Use of the parasitoid Encarsia formosa against the whitefly Trialeurodes vaporariorum Hackl Thomas Reil Daniela Trialeurodes vaporariorum • • • • • • • Kingdom ‐ Animalia Phylum ‐ Arthropoda Class ‐ Insecta Order ‐ Homoptera Family ‐ Aleyrodidae Genus ‐ Trialeurodes Species ‐ Trialeurodes vaporariorum Trialeurodes vaporariorum • Adult 1 – 2mm • Eggs 0.2mm laid in a circle • 1st larva stage moveable (crawler) • 2nd – 4th sessile covered by waxy layer • Oval pupae with wax filaments Encarsia formosa • • • • • • • Kingdom – Animalia Phylum – Arthropoda Class – Insecta Order – Hymenoptera Family – Aphelinidae Genus – Encarsia Species – Encarsia formosa Encarsia formosa • Adult about 0.6mm • Feeds on honeydew and on haemolymph (host‐feeding) • Deposits one egg per host. Prefers L3 and L4 • All stages develop inside the larva Host finding • Host habit finding/ Long distance orientation ‐ Colour ‐ HIPV´s • Host finding on the plant ‐ Honeydew • Acceptance of the host ‐ Age and Size ‐ Already parsitized ‐ Used for host‐feeding HIPV´s History • • • • • T. vaporiarorum introduced in GB ~1860 B. tabaci introduced in 1986 1926 first control with natural enemies in GB 1940´s chemical pest control 1960´s – Resistance developed Æ Return to biological control of the whitefly by E. formosa in glasshouses Demands of E. formosa • Light: ‐ min 4200 Lux for flight activity ‐ Optimum: 7300Lux • Temperature: ‐ 12°C flight activity ‐ 15°C oviposition • Susceptible to insecticides/ fungicides Biological control strategies Inoculative • Long term crops • Tolerance to pest built up • Pest controlled by parasitoid and its offspring • Release starts at planting • Continued until parasitized nymphs are seen • Reduction based on parasitized level • E.g. tomato, sweet pepper Inundative • Short term crops & ornamental plants • Low pest tolerance • Pest controlled by released Parasitoid • Act as parasitoids and predators • E.g. poinsettia Literature • • • • • • Albert R. et al (2010): Biologischer Pflanzenschutz. Aid info dienst. Ernährung, Landwirtschaft, Verbraucherschutz e.V. Bonn. Birklett K. et al. (2003): Volatiles from whitefly‐ infested plants elicit a host‐ locating response in the parasitoid, Encarsia formosa. Journal of Chemial Ecology. Vol. 29. Driesche R., Hoddle M. und Center T. (2008).: Control of Pests and Weeds by Natural Enemies. An Introduction to biological control. Blackwell Puplishing. Romeis J. und Zebitz C. (1996): Searching behaviour of Encarsia formosa as mediated by colour and honeydew. Entomologia Experimentalis et Applicata 82. Kluwer Academic Pubisher. Fortmann M. (1993): Das grosse Kosmosbuch der Nützlinge. Neue Wege der biologischen Schädlingsbekämpfung. Franckh‐Kosmos Verlags GmbH & Co. Stuttgard. http://nature.berkeley.edu/biocon/BC%20Class%20Notes/38‐ 45.Pred_Para%20Traits.pdf Images http://www.bioforce.net.nz/products/encarsia_formosa.html http://www.bcpcertis.com/Certis.bcp/English/Home/Our+Solutions/Biological+Contro ls/Whitefly+control/page.aspx/994 http://www.ghorganics.com/whiteflies.html http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whitefly http://nzacfactsheets.landcareresearch.co.nz/factsheet/OrganismProfile/Cabbage_w hitefly_‐_Aleyrodes_proletella.html http://www.gardeninsects.com/encarsiaFormosa.asp http://www.uvm.edu/pss/greenhouse2/Ipm.html http://www.arbico‐organics.com/product/whitefly‐parasites‐encarsia/pest‐solver‐ guide‐whitefly http://www.amazon.co.uk/Encarsia‐whitefly‐control‐Full‐Course/dp/B0030MC1FM http://www.nhm.ac.uk/researchcuration/research/projects/chalcidoids/database/me dia.dsml?IMAGENO=chalc375&VALGENUS=Encarsia&VALSPECIES=formosa&isVio
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