= PHF°BJ ZHNYP
nYFE.YL[_=]ZJHMP=*gPf0g4$YLZJBYFMYTE.gLg4f.EEY
ZJBYL $CdgÍ FMYTE% fM/Y $Yg4_ P.M .MYg<L 'UP QgME J\QY~C
PYP\=LYVZKZEZNZ/gTg4E*HVZKZEZNg/g4E=YgCL'IgT%$=v§
.MY<JZµ=_ =YLY HMgH *Z8 ,Q[ ET HLV *% .BYgMY f=YJYL
ZEg5L%HYEYgEY_=]ZJHMf/YCY%*HY.gMY$H=[<.gLg4E*LFL
=YgCL HdBY DYEDYL<YL JYg6 f4gR CY,_ =]ZJ HM * HY.gMY KZC
$YJYLF°=YL<YLGPMQgTBYg.$YLf/YCYL'ZEYQT=YQgM$YZJ
.g9YL NYZ§ FY,TYL fKY0_ fP HZ $gFY HR $=Y3YL[ HY
$EYT.YL[$YLf.QgHfK$YMÒYQLEYJIYZgTF°=YL<Y.gL$YLZJBY
HgM"f/YCYZ=ZEZKZE$YFELPaM,fF°ZL=F\LÀOg.A[TPZ9.FgBL
ZCNY ZCgT *g. P.M DgJL ,FL 5TK\ .LYL 5E P= DJ PQ
FYZ9gTg4E_ f/YCYL .BY $HN% Fa<=Y MYI .gL f.' =Y FZLH=E
.Lg=FYgLEY_JYE\OHMgH*%JKYCY=]ZJ.[IYgHMYI.Lg=FYL"
%MQYJ EYgJ KY F°3YL .LY QT =Y JYE\gOL% HYEYgEY .BY *HV $E
JYE\gOLPYQYKZEgT=YL3EY.LYQgTg4_fQJYE\Of=YJLYZ.f5gE
ÉgEF°=YL<YLGXYgCFYfCgH"*HZf=YJYgCLfKPHF°Z=N°ÀZ=ZCgp4
=Y.[.gLFa< Qg=FYgL"ZHgNO.gL*JEHZLF°Z=N°ÀZ=fKE[3,
MYZ=fPg=Y$HY'~YCfP$PVM0x .BYHgM_=]ZJHM$YJYL
.Yg4 $YMÒYQ F°C¥ PY $Yg4 P\=LYV f=YJLY 0°Q< .LgH Z." F\ELYT
=YgCLHM$YJYL.Yg4$YMÒYQ F°C¥PYLgTg4P\=LYVf=YJLY&JYE
$YEgHZ."$YZJ%g=YFagH f=YJYgCLJYg6%*.P\C[1 5[HE$Z=HYZQ=
.gLZ4 =H\, Z. f=YJLY H\6 EY" * FCJKYCY f=YJYL F°I\L .eFYT MYI
QgTg4_ Z=ZE f=YJYL P¥{YT A[T ZETYJg=L Fa< ZH.YN 18YgHE_ P\=LYV
ÉIPVHYC CY, $YL f=YJYL F°I\L .eFYT =]ZJ '~YC E,_ (DzgMYg.
f=YJYL*.Z8ZHgNOFCJKYCY,P~YELgTg4*HV=YgCLJYg6,KYLY
CdZÍHYE_ $YJLY f=YJYL 5E ZECNE F°.YN .LgHY_ $YL =YLY fKPH
$ YZM.YZEJY<.gL$YJLY=YD\ZMYU.LH_
P.M F°NVPY fP% $YMÒYQL ZKZE f=YJYg. JP[Q %HgE JZLTJ JgEYE[=
.gLg4E_ Z=ZE A[T .gJL 5E Z5YZP= QE EY Z.vm JYE\O ZEg5gCL
.e=.gJL 5E Z5YZP= QT_ $YL =YLY HgM =]ZJ Z. *JE HZg.
/M[GY ZEK\ .gL4 fK FdZBH[g= hELY5 PdZÍ .gL" Z=ZE HgME *
P~Ôg. $YZJ KY 5YZE =Y f=YJLY 5YE EY_ fK f=YJYg. MYZ= .LYL
ORKv .LgH $YZJ =Yg. MYZ= .LgHY_ $YJYL PZExDYgE $YJYL LPaM
f.YgEY N¨Àg. IT .gL EY_ f/YCY $HDYZL= .gL fLg/g4E $YZJ *HV
$YJYL LPaM $HN% 5TK\ QgHY_ =YLY FLY5gTL FL $Z3gL% ZH5T[
QgH_ $YMÒYQ =YgCL Pg $Yg4E KYLY =Y.,TY $HM~AE .gL *HV KYLY
PU.JN[M_ Z.TYJ= PCdN *.Z8 IaZJ.~Ô $YPg= KYgp4 KY $YZJ
f=YJYgCLfC/YgHY$YLF°g=.fPHZfK*%1gL$YN°TZEgTg4=Yg.
LY.LH_
fQ$FLYD[LY$Y5f=YJLYFdB.QgTKY,_P=*gPf0g4*HVZJBY
FYZMgT f0g4_ *Z8 fP ZHOT fK P~Ôg. f=YJLY =YRYÕRY .Lg=_ *Z8
fP%ÉIPVHYCKYEH[LYMYI.gLZ4gME_=]ZJf/YCYLFfBg.P\ÔÍ
F°JY<YZC ZEgT $YZHIa= QgT4 QYZPZHCÀF.YL[gCL ZHLÀg± f=YJYL FgÙ
$YJLY% KgBÍ_ $YZJ Z. f=YJYgCL $HZQ= .LH .YgCL ,FL NT=YE
$H=[<QT"NT=YEF°g=.3LJZJB\.,FYFY3YL[L,FL$H=[<QT_
=]ZJ $YMÒYQL LQJg=L ZHOgT ZELYN QgTY EY_ fNYE f/YCYL LQJ=
PZEx.g8_ fNYE f/YCYL PYQYK PZEx.g8_ P\CagLL P.M FB JYZRgT fP
PYQYKf=YJYL.Yg4$YPgH*JEFBFYZRZCgT=Y$YPgHKYg=f=YJYL
.Yg4 $Y0JE.YL[ JYE\gOL FCIYgL 0= QgT KYgH_ *= fHZN JYE\O
f=YJYL.Yg4$YPgHfKfKFgB=YLY3MY3M.LgH=Y0I[L/YEY/gwC
FZL<= QgH_ $YMÒYQ ZE5 PZExDYE Qg= f=YJYg. PYQYK .LgHE_ *JE
JYE\O f=YJYg. PYQYK .LgHE KYgCL ÖCgT $YJLY $YJYgCL FÙ fBg.
,Q[.LH_$YMÒYQL.BYFZLH=EQHYLET_f=YJYLF°I\ HgME$Y.YN
fBg. *JE *.Z8 ZHOT $H=[< QgH KY f=YJYg. PvmÍ .LgH_ $YJLY
f=YJYg. *.Z8 P\ÔÍ ZH5T CYE .LH_ H¶]L ZH5T $PYDYL< ZH5T_
$YJLY=Yg.$v§LH¶]LJKYCYZCgTZ4=Yg.$PYDYL<hE.8ZCgTZ4_
fP JYE\gOL JYg6 PHg3gT fHZN PYQP[_ &JYE P\LY%TYg= BY.gM, fP
$HN% fP/YgE Z0gT =Y ZEgT $YPg=Y_ $YMÒYQ =Y¯MY =YL P==YL
F°JY<g. F°C[¹ , f5YZ=JT .LgHE_ $YZJ *. ¹ IYµYL Z4MYJ $YL
$YZJFZLZ3=Qg=3Y%MYJ_fQ3wCfQPaK$YZJf=YJYQg=$YL=]ZJ
$YJYQg=F°.YZN=QgT4_$YMÒYQLPYQYKK/E$YPgH$YLK\0$YJYgCL
ZCg.F°=YH=E.LgH=/EHMYQgH*%HZfKfF°ZL=QgTg4fPZ.
Pg=L,FLZ4MEY"$YMÒYQLPdZÍLPgPYÙYg=f=YJYLfKE¿À.]Z=
EYQT$YLPYÙY=.YL[JYE\gOLPV/YZDg..Yv§ QgTYEY_f=YJYLZE5
0dQ F°N§ .LY HYE[T fKE CgMCgM $Y0JE.YL[L 5E nYE PV.]MYgEL
HHnY QT_ $YL KYLY &JYE *gEg4 =YgCL ÉIPVHYC CY, fK f/YCYL
PZExDYgE=YgCLFC3YL<YP=,ZEÎYL,FL_f=YJYLF°I]LFÙfBg.
f=YJYLF°Z=fK,Q[$H=[<.LYQgTg4=Y=YgCLfNYEY,_KYLYf=YJYL
5YJYg=F°gHN.LgH=YLYP\GGYZEHYP[f=YJYg.Z.gP$HZQ=.LgH
fK P\GGY ZEHYP[ HMg= .[ H\6YT" =]ZJ =YgCL f3Y/ fBg. $N°À H%g=
fC/gH_ f=YJYL F°Z= =YLY CLÀC fF°L< .LgH *HV HMgH fQ $YJYgCL
f/YCY $YJLY *.5E $YQzYE.YL[L $YQzYE ÉgEZ4 ZKZE &JYgEL F°Z=
$YQzYE.gLE*HVf/YCYLZCg.:Yg.E*HV*.Z8C[Z¹JYEF°C[F_fQ
$YQJCf=YJYLf9XY8Qg=LQJ=HY.LÀ<YDYLYF°HYZQ=.LYQgTg4_=]ZJ
$YJYL fxQCdZÍg= LgT4_ $YZJ f=YJYL EYJ ®J\=Y,TY[M¯f/YCYL ,FL
ILPY.YL[ fLg/Z4_ f/YCY f=YJYL EYJ PJ\Ex= .LgHE $YL %Q.YM ,
FL.YgMf=YJYLF°Z=Fa<JY¨YTA[TZETYJ=$H=[<.LgHE_
fQ$YQJCf=YJYg..MY<JZµ=.LYQgTg4f=YJYg.fK.MYg<LIY0[
.LY QgTg4 =Y f=YJYL% F°YF_ f=YJYL JZQJY ZHT.L $YL f=YJYL
F°Z=CYE $=YPEx_ $Y.YN , FdZBH[ fPIYgH f=YJYL Pg $Yg4 fKIYgH
=Y $YJYL Pg LgTg4_ =]ZJ $YJYL CLHYgL P~YZE=_ $YZJ f=YJYg.
$YJYL ZEg5L 5E JgEYE[= .gLZ4_ JQY FZH¨ f/YCY F°Ia= .MYg<L
$YDYL $YL PH3Y%g= P~YZE=_ Z=ZE f=YJYL P~YE , JYQY= HdZ±
.LgHE_f=YJYLZF=YZF=YJgQLdZ=J\g4KYgH$YLf=YJYLFLf=YJYL
JYDgJHVgNLPa3EYQgH_f/YCY*JEEEfKFZH¨,$FZHg¨LJYg6
FYB.ÔÍEY.gLf=YJYg.FZL=Y0.LgHE_K/Ef/YCYLPYQYK,
ZH5T$YPgH$YLf/YCYLF°Z=N°ÀZ=Fa< QgH=/EHMYQgH*Z8fP%
ZHOTfKP~Ôg. f=YJLY=YRYÕgRY.Lg=_$YZJ$YFE/M[GYJgEYE[=
.LYL%p4Y.LMYJ=Y%*%$YCJg.PdZÍ.LMYJ_fPf/YCYLZE.8H=[
Q,TYL FL PdZÍL F°Z= F°=YH=E .LgMY $YL PdZÍ , f/YCYL JYg6 fP
*JE QgT f0M fKJE C\% DE\g.L JDH=[ =v[ QgT BYg._ fP DJg.
5[ZH=.LgH$YLNL[T=F\EWF°Z=ZÎ=.LgH_
fQ$YCJ=]ZJ,f=YJYLP[5YExYg=F°gHN.L_fQJZLTJ=]ZJ*HV
f=YJYLP[5YExYg=F°gHN.L_fQ$YQJC=]ZJ,f=YJYLPYB[5YExYg=
F°gHN .L_ f=YJYg. PYQYK .LY QgH_ ZHgLYD[LY HMgH */E $YL
FMYTgEL f.YgEY FB fE%_ KYLY $A[.YL .gLg4 *HV f/YCYL FgB
F°Z=H¶.=Y PdZÍ .gLg4 FYLP HVN[T *. $YCJ =YgCL F°Z=Q=
.gLg4E_ f/YCY =YL f3ÍYF°g3ÍYL JaMYTE .gLE_ =YLY Z. HgM fK
$YJLY*.Z8DzVP.YL[ZHNYM+.H±f0YÎ["*LYPHY%FMYTE.LgH
$YL FdÎ F°CNE .LgH_ $Y5 =]ZJ $YJYgCL CdZÍg= JKYCYNYM[ , ZHN§
HZ_5Y0Z=.,DJ[TfÙg¨f=YJYLF°Z=$YJYLLQJ=BY.gH_=]ZJ
fPPHfMYg.L$v§0=+N[PYQYKKYgCLZE=PYB[QgTBYg._f/YCY
f=YJYLF°NVPY.gLE*HVf=YJYLZCg.%$YPg4E_FZH¨fP%P¥YZKZE
*. LYg= f=YJYL ¿J< $YDYZ=. PGL Fa< .ZLgTg4E_ Z=ZE *%
$YCJg.PdZÍ.gLg4E*LFL=Yg.P~YZE=.gLg4E_Z=ZEP.MEH[L
fFYNYg.f/YCYLLPaM$BYUF°g=.EH[L*.Z8ZHgNOhHZNÍ=YLP¥YT
ZHCJYE_fQ$YJYL$YQJCf=YJYL5EÉIPVHYC_=]ZJ$YJYL$I[Í
MÙ*HV$YJYLPg$Y4_f=YJYLLQPPZ=.YL$gB$YJYL%LQP_
$YZJ f=YJYg. PYQYK .LH_ $YZJ f=YJYL =¥{YHDYT._ $YZJ f=YJYg.
JYE\gOL %JYJ ZEK\ .LH =]ZJ =YgCL FB F°CN. QgH $YL =YLY
f=YJYL $E\PYL[ QgH_ *LY Z. $YÊK QT" =]ZJ HM f/YCY JQY
$YÊKYHM[L$ZD.YL[P¥Y_Z=ZEZE5.gJL5EZ5YZP=QEEYHLV
JYE\OZ5YZP=QT_$YL*%ZCE$YJLYJYE\Og.1\ZLgTZGZLgTHYLHYL
fC/Y%_ =YLY HMgH *Z8 f.HM *.Z8 HYgEYTY8 HY JE0RY ZHOT 4YRY
$YL Z.4]% ET_ =]ZJ HM KZC f=YJLY f/YCYg. IYMHYP =YQgM $YP
$YJYL $E\PL< .L fKE f/YCY, f=YJYgCL IYMHYPg= FYgLE_ f/YCY
K/Ef.YgEYJ\¯ZJEg.PYQYK.gLE=/EFdZBH[g==YLZHFgÙ$gE.
ZQVP\.CXYR.ZLgTfCE_=XYL.eFYLYZ5f.'F°Z=Q=.Lg=FYgLEY_
$=*H $Z0x% =YgCL F°Z=N°À= nYE_ =]ZJ HM f/YCY *% HY<[ $H=[<
.gLg4E *LFL =YgCL HdBY , HYg5 Z3v§YDYLYL JYg6 f4gR CY,_ $YL
K/E=YgCLHMYQTJYE\OfKIYgH&JYE*gEg4f=YJLY,fPIYgH&JYE
$YE =YLY HgM $YJLY Z. ZEgHYDgCL EYT &JYE $YEH" PYHDYE
PZ=.YL$gB*LY%ZEgHYDZ.vmZEg5gCLZEH\Z±=YP~Ôg.=YLY$HZQ=
ET_K/E=YgCLHMYQTfKFdZBH[g=hELY5PdZÍ.gLYEY=YLYHgM
$YJLY%g=Y PVgNYDE.YL[_ =]ZJ HM f=YJYgCL .Yg4 f/YCYL f5YZ=
*gPg4_KZCf=YJLYZHNYP[Q,=YQgM*g.$A[.YL.gLYEY_=\ZJZ.
