The Blackwell Companion to Naturalism Blackwell Companions to Philosophy This outstanding student reference series offers a comprehensive and authoritative survey of philosophy as a whole. Written by today’s leading philosophers, each volume provides lucid and engaging coverage of the key figures, terms, topics, and problems of the field. Taken together, the volumes provide the ideal basis for course use, representing an unparalleled work of reference for students and specialists alike. Already published in the series: 1. The Blackwell Companion to Philosophy, Second Edition Edited by Nicholas Bunnin and Eric Tsui-James 2. A Companion to Ethics Edited by Peter Singer 3. A Companion to Aesthetics, Second Edition Edited by Stephen Davies, Kathleen Marie Higgins, Robert Hopkins, Robert Stecker, and David E. Cooper 4. A Companion to Epistemology, Second Edition Edited by Jonathan Dancy, Ernest Sosa and Matthias Steup 5. A Companion to Contemporary Political Philosophy (two-volume set), Second Edition Edited by Robert E. Goodin and Philip Pettit 6. A Companion to Philosophy of Mind Edited by Samuel Guttenplan 7. A Companion to Metaphysics, Second Edition Edited by Jaegwon Kim, Ernest Sosa and Gary S. Rosenkrantz 8. A Companion to Philosophy of Law and Legal Theory, Second Edition Edited by Dennis Patterson 9. A Companion to Philosophy of Religion, Second Edition Edited by Charles Taliaferro, Paul Draper, and Philip L. Quinn 10. A Companion to the Philosophy of Language Edited by Bob Hale and Crispin Wright 11. A Companion to World Philosophies Edited by Eliot Deutsch and Ron Bontekoe 12. A Companion to Continental Philosophy Edited by Simon Critchley and William Schroeder 13. A Companion to Feminist Philosophy Edited by Alison M. Jaggar and Iris Marion Young 14. A Companion to Cognitive Science Edited by William Bechtel and George Graham 15. A Companion to Bioethics, Second Edition Edited by Helga Kuhse and Peter Singer 16. A Companion to the Philosophers Edited by Robert L. Arrington 17. A Companion to Business Ethics Edited by Robert E. Frederick 18. A Companion to the Philosophy of Science Edited by W. H. Newton-Smith 19. A Companion to Environmental Philosophy Edited by Dale Jamieson 20. A Companion to Analytic Philosophy Edited by A. P. Martinich and David Sosa 21. A Companion to Genethics Edited by Justine Burley and John Harris 22. A Companion to Philosophical Logic Edited by Dale Jacquette 23. A Companion to Early Modern Philosophy Edited by Steven Nadler 24. A Companion to Philosophy in the Middle Ages Edited by Jorge J. E. Gracia and Timothy B. Noone 25. A Companion to African-American Philosophy Edited by Tommy L. Lott and John P. Pittman 26. A Companion to Applied Ethics Edited by R. G. Frey and Christopher Heath Wellman 27. A Companion to the Philosophy of Education Edited by Randall Curren 28. A Companion to African Philosophy Edited by Kwasi Wiredu 29. A Companion to Heidegger Edited by Hubert L. Dreyfus and Mark A. Wrathall 30. A Companion to Rationalism Edited by Alan Nelson 31. A Companion to Pragmatism Edited by John R. Shook and Joseph Margolis 32. A Companion to Ancient Philosophy Edited by Mary Louise Gill and Pierre Pellegrin 33. A Companion to Nietzsche Edited by Keith Ansell Pearson 34. A Companion to Socrates Edited by Sara Ahbel-Rappe and Rachana Kamtekar 35. A Companion to Phenomenology and Existentialism Edited by Hubert L. Dreyfus and Mark A. Wrathall 36. A Companion to Kant Edited by Graham Bird 37. A Companion to Plato Edited by Hugh H. Benson 38. A Companion to Descartes Edited by Janet Broughton and John Carriero 39. A Companion to the Philosophy of Biology Edited by Sahotra Sarkar and Anya Plutynski 40. A Companion to Hume Edited by Elizabeth S. Radcliffe 41. A Companion to the Philosophy of History and Historiography Edited by Aviezer Tucker 42. A Companion to Aristotle Edited by Georgios Anagnostopoulos 43. A Companion to the Philosophy of Technology Edited by Jan-Kyrre Berg Olsen, Stig Andur Pedersen, and Vincent F. Hendricks 44. A Companion to Latin American Philosophy Edited by Susana Nuccetelli, Ofelia Schutte, and Otávio