Suppletion & Syncretism

Suppletion & Syncretism
基本概念と WP アプローチ
乙黒亮
早稲田大学法学学術院・言語情報研究所
Morphological Theory in the 21st Century
早稲田大学
2015.10.17.
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標準型屈折からの逸脱
1
標準型屈折からの逸脱
2
形態論における 2 つの軸
3
Suppletion
4
Syncretism
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標準型屈折からの逸脱
標準型屈折
構造
語幹
接辞
語形
同語彙素
同
同
異
異
異語彙素
同
異
同
異
sg
pl
sg
pl
nom dog-a dog-i cat-a cat-i
acc dog-e dog-o cat-e cat-o
表 1: 標準型屈折の例 (cf. Corbett 2007a:23–4)
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標準型屈折からの逸脱
標準型からの逸脱（同語彙素）
構造
語幹
接辞
標準型
同
同
異
逸脱
異
異
同
タイプ
迂言形など
補充法（suppletion）など
同形態（syncretism）など
suppletion
syncretism
dog-a dog-i dog-a dog-i
dog-e cat-o dog-e dog-i
表 2: 標準型からの逸脱（同語彙素） (cf. Corbett 2007a:27–8)
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標準型屈折からの逸脱
1
2
3
sg
jest-em
jest-eś
jest
pl
jest-eśmy
jest-eście
s-a̧
表 3: ポーランド語 być ‘be’（現在形）の補充法 (Corbett 2007a:26)
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標準型屈折からの逸脱
nom
acc
gen
dat
inst
loc
sg
pl
komnata komnaty
komnatu komnaty
komnaty komnat
komnate komnatam
komnatoj komnatami
komnate komnatax
表 4: ロシア語 komnata ‘room’ の同形態 (Corbett 2007a:26)
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標準型屈折からの逸脱
標準型からの逸脱（異語彙素）
構造
語幹
接辞
標準型
同
異
同
逸脱
異
同
異
タイプ
活用欠乏，過剰差異化など
同音異義（homonymy）など
異態（deponency）など
deponency
sg
pl
sg
pl
sg
dog-a dog-i cat-a cat-i pig-i
dog-e dog-o cat-e cat-o pig-o
表 5: 標準型からの逸脱（異語彙素） (cf. Corbett 2007a:27–9)
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標準型屈折からの逸脱
1sg
2sg
3sg
1pl
2pl
3pl
amāre
active
amō
amās
amat
amāmus
amātis
amant
‘love’
passive
amor
amāris
amaātur
amāmur
amāmini
amantur
mı̄ror ‘admire’
active
passive
mı̄ror
mı̄rāris
mı̄rātur
mı̄rāmur
mı̄rāmini
mı̄rantur
表 6: ラテン語の態 (Corbett 2007a:29)
▶
関連データの DM による分析は Embick (2000)．それに対する
批判は Sadler and Spencer (2001)．
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標準型屈折からの逸脱
データベース
The Surrey Suppletion Database
http://www.smg.surrey.ac.uk/suppletion/
The Surrey Syncretisms Database
http://www.smg.surrey.ac.uk/syncretism/
▶
SMG のデータベース一覧:
http://www.smg.surrey.ac.uk/databases/
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形態論における 2 つの軸
1
標準型屈折からの逸脱
2
形態論における 2 つの軸
3
Suppletion
4
Syncretism
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形態論における 2 つの軸
lexical inferential
incremantal IA/IP AM
realisational DM
WP
表 7: 形態論のアプローチ (Stump 2001:1–3)
▶
▶
▶
▶
Item-and-Arrangment (IA)/Item-and-Process (IP) (Hockett
1954)
Distributed Morphology (DM) (Halle and Marantz 1993)
Articulated Morphology (AM) (Steele 1995)
Word-and-Paradigm (WP) (Robins 1959, Matthews 1972,
Anderson 1992, Stump 2001)
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形態論における 2 つの軸
Incremental
具現形（exponent）の付加により活用形が形態統語素性を獲得する
Realisational
形態統語素性が具現化された結果活用形が作られる
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形態論における 2 つの軸
Lexical
形態素（morpheme）を仮定する（DM では音形とは独立した素性）
Inferential
語根・語幹と活用形とは規則（rule）や定式（formula）によって関
係づけられる
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形態論における 2 つの軸
sg
pl
sg
pl
nom dog-a dog-i cat-a cat-i
acc dog-e dog-o cat-e cat-o
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形態論における 2 つの軸
sg
pl
sg
pl
nom dog-a dog-i cat-a cat-i
acc dog-e dog-o cat-e cat-o
⇒ IA で事が済む．
でも canonical ̸= prototypical/frequent (Corbett 2007b:10)
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Suppletion
1
標準型屈折からの逸脱
2
形態論における 2 つの軸
3
Suppletion
4
Syncretism
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Suppletion
nom
acc
gen
dat
inst
loc
sg
rebenok
rebenka
rebenka
rebenku
rebenkom
rebenke
pl
deti
detej
detej
detjam
det’mi
detjax
表 8: ロシア語の rebenok ‘child’ (Corbett 2007b:18)
Morphological? Morphosyntactic?
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Suppletion
Morphological vs morphosyntactic
Syntax
Morphology
past
plural
passive
perfect
Phonology
-t
-d
-@d
...
-z
-s
-@z
...