=YgCL.Yg4f.YgEY/Y5EY3Y%4fK.YLg<=YLY&JYE$YEYLJ=fHY6Y
HQE.Lg=FYLg4EY"P=.BYQgMY$YJLY=YgCLP=ZCgTZ4Z.vm
=YLY P= 0°Qg<L F°Z= $ZEQY F°.YN .Lg4_ JYE\gOL PYgB F°[Z=JT ,
PCT HHQYL .L_ =]ZJ =YgCL fI=L JaPYL FCJKYCYT $YP[E LgT4
=YgCL.BYÉgEhDK DYL<.L_=YLYf.E&JYE$YgEEY*C\Wg/Z.
=]ZJZEg5g.DzVP.gLfGMgH"=]ZJfKZHOgTLYELY/EYfP.BYL
fF4gE4]g8YEY_$YL$EYT.YL[gCLP~Ôg. $YJYLPYgB.BYHgMYEY
f.EEY=YgCLP.Mg.ZEJZ=.LYQgH_$YL$YJYgCLf3Yg/LPYJgE
$YJYgCL ZC.ZEgCNEY $E\PYgL fEj.Y HYEY,_ KYLY f=YJYL QYg= QY=
fCT=YLYf/YCYLQYg=QY=LYg/_F°.e=FgÙf/YCYLQY=%=YgCLQYg=L
,FLLgTg4_$YLfPPJTg.L<.LK/EfPHZf=YJYLZHLÀg±
ORKv .LZ4MfKf=YJYg.$A[.YL.gLg4$YLf=YJYg..YZGL$Y/Y
ZCgTg4$YLHgMg4fQQYJYE$YJYL5E$YEF°Z{ M=.LfKE$YZJ
JaPYL f/YCY P~Ôg. $HZQ= Qg= FYZL $YL $YZJ =Yg. ZJBYHYC[ JgE
.ZL_ $YH\ MYQYgHL 'IT QY= DzVP QgT f0g4 $YL fP ZEg5, DzVP
QgTg4_IT,ZHETYHE=$Y3L<F°CNE4YRY*ZHOgT=YLEY.0MYgEY
'Z3=Z4MEY_=]ZJfKC\W/%FY,EYf.E=Y$YMÒYQLFÙfBg._
*/YgE *.Z8 ZG=EY HY FL[ÙY $YPgH_ CdS F°=T[ EH[LY fKIYgH hDK
DYL<.gLg4EfPIYgHhDK DYL<.L_fP%FL[ÙYf/YCYLFÙfBg.
QgH_*L'g©NQgHf=YJYLF°Z==XYLIYMHYPYF°.YN.LY_*Z8fP%
f/YCYL IYMHYPY ZKZE FLYJNYM[ , P~YZE=_ C\¯Z8 4Y0M 5HY% .LY
QgH_ KY Z.4] DLY FdgÎ $Yg4 PH $HgNgO ZHM\¹ QgT KYgH_ =]ZJ C\W/
.gLY EY $YL JJKY=EYT I]0gH EY_ $YMÒYQ Z. A[T HYwCYL 5E KgBÍ
EE" =]ZJ Z. 5YE EY $YMÒYQ P.M ZHOgT PHNZJYE_ =YLY f=YJYg.
f.HMQYZP=YJYNYLMgÙFZL<=.gLfLg/g4_=YLYQYZP9Y YL4gM
HgM $YMÒYQ Z. *g.% fF°L< .LgME" =]ZJ HM $YZJ *.5E JYE\O
$YJYLF°Z=*%,Q[.LYQgTg4fKf=YJYgCLf/YCYf.HM*.f/YCY_
P.M .MY< , F\< .]L$YgE ZEZQ= $E f.YgEY 0°gvn ET_ *L LQP
f.HM =YLY 'C1Y8E .Lg= FYgL KYLY FZH¨ÖCT_ =]ZJ HM ZEÊT
$YMÒYQL fQCYTY=% F°.e= fQCYTY=_ =YLY HMgH $YMÒYQL ,Q[ f.YgEY
HRgMYg.L,FLf.EEYZKMQTZEfKQgHC\%NQgLLf.YgEY*.Z8L
HYZPwCY"$YL=YLYHMgH=]ZJZ..gL*%FCJKYCYMYI.Lg=FYL"
*Z8 *.Z8 ORKv KY f=YJLY PZ~ZM=IYgH *Xg84_ =YLY f=YJYL F°Z=
=Y.YTZ.vm f=YJYg.fCg/EY_=]ZJHMKZCf=YJLYf/YCYg.IYMHYP
=YQgM $YP $YJYL $E\PL< .L fKE f/YCY, f=YJYgCL IYMHYPg=
FYgLE_ $YMÒYQ f=YJYgCL F°Z= .LÀ<Y F°CNgEL 5E *gPg4E_ KZC
F\ELYTf=YJLYC\kgJLZCg.F°=YH=E.L=YQgM$YJLY,NYZ§LZCg.
ZGgL KYH_ $YJLY 5YQYExYJg. .YZGLgCL 5E .YLY0YL HYZEgTZ4_ $YL
$YJLY f=YJYg. PJ0° ZHgNL F°Z= .LÀ<Y F°CNgEL 5E fF°L< .gLZ4_
=]ZJ=YgCLHMf=YJLYZE5ZE5nYgE ZE5A F±Z=g=.Y5.gLKY,
$YL $YZJ, ZE5A L[Z=g= .Y5 .LZ4_ $Z3gL% f=YJLY 5YEg= FYLgH
f/YCY.YLPYQYK.gLE_=Y.{,TYH=[=f.YgEY.Y5$YgCj0dQ[=Qg=
FYgL EY_ KYLY =Y.{,TY $HM~AE .gL f/YCY =YgCL PYgB BYg.E $YL
=YgCL PYgB, KYLY F\<.gJ ZEgTYZ5= BYg._ =]ZJ HM KZC $YZJ
F°=YL<YJaM.IYgH *Z8 .gL BYZ. =YQgM $YJYL FYF $YJYL PYgBL
ZHLÀg±KYgH_%g=YFagH $YZJC[1.YMf=YJYgCLJYg6.YZ8gTZ4f=YJLY
Z. H\6 EY" f/YCY Z. =XYL HYwCYL 5E KgBÍ EE" $YJLY =Yg. JYE\gOL
5E *.Z8 ZECNE *HV .LÀ<YL F°=[. .LH $YL *Z8 fP ZHOT KYL
$YZCg=% ZP±Yv§ QgTg4_ *Z8 fP ZHOT KYg= f=YJLY PgwCQ fFYO<
.Lg=_ f=YJYL F°Z= NYZv§ f=YJYg. .MY<JZµ= .LY QgTg4_ =]ZJ
%Q.YM , FL.YgM .MY<JZµ=_ f=YJYL JYDgJ LÀ0[gCL ,FL .MY<
HZO=QgH_'Ca %MQYJ$YEZwC=Q,f=YJYLPJT1ZEgT*gPg4$YL
J\QY~C[gCL FY P\'p3 ZJEYgLL ,FL CdS F°Z=ZÎ=_ ZEÊT FZH¨ J\QY~C
PYEH[.bMZNgLYJZ<_f/YCYf=YJYLP.MZHOTPZ9./Yg=FZL3YZM=
.LgHE$YLf=YJYLP.M$I[ÍMgÙf=YJYg.fFXj4YgHE_hPELYZ5L
F°I\ *ZCg.fxQCdZÍfCgHE_*%ZECNgEL'g©NQgMY*Z8F°JY<.LY
fK.]L$YE$YMÒYQLHY<[$YL$YJYLJ\/fBg.=YZEWPd=_
fQ &PY $YZJ% f=YJYg. Jd=\ fCH $YL $YJYL ZCg. f=YJYT 'Z¦=
.LgHY_$YZJf=YJYLZHgLYD[gCL,FLf=YJYL$E\PYL[gCLZ.TYJ=FKv§
5TK\ LY/gHY_ =YgCL *.Z8 CM QgH F°BJ K\g0L fMY.gCL PJvAgT
$Y'TYM[E $YgL.Z8 QgH fNO K\g0 JYE .YL[gCL PJvAgT_ 'Ca
%MQYJ $YZJ $YJYL 'M F°.YN .LgHY $YL $YJYL NZ F°CNgEL
JYDgJf=YJYg.PJ\Ex=.LgHY_FdZBH[g=*.5EP=..YL[*gPg4Z.vm
FdZBH[=Yg.0°Q<.gLZEf/YCY=Yg.0°Q<.LgHE$YLF°HM$YJg<L
JYDgJ=XYLP==YF°.YN.LgHE_=]ZJ$YJYLPZExDYgEf=JZE%JKYCY
LY/ fKJEZ8 $YJYL =,Q[C *.={HYC , $YJYL AY=v_ $=*H fP
PJTPJY0=K/Ef=YJYg.PYQYKF°CYE.LYQgH*HVFdZBH[g=/YZ=
fCTYQgH_$YJYLCdZÍg=f=YJYLJKYCY$YJYL$YLN=]M_=]ZJ$YJYL
f3Yg/$YJYLPv§YgELJ=_=]ZJ$YJYLPZExDYgEfP%FLJhE.g8L
$YPgE $ZDZÎ= fK P~Ôg. $HZQ= Q,TY FdZBH[HYP[L 5E $P~|H_
$YJLY%Q.YM,FL.YgMf=YJYLH¶] ,=¥{YHDYE.YL[_KYLF°Z==]ZJ
LY0YZvA=Q,=YLF°Z=$YZJ,LY0YZvA=Q%$YLKYgCL=]ZJIYMHYP
Z8.Y
f/YCYf.YgEYPv§YE0°Q<.LYQg=FZH¨Z.vm*Z8=XYL'Z
HY.YLY*LJ=*.Z8LcF.IYOY_.]L$YgELcFg.LHHQYL$gE.LgTg4_
=¥{YE[,CdZÍHYEgCLJg=*L,FLf.YgEY$YFZ¥Qg=FYgLEY_*Z8$5YEYf.YgEY
.BY HY HY. ET_ =]ZJ +N[ 0°vnYHM[ , PaG[gCL 'Zg= *L CdÍYv§ fC/g= FYgH_
P\=LYVfQZH3Ù<0<=ZR1ZR.gL$YJYgCLZHLÀg±f.YgEYJv§H.gLYEY_fM/.
$YZJ, =YgCL IYMHYZP_ fK $YJYL H¶]L F°Z= N¨À=Y fFYO< .gL $YZJ
=Yg. $YJYL ZHLÀg± K\g±L 5E :Y. ZC%_ $YZJ * LPagML PYgB
CµYTJYE BY.gHY fK =Yg. Z=LkYL .LgH $YZJ =Yg. ZDYL 5YEY%_
f=YJYg. *JE Z.4] fCgHY KY Z3LnYT[_ =]ZJ AYp4wC MYI .LgH_ *%
%HYQ[gJLF°Z=NYZv§HZO=fQY.$YJLY=YLPYgBZEJMH¶]={.gLZ4
*HV =Yg. C\W/ Qg= J\Z ZCgTZ4_ $YJLY * ZHOgT $Z²=[T P\=LYV
f=YJLY*%%HYQ[gJLFCJKYCYLZEZLg/%HYCg=LnYEHYEY,$BYU*%
$YCN $E\PL<.L_$YJLY=Yg..YZCTYgELPZEx.g8EYZKM.gLZ4$YL
Z=ZE*.Yv§ F°gTY5gELPJT=Yg.$H=[< .gLg4E$YLfPF°gTY5gEL
PJT*gPg4_
f/YCY,=XYLLPagMLIZHO²Y<[Fa< QgTg4$YLf/YCYL%p4YFa< Q,TY
$HN~|YH[_P.MF°NVPYfP%f/YCYLZKZEf=YJYg.JP[Q %HgEJZLTJ
JgEYE[= .gLg4E_ Z=ZE =XYL .Yg5L 5E Z5YZP= QE EY Z.vm JYE\O
Z5YZP= QT_ PHZ.4]L JD Qg= f/YCY f=YJYg. JgEYE[= .gLg4E_
'Ca$Y.YNfBg.$gE.ZPVQYPE$H=[< QgTg4Z.vm f=YJYLZPVQYPE
PHYL ,FL F°Z=nYFE .LY QgTg4_ =YLY f/YCYL f5YZ=g. ZEHYZF=
.Lg=3YTf5gELY/$HgNgOf/YCYL5YJY¯=%5TK\QgH_=]ZJIT
.gLY EY =]ZJ% 5TK\ QgH_ =]ZJ IT .gLY EY $YJYL PZExDYgE $YJYL
LPaM.Y'g.IT.gLEY_N¨ÀZEg5gCLJ\g/LG]U.YgLf/YCYLf5YZ=g.
ZEZIgTZCg=3Y%gH$YLf/YCYA[Tf5YZ=g.FZLFa< .LgHE.YZGL=Y
K=%$F4wC.LÀ.EYf.E_$YJLY$Y.YNfBg.f=YJYLF°Z=fHNZ.4]
f0YFE ZHOTYC[ $H=[< .LgHY $YL N¨ÀL ORKvg. 3b<ZH3b< .LgHY_
$YL ZGLY'E QYJYE , =YgCL hPELYZNg. fP% NZ F°CNE .LgHY fK
P~Ôg. =YLY I[= Z4M_ P\=LYV =YgCL .BYT C\WZ/= QgTY EY f.EEY
f=YJYLF°I]=YgCL5E,XUfFg=$Yg4E_*JEf.YgEYEH[fF°ZL=QEZE
Z8.Y
$YJYLF°I]$YJYLEYJ%HYQ[JfLg/g4E_*.%IYgHZ=ZE$YJYg.$YCJfBg.$YL~|
.gL/Y=YJ\LLPaM,JgEYE[=gCLZNLJZ<JQYEH[FKv§ P.MLPagMLEYJZCgTg4E«
$YJYL0°vnHYLYQ[gE=Y'gMÒ/.gLZ4_f.'KZCfC/g=3YTfP%H%fC/g=FYgL_
KYL $Y0JgE $YMÒYQ =YgCL MYZ= .gLEZE KYLY =XYL ,FL &JYE $YgE
ZE_$YJLYf=YJYg.FZL¨Y<fCgHY_$YJLYf=YJYg.5TK\.LgHY$YL
$YZJ f=YJYg. *JE P~YE fCgHY fK JYE\O $YÊK QgT KYgH_ $YZJ
f=YJYL$YLYJHYAYp4gwCLZHDYE.LgHY$YLf=YJYLEYJZJ8g=fCgHY
EY_ $ZD.vm f=YJY Qg= *. ZHNYM 5YZ=L 'u|H 18YgHY_ f=YJYL 5E $YJLYHRHRZECNEF°CNE.LgHY$YLfKPH$ YZM.YZEJY<.LYQT
$YJLY=YIaFYZ==.LgHY_=]ZJfP%P~YZE=JP[Q KYLPJTEÍ.LY
QgH EY_ f=YJYL J= fJYZ= EÍ Qg= FYgL EY_ Ag0 f=YJYL $gE. HR
JKYCYLgTg4*.%IYgH=YgCLCdZÍg=,KYgCLfC/YLf3Y/fCTYQgTg4_
f/YCY f=YJYL 5E .]CLg=L *. ZHT F°CNE .LgHE *L GgM
$JYE.YL[LYZP5CY0YgQM\Z8gTFRgH_=YLY*HgMIaM\Z´=QgHfKfQ
$YJYgCLF°I\=]ZJ$YJYgCLFYFÙJY.L$YJLY¿YZv§g=Z4MYJ_$YL
f=YJYg. Pg~AYDE .gL HMgH f/YCYL .PJ f/YCY $YJYgCL PHYL JD
fBg.f=YJYg.JgEYE[=.gLg4E_$YJLYfKQYH\:]H\ /YZp4MYJ*Z8Z4M
$YJYgCL% ¿YZv§_ =/E HMY QgH f=YJLY $Y5 &JYE *gE4 =Y%
f=YJYgCLf.YgEYNYZ§fCTYQgHEY_f/YCYf=YJYgCLFYFÙJY.gLg4E
$YL Z=ZE FLJ CTYM\_ f/YCY f=YJYg. N¨ÀL $ZEÍ fBg. LÙY .LgHE
$YL fP HZL ,FL $YJ< .LgHE fK f=YJYL ,FL $YJ< .gL
f.EEY=YLYP[JYMq1E.gLg4*HV$HYD=YLFgBFYHYZRgTg4_f/YCY
ZE5HYwCYL5EZ.KgBÍEE"fQFYQYR,FÙ[.bM*HYwCYLPgIT
I[Z=L PYgB , ZH0ZM= Z3g¥ $YJYT L< .L_ f=YJYgCL PHYL ,FL
fP%f/YCYLFÙfBg.NYZv§HZO=fQY.ZKZELQ[J_
fQ$FLYD[0<$Y5f=YJLYPHY%FdB.QgTKY,_$YZJ,LcÕM.]C\P
f=YJYL , f=YJYL FZLHYL FZL5gEL Pg $YZ4_ IT fFgTY EY $YJYL
PZExDYgE $YJYL LPaM IT FYT EY_ f/YCYL F°Z=N°ÀZ= Fa< Q,TYL PJT
*gPg4_ Z=ZE IaZJg= *. FXY fLg/g4E *HV ¨ÀZ8L PVgNYDE .gLg4E_
P\=LYV .MY<JZµ= fP fK fQCYTY= fFgTg4 *HV fCg/g4_ .=.
fQCYTY= fFgTg4 $YL .=g.L ,FL NYZ§ $YHN. QgT f0g4_ =YLY
HMgH fP f/YCYL fF°ZL= HZ ET_ =]ZJ HM $YJYL P==Y P~Ôg.
f/YCYPYÙZCgp4E*HV=YLY,PYÙfCTKYLY+N[0°gvnLYELYg/_
f/YCY=XYLZF°TPJgTLÀ={Fa< PJgTf=YJYg.PYQYK.LgHE_$YFE
/M[GYL5E*Z8LQJYEf/YCYLZEgCNKYLZETvg<A0[TLY5={_=Yg.
JQYE LY5={ fCTY QgH *HV DEIYµYL =YL 5E '~\ .LY QgH_ *Z8
f/YCYL .eFY KY f=YJYgCL f3Yg/ ZHT.L f9.gH_ =]ZJ HM fQ
.YZGL0< $YZJ P=HYC[gCL $v§Ia_ P\=LYV f=YJLY *.Z8 ZEDYZL=
PJT FKv§ $YJYL ZECNgEL 5E $gFÙY .L_ $YJLY $Z3gL% =YgCL
$YFEP¥YT*HV=YgCL3=]ÔYgN $YJYgCLZECNEF°.YN.LH_fPZCE
Pg=LF°JY<ÔÍIYgHF°Z=ZÎ=QgH$YLF°.YNZH5T$YPgH_fPZCE
f/YCY f=YJYgCL JYg6 ZJJYVPY .LgHE_ f/YCY fP HZg. PGM.YJ
.gLEEYfKP[JY$Z=J.gL$YLfKZJBYHYC[_$YJLYf=YJYLfP%
fHY6YHQE.LHKYf=YJYLf.YJLfIgZCgTg4_$YJLYfP5YZ=LJaM
'UFY8E .LgHY KYLY *.Z8 P= ZHOTg. JYgE EY_ =]ZJ =YgCL HM
f=YJLYPGM=YL5EZEg5gCLL[Z=$E\PYgL.Y5.gLKY,$YL$YZJ,
.Y5.gL3gMZ4$Z3gL%f=YJLY5YEg=FYLgH.YL.Y50°Q<gKY0=Y
LYg/"f/YCY=YgCLPg$Yg4EKYLY=Y.{,TY$HM~AE.gL$YL=YgCL
Pg$Yg4EKYLYPU.gJZEgTYZ5=_
=]ZJ Z. PJY0= IbZJ.g~ÔL PVHYC FY, ZE" fP PJTg. L< .L K/E
IaZJg.JYLY=.IYgHF°.Z~Ô=.LYQgH_IaZJL0I[gLKYZ.4\ $Yg4IaZJ
=Y HY%gL 'C0[L< .LgH_ JYE\O HMgH IaZJL Z. QgTg4 fK *g= *%
EZ5LZHQ[<HYMYJ\ZPHUHYZHFCYFCfC/YZCgTg4"fPZCEIaZJf.YEf.YE
$HnYLJDZCgT$Z=HYZQ=QgTg4=YH<EY.LgH_f/YCY*L5EA[T
LPagMLF°Z=,Q[fF°L<.LgHEfK*%PJPYfC/YZCgTg4_JYE\OZ.
IaZJ.~Ô$YPgHEYHgMJgE.gL"$HN%$YPgH*HV*JEPJT$YPgH
K/E=YLYP~Ôa<IYgH-CYP[gELf1YgLFgRBY.gH$YLP.gM%K/E
ZEg5gCL 5Y0Z=. .Yg5 H§ BY.gH =/E =YLY $.YU IaZJ.g~ÔL
ZN.YLQgH_=YLYf=YJYg.Z5gP.gLfK*JEIaZJ.~Ô$YPYLPVHYC
Z.P="=]ZJHMf/YCYL.PJ*%IaZJ.~Ô$YPYLPVHYCP=_KYLY
f/YCYZHJ\/=YLYf.YgEYnYgE*Z8fBg.ZELYFCET$BYUf.YgEYnYE
=YgCL$YN°TZCg=PÙJQgHEYHLV1gLLCL5YTCXYZRgTBY.gM,=Y
fBg. fHZLgT $YPYL P\gKY0 FYgH EY_ =YgCL .gJL .YLg< KXY=Y.M
3MgH$YL=.C[gLLZP±Yv§ F°.YNFYgH_$YQgMZ.=YH,J\NL[.gCL
JD fBg. KYLY P=g. $A[.YL .gLg4 =YLY *% JQYE ZECNE 4YRY
ZHL= Q,TYL Z4M EY_ 'Ca KZC f/YCY *JEZ8 EY .Lg=E =YQgM
FdZBH[g=hELY5f4gTfKg=Y_
$YZJf=YJYg.Z.TYJ=PCdNIaZJ.~ÔfC/YgHY_f/YCYf=YJYg.Z.TYJ=
PCdN IaZJ.~Ô fC/YgHE_ fPZCE HMY QgH $Y5 $YZDF= .YL" fP%
f/YCYLETZ.ZKZEPHg3gTFLYJNYM["'Ca$YZJFXY3HYLf=YJYg.
fP% IaZJ.g~ÔL ZECNE fC/YgHY_ $YZJ 3Y%gM fPZCE FdZBH[L PJYZ¹
1Z8gT ZCg= FYZL_ F°g=. HZ fK f=YJYL 1gL $YZN°= BY.gH $YZJ
=YL ZELYF¥Y ZHDYE .LgHY_ $YZJ f=YJYg. .]CLg=L *JE $gMjZ..
ZECNE fC/YgHY KY fCg/ =]ZJ $YEZwC= QgH_ PYB[gCL HgM CY,
JQYZHT.L18EYHM[F°.YgNLPJT*gPf0g4_ZEÊT$YJLYf=YJYg.
JQYE ZH5T CYE .LH KY F°.YN ZHOT QgH fKE f/YCY f=YJYL FaHYFL
P.M FYF ÙJY .gL ZCg= FYgLE« $YZJ =,HY 0°Q<.YL[_ fK f=YJYL
.Yg4 $YPgH fP fKE $YJYL .Yg4% $YPgMY_ f=YJYL F°Z= NYZv§ HZO=
fQY. =]ZJ FZH¨_ $YJLY f=YJYL F°NVPY .ZL $YL f=YJYL F°Z= CLcC
fF°L< .ZL_ $Y.YN fBg. FY=YM FKv§ PH¨ f=YJYL F°Z= CLcC_ $YZJ
f=YJYL 5E $H=L< .gLZ4 $YL f=YJYL 5E $YFE ZECNE F°.YN
.LgHY_fCgNfLY0HYZDLF°YC\IYH18gH$YLHÕF°Y<ZHEÍQgH_f/YCY
*JEEEfK*.5YZ=LfÙg¨fK%=.C[LF°.YN.gLE=YLYK=Ù<
ZEg5gCL Z3v§YDYLYT FZLH=E EY $YEgH Z=ZE A[T ZETJ HY =.C[L
FZLH=E .LgHE_ Z=ZE *% .YZCTYEg. Z.4]8Y FL[ÙYT ZEFZ== .LYL
FLZE5fYgRnYEfCgHE_KZCf=YJYLP~YgELHYFYLEYQg=Y=YQgM
$YZJ *% F\gLY 0°YJg. DzVP .gL ZC=YJ_ $YZJ *% 1gLL 3YL P[JYL
JYg6KYLY$YZN°=F°g=.g.LÙY.LgHY_=YgCLf.'fFÒ0,IaZJ.g~Ô
JLgH EY_ =]ZJ KYgCL JYg6 $Y4 f/YCY *JE EE fK =YgCL NYZ§
fCgHE_$YJYgCLIYMHYPYL1LZELYF¥YL%1L_*.Z8IaZJ.~Ô$YPgH
KY$Z=ITYHQQgH$YL5ZJEg.,M8FYM8.gLfCgH_fPZCE$Y.YN
fBg.P\ÔÍDa~.]µZMEYZKMQgH_fPZCE5ZJQM\CYI QgTKYgH$BYU
C\ZIgÙLMÙ<YHM[F°.YNFYgH_N¨ÀLFÙfBg.f=YJYL$FJYgELFL
$YZJ f=YJYg. P~YE fCgHY *HV f=YJYL P~YE F°Z=ZÎ= .LgHY_ =YLY
3Y%gHf=YJYL.YK $P~Ôa< fBg.KY.Z.vm K=Ù<f=YJYLP.M.Y5
P~ÔExEYQTf/YCYf=YJYg.FZL=Y0.Lg=3YEEY_$YZJLQJYEP.M
ZHOgT f=YJYg. AYp4wC fCgHY $YL P.M ZC. fBg. f=YJYg. .MYg<L
IY0[.LgHY_f=YJYLZ=EZ8$gL,FL$YJYL$E\.~ÔYLgTg4*.Z8
f=YJYLf3Y/*4YRY$YL,C\¯Z8$LgTg4$BYUfPPH,IYMLY/gHY_
fKjHgEL $YgMY f=YJYL ZCg. ZGgL $YPgH_ =]ZJ $YFE *. P\CaL
IZHOg=L F°5E fCg/ fKg= FYLgH_ $YJLY f=YJYg. *. F\g¨L
ÉIPVHYCZCZp4=YLPYgBP=$YZHIa=QgHfKE$Y.YNfBg.f/YCY
fEgJ $YPgHE_ $YJLY f=YJYg. *. F\g¨L P\PVHYC ZCZp4 fK f=YJYL
fFj¨QgH_f/YCYf=YJYg.P.MC\HM=YfBg.J\.gLg4E*HVf=YJYL
Pg*.J=QgTg4E$YLf=YJYg.fP%=¥{ ZNZ/gTg4EKY=]ZJ5YEg=
EY_Z=ZEJQYEZ=ZEf=YJYTFBfCZ/gTg4E$YLf=YJYLN¨ÀgCLN¨Àg=
FZL<=QgTg4E_=YLYHMgH*Z8*.Z8ZJBY_
fQ $YFZ¥.YL[ =]ZJ Z. 5YE EY fK f/YCY P.M ZHOgT Fa< ÙJ=YHYE"
HYwCYgCLJYg6KYLF°Z=3YEA[TLcQG]U.YL.gLE$BYU=Yg.EH\Tg=L
$YPgE $ZDZÎ= .gLE_ $YL * P.M .MY< fJYQY~C PY fBg.
'UPYZL=_$=*HFLJ.MY<JTZ=ZEZKZE*HYwCYg.ZNZ/gTg4E$YL
.MY<JZµ=fPfKZNg/g4_f/YCY=Y¯MYK\g0L3YZQCY$E\DYHE.gLg4E_
=XYL 3YZQCY $E\DYHE *HV EH\Tg=L fJYQL KYg= .MY<JZµ= .LYL
F°Ia= <YHM[ LgTg4 JQYE .YK PYDE .gL fCZ/gTg4_ $BYU f=YJYL
fF°ZL=Q,TYLJagMC\¯g8Y.YL<.Y5.gLg4*.Z8QgMYf/YCYLF°gTY5E
$E\IH .LY $FLZ8 QgMY JQYEH[L EH\Tg=L .MY<_ $YZJ f=YJYL Pg
*HVf=YJYLFZLHYLFZL5gELPg*HVF°g=.fPHZLPYgBLgTZ4
fKf=YJYTIYMHYgP_'Caf=YJYL5E$YJYLEYJA[T'MF°.YN
.gLg4_$YDYZ=.50=f=YJYLPYJgE'g~YZ3=.LYQgTg4_$=*H
$Y5 f=YJYL CdZÍ $=v§ F°/L_ f/YCY f=YJYg. C[15[ZH .LgHE 'Ca
$YZN H4L fBg. 3YLFXY3 H4L fHZN HY .J Qg= FYgL_ $YZJ f=YJYg.
JQY.MYg< IaZO= .LgHY *JEZ. HYCNYQ f=YJYL fFYNYg. .MY<
$gvAO<.LgH_f=YJYL.YLg<$YJYLEYJPJ\MQgTg4_$YZJf=YJYg.
fKPHZECNEfCZ/gTZ4=Y4YRY$YL,FYNHYOY8Z8ZECNEfC/YgHY_
f/YCYLZF°TgCLJYg60dQ[=Q,TYLMÙ<YHM[fBg.BYg.HYCNYQ *HV
F°=YFNYM[LY,=YgCLP~YE.gL=XYLYNYZv§LK\HLY5$Y/YZT=QE_fQ
N¨À ZGZLN=YL E0x =LHYL[ f=YL JYBYL ,FL 6]Mg4_ Z.vm =]% PJT
Z3EZMEYfC/ZM,EY$YL5YEZM,EY_f/YCYLfF°ZLg=LPgK\±.LY
IYMET_
fQ$YJYLF°I]=]ZJP=HYC[,ZJBYHYC[LJgDFYB.ÔÍ.gLCY,_
=]ZJ P.M PVgNYDE.YL[ , P=HYC[g. 5YE_ fQ $YJYL F°I] PHZ.4]
f=YJYL% fPH. fQ $YJYL F°I] C\ke=.YL[L C\keZ=L J\g/ =]ZJ $YJYT
ZELYF¥Y CY, $YJYT PYQYK .L $YL $YJYL F°Z= CTY F°CNE .L_
GYLP[fQN¨À=]%fK$YJYg.DzVP.LYLHYPEYLYZ/Pf/YCYf=Yg.
DzVP .LÀE $YL f=YL $ZEgÍL J\g/ $YJYL F°Z= fxQCdZÍ ZCE_ $BYU
fP% IaZJ.~Ô KYL F°Z=N°ÀZ= fCTY QgTg4 =Y $Z3gL% F°.YZN= QgH_
=/Ef/YCYLHYwCYLYZ.TYJg=LCdNfCg/EYJYKFRgH_f/YCYf=YJYg.
5TK\ .LgHE $YL JYE\gOL JYg6 f=YJYT P\/YZ= F°CYE .LgHE_ KZC
f=YJYg. PdZÍ EY .L=YJ =YQgM $Y.YN PJaQ PdZÍ .L=YJ EY_ $YJYL
.Yg4 3Y, $YZJ f=YJYgCL CYE .LH_ 'Ca f=YJYL QY= *HV f=YJYL
fCYTY $YL f/YCYL FÙ fBg. LgTg4 LQJ= HY .LÀ<Y_ IaZJ.g~ÔL
$Y1Yg= $ YZM.YL *.Z8 $VN DzgP FRgH_ nYT[ ZEHYP *HV $nYT[
HPZ=PH%DzVPQgTKYgH_'Ca*LFL$YL,*.Z8IaZJ.~Ô$YPgH_
'Ca F\ELYT HPv§ *gM $YL, *.Z8 IaZJ.~Ô $YPgH_ =e=[T HPgv§
NYZv§L K\0 ZGgL $YPgH_ fP PJT FKv§ f/YCY fHN Z.4] ZECNE F°.YN
.LgHE_
fQ P~YZE= f/YCY IaZJ.~Ô F°.YgN Z.4]8Y ZHM~A 18Y,_ f/YCY =Y¯MY
Z.TYJ= PCdN IaZJ.g~ÔL $Y0JE *.Z8 ZEDYZL= PJT FKv§ ZHMZ~A=
.LgHE_ =/E =]ZJ *.Z8 ZHT.L PYQYK fC/g= FYgH_ f=YJYL
ZHgLYD[LY*HgMfP5CYTM\Z8gTFRgHfKfQ$YJYgCLF°I\$YJYgCL
JY5EY.L$YJYgCLFYFÙJY.Lf.EEY$YJLY¿YZv§g=Z4MYJ_$YL
IaZJ HMgH fQ $YMÒYQL EH[ $YZJ f=YJYg. Z3Eg= FYZL ZE_ fQ
FYFY3YL[0< $Y5 f=YJLY Z=Lke= QgH EY f/YCY f=YJYgCL FYF ÙJY
.LgHE f.EEY Z=ZE PHg3gT CTYM\_ JYE\gOL Pg fxQ , IYMHYPYFa<
HHQYL.L_$YJYLCdZÍg==]ZJJaPYLFCJKYCYTLgT4_f=YJYLfÙg¨,
JaPYL K\g0L J= *.Z8 K\0 $YPgH_ $YJLY f=YJYgCL F°Z= ZGL$Y'gEL
ZE.8fF°ZL=LPagMLEYT*.LPaMfF°L<.gLZ4_'Ca$Y.YNfBg.
$gE.C\D«$BYU=¥{YE,F°YLC\D$H=[< QgTg4_$YZJf=YJYg.
$YgMYZ.=,JgEYE[=.gLZ4_f=YJYLP\/.L5[HgELHHnYQgTf0g4_
f/YCYPHZ.4] fBg.'¥J_$YJYL.Yg4*JE*.P~ÔC$Yg4KY*.Z8
FYQYR fBg., '¥J_ f=YJYL F°Z= $YJYL $gNO NYZv§ HZO= fQY._
$YJLY f=YJYg. $g;M ZCgTZ4_ KYLY PZ9. FB $E\PL< .gL *HV P=
HgM f/YCY =YgCL PYgB $Yg4E_ KYLY =Y.{,TY $HM~AE .gL ,
PU.JN[Mf/YCY=YgCLPYgB$Yg4E_f/YCYf=YJYg.F°NVPE[TJKYCYT
$ZDZÎ=.LYL%p4Y.gLg4E_C\¯g8YZECNEF°.YNFYgH_fQ$FLYD[0<
$Y5f=YJLYFdB.QgTKY,_
f/YCYLZECNgEL-{M=YgCLCdZÍNZf.gRfEgH_*Z8fP%ZHOTfK
P~Ôg. f=YJLY $=\UPYQ[ Z4gM_ fQ $YQJC f=YJYL f9XY8 Qg= LQJ=
F°HQJYE_f/YCYLFÙfBg.f=YJYLIYOYg.HYZ0=YTPJd±.LYQgTg4_
f=YJYLL3EYT*JE*.Z8hHZNÍ$Yg4KY.ZHgCL$YTg={LHY%gL_fQ
$YJYL f/YCY $YJYg. =Y ZN/Y, KY f=YJYL CdZÍg= '¥J_ $YMÒYQ
f=YJYg.N¨ÀgCLQY=fBg.LÙY.LgHE*HVKYLY$YJ<.LgHZ=ZE
=YgCL,FL$YJ<.LgHE_=YLY=YgCLZETvg<K=$N Z4MPH
fHL .gLg4_ $YZJ fJjMI[ J\QY~C fQYgP%E HY8YMI[g. fNO J\Qag=
$HZQ= .LgHY fK =]ZJ Pg=L ,FL E,_ f/YCY $=v§ fxQN[M ,
FLJ CTYM\_ $YJLY f=YJYL 5E fMYQYg. ELJ .gL ZCgTZ4_ $YZJ
hPELYZN ZEgT $Y3J.Y $YPgHY_ $YZJ LPagML Pg ZJZM= QgT
PZ~ZM=IYgH '¥L fCgHY ZEg5L %p4Y f.YgEY PJT HY§HYTE .LH
Z8.Y$YJYL*.ZHgLYD[,$YJYT.YgGL$Y/YCY=YJ\QY~CfQYgPEHY8YMI[
P~Ôg. $YJYL F°I] $YJYL F°Z= *% ,Q[ $H=[< .gLg4E_ * HZ *.5E IYL=[T
$YgMJfM/.
$YHYLf.YgEYPJT.LHEY_=YLYHMgH=]ZJZ..gL*JKYCYMYI
.LgM" =]ZJ HM f/YCY ZHT.L ZHOTYZCL JYZM._ $YJYL .Yg4 $Y&M
Z5HLY&M *gPg4 $YL fP $YJYg. JgEYE[= .gLg4_ Z=ZE ZE5
$Y\M[fQZMgTg4E$YL*ZCg.%Z=.gLg4EfKf/YCYLF°Z=N°ÀZ=Fa<
Q,TYLPJT*gPf0g4$=*H.MY<JZµ=fPfK=Yg.FYT,fCg/_
ZHZIEx F°.YL fLY0HYZD 4RYgEY QgH *HV ZHZIEx C\gKYg0L GMN°ÀZ=g=
HÕF°Y< ZHEÍ QgH_ $YZJ $YJYL LPagML PYgB CµYTJYE QgHY $YZJ
%G=YL.LgHY$YLfLYKY,LY/gHY$YL*.Z8ZEZCÍ.YMFKv§ $YZJ
*% IaZJ f4gR KYgHY EY_ $YJYL $Y0JgEL f5YZ=g= f=YJYg.
f5YZ=JZµ=.LgHY$YLf=YJYLFYgE4]g8$YPgHY_f=YJYg.=YfCgHY
KYQgHf=YJYLZ3LPYB[_$YJLYIaZJL'¥LYZD.YL[QgHY$YLF°Yv§fBg.
*g. f/g= BY.gHY_ $gEg.% .HgLL ZCg. F°=YH=E .LgH_ fPZCE
f/YCYLFÙfBg.F°.YNZH5T$YPgH_$YJYLF°I] $PYDYL<.]CL=HY
NZL $YDYL Z=ZE NZNYM[ , F°HM_ =XYL fYD FdZBH[g= ZEFZ==
QgH_ $YZJ P=HYC[ $YZJ P=HYC[ $YL f/YCY $YJYL FgÙ PYÙ
fCgHE_'CafQ$EYZC,$Ev§ f/YCY$YJYLPYQYgKL5E4]g8$YP_
IaZJ*LZHNYM=YPg¥{,$YJYL5EPV.[< QgTf0g4_fQ$YJYLF°I\
$YZJFLYIa=N¨ÀLZHLÀg±$YJYLFgÙF°Z=gNYD0°Q<.L=YgCLZFgO
fGM_=YLY5[HgELP\n L[Z=E[Z=fBg.$gE.CagL3gMf0g4_=]ZJKY
.LYL%p4Y.L=Yf=YJYLZEgCgN=YUÙZ<.IYgHQgTKYT_=]ZJfKgQ=]
$YJYLCLHYgLHYLHYL$YP=Y%=]ZJZEg5%*/EfC/fKf=YJYLF°Z=
LQJ=HYZLHZO=QgTg4Z.EY"$YJLYf3j©Z80HYZCFÉDzVP.gLZ4_
Z8.Y $YMÒYQ =Y¯MY I]M¿YZv§L (gDz_ fKIYgH QYC[gP $YMÒYQL 5E $YM=L©\C
Z²DY²wC N½ HHQYL QgTg4 $E\LcFIYgH =XYL 'Z ®$YZJ I]M .ZL® LcF. $gB
HHQYLQgTg4fM/.
Z8.Y$Y&MHMg=Z5HY&M$Yf.H\6YgEYQgTg4_$YJYLF°I]$YJYg.*IYgH%
H\Z6gTg4E_fKgQ=]$YM$Y'M,$YM%TYHHYLHYL$YPYZ5HY&gMLiHZNÍ=Y%
=XYLEYJ$Y&MLY/YQgTg4fM/.
Z8.YZ.4] ZCEfFÒg0L$YKYH$HYQ=BY.Y$YHYLZ.4] ZCE$H.YgNLZCg.%Z=
LgTg4*Z8fKEf/YCYLfLYKYLY/Y,fLYKYf/YMYLJ=%*.Z8ZHOTfM/.
f.EEY=YLY$HYD=YTP[JYMq1E.gLg4_$gLFZL<Z=5YQYExYJQgT
BYg._$gLFZL<Z=.J%ÉIQT_$YJYLZH5TQgTg4$YZJ5TK\
QgTZ4_ $YJYg. f/YCYL FÙ fBg. /M[GY JgEYE[= .LY QgTg4_ =Y%
f=YJLY$YJYLZCg.$YP$YZJf/YCYL3YL<fÙ¨_$YZJQYZLgTKY,TY
%'P\gGLfPjLIFYZp4KZCf=YJLY$YJYg.'~YCJgEEY.Lf=YJYL
F°I] QZ§HYZQE[LPYgB.[HHQYL.gLg4E=]ZJZ.=YfC/ZE"Z=ZEZ.
=YgCLORKgvLGMYGM=YgCLZHLÀg±F°.YN.gLEZE"$YJLYf=YJYg.
ÙJY.gLZ4_f/YCYf=YJYgCLHCgL$BYU3=]CNN=Y½[g=MYEYLJYg6
fFgTPYQYK.gLg4E_=YLYHMgH*Z8*.Z8HYgEYTY8.BY_=]ZJHM
*% .Y5 KZC f/YCY 4YRY $E .YgLY HYEYgEY Qg=Y =YQgM =]ZJ =Yg=
$gE.ZHgLYDfC/g=fFg=_=]ZJHM$YJYL.Yg4f/YCYLPYÙ$Yg4
P\=LYVf=YJLYZ.&JYE$YEgH"EH[gCL3wC $YPgHE$YLf=YJYL.Y5
P~ÔExQgH_
fQ $FLYD[LY $Y5 f=YJLY FdB. QgT KY,_ ITYHQ IaZJ.~Ô $YPgH_
$YL,FgLL5ZJE[g3f9gMfCgH'Ca_*Z8fP%F°Z=N°ÀZ=KYP~Ôg.
f=YJLY =YRYÕRY .Lg=_ * 1gL $YZN°= P.Mg. $YZJ *% IaZJ.~Ô
fBg.LÙY.LH_fEj.Y$Yg4$YLYJ,LgTg4_$YZJf=YJYLPYgB*HV
f=YJYL FZLHYL FZL5gEL PYgB $YZ4_ f=YJYL KY %p4Y $YZJ fP %p4Y%
fFYO< .LH_ HgCN P~Ôg. IZHO²Y<[« HIgL JYDgJ HHYP[gCL
fKJJKY=EYfCTYQgTg4f/YCYHMg4EfPPJT$YPg4K/Ef.YgEYEY
f.YgEYIYgH HHYP[gCL JEm=]ZÍL HHnY .LY QgH_ P.M F°NVPY fP
f/YCYLZKZEK\0FUZF=e.aM,NÉL.agMLZC.Qg=f=YJYLF°Z=$E\0°Q
.gLg4E_ P.M F°NVPY fP% f/YCYL ZKZE $YJYL C\W/ CaL .gLg4E $YL
$YJYg. =Y ZCgTg4E KY * K\g0L .Y'g. fCTY QT ZE_ fQ fE=Y =]ZJ
f/YCYL fF°ZL= $YL fP% f/YCYL FÙ fBg. PZ9. FgB LgT4 ZKZE
FLYJNYM[,FLJCTYM\_$YZJ*K\g0$YJYL/M[GYJgEYE[=.LYL
%p4Y .gLZ4 =Y% $YZJ *% $YCJg. PdZÍ .gLZ4_ Z=ZE DJg. 5[ZH=
.LgHE $YL NL[T= F°Z=ÎY .LgHE_ K/E HYCNYQ JP[QL K\g0L Pa3EY
.LYQgMY=/EfP=BY.ZB=J\PMJYEgCLE=\EIYgHJ\PMJYEHYEYgEY
$YL~| .LM KYLY f.HM F°BY0=IYgH J\PMJYE Z4M_ $Y.YN , FdZBH[
*.Z8 F\8]ZML EYT $YH± Z4M $YJLY 'ITg. /\gM ZCgTZ4 $BYU 5ZJ
ZEg5LFa< NZF°.YN.gLg4*HV$Y.YN,_*/Ef=YJYLJd=]LPJT
1ZEgT *gPg4_ $YLgNL $ZDFZ= f=YJYg. :Y.g4E_ f=YJYL 5E
$P~YE5E. Qg= FYgL *JE f.YgEY ZHOgTL $YJLY $Z§={, LY/H EY_
f=YJYL F°I]L F°Z=N°ÀZ= AÇ% $HZNÍ $Yg4_ $YJLY f=YJYL 5E f.YgEY
MYEY.LZHOT$HZNÍLY/HEY_5[HgELZCEAÇ%$HZNÍ$Yg4fPZCE
F\gLY 5YJY¯= C\W/IYLYYv§ QgH $YL PHYL ,FL 'CYPIYH f4gT KYgH_
fHNZ.4] 18EY18YLFLf=YJYL18EY18gH_F°BgJ+N[.]CLg=LfHN
Z.4] $YÊK M[MY F°CNE .LY QgH *LFL f=YJYL Jd=\L 18EY 18gH_
f=YJYLPJT*gPf0g4$YJLYf=YJYL5EPJ\{MZECNEfLg/KYgHY_
f=YJYLPJT*gPf0g4$YJLYf=YJYL5EF°.YNZECNEf4gRKYgHY_
fQ $YJYL f/YCY $YJYg. PJZF= $HnYT Jd=\ CY, *HV $YJYT
PU.JN[MgCL$v§I].L_$YJ[E
$YJYLYgEL'UPQgMELQJYEf/YCYZKZEZETYJ=LYZ5L'UPnM_
$YZJf/YCYL%.eFYT=XYL$E\0°QLYZ5MYI.gLZ4H\Z±Lf5YgLET_
=XYL.e==YF°.YgNLIYOYf.YBYT/X\g5FYgHY"$YJLY=XYL<.[=<
.ZLZ.vm=YKBYKBIYgH.LYLPYJB,$YJYgCLfE%_
*FdZBH[*HVFL.YgMf/YCY%$YJYgCLF°I]*HV=¥Y{HDYT._
KZCf/YCYg.P¶YgELK\g0=XYLZHgNOCTYEYBY.g=Y=YQgM.YExY
,$YQY5YZLLHEY$YJYg.F°YTZEZÊ×.gLZCgTZ4M_
$YJYgCL5EÉIPVHYCfK$YJLY*JE*.PQYE\IaZ=N[M,PQJJ[
fFgTf0Z4ZKZEFLJ.LÀ<YJTF°I],C\W/fHCEYZHgJY3E.YL[_
$YJYg.H¶]LFÙfBg.=¥{YgEPJd±.LYQgTg4_$YLfF°JYÔgCL
FÙfBg.$YJYg.$YgMYZ.=ZEHYgPnYEfCTYQgTg4_
Pg=L$YgMYF°.YNfFg=%$YJLY*L$E\0JE,$E\PL<.ZL_3wC
'ZC=Q,TYLFL$YJLY$¶.YgLLF°Z=$Y.O<LY/g=FYZLEY_
$YJYL $Y=Y P.M $¶.YL fBg. CagL_ $YZJ $YJYL F°HdZ¥L
NZNYM[ 'Xg8L MY0YJ =XYL QYg= =]gM ZCgTZ4 ZKZE $YJYT $YgMYZ.=
.gLg4E_
fP%P¥{YLIYgMYHYPY$YJYL,FLf4gTf0g4*.FKYgT$YZJZE5
F°HdZ¥g.$BQ[E.gL4]XgRfGgMZCgTZ4_
K/E $YZJ fC/MYJ fK F°HdZ¥ $YJYL $Y=YL 'ExZ=L FgB $v§LYT
=/E $YZJ *g. fPIYgH 4X\gR fGgM ZCgTZ4 fKIYgH ZHLYEIaZJg= MYN
FgRBYg._
$YMÒYQ IagMY. , C\gMYg.L LÙY.=Y_ Z=ZE CTYM\ F°I] $YL P.M
HmL0v§HnM_
Z=ZEHCYEN[MCTYM\*HVPJPY.HZM=JYE\gOLZELYF¥YnM$YL
.LÀ<YJT$E\0°Q.YL[,CY=Y_
Z=ZE *. $EYZC$Ev§ *HV ZE5 g< Z3LnYT[ ZKZE f.YgEY F\¨
0°Q<.gLEZE$YL=XYLf.YgEYNL[.,fE%_
P.MhHZNgÍZ=ZE$EEP.M'p3=YL'gDz=XYL'p3=Y_
H\Z±JYELY=XYg.=XYLPdZÍLJYDgJPEY.gLE$YL=¥{YE[LY=XYL
JYDgJPdÍHmLLQP'C1Y8E.Lg=FYgLE_
%ZE%PdZÍLF°.e='FYPZKZE*.$EE*HV$YgMYL'UP_
%ZE%fP%H¶]KYg.$YZJF°YDYEZCgTZ4ZKZEPdZÍLF°I]fQCYTYg=L
'UP*HV$YJYLJ,MYHY$ZIIYH._
=XYLIYMHYPYLfJ1JYMY*JEIYgH$YgwCYZM=Qgp4fKE=Y'¥gLL
HY=YgPLEYT=[H0Z=P~ÔEx'g8LZFg9L3YM._
$YJLY HY.]M=YL PJT =XYg. .Y.]Z=ZJEZ=L PYgB :YZ. .g9YL
f.YJMPHFZLZnZ=g=$YJLY=XYLF°Z=PvmÍ_
=XYLIYgMYHYPYL1aZEHYT\ $YJYg.ZE5$Z§g={L.BYI]ZMgTZCgTg4
P\=LYV$YJYLJEfPHY=YgPL5EFY0MF°YTQgT$Yg4_
Z=ZE$YJYg.*=ZCgTg4EfK*LFL$YLf.YgEYHYPEY$Fa<fE%_
=XYLCYgELQY=$YJYLF°=YNYLfNOP[JYg.,QYLJYZEgTg4_
.YJEYHYPEY3b<ZH3b<.LYLFL$YJYgCLg.$YJYgCLF°I\LCYEHY
JQYE\IH=YLf5YZ=g=$H0YQE.LYgEYQgTg4_
ZEÊT =XYL IYgMYHYPYL JHDJYE /YZJL ZFFYPY $YJYL ÖCgT
PdZÍ.LYQgTg4$YZJfC/Z4=XYLfF°J$YJYL$Z§g¥{LF°Z=Z8$<\g=
PYZL=QgTg4_
Pg=L /YZ=gL $YZJ Jd=]P\DY FYE .gLZ4 Jd=\L FL $YZJ nYT[
5[HgEL'UP/\g5fFgTZ4_
fF°JYZ0xg=$YJYg.I[Ia=.LYQgTg4_$YL$YZJfC/Z4fF°JYEgM
5{gM$YJYL$N°ÀHgT%3gMg4_
fF°gJL $YZ=PgK $N°ÀDYLY HEYL J= HQJYE_ PYÙYg=L $Y0°gQ
ÖCTfKE5{gMF\gRKYgp4HYHY.]MQgT$Yg4_
$YZJfC/Z4fF°J$YJYL$v§gLL$v§WnMg.,$YgMYZ.=.gLg4$YL
JHDJYEIYMHYPY$YJYLf3QYLYTfCC[FJYE_
PdZÍ .YJEYHYPEYL JYg6 P\/ , $YEwC /\Xg5 $YL $YZJ fP P\/
fFgTZ4F°CYQ,5{MYLJYg6_
$YMÒYQ $YJYL 5[HgEL FLJ MÙ , 'g©N $YZJ .MgJL F°Z=Z8
ZHwC\.YZM,$YJYLfM/YLJYg6=XYg.%P¶YE.ZL_
fQJYEHJµZM$YJYL.MPfBg.FYE.Lf.EEYF°.e=.MYg<L
'UgPLf/YCYf5YZ=g=$YJYL.MPFZLFa<_
*. 5YZ= ZEÎYL PYgB $YJYL $YE\0= .gLg4 $ELY ÖCT FCY
$YHd=QHYL.YLg<$QV.YL.gLg4_
=YLYZQVPY.gLg4$YLZQVPYL.YLg<0YZMZCgTg4L[Z=*JE%3gM
$YPg4fKP.MZETYJ=F°Y¹g.Q[EF°.eZ=LJYE\Of.HM0YZM%ZCgTg4_
fK F°.YN P= $A[.YL .gLg4 fP JYE\O ET .].]L KYL fF4gE
3gM$YPg4ZN.YL[.].]gLL*.Z8FYM_
=YLY$YJYg.JJKY=EYT55ZL=.gLg40YZMZCgTg4$YL.YZGL
$Y/YZT= .gLg4 $Y5 $YJLY P\gC$YPgM =YgCL *% )< FZLgNYD
.LZ4_
f/YCYL.PJ$YJLY=XYL.eFYTJ\PMJYEZ.vmJYE\gOLJYBYT$=Y
IL.gLg4_
$YJLYJQYEH[PY*L.BY,.J $E\PL<.ZL$YJLY$YMÒYQL
Z.=YH$E\PL<.ZLf.YgEY$Yg5HYg5fMYg.LET_
$YJLY =XYL DgJL /YZ=gL P.M DJQ[E Z5ZwC. *HV ZHgHg.L
N¨ÀLF°Z=H[=N°±_
$YJLY fN°Î PdZÍ J\QY~C PY*L $E\PL< .ZL fP% ZHgNO
=¥{YHDYTg.Lf5YZ=$¶.YLCaL[Ia=.gL_
$YJLY Z. Z/ÑYEgCL f3gT HR .YZGL" DzVP f=YJYgCL 5E *HV
f=YJYgCL*LcFJ=YJg=L5E_
fQfEYVLYIbZJHY8YMYLfJjMI[=]ZJZHg²O,ZQVPYHN=$YJYg.
.YZGL$Y/YZCgT4_
=]ZJ $YJYg. .Í ZCgT4 */E FZL<Z=L $gFÙY .L HY IT .L
f.EEYf/YCYLL[Z=QgMYG]U.YgL$Z0xF°YTNCY'CY'.gL5{gM,g9_
f=YJYL 'IT QY= DzVP fQY. f.EEY =]ZJ P.M hELY5HYC[L
$E\PL<.gL4f=YJYLFCK\0Mf=YJYg.ZHZIExfÙg¨fQXY38/Y%gTg4_
f=YJYL fKjHE DzVP QgT f0g4 $YL hCHC\ZHFYg.L ZN.YL ZQgPgH
f=YJYL .YµYE fMYF fFgTg4 P\=LYV *Z8 ZHEgTL PJT $QV.YgLL
ET_
=]ZJ .YJEYHYPEYL CYPg={ $YJYL 5E ZHFCYFC , DzVP .YJEY
.LZ.vmf=YJYL,FLP.MPJPYLFYQYRfIgFRg4*HVFRgH_
$YZJF°I]LFÙfBg.*gPZ4=Y%$YZJ.[IYgHDzVPQg=FYZL"
P\=LYV$Y=YZIJYE[f/YCYg.IT.L$YL$=Y3YL.gLDzVPQgTYEY_
=]ZJZ.FYBgLL,FL.XY3ZEgÙF.L4"$Y=Q=Y.gLYEYnYT[
5[HgELFBP¶YE.L_
=]ZJC\keZ=,fEYVLYJ[LFBFZLQYL.LZEg5LF°Z=P\ZH3YL.L
$YL*IYgHHdBY.Í.gLZEg5g.DzVP.gLYEY_
fQ $Z=LE.YL[ =,HY .L *JE PJT $YPg= KYgp4 K/E =]ZJ
ZEg5LFÙY1Y=0°§:YEQYg=.YJRfCgH_
QYT KZC f.YgEY JY f=YJYL J= *JE $¶.YgLL HYC\R , $YgMYL
N¨ÀL5EEYZC=
=]ZJ f3ÍY .L4 PL.YL fKE $FLYD[ 0< .gL $YJYg. Dd= .gL
F°g=. F°=YL. , C\HM=Y P¶YE.YL[ , f3Y0Mg/YgLL $EYT
$ZIgKY0.YL[5EDzVP_
$YJYg.LY5={ fCTYQgM,$YZJ=Y1d<Y.L=YJf=YJYgCLC\ZETYL
PYgB$YJYL.[P~Ô."$YJYL5E$YJYL.~AM%KgBÍ_
$YJLY *JE *. Jd=]g. $YZME .gLZ4 KYL HY§H=Y P~Ôg.
$YJYgCL N¨À $EHZQ= $YL $YJYgCL MYN 5[ZH=gCL CdZÍP[JYL HY%gL
LgTg4_
=]ZJ F°=YL<Y , $YE\JYZE. .BYL ZIZ¥g= $YJYgCL PL.YLg.
'g¥Z5=.LKYLYZEg5LY,$gCLEYT.]DYL<YfFYO<.gL_
fQ$¶=]ZJZ.fP%PHNZJYEg.$A[.YL.L4ZKZEA[TH¶]gCL
ZE5PZExDYgE$YN°TF°CYE.gL=YgCLZELYF¥YZHDYE.gLE"
PHNZJYE.[IYgH.M[J\MÒYQJaPYLZELYF¥YZHDYE.gLZ4gME=YZ.
=]ZJ I]gM f04 HY =]ZJ Z. fQLY FHg=L F°C[¹ PagKL PYGM P~Ôg.
fNYEZE"
f=YJYL CdZÍ $Y.YN , *L ZP±Ygv§L F°Z= fKg=% FYgL EY f.EEY
f=YJYL$¶f3Y/JYZ8LE[g33YFYFgR$Yg4_
$v§CdZÍ EY BY.YL .YLg< Z.4] .BY f=YJYg. F°=YZL= .gLg4 $YL
f=YJYL5EIZHOUPVHYgCLZHOTZ8FCYL$v§LYgM%LgTf0g4_
=]ZJ f=YJYL $E\PYL[gCL ¿Í=YL .]gF ZEgÙF .gL4 F\<HYEgCL
5[HEYCNZ.*JE%QgTBYg."
=]ZJ.YgGL$Y/YZCgT=Y.,TYHYf/YCYI[Z=g.FCCZM=.gL4
=]ZJ Z. $YJYL ÖCT Z3gL fCg/4 HY $YJYL $F°.YZN= $HnY P~Ôg.
$HZQ=_
A[TfEYVLYJ[LHgNfKORKv%.LEYf.E$YMÒYQ%$YFEHYwCYg.
$YN°TfCTYL5EKgBÍ_
$YJYLZECNEf=YJYL.Yg4$YPgH$YL=]ZJ*LHY§H=Y$E\DYHE
.Lg=FYLgHZ.4]8YhDKDYL<.L$YLMYN[M=Yg.ZHP5EfCgHEY_
$YZJ $gMjZ.. ZECNEALcF F\§.YHM[ ZMg/Z4 f=YJYL .Yg4 *JE
Z.4]$Yg4Z.KY$YJYLfM/YLJ=PYHM[M"
fQ $YJYL F°Z=²w²[ KZC $YJYL J= fKY0=Y BYg. =YQgM $YJYL
fM/E[LF°=]¥gLZ.4]fMg/fC/Y,_
=]ZJ$$Y/YFY,TYF4wC.Lg=EY*/E.[QgMYfKZHZÙ¹,
$g0Y4YgMYIYHEYN[MYEYL[LEYTf/%QYZLgTHgP4"
=]ZJZEgHYDgCL'g©gNHgM4fK=YLH%HYL3EYZHAYC=YÉEgM
HZJHZJIYHQT_
$YJYLF\Z§.YgMYf=YJYL.Yg4HZJLJ=JgEQ,TYLFL$YJYg.
*.8]HM=]ZJPYZQZ=.P\MICÙ=YLPYgBZ.ZMg/4"
=]ZJ PYQP[ *HV YgE PJd± Q,TYL CYZH .gL4 $YL $QV.YLHN=
$YJYg.f=YJYLZN.YL$Y/YZT=.gL4_
$Y5$YJYLF°Z=²Zw²=YT=]ZJMYZ=,E0x Q,TYLIgT/Lg0YgNL
EYTFYZMgTf0gM_
Z3v§Y .L IgT f=YJYL *IYgH ¨§ Q,TY f=YJYg. H\6YgEYL 5E
LQJYEf/YCYLFÙfBg.ZECNEETZ."
=]ZJ Z. .gL $YJYL PYJgE CXYRY= FYL" =]ZJg=Y $YJYL IgT
FYMYp4fP%MYEYLF°Z=MÙ.LKY$QVgHYgDL.YLg<f=YJYLIYg0
5\g8g4_
=¥{YHDYT.f/YCY=XYLC\HMPdZÍ,ENL.[g8LJYE\OFÙfBg.
$QV.YLF°.YNF4wC.gLEEY_
*. =[gLL $Y.Z. $Y1Yg= f=YJYg. IaM\Z´= .LY QgT4 =]ZJ
ZHLYEIaZJg=Jd=HUFgR$Y4_
fQ HY0YR~AL */E =]ZJ f.YBYT" =]ZJ f=Y $YJYgCLg. 5YgQMgCL
$v§I\JgE.Lg=
fQ ZG=EY HY hELYg5L fQY=Y */E $YJYgCL PYgB F°Z=²Zw²=YT
$YP$YJLYf=YJYg.f.HMDaMYJTnYgELDaZM6R%JgE.ZL_
$YJYL .BY fP HY0YgEL EYT KYL 'F=.YT Z²=[THYL HdZÍ HZO=
QgTg4$YL$YJYL.BYf/5\gLLfP%gp4LEYTKY'HLIaZJg=QgT
BYg._
f=Yg.MYZ9L$Y1Yg=3b<ZH3b< .LYQTZEHLVFYZELJ=F°HQJYE
DYLYgMY=LHYZLLJYDgJf=Yg.8].gLY8].gLY.LYQgTg4_
KZC =]ZJ $YJYL ZHLÀg± ZQVPY fFYO< .L =YQgM f5gE LY/ $YZJ
*.5E H[L F\LÀO $YZJ ¿YZv§g= ZEFZ== ZQVP\g.L ÖCTg. 5{YZMgT
BYZ._
=]ZJ $YJYg. ZJBYHYC[ $Y/YZT= .gL4 , .YgGL $Y/Y ZCgT4
=]p4=YZp4M.gL4$YL*$ZIMYOLY/g=fK$YJYg.fKEDaMYLEYT
'ZRgTfCTYQT_
.YJEYHYPEYLCYPg={ *QgMYf=YJYLF\LgEY$ZIMYOZ.vm $YMÒYQ
$YJYLZELYF¥YLC\0$YLATVN¨ÀgCLDzVP.YL[_
$YJYg. 5TK\ .LYL 5E KZC LQJYE f/YCYL PYQYK EY $YgP
=YQgM$YZJZE.eÍJYE\gOFZL<=QgHY_
f=YJYLQYg=f.YgEY.=e={fE%Z.vmZ=ZE*.PHNZJYEF°I\*HV
C\HMgCLLÙY.=Y_
$QV.YL f=YJYg. fCYKg/L ZE.eÍ=J §gL f9gM ZCgTg4 ZEÊT
$QV.YLPHg3gT1d<ZHOT_
F°=YFYZvA= f/YCYL .QL HY NYZ§g. IT .L $YL .=ZCE ZEg5L
.YJEYHYPEYLCYP={.LgH$YLQZLg<LJ=MÁ6Á.LgH_
=]ZJ$YJYLF=EfC/g=3Y,$B3LÙY.=Yf/YCY$YJYLZELYF¥Y
ZHDYE.YL[ $YJYL PYgB 60RY .Lg= Z0gT =]ZJ PHNZJYE F°I]L PYgB
N¨À=YL6]Z.ZEgT4_
f/YCYL hE.8F°Y¹ JYE\O f.YgEY FL[ÙYT DzVP QT EY FL[ÙYL
PJT%F\LkYLF°CYgELZP±Yv§QgTKYT_
fK A[T F°I]LÙY.=Yg. IT .gL fP ./E, HB QT EY f.EEY
LÙY.=Y=XYLP¶YE[gCLP¶YgEBYg.E_
FdZBH[HYP[ Z. P=HYC[L MYEYL $ZIMYO fFYO< .gL" *Z8
f.YgEYIYgHHY§HYTEP~|HET*Z8ZEgHYDgCLDYL<YJY¨_
K\g±L ÉIFZL<YJ =YL% FgÙ KYT fK F\<HYE QgT BYg. $HN
F°BgJ$=Y3YL[g.%ZH5T[JgEQT_
fQ$YJYLN¨À*%CYZHLP==YLPJBgE$YJYgCLF°I]LP\Ex=HY
3MJYE L[Z=, PYÙ ZCgTg4 KY EH[0< *HV F\<HYEgCL JYg6 3MJYE
LgTg4_
fQ ZQVP\. fYD , $Z0x ZN/YT 5{gM DzVP QgT KY $YJLY nYT[
P~YgELPYgBJd=]HL<.LH_
$YJYgCL $ZI=Y QgMY P.M 'p3=Y HY JYQ= MYI QT $YJYgCL
F°I]LFÙfBg.$YL$YgMYLP¶YgEPdZÍ$YJYgCL.Yg4$YgP_
JYE\O f=YJYT fC/gH $ZINYgFL CdZÍg= $FL ZCg. P.M fE.
.Yg5LfÙg¨JYE\OJd=]LFL,$YJYgCLL<.LgH_
=]ZJZ.fPF°YPYCfIgfCgHKY*.Yv§ $YJYgCLF°I\L"=]ZJZ.fP
Hm5{YZMgTZCg=3Y,KY$YJYgCLÍY$YMÒYQHYZEgTg4E"
ZQVP\.LY3YT$YJLYIY0YQ=QgTKY%$B3$YJLYZETYJg=LFL
ZETYJg=LAYCFYZp4_
$YJYL .Y5 PgwCgQL fCYMY3gM C\Mg4 HgM JgE .LZH EY_ f=YL
.Yg4PagKLJ=PJ\MZECNE*gPf0g4_
$YJYLFÙfBg..mL[LfPjLIMYgILFLF\<HYELY0I[L$Y0°gQL
PYgB$YJYL.Yg4*gPg4_
=YLY $YJYL .Yg4 F°[Z= , IYMHYPYL PYgB fP% FYZ/L J= 'gR
*gPg4fKHRJQ[LÀgQ$YN°T0°Q<.gL_
fCN =YL fN°Î Pv§YEgCL $YJYL QYg= =]gM ZCgTg4 */E fN°Î
HZgCLJgDZ8.=g.L%$YPYHY.[$Yg4_
$BHYf/YCYLfPP.MP\F\LÀOLY$HZNÍLgTf0g4EKYgCL$HnYE
FCYL$v§LYgM=XYLY$YJYL.Yg4*LFLPYÙ[ZQgPgH$YPgHE_
LQJYEf/YCYLFÙfBg.ZQCYTYg=LMÙ<YHM[F°.YNfFgTf0g4
fPPHMÙ<YHM[fCg/=¥{YE[LYf/YCYL5EfP5CYHE=_
Z.vmE[3HYC\IY0YLYZEg5gCLC\IYg0L.YLg<$A[.YL.gL=YLY
*$YgMYTPZ9.FgBLP¶YEFYTEY_
=YLY$YJYgCL.].]gLLEYTJd=F°Y<[LJYVP/Ygp4JLÀLN.]gEL
EYTMYNHYJd=F°Y<[LJYVgPL5E=YLY$=YZD.MYMYZT=_
=YLY $YJYg. IT fCZ/gTg4 $B3 K\g0L hCHC\ZHFY. fQY. HY
K\g±LJTCYE%fQY.EYf.EPYQP[JYE\OITFYTEY_
$YJYL LÙY.=Y f/YCYL FLJ fxQ MYgIL FL P.M PJPY HY
ZHFCYFC CaL[Ia= QgT KYT *LFL $YZJ f.YgEY PJPYg. PJPY% JgE
.ZLEY_
$YJYLJ=J\¯ZJE$YgCjHB QTEYHLV$YJYgCLg.F°Z=²w²[N¨À
.YZGL$Y/YZCgT,G=,TYHY5[.gLf.HMHB=Y%fCg/g4_
*% Z3Z×= $ fYgDL HgN CXY= fHL .gL =]ZJ *% FN\=]M
$BgHLZCg.f=Y*.8]=Y.Y,
fP$EgCLPvmÍ.LYL5Ef/YCYg.LY0YZvA=.gLg4$B3=XYg.
PvmÍ.LY%$ZD.K\ZK\_
$YZJ =YgCL YgEL IYµg. 0Hg. .XYg3L EYT 3a<ZH3a< .gL
ZCgTZ4=YDaMYLJ=HY=YgP'gRf0g4_
=YLY =XYg. .YZGL $Y/YZT= .gLg4 fK J\PMJYE Q,TYL CYZH
LYg/ HY8YMI[L He=Y , =YL Q g0YgM F°IYZH= QgT =YLY *.Y5
.gLg4_
$YZJ =YgCL ÖCgT f/YCYL IT fCZ/ EY HLV =YgCL ZHgCYQ ,
$A[.YgLLF°HEF°HMIYgHF°HQJYEfC/Z4_
$YJYL $YNY Z4M =YLY =XYg. IT .LgH Z.vm $Y5 =YLY .YJEY
HYPEYLF°Z=F\gLYF\ZL$Y.eÍ_
=YgCLP.gM%=Y.,TYLfFYNY.4]XgRfGgMZCgTg4=YgCLfCgQ
¿Í=YLfFYNY.4YRY$EZ.4]$HZNÍfE%_
=YgCL CgM f.YgEY FLgQ50YL , f/YCYI[LÀ $Yg4 Z." HY *JE
F\<HYE$Yg4Z.fKNYZ§,F\LkYLZCHPg.IT.LgH"
f/YCYL.PJ$YZJfPCgMLJYg6f.YgEYf/YCYI[LÀFLgQ50YL
fCZ/EYKYLY$YJYL$ YZM.Yg.ZRgTfCTYL5ECµYTJYEQgTg4_
$YZJ FY0ZR , CXYZR *HV *JE EY. 4YRY $YL Z.4] fCZ/ EY «KY
$QV.YgLL.YLg<HQgTf0g4_
=YLYKZC$QV.YLHN=$YJYL.BYF°=Y/YE.gL=Yg=Z.4] KYT
$YgPEY$Z3gL%$EgCLJYg6$YJYL.BYF°IYHZH§YL.LgH_
=YgCLGg=YTYHY5[fCg/$YÊK QgTYEY*.$YQY~.$¶g={L
Da~5YgM$E$YQY~.HYQ[EHZL$E\PL<.Lg4_
ZH=YZR=NT=YE=YgCLH¶] QgTf0g4fPP.YMP¶YPYÙYg=L
5E=YgCLJYg6$YgP_
ZQVP\.gCLÖCTg.=YgCLC\kdZ=$¶.gLZCgTg4fMY.fC/YgEY
fFYNY.=YgCLfI=Lg.E0x.gLZCgTg4_
=YLY.Í,KY=EYZCgTg4Z.vm LÙY.=Yf/YCYLFgB.ÍFY,TY
fBg.$YJLY$EZ.4]g.fHZN$YEwCCYT.JgE.ZLEY_
$YZJ *P.M fHY6Yg. E=\E Z.4] JgE .ZL EY $YZJ PGL .gL
*HVfHY6YHQgE$I§$YL$Y0°gQLPYgB*LFBFYgEf3gTBYZ._
$YJYL F°Y< 'Xg8L J= KYL ZF9g. JYE\gOL KY=EY , $=3YgLL
JYDgJC\HM.gLfCTYQgTg4_
* .BY ÖCgT f0XgB EY, P=HYC[gCL F°I]L .PJ $YZJ
ZETYJ=LcF[f/5\LfBg.PgHY¥JGMZEHY3E.gLBYZ._
Q[ELY $YJYT =]p4=YZp4M .gL Z.vm =YgCL =]p4=YZp4gML
.YLg<$YJYLf/YCY$YJYLFCJKYCYg.$YgLY'Ex[=.gLE_
Q[EHZLYZNTYgMLJ=$YJYL,FLQYJMY.gL*HVZNTYM,
ZHRYgML$Y,TY5ÉZEgT$YJYT.ÍfCT_
f/YCYL.PJ=YgCLL[Z=PZ9.L[Z=ETHLV=Y*JE*.Z8HYPEY
HY%p4YKYfMYIMYMPYQg='u|a=_
$YZJ =YgCL F°MYFg. HZDgLL J= 'gFÙY .gLZ4 $YL $YZJ
'C1Y8E.gLZ4fK=.ZH=g.LJYg6f.HMÙZ=%ZEZQ=_
$YJLY N¨ÀL fCTY .gÍL J\g/ hDK DgLZ4 $YJYgCL CdZÍ $HE=
LY/YHYhDK DYLg<LPJT=YLYD\g~LEYTZEg5gCL$M[.'p3=YF°.YN
.gLg4_
=YgCL ZI=L f.YgEY FZH¨=Y , FLgQ50YL[ $HZNÍ L%M EY EY
PV0°YJ[5[HgELf.YgEY*.Z8ZHwC\$HZNÍ$Yg4_
=YLY .YJEYHYPEYL CYPg={ E[3 , Q[E 50g=L F°Z= 6]Xg. f0g4
$YL5[HgEL.g9YL=Y,.ÍfCg/fM5Z8gTFYZMgTg4_
H/Yg8gCL JD Qg= E[3 HY Q[EgCL *.Z8 CM *JEIYgH QYJMY
.gLg4 fKE =YLY Ék f0YHL KY 0LJ .LYL 5E HHQYL QT HY 5{YMYE[
ZQgPgHHHQYLQT_
=YgCL HYRYHYZRL PJT $YZJ fKPH F\§. ZMg/Z4 fPgMYL
F°g=.Z8Z4MHYZ0=YJYD\K,IYOYLPYHZMM=YTPZ=_
=YLYHMgMY$YJLYFgRZ4Z.vm *gMYf=JE'Ex=JYgELZ.4]
ETZ.VHY*PH$YLgHLf.YgEYP\PYZQZ=g.L'ZfBg.fETYQgTg4_
f.YgEY HY0[ $YLH f0YFgE =YL 1gL $HnYE .Lg4 $YL fP%
P.YMP¶Y=XYg.*PHZM/Ygp4_
=YgCL .BY , AZHgLYgDL F°Z= MÙ .L N¨À=Y =YgCL PZ9.
ZHgH3EYLNZf.gRZEgTg4_
*.HYL HgM $YJYL fM/Y f.YgEY *. $YLgHL $YHYL HgM *
H%gTLfM/YT$0Z<=I]MLgTg4_
fQN¨ÀLCM*Z8LQJYEf/YCYLFÙfBg.f.YgEYZPZLTYHYP[L
.J,ET$YL$YJYLP[gCL,ET_
=¥{YHDYT. f/YCY =Y¯MY $YJYgCL JZQJY , YEg. PJ\Ex=
.gLg4E=Y%$YJLY$YJYgCL1L5,KY.ÙFgBZEJY<.LZ4_
*LFLfJjMI[LFCf4gRCY,$YL.]TYL$¶.YgL$Y=g0YFE.L
$BYUFYZEg=:]gHJL_
$YJYL F°.eZ= HY $YJYL fHYDH\Z±g= =LHYL[L EYT =[ÙÂ=Y PdZÍ
.LYQgTg4=Y%$YZJKYH\6g=fFgLZ4$YJYLN¨ÀLY=YH\6g=FYgLZE_
$YJYL*0°vn P.MF°.YLHYZ0=YLPJYQYL=YP5[H=Y,$E\FJ
hHZNgÍLJYDgJZ3v§YN[MgCLJYg6ZHgTL'gC..gLg4_
$YMÒYQ =Y¯MY $YJYg. $YFE YgEL HY0YE CYE .gLg4E KZC
f/YCYLZHgNOCYECZÙ<YEYQg=Y=YQgM$YZJ$gCLJ=%BY.=YJ_
$YZJ$E\0°QN[MF°I]LPJ[gFfCYTY.gLZ4$YJYLfCYTYLFLZ=ZE
$YJYg.YgELF°H<PJaQfCZ/gTg4EHYZ3ZEgTg4E_
ZEWPgwCgQ HMY KYT $QV.YL .LgM =¥{YHDYT. f/YCY P~YZE=
.gLE EY KZC P~YE5E. FCJKYCY fFg= 3Y, =YQgM JYZ8L J= QgT
KY,_
f/YCYL .PJ *Z8 .YJEYHYPEYL% FZL<YJ fK $YJYL ZHOgT KY
.LY 'Z3= Z4M =]% =Y .ZLPZE $YL *JE *. HZL EYT $A[.YL
.gLZ4PfK=YRYÕRYT$I§*HV¿YZv§g=ZEFZ==_
ZHg²OJ\ JYE\O ./E, =YRYÕRY .gL EY fP FCY PZLgT 0I[L
CdZÍg=fCg/_
ZEg5gCL[Pv§YEgCLF°Z=P\ZH3YgLLJYEgP,JJ={gHYgDL.YLg<
P~YZE=LYF\<HYEgCLfCYTYg.IT.gL_
$YJYL fCYTY *JE =[L KY ZHC\=gHg0 Z0gT A[T MgÙ $Y1Y=
QYgE=Y%ZHgLYZD=YLJYEgP$YJYL.Yg4$YPYfBg.PYHDYEBY._
$YMÒYQL .PJ %JYJ PY5YL f.YgEY %p4Y $YJYL fE% f=YL *JE
DYL<YI]MHN=PdZÍQgTg4_
ZEWPgwCgQ $YJLY f.HM $YMÒYQg. 3Y% ZKZE $YJYgCL $Y=YL
F°NYZv§$YJLYf.YgEYfE=e={LY5={,F°YDYE3Y%EY_
$YJLY$YJYgCLJQYEPdZÍ.=YL,FL%ZEIL.gLZ4ZKZE*.JQYE
CY=Y,ZETYJ=CYgEDE.YL[_
fKLQJYEf/YCYLQgTKYTfPP~YZE=QT_P~YZE=,ZETYJ=
F°Y¹LYF=E.Yg.HgM5YgEEY_
N¨ÀfEYVLYJ[HN=$YJYg..ÍfCT_$FHYC$YgLYF.gL=YLY
*.ZEÔYFÖCTg..ÍfCT_
=YLY Z3U.YL , Q g0YM .gL $YJYgCL IT fC/YT $B3 $YJLY
=YgCLJd=gCL$v§IaJgE.ZL5[ZH=gCLET_
H[Lg={L 'UP« f/YCYL hE.8 MYgIL FL *PH $Y,TY5 ,
Q g0YM.[IYgH$YJYgCL5EIgTL.YL<Qg=FYgL"
*%fEYVLYHZ$YJYgCL$YgMYZEHYZF=.Lg=3YT_Z.vm P=
.BYQgMYPaKg.f0YFE.LgM,=Yf0YFEBYg.EY_
ZEÊT =¥{YHDYT. f/YCY $YJYL F°Z= $E\0°QHN= A[T ZETYJ=
FZLFa<.gLg4EP\=LYV$YZJ,CY=YgCL$v§I]QgTf0Z4_
PdZÍL iCECNY CaL .LYL 5E $YJLY YgEL P~ÔC ZH=L< .ZL
.FC.Q[EgCLF°Z=$YJYgCL$E\0°Q$=ZD._
KZC =]% Z.4] ZEg= 3YP =YQgM f5gE LY/ f=YL Q=p4YRY ,
FYBLJT0°YJfBg.$YJYgCL0°YJ/\HCagLET_
fQ$YJYLF°Z=²w²[N¨ÀKZC=]%ZQVPY,ZHg²gOLJYg6JYLYKYP
=YQgMZQPYH0°Q<.YL[Lg/YCYF°NxHYg<LP~\/[EQ,TYLPJTZ8f=YL
5EHR%.Z9EQgH_
$YZJ ZHEY F°gTY5gE 'g©NZHQ[E $YZPZE HLV '¥¹ IaZJg=
HdZÍHYQ[fJ1JYMYLEYT*gPZ4_
$YZJ*.6<Y«KYZFFYPYT.Y=LfMY.gCL5EF°HYZQ=Qgp4
Z.VHY$YZJZFFYPYT.Y=LJYE\gOL5E$ZHLYJHQJYE6<YDYLY_
=¥{YHDYT.f/YCYL.eFYT$YZJP=HYC[$YZJ*.Yv§F°gTY5gEL
PJT,JQYJYL[LK\g0*gPZ4_
=YPg¥{,Q[EfMY.LYfEYVLYJ[LCLÀE$YJYg.ZJBYHYC[F°Z=FEx
.gL$YL$YJYLF\LkYL*HVCYECZÙ<Y0°Q<.gLEY_
Q[E , E[3gCL .BYHY=Y fKE DYLYgMY HNY $YL =YgCL ÖCT fP%
IaZJLEYTÉkKYg=f.YgEYZ.4]'UFExQTEY_
fKP=HYC[LPYgBK\g±ZM¹QTfPZE5F°I\=XYLEH[*HVP.M
F\<HYEgCLPYgBK\g±ZM¹QT_
.YF< =YgCL fI=L DYHJYE 5MgYg=L J= fHPYJYM $YMÒYQL
.PJ$YZJ*4YRY=YgCLN¨À=YL$YLf.YgEY.YL</X\g5FY%EY_
$YJYLDYL<YZ4MEYfK=YLY$YJYLN¨À=YHN=PJ\{MNZLTg=L
ZEgCNg.,F°=Y/YE.LgH_
K/E =YLY DJ ZEgT QYZP9Y Y $YL~| .LM =/E $YMÒYQL /YZ=gL
$YZJ=YgCLN¨À=YL6X]Z.ZEMYJ_
EH[ PY *L $YDYZ=. C\D , =XYL $YDYZ=. F°Hg<L
.MYg<$YZJMYZM=FYZM=QgTZ4$YL$YJYg.fQLYLPaK Qg=f5YZ=
fCTYQgTg4_
PaK JY $YL fQMYM NN[.MY =YL Pv§YE fK PagKL $YgMYg=
MYZM=FYZM=QgTfHgR,g9_
$YZJFa<3gwCLEYT'ZC=QgTZ4P\=LYVfIgHZ3gv§ .BYHMfP
HZL JYg6 f.YgEY .MYg<L fMP JY¨ fE% fK C\HM CdZÍP~ÔExY EYL[L
EYT_
fQ$YJYgCLF°I]ZE5.eFYT$YJYLQY=CdS.L$YLfPHZL
ZE.8 fBg. F°Z=gNYD EY, fK /R.]8YL EYT P=g. CagL f9gM ZCg=
3YT_
fQ $YJYL F°I] $YJYL 5YZ= $=YHN= $¶.YgL F°gHN .gLg4
.LÀ<Y.L$YL=YgCL$YgMYg.L1gLF°gHN.LY,_
fQ$YJYTZEwCY.YL[ÉIFZL<YJJ\¥Y.[gCL%QgTBYg.=Y%=]ZJ
H\Z±JYEgCLEYT.gJLFZL<YgJL$gFÙYTBY._
$YMÒYQ $YJYg. PYQYK .gLg4E *HV ZE5 $E\0°gQ $YJYg. H¶]
HYZEgTg4E$YL$YJYg.ZHZIExF°.YLZETYJ=²YLYPYQYK.gLg4E_
P\=LYV $YZJ ¿Í=Y , C\IYg0L 0QzL fBg. fHZLgT *gPZ4 $YL
$YZJfQCYTY=,YgEL0dgQF°gHN.gLZ4_
$YMÒYQL.PJfPHZH=[=P.MJYE\OHdBY,$BQ[EKYg.
f/YCYPYÙY=F°CYE.gLg4E_
fPHZKYLÖCT=¥{YHDYT.f/YCY=¥{YgEPJd±.gLg4E
=YL.Yg4ZFFYPYg=LEYTCgMCgMJYE\O4]g8$YgP_
Ag0L$ZDFZ=ZE5$E\0°gQ=XYg.P~YEfCE$YLH\Z±JYEgCLJYBY
=XYLPYJgEZHE=QT_
=XYL 5E FdZBH[HYP[gCL CYP=]M HY fPHg.L EYT .LY QT
$Y.YN,=XYLfPHYTZEgTYZ5=QT_
f. $Yg4 fK JQYP~YZE= f/YCYL ZF°T HYwCYgCL $P~YE .Lg=
FYgL"$Y.YgNLPaKgCL5ZJEf.YgEYIYgHZEZÊ×.Lg=FYgLEY_
KYg.$YMÒYQL.eFY.YJEYHYPEYfBg.FZH¨.LgHfP4YRYHY.[
F\gLYPdZÍ.[8HZ==Z.4]ET_
P\=LYVKZC=]ZJ=XYLJaMH\6=YQgM=XYL5ECµYTJYEQ,$YL
*FgBF°Y<ZHP5EfCTY,CÀ=FCgÙFfETYLfÙg¨$0°0YJ[Q,_
KZC=]%=XYLMYEY3YP=YQgMATVf=Yg.=]p4=YLZCg.f9gM
fCTYQgH$YLZH3YLZCHgP.].]gLLEYTf=Yg.ZH=YZR=.LYQgH_
C\IY0 HY NZE f=YL ,FL F°I]={ .Lg4 =Y% f/YCYL CdZÍg=
P~YZE=gCL$v§I]=\%=YLF°Z=$P~YEF°CNE.LZ4P_
$YJYgCL F°C[F , $YJYgCL $YgMY f=YL .Yg4 $PQ =Y% =]%
$¶.YLLYg=Lf3YgLLEYT3MYgGLY.ZLP_
=]% $FYMYF .LZ4P f/YCYL .PJ Z.TYJ= ZCHgP , ZP±Ygv§L
PJTf=YLf.YgEY$5\QY=3MgHEY_
*Z8f/YCYLFÙfBg.*.Z8$YgMYKYL-{M$YJLY$Z3gL%
f=YJYg.fC/YgHY_P\=LYVCaLCN[H\Z±JYgELEYThDKDYL<.L_
$YZJfC/Z4f=YJYLfYD0I[L5MLYZNLEYTGX]gP'9g4_*L
f;'PJ\gCLf;'*LJ=HYF°HM6YHYT\LEYT_
$YMÒYQL .PJ $YJYgCL H[LgCL JD Qg= *.5E PYQP[ K\H.%
N¨ÀgCL5EKgBÍQgH_
*g= PgwCQ fE% fK PJPYL PJT $YJLY hDK DYL< .ZL $YL
./E, $YJLY $Ap4M=Y $YL ./E, Ap4M=YL fI=L PJT $Z=HYZQ=
.ZL_
=]ZJ JYBY3YRY ZCgT '9g=% K\g0 hELY5 JYBY3YRY ZCgTg4 $YL
hELYg5LHEY./E,/R.]8YJ\QTEY_
$YJYL1gL5gMLfE.gR$YPgM,$YJYL==8Y1d<YQTEYK=8Y
f=YJYLPYgBF°Z=²Zw²=YTZM¹Qg=$YJYgCL1d<YQT_
$Y5 $YZJ f=YJYg. PC\FgCN ZCZp4_ FZL=YgFL ZHOT QgMY fK
5YZ= ZHg²gOL .YLg< DJg. EÍ .gL ZCgTg4 =YLY Z. .gL $YJYL
ZQg=YFgCN.Yg5MY0Yg=FYgL"
$YJLYHMMYJF°Z=²Zw²=YT$YPfJY.YZHMY.L=/E=YLY5gM
QZLg<LJ=FYZMgTf0M_
=YLY f3Y/g. .Yg5 MY0YT EY $YL HY§H=YL F°Z=, CdZÍFY= .gL
EY=YLYZEg5gCL.YF<,fMY.fC/YgEYLJYg6%DzVPQgTf0g4_
=YgCL 5YJY¯g= *JE f.YgEY CdZÍP~ÔEx fMY. $Yg4 Z. fK $YJYL
ZCg.Z3v§YZHC3Ù]YgELEYT=Y.YgH"
=YLY $YJYg. $ $Y/YZT= .gL $B3 $YJYL PYgB F°Z=²Zw²=YT
$YgPZE_*gCLKY=EY,$EYgTLF°Z=*.8]MÙ.L_
H[L HY PYQP[gCL CYZHL P==Y F°Z=²Zw²=YL PJT F°JYZ<= QT
$YL=LHYL[LF°/L=YK\g±LPJTF°.YNFYT_
*. HR% $.J< HZ HY8YMYT BYg. =YL N¨À=Y fJg1L
LÀ0~|[LNg½LJ=JgEQT_
=YLJgEITI[Z=IL.gLg4fP5EfPK\g±LJTCYgE$YgPEY
fPJZQMYgCLEYTFCYL$v§LYgMHgP$FYMYF.gL_
fP Hm50U *HV *L 5gM FgR BY.Y JLgCQ IÙ<g. F°YDYE
ZCgTg4 P=.BY QgMY 'CYP[E , ¿ÀgÙFQ[E=YL 5[HE fBg. Jd=]%
fN°T_
fQ $YJYL =LHYL[L ZN.YL .=ZCE =]% MÁ 6Á .LZH" QZL<
NYHg.L$Y3YL$Y3L<f=Yg.J\ZfCgHEY_
=]% HY8YMYL Q=IY0Y IaZJg. fEYVLY .gL =]gMZ4P« KY Z0LZ0Z8L
$YHYPnM_
$YZJF°Z=²Zw²=YTf=Yg.ZN.YL[LJ=P¶YE.ZL=Y%f.'fKE
f=Yg.$YN°TZCg=EYKYT_
HNYLGMYf=YLHÙZHC[<.LgH_$YL$YJYLf.YJM$B3.g9YL
HNYL$Y1Y=f=Yg.L0YTIYZPgTfCgH_
$YJYL fM/YL IgT f=YL F°Y<HYT\ fHZLgT KY,KYL 'FJ Qgp4
fIgHfC/fJYHYZQMYHYZH=g.LPJTf=YL.[$HnYQgH"
$YJYg.IYOYL*JEHY0DYLYfN/YgEYQgTg4KYC\DYM'Xg8LEYT
$YL=YLHYp3YQgMY$YJYLIYOYLF°IYH_
K= %p4Y ZQVPYL HNH=[ QgT ORKv .L L< LYZ/P .].]gLL
HYp3YLf1'f1'3=]CN[3XYCg.ZEÔI.Lg=FYgLEY_
=]% *.5E P=HYC[g. ZJBYHYC[ $Y/Y ZCgTZ4P $YL f5gEÉgE
$EYT .gLZ4P KZC Z=ZE f=YL ,FL $YJ< .gLE =YQgM H\6g=
FYLZH.=DYgE.=3YM_
$YJYLf3Y/f.YgEYK\g±FLY5TfCg/ZE$B3$YZJN¨ÀgCLPYgB
LÙT[K\g±$gE.g.%DLYNYT[.gLZ4_
f/YCYL.PJf=YJLYC\IY0HN=I]M.gL4$YL=YLPYgBK\g±L
6]XZ.ZEgT4«ZKZEK\g±P\CÙ$YL$Y.Z.QYJMY.YL[_
$YZJf=YJYLZHg²gOL.YLg<F°Z=ZCEF°Z=ZET='Ex[=QZp4$YL
f=YJYL ZQVPY ZHg²O Pg¥{, $YJYL IY0 P\F°PEx Qgp4 HY $YZJ 'ExZ=
.LZ4_
$YJLY P\LY%TY FKv§ fFXjg4 f0Z4 fKE &JYEg. FdZBH[g= ZGZLgT
$YEg=FYZL_
fP%P.MhELYg5LF°Z==Y.Y,KYL$Z0x$N°ÀHEYHLVLHEY
H%gTZCgp4_
*%PHhELYg5LDa~ K/E$Y.YgNCdNJYELQJYEf/YCY=/E
$¶.YLLYg=LFZB.gCLJ\ZL5E$YJYg.CXYR.ZLgTg4E_
fLY0[gCL QYÕ=YN $YJYL $Y0JgEL CYZH .LgMY $YL $YZJ
$YgLYg0LfFTYMYQYg=ZEgT'FZn=QgTf0MYJ_
$YZJ K/E 5YZ=L .Yg4 $YPMYJ =YLY $YJYg. N¨ÀL J= 0YZM
ZCg=BYg.$YL$YJYg.$A[.YL.gLC\IYg0LFBfHg4fET_
=YLYHMgMYfKfPZJBYHYC[3LJZJBY3YL[ZJBYLJa= F°=[.
HLV.YZGLF°=YL.,fMY.fC/YgEYg=$I§_
$YZJ MYZ= , $FJYZE= QgHY * .BY f. HMg= FYgL" f.EEY
$YJYL$ZIIYH.QgME/Y=YJYLLPaMZKZECYgELPJ\C_
fQ FZH¨3ZL¨ , FZH¨ EYgJL EH[ $YFZE Z. $YJYgCL $YFEYL
ZETYJ=fBg.CagLLY/gHE"
$YFZE fP% LPaM KYL IYMHYPY $v§LY=YT f4gT f0g4_ $YFZE
fP%LPaMZKZE$YJYLfCgQ$Y=Y=]M_
$YFZEfP%HZKYLF°Z=$YJYLÖCT$Y.eÍ$YFZEfPP¥{YZKZE
$YJYLfF°JYÔgCL$YPE$MV.e=.LYL5ECµYTJYEQgTg4E_
$YFZE fP% HZ KYL F°Z= IYMHYPY , H¶]g={L .MYg< $YJYg.
%MQYJ,%M.Y*.F°.YL%MQYJ²YLYPYQYK.LYQgTg4_
$YFZE fP HZ ZKZE NZLT= , fQCYTY= ZCgTg4E $YL JYE\Og.
.ÍCYT.fHY6YfBg.J\.gLg4E_
$YJLY hELY5HYC[gCL EYT $YFEYg. f4gR Z.IYgH CagL fKg=
FYZL*Z8$P~|H_$YJYLF°Y<fF°JYZ=NgK,ZHN§=YL0I[L=YL.YLg<
$YFEYL5EZEgHZC=_
$YJYgCL F°I\L 0°vn .]L$YgE $YZJ ZHNYP nYFE .LMYJ $YL fP
P.M$CdgNLPVHYgC,&JYE$YEMYJKY$YFZE$HZQ=.gLg4E_
fQ $YJYL fE=Y fQ C\HMgCL $YN°TnM $YJLY $gCL $=YL
ZN.YLQgTZEKYZ==$HnYT$YFEYL.Yg4*gPZ4_
fF°gJLJd=\fE%HLVP~YZE=LY=YT.gLfQHCYE=YLPaK
$YJLY$YFEYg.IYMHYZP_
fQ$YJYgCLPaK$YJYgCLF°Z=CTY,fxgQLPYgBCdZÍFY=.LÀE
JYE\O$YFEYLZCg.$YN°gTL5E4]g8$YPg4_
$YFZE%P.MfPjIYg0L'UP«KYLF°Z=P.MZEJMÖCT$Y.eÍ
QT_
$YFZE% f5YZ=L 'UP $YL $YFZE% E0L , 5gML f3QYLY
$YgMYZ.=.gLg4E_
$YZJ$YFEYLf5YZ=JZµ=f3QYLYT*JEJZQJYfC/g=FYZp4KY
PagKL-{MfBg.fHZNJYQY=LYg/_
$YJYgCL 5E JY Qg= ZQCYTYg=L PaK 'ZC= QgTg4 $YL CYgEL
F°H<$YJYgCL5EfQLYfBg.F°ÓaZ8=QgTg4_
PagKL $YgMY =XYL f.YgEYf.YgEY f5YZ=L PYgB Z.4]8Y PYJP
LYg/_$YZJK/E=YfC/MYJ$YJYL.YExYL$YLP[JYL%MEY_
$YJLYJ\QY~gCLDgJL5EK\HYgCLEYTF°Y<F<f3ÍY.gL3gMZ4
$YJLY*JEHZLJ=E%«KYL$F°=fE%_
A[T DgJL ZHOgT =¥{YHDYT. f/YCY $YJYgCL JgEYHM 3YY
.gLg4E $YJLY $YJYgCL 1L 5,KY¯g= =e=[T LYZN KY fPjIYg0L
F°=[.QgTBYg.HYAg0ZEJY<.LZ4_
$YJYgCLg.=LHYL[=]MHYEYgEYQgTg4=Y%$YJLYE[3gCLJYBY
,N¨ÀgCL/\ZMfIgfC%_
$YZJE[3,Q[EgCLJgD*.FYFY3YL[,$ZIN¹ZFNY3fC/Z4
fKZEg5QgMYZEgHYDgCLH[K_
fPC\ÊZL¨fEYVLYhELY5HYC[,ZJBY3YL[MÙ[4YRY$YHYLfP
$gCLJYg6PY&CfPjIY0HYE$Y/YZT=QT_
fP '¥LYZD.YLPag¨ F°Y¹ .]GLg. $ZHNYP FZL=Y0 .gL ZE $YL$¶g={ZEg5LZF=YJY=YLPYgBF\gLYPYJPLYg/_
fPIYLg=HPHYP.YL[.[8gCL%*.5E*HV=YgCL%PdÍGPM
fPA[TFaHF\LÀOgCLJ=F°Z=JYFa5YL[gCL$v§I\_
*/E =YL ,FL C\IY0 F°I\={ .Lg4 $YL *% C\IY0% =YL $¶
JYgTLDzVgPL.YL<QgTg4_
$YZJ =Yg. ZJBY F°Z=FEx.YL[ .YZGL $Y/YCY=Y *HV 0YZM ,
fCYOYgLYgFLJYDgJ=]p4=YZp4M.Lg=%fCg/Z4_
fP$YJYg..ÍfCTZ.vm $YJLY$ZIgKY0.ZLEY$YL$YgÙF,
.ZLEYf.EEYfP*..].]L«KYLF°Y<f1'f1'.LYL5EH0°_
Z8.Y
5,KYHYLLYZNL=e=[TZ8g.HMYQT5,KYHYZJB\E«*Z8IYMnYEHY
IYM0°Q0<QT_
N¨À=Y=YLf3Yg/LFY=YTDaMYLP\LJYfMFE.gLg4*/Ef3Yg/
/R.]8YFRYfBg.f.=Yg.LÙY.Lg=FYgL"
fQ $ZIP~ÔYU.YL[ ZEWPgwCgQ =¥{YHDYT. f/YCY fC/g4E =]%
$YJYL$ZIIYH.PHNZJYEF°I]LNYZ§g.IT.L_
P= , P==Yg. ORKv , F°=YL<YL $Z0xg= 5{YMYgEY P~|H ET
3YJZ3.YPagKLZ.%HYÙZ=.Lg=FYgL"
$YZJfC/Z4=]%*JEIYgH3ZMPfKE$QV.YgLf=YLJYZ8g=%FY
FgREY_=]%Z.fPZCEg.I]gMZ0gTZ4PfKZCEÙ=ZELYJgTLFZLHg=
$YL,4ZRgTFRgH_
C\IY0HN= F°HdZ¥L .YJEYHYPEYL CYP={ .ZLP EY F°HdZ¥L 8YE
f=Yg..agFZEgÙF.LgH_
F°HdZ¥ *.Z8 fEYVLY f1YRY *L ZFg9 HPYL ZHOgT PYHDYE *
$ZETZv=f1YRYKYg=f=Yg.IbFYZ==EY.gLfPZHOgTPYHDYEfBg.Y_
ZEÊT FdZBH[g= PHg3gT ÙZ=.L ZHOT QgMY ZHO HY 0LM $YL
ZHgOLf3gTITYHQZHOTQgMYF\<HYEgCLZHgLYZD=Y_
=]%$YJYg.PQ5Y=fEYVLYJ[L.YLg<.ÍZCgTZ4Pf5gELY/
fQFYFY3YL[LHVNKZC=]%MYEYLPYgBEYJZLP=YQgM$YZJP=HYC[
E%_
$YMÒYQ f=YL ZG.Yg. MYZ= .LgHE $YL $YJYg. P~YE fCgHE
*.FKYgTJYE\O$YJYLF=Y.Y=gMPJgH=QgH_
fQ$YJYgCLF°I]$YJYgCLJYg6P~YE5E.IYgHJ[JYVPY.LfQ
fP%P¥{YfK$YJYLÖCT,$v§LY=YP~Ôg.$HZQ=_
fQ fP% P¥{Y KYL ²YL $YZJ ZI/YL[gCL 5E f/YMY FY% $YJYL
fCYTYF°=Y/E.gLYEY_
IbZJ.~ÔP~Ôg.IZHO²Y<[
3NJYgTJP[ZQF\§g.ZMZFH±LgTg4
H¶]0<5Y0°=Q,f.EEYF\ELYTIaZJ.~Ô$Y1Y=QYEg='C=
$Z3gL%$YgL.HYLf/YCYA[TNZJ¥YLZH.YN18Yg=F°m=_
fGHÀTYL[JYgPf=YJLYfKIaZJ.~ÔfCg/4
ZEZÊ=BY.g=FYLfK=YZ4MfHY6YgEYL'g©gN*.Z8ÕYLJY¨_
H¶]0<$N°ÀHYZLZHP5EZCgTKBYP~|H*Z8*RYgEYLf3ÍY.L
fQ'CYP[E0<$Y.YN*/E$Z0xHO<.Lg='C=_
IaZJ.~Ôf.E%HY$YPgHEY"f/YCYI[Z=fKfMYFfFgTg4
J\PMJYEf.HMEYgJJY¨J\PMJYELgTf0g4_
f/YCYI[Z=LAYÙLfLg/f.'$YJYg.0°Q<.gLZE$YLf.'ZQVPYg²O
FZLQYL.gLZE_
fKE$YJYL5[HEf.HM=YgCL0YZMfNYEYL5E%
P.gM%$YJYg..YZGLCYYM,$HYD$Y/YfCT
f.$Yg4fKP==Y,ZEÎYLPYgBZHNYP.Lg=F°m="
fK%f=YJYLf3Yg/FRgH=Yg..]DYL<YLfÙg¨P[JYMq1E.YL[FYgH
KZCf.'.YL<Z5gP.gL=YLYN=N=fCYO¨ÀZ8L$5\QY=fC/YT_
=YLYDJg.5MYZMZCgT50=g.IYgMYHYgP
N=fHY6YgM,.Y'g.$E\=YF.Lg=fC/YKYTEY_
DgJLPJPYfCg/$YJYLF°Y<HYT\fHZLgTKY,TYL'FJQT
Z.vmf/YCYLQY=*/E*ÖCTg.NZfKY0YgH_
Z8.Y $BYU P.M fCgN IaZJ.Õ $YPgH fFÓ0 fC/Y fCgH *HV Jd=]L
fHNZ.4].YL<JYBY3YRYfCgH_
*MgÙ*/E=XYL$Y=YZIJYEf=YJYgCLf.YgEYZECNEfC/YgH
5[HgEL5E*%ÕJZ.PH¨A[TBYHYZH§e=.Lg=KYgp4_
Z.4]JYE\gOLF°Y<QYZELJYDgJ*/EDgJLZ.4]8YPYQYKMYIQgH
E=]HYfQH¶]0<DgJL*.ZCEZHEYN18gH_
*.PJT*.ZHNYM5Eg0YÎ[*DgJL5EZEgHZC=Z4M*/E$HnY
fNY3E[T
Z.vm*/E*.CYPYE\CYP,*%DJg.ZJBYF°Z=FEx.Lg=H0°_
IbZJ.g~ÔLIZHO²Y<[.ZH=Y
H¶]0<IaZJ.g~ÔL$Y1Y=QYEYLZCE1ZEgT$YPg4
IaZJ.~Ôg=YET*fKEFdZBH[Qg=ZHCYgTLÙ<_
f=YJLYP\g/%$Y4Z.vm$YZJZEg5L.BYZ.%HYHMgHY
$YJYLf3Yg/LPYJgEJQYI[Z=F°CZCE1\LFY./Ygp4_
fQ'CYP[E0<f/YCYf.EfYDYZvA="=Y$YJYg.Z5gP.L
fKZCE$YJYg.ZJBYF°Z=FEx.LYQgTg4fPZCEZ8%*g.f:g.*gEg4_
=XYL$Y=YZIJYEZ.F°.YN.Lg=KYgp4$ELY=Y5YgEEY
Z.vm=YF°.YgNLZCEfP%H¶]ZEg5%=YgCL*P~Ôg.$HZQ=.LgHE_
Z=ZEA[TZECNgEL-{MFXY3HYLF°.YN.LgHE
*Z8f/YCYL'Zf=YJLYfPZCEH\6g=FYLgHfKZCEZ=ZEH\6YgHE_
fQP¶YE[0<f=YJLY$YEZwC=Q,f.EEY$YJYLfP%fF°JYÔgCL
f3QYLYF°.YgNLPJTPZEx.g8_
fPPJTPJY0=K/E&PY$YJYT:Y.gHE
CYYM$Y/YZT=.LYLZCE$Ç%$HZNÍ$Yg4_
fQZF°Tf/YCY$gQYLY¨*Z8%$YJYL$Y.]Z=
fP%JQYZHFgCLZCEfKE$YJLYf=YJYLf.YgM9XY%FY%_
fQ$YJYLZF°Tf/YCY$YZJZEg5g.JYE\OEYgJLfKY0JgE.ZLEYHLV
$YZJJYZ8L.[8_
fP%$Z0xHOg<LZCE=]ZJf=YJYL.eFYHYZLg=DE.gLY_
fQ$YJYL$EEH¶]fQ$YJYL$YN°TnM
ZE5$E\0°gQfPZCEg.DJF°PYgLLZCEF°JY<.L_
fQ$YJYLPHNZJYEZF°Tf/YCY$YJYg.$YHYLDgJLHPv§fC/Y,
$YL.=.YM$YJLYJYE\gOLZH¿YZv§4RYgEYF°=Ù.LgHY"
DgJLN¨ÀgCL*/EZCE$YL$YJYgCL,FLf4gT$Yg4Z=ZJLLY=
fQ$YJYLPaK*DgJL'ExZ=LK\0fC/Y,_
ÖCTPV.]Z3=$YLF°Y<,ÎY0=
*.HYLfxQCdZÍCY,fKEf=YJYLÉIY0JgELZCEP={L$YgP_
$YFEf3QYLYF°CNgELJYDgJ$YJYg.C\W/fBg.FZL¨Y<CY,
QYÕ=YgPL*K\0$YL.=C[1QgH"
*.8]/HLEY,f=YJYL0ZMg=*.YLQYÕ=YN,fLYCE"
fQ$YJYLZF°TH¶]=]ZJZ.Jd=\LZCE$YPgH"
fQ$YJYL.Y¹YE4]g8$YP*%fEj.YZEJJYE
fQH¶]*%HY0YgEL,FL6LYL)=]*gPf0g4_
fQ$YJYLZF°Tf/YCYKZCZ.4]QTf=YJYLQYg=%QgH
E=]HYDJ*/EJd=gCQPCdN$YL*L$Zv§J.eg=LPJT*gPf0g4_
*.Z8QgM,ZECNEfC/Y,f.EEYDJ*/E$YLf3EYKYTEY
F°Y<HYT\fHZLgTKY,TYL'FJQgp4LÙY.gÇCÀ=FCgÙFEY,_
$YJYLÖCgTL$Z0x$HgNgOZ.4]8YQgM,F°IYHfCZ/gTg4
*/EIaFdgÎ$Z0xF°{ZM=.LYLPJT*gPf0g4_
K/EfBg.DgJLC\Wg/$YZJJa4YfKg=BYZ.
*JEFY0MF°YTJYE\gOL5[HEFdZBH[L$HnY%FYgÅZCgTg4_
3wC,PaKC\¯g8Y0°Qg<LZECNEF°.YN.gLg4
$YLIaZJ,IaZJ.g~ÔLZCEJYLY=.IYgHF°.Z~Ô=QgTg4_
fPf.KYLwCgE$Y.YN,f.XgC'g9g4"
KYL$YQY5YZLLPJT*FdZBH[g=IaZJ.~Ô*gPg4"
fQ$YJYLZF°T$YJYLJYg6fKhDKNZZ4M=Y*/E$YLfE%
fQ$YJYLZF°T$YJYg.*JEZCEfC/Y,KY*ÖCTg.'[ZH=.LgH_
H¶]0<fPH¶]DgJLPJPYHM[A3gÙF°=Ù.gLg4E
$Z3gL%*%HY0YgELP5[HQ,TY,ZQgMÒYZM=Q,TYLPJT$YPg4_
C[1ZCEfBg..]GL[DJg.ZEWgNO.gL3gMg4
ZEZÊ=f5gEYfK*/E.]GL[LZHM\Z¹LPJT*gPf0g4_
*Z8$=v§.Z9EPJT$YLITI[Z=f4gT$Yg4
Z.vmfQH¶]0<fP%H¶]g.FY,TYL*Z8%PJT_
Ag0DgJLPYQYgKL5E*.Z8$YgMYREPdZÍQgTg4
*/EZ4ExFY=YL)=]FYZMgTg4$YLGMDLYLfJjP\J*gPf0g4_
fP%0YEf0gTYEYKYA00YTEY
fQ$¶LY*/EDgJLmZ=0Y,TYLPJT_
ZQVPYZHg²gOL.YLg<DJgPHYLPJTEÍ.gL4
fQJYEHJµZM$E\=YgFL*%P\H<P\gKY0fKEfQMYTQY=4YRYEYQT_
Al-Istifta (Questions to conscience)
After the death of Arya Samaji Pandit Lekhram in accordance to the
prophecy of Hadhrat Mirza Ghulam Ahmad (as), the Aryas raised a
hue and cry and made a lot of propaganda to the effect that he had a
hand in the murder of Lekhram. Hadhrat Ahmad (as) said that he
would like to excuse them, for they did not know anything about the
revelation from God and His prophecies with their fulfillment. The
prophecy had been actually made not less than seventeen years before
the assassination of Lekhram. It has been fulfilled very clearly leaving
no room for any doubt. He wanted the people to testify that the
prophecy had actually been fulfilled. For this purpose, he published
the book called 'Istifta'. At the end of the book, he published a form to
be filled by the people with their particulars. In Istifta, he gives the
details of the prophecy about Lekhram and asks his readers to ponder
upon the matter deeply.
He reminded that, according to the Holy Qur'an and the Bible, the
criterion of the truth of a Prophet lies in the fulfillment of his
prophecies and with this, they should judge him. He says that as long
ago as the publication of Baraheen-i-Ahmadiyya, he had been foretold
that he would have to confront three trials. Those trials were:
1. The case of Abdullah Atham.
2. The mischief caused by Maulvi Muhammad Hussain, whose
treacherous activity is simply unparalleled in the history of the Ulema.
3. The mischief of the Aryas, and this is mostly connected with the
activities of Lekhram and his death at the hand of an unknown
assasin.
At the end of the book, Hadhrat Ahmad (as) says that he intends to get
all three things translated into English for circulation in Europe, for
they (the Europeans) have more courage to help the truth.
(In Arabic-Published in 1897)
#N+UVKHVC
3WGUVKQPUVQEQPUEKGPEG
D[*CFJTCV/KT\C)JWNCO#JOCF3CFKCPK
+5$0
CU
6JG2TQOKUGF/GUUKCJCPF+OCO/CJFK
VTCPUNCVGFKPVQ$CPINCD[
/CWNCPC(GTQ\#NCO
%+UNCO+PVGTPCVKQPCN2WDNKECVKQPU.VF7-
RWDNKUJGFD[
#JOCFK[[C/WUNKO,COCCV$CPINCFGUJ
$CMUJK$C\CT4QCF&JCMC
© Copyright 2026 ExpyDoc