Bueno 45. A Companion to the Philosophy of Literature Edited by Garry L. Hagberg and Walter Jost 46. A Companion to the Philosophy of Action Edited by Timothy O’Connor and Constantine Sandis 47. A Companion to Relativism Edited by Steven D. Hales 48. A Companion to Hegel Edited by Stephen Houlgate and Michael Baur 49. A Companion to Schopenhauer Edited by Bart Vandenabeele 50. A Companion to Buddhist Philosophy Edited by Steven M. Emmanuel 51. A Companion to Foucault Edited by Christopher Falzon, Timothy O’Leary, and Jana Sawicki 52. A Companion to the Philosophy of Time Edited by Heather Dyke and Adrian Bardon 53. A Companion to Donald Davidson Edited by Ernest Lepore and Kirk Ludwig 54. A Companion to Rawls Edited by Jon Mandle and David Reidy 55. A Companion to W.V.O Quine Edited by Gilbert Harman and Ernest Lepore 56. A Companion to Derrida Edited by Zeynep Direk and Leonard Lawlor 57. A Companion to David Lewis Edited by Barry Loewer and Jonathan Schaffer 58. A Companion to Kierkegaard Edited by Jon Stewart 59. A Companion to Locke Edited by Matthew Stuart 60. The Blackwell Companion to Hermeneutics Edited by Niall Keane and Chris Lawn 61. A Companion to Ayn Rand Edited by Allan Gotthelf and Gregory Salmieri 62. The Blackwell Companion to Naturalism Edited by Kelly James Clark The Blackwell Companion to Naturalism Edited by Kelly James Clark This edition first published 2016 © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Inc Registered Office John Wiley & Sons, Inc, The Atrium, Southern Gate, Chichester, West Sussex, PO19 8SQ, UK Editorial Offices 350 Main Street, Malden, MA 02148‐5020, USA 9600 Garsington Road, Oxford, OX4 2DQ, UK The Atrium, Southern Gate, Chichester, West Sussex, PO19 8SQ, UK For details of our global editorial offices, for customer services, and for information about how to apply for permission to reuse the copyright material in this book please see our website at www.wiley.com/wiley‐blackwell. The right of Kelly James Clark to be identified as the author of the editorial material in this work has been asserted in accordance with the UK Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, except as permitted by the UK Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988, without the prior permission of the publisher. Wiley also publishes its books in a variety of electronic formats. Some content that appears in print may not be available in electronic books. Designations used by companies to distinguish their products are often claimed as trademarks. All brand names and product names used in this book are trade names, service marks, trademarks or registered trademarks of their respective owners. The publisher is not associated with any product or vendor mentioned in this book. Limit of Liability/Disclaimer of Warranty: While the publisher and author have used their best efforts in preparing this book, they make no representations or warranties with respect to the accuracy or completeness of the contents of this book and specifically disclaim any implied warranties of merchantability or fitness for a particular purpose. It is sold on the understanding that the publisher is not engaged in rendering professional services and neither the publisher nor the author shall be liable for damages arising herefrom. If professional advice or other expert assistance is required, the services of a competent professional should be sought. Library of Congress Cataloging‐in‐Publication Data Names: Clark, Kelly James, 1956– editor. Title: A companion to naturalism / edited by Kelly James Clark. Description: 1 [edition]. | Hoboken : John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2016. | Includes index. Identifiers: LCCN 2015041263 | ISBN 9781118657607 (hardback) Subjects: LCSH: Naturalism. | BISAC: PHILOSOPHY / Metaphysics. Classification: LCC B828.2.C58 2016 | DDC 146–dc23 LC record available at http://lccn.loc.gov/2015041263 A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library. Set in 10/12.5 Minion by SPi Global, Pondicherry, India 1 2016 To Michael Murray, friend and philosopher Contents List of Contributors Preface 1 Naturalism and its Discontents Kelly James Clark 2 Naturalizing Ethics Owen Flanagan, Hagop Sarkissian, and David Wong 3 Naturalism in the Continental Tradition Keith Ansell Pearson and John Protevi 4 The Naturalism Question in Feminism Ásta Sveinsdóttir 5 On Naturalistic Metaphysics Thomas M. Crisp 6 Naturalism and Realism in the Philosophy Science Matteo Morganti 7 Naturalism without Scientism P. Kyle Stanford 8 “The Horrid Doubt”: Naturalism and Evolutionary Biology Valerie Gray Hardcastle 9 Naturalism and Antinaturalism in the Sociology of Science Dorothea Olkowski 10 Why Methodological Naturalism? Hans Halvorson 11 Naturalism and the Question of Realism Drew Khlentzos 12 Non‐Naturalistic Metaphysics Hud Hudson 13 Naturalism and Physicalism Barbara Gail Montero and David Papineau 14 Natural Mind Brian L. Keeley ix xii 1 16 34 49 61 75 91 109 124 136 150 168 182 196 viii C ontents 15 Naturalism and Dualism Joseph Levine 16 Epistemological Naturalisms C.S.I. Jenkins 17 Dewey, Naturalism, and the Problem of Knowledge Douglas McDermid 18 Truth and Naturalism Douglas Edwards, Filippo Ferrari, and Michael P. Lynch 19 Against Naturalism about Truth Berit Brogaard 20 Mathematics and Metaphysical Naturalism Gideon Rosen 21 Naturalism and Mathematics: Some Problems Jeffrey W. Roland 22 Naturalism and Free Will Neil Levy 23 Free Will and Naturalism: How to Be a Libertarian, and a Naturalist Too Kevin Timpe and Jonathan D. Jacobs 24 Does the New Wave in Moral Psychology Sink Kant? Valerie Tiberius 25 Naturalism in Metaethics Jussi Suikkanen 26 Evolution and Moral Naturalism Richard Joyce 27 Scientific Naturalism and the Explanation of Moral Beliefs: Challenging Evolutionary Debunking William J. FitzPatrick 28 What’s to be Said for Moral Non‐Naturalism? Terence D. Cuneo 29 Naturalism and Moral Psychology Christian B. Miller 30 Militant Modern Atheism Philip Kitcher 31 Why Naturalism Cannot Account for Natural Human Rights Nicholas Wolterstorff 32 Cognitive and Evolutionary Approaches to Religion Robert N. McCauley 33 The Naturalness of Religious Belief: Epistemological Implications Helen De Cruz 34 Naturalism in Indian Philosophy Amita Chatterjee 35 The Natural History of Shame and its Modification by Confucian Culture Ryan Nichols Index 209 220 234 246 262 277 289 305 319 336 351 369 386 401 416 435 447 462 481 494 512 528 List of Contributors Ásta Sveinsdóttir San Francisco State University San Francisco, CA, USA Douglas Edwards Hamilton College Clinton, NY, USA Berit Brogaard University of Miami, Miami, FL, USA University of Oslo Oslo, Norway Filippo Ferrari University of Aberdeen Aberdeen, UK Amita Chatterjee School of Cognitive Science Jadavpur University Kolkata, India Kelly James Clark Kaufman Institute Grand Valley State University Allendale, MI, USA Thomas M. Crisp Biola University Brea, CA, USA Terence D. Cuneo University of Vermont Burlington, VT, USA Helen De Cruz Faculty of Humanities VU University Amsterdam Amsterdam, The Netherlands William J. FitzPatrick University of Rochester Rochester, NY, USA Owen Flanagan Duke University Durham, NC, USA Hans Halvorson Princeton University Princeton, NJ, USA Valerie Gray Hardcastle University of Cincinnati California, KY, USA Hud Hudson Western Washington University Bellingham, WA, USA Jonathan D. Jacobs St. Louis University Saint Louis, MO, USA x LIST OF CONTRIBUTORS C.S.I. Jenkins University of British Columbia Vancouver, BC, Canada Barbara Gail Montero CUNY New York, NY, USA Richard Joyce Victorian University of Wellington Wellington, New Zealand Matteo Morganti Department of Philosophy Communication and Performing Arts University of Rome ‘Roma TRE’ Rome, Italy Brian L. Keeley Pitzer College Claremont, CA, USA Drew Khlentzos Australian Research Centre of Excellence in Cognition and its Disorders and Department of Linguistics Macquarie University Australia Philip Kitcher Columbia University New York, NY, USA Joseph Levine UMass Amherst Leverett, MA, USA Neil Levy Oxford University St. Kilda East, Australia Michael P. Lynch University of Connecticut Mansfield Center, CT, USA Robert N. McCauley Emory University Atlanta, GA, USA Douglas McDermid Trent University Peterborough, ON, Canada Christian B. Miller Wake Forest University Winston‐Salem, NC, USA Ryan Nichols Department of Philosophy California State University, Fullerton Fullerton, CA, USA Dorothea Olkowski University of Colorado, Colorado Spring Colorado Springs, CO, USA David Papineau CUNY, New York, NY, USA Kings College, London London, UK Keith Ansell Pearson University of Warwick Coventry, UK John Protevi Louisiana State University Baton Rouge, LA, USA Jeffrey W. Roland Louisiana State University Baton Rouge, LA, USA Gideon Rosen Princeton University Princeton, NJ, USA Hagop Sarkissian Department of Philosophy, Baruch College CUNY New York, NY, USA LIST OF CONTRIBUTORS P. Kyle Stanford University of California, Department of Logic and Philosophy of Science Irvine, CA, USA Jussi Suikkanen University of Birmingham Edgbaston Birmingham, UK Valerie Tiberius University of Minnesota Minneapolis, MN, USA Kevin Timpe Northwest Nazarene College Nampa, ID, USA Nicholas Wolterstorff Yale University Grand Rapids, MI, USA David Wong Duke University Durham, NC, USA xi Preface A few years ago, I read Owen Flanagan, Hagop Sarkissian and David Wong’s essay, “Naturalizing Ethics.”1 Unlike much recent philosophy, it was expansive, bold, and incomplete. I mean all of those as compliments. It laid out, very clearly, their understanding of naturalism, and then explored the implications of naturalism thus understood for ethics. As they are keenly aware, defending naturalism and a naturalized ethics requires considerably more attention than a single essay affords. But sometimes philosophers should think broadly, worldviewishly, and suggestively; leave the pesky details to be filled in later (perhaps by others). I wrote to Owen and asked if he’d be willing to let me use that essay as the opening salvo in a contrasting‐views book on naturalism and, after consulting with Hagop and David, he generously agreed. I approached Blackwell with the completed project and they encouraged me to think bigger. By the time we were done thinking, the idea for the Blackwell Companion to Naturalism had emerged. It would define and develop naturalism. It would also offer criticisms, friendly and otherwise. And it would contain essays, like the original piece, that would speak to a wide audience in broad and suggestive ways. A few years later, voila, the book is now complete. “Voila” makes it sound easier than it was. I felt at times, in the lyrics of the Bob Seger tune, that I was running against the wind; that sounds overly dramatic, but I was faced with difficult decisions about “what to leave in, what to leave out.” Naturalism and ethics seemed one of the contemporary pressure points for assessing the prospects and problems of naturalism; there are more essays on this topic than any other. More topics emerged, such as truth, knowledge, science, metaphysics, mind, social–political philosophy, and religion. I sought defenders on the extremes of these views – not to be provocative, but to help the reader get a better sense of a lively, ongoing, and even important debate. Of course, on the running‐against‐the‐wind score, there were scofflaws that missed deadlines and ignored my entreaties! The completed volume offers a snapshot of a moving target. How should we conceive of naturalism, and what are its consequences for, say, ethics or knowledge? It’s a moving target partly because naturalism constitutes more than a denial of supernaturalism; it also includes 1 Reprinted as Chapter 2 in this volume. Preface xiii some sort of special allegiance to science. But science has not, as far as we know, achieved its final form, and there is much that is as yet scientifically unknown. So we simply don’t know exactly what allegiance to science entails for this or that philosophical topic. Naturalism and its consequences is a work in progress. I am grateful for the kind support and encouragement of my wife, Susan. This work was generously supported by a grant from the John Templeton Foundation. Kelly James Clark
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