-en
...
表 9: Morphomic level (cf. Aronoﬀ 1994:22–29)
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Suppletion
Morphological vs morphosyntactic
Syntax
Morphology
Phonology
-t
-d
past
-@d
...
-z
-s
plural
-@z
...
passive Past Participle -en
perfect
Fen
...
表 9: Morphomic level (cf. Aronoﬀ 1994:22–29)
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Suppletion
Morphological vs morphosyntactic
Syntax
Morphology
Phonology
-t
-d
past
Fpast
-@d
...
-z
-s
plural
Fplural
-@z
...
passive Past Participle -en
perfect
Fen
...
表 9: Morphomic level (cf. Aronoﬀ 1994:22–29)
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Suppletion
Morphomic (Aronoﬀ 1994)
▶
▶
「形態論それ自体（Morphology by Itself ）」のレベル
形態統語的素性（morphosyntactic features）を形態音韻的具現
化（morphophonological realisations）する関数が morphomes
（Fpast , Fplural , Fen , . . .) ．
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Suppletion
Morphomic な語幹選択
1
2
3
sg
vais
vas
va
pl
allons
allez
vont
表 10: フランス語の aller ‘go’ (現在時制) (Corbett 2007b:19)
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Suppletion
1
2
3
sg
jest-em
jest-eś
jest
pl
jest-eśmy
jest-eście
s-a̧
表 3: ポーランド語 być ‘be’（現在形）の補充法 (Corbett 2007a:26)
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Suppletion
sg
pl
1 wie-m wie-my
2 wie-sz wie-cie
3 wie
wiedz-a̧
表 11: ポーランド語 wiedzieć ‘know’（現在時制） (Corbett 2007b:22)
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Suppletion
PFM による分析例
Paradigm Function Morphology (PFM)
▶
▶
Paradigm Function (PF)
Inflectional rules
▶
Realisation rules
▶
▶
▶
Morphomic rules
▶
▶
▶
Rules of exponence
Rules of referral
Rules of stem formation
Rules of stem indexing
Morphophonological metageneralisations
(Stump 2001:200)
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Suppletion
(1)
a. RR0,{},A (⟨X, σ⟩) =def ⟨Y, σ⟩, where Y is X’s bare stem
b. RRI,{DEG:compar},A (⟨X, σ⟩) =def ⟨Xer , σ⟩
(2) Where X is the root of an adjectival lexeme
PF(⟨X, σ⟩) =def Nar[I,0] (⟨X, σ⟩)
(3) taller の具現化
PF(⟨tall , {DEG : compar}⟩)
= Nar[I,0] (⟨tall , {DEG : compar}⟩)
= NarI (Nar0 (⟨tall , {DEG : compar}⟩))
= RRI,{DEG:compar},A (RR0,{},A (⟨tall , {DEG : compar}⟩))
= ⟨taller , {DEG : compar}⟩
(Stump 2001:209)
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Suppletion
(4) Stem-selection rule:
a. RR[I,0],{DEG:compar},{bad} (⟨X, σ⟩) =def ⟨worse, σ⟩
b. RR[0],{DEG:compar},{good} (⟨X, σ⟩) =def ⟨bett, σ⟩
(5) worse の具現化（portmanteau stem-selection）
PF(⟨bad , {DEG : compar}⟩)
= Nar[I,0] (⟨bad , {DEG : compar}⟩)
= RR[I,0],{DEG:compar},{bad} (⟨bad , {DEG : compar}⟩)
= ⟨worse, {DEG : compar}⟩
(6) better の具現化
PF(⟨good , {DEG : compar}⟩)
= Nar[I,0] (⟨good , {DEG : compar}⟩)
= NarI (Nar0 (⟨good , {DEG : compar}⟩))
= RRI,{DEG:compar},A (RR0,{DEG:compar},good (⟨. . .⟩))
= ⟨better , {DEG : compar}⟩
(Stump 2001:209–210)
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Suppletion
(7) Stem-selection rules for be:
a. RR[I,0],{TNS:past,MOOD:indic,AGR:{NUM:sg}},{be} (⟨X, σ⟩)
=def ⟨was, σ⟩
b. RR0,{TNS:pres,MOOD:indic,AGR:{PER:3,NUM:sg}},{be} (⟨X, σ⟩)
=def ⟨i, σ⟩
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Suppletion
(8) was の語形成:
Where σ = {TNS : past, MOOD : indic, AGR : {PER : 3, NUM : sg}},
PF(⟨be, σ⟩)
= Nar[I,0] (⟨be, σ⟩)
= RR[I,0],{TNS:past,MOOD:indic,AGR:{NUM:sg}},{be} (⟨X, σ⟩)
= ⟨was, σ⟩
(9) is の語形成:
Where σ = {TNS : pres, MOOD : indic, AGR : {PER : 3, NUM : sg}},
PF(⟨be, σ⟩)
= Nar[I,0] (⟨be, σ⟩)
= NarI (Nar0 (⟨be, σ⟩))
= RRI,σ,V (RR0,σ,{be} (⟨X, σ⟩))
= ⟨is, σ⟩
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Suppletion
Suppletion と morphosemantic mismatch
(10) unhappier
≡ more unhappy
̸≡ not happier
(11)
a. happy → happier → unhappier
b. happy → unhappy →
̸ unhappier
(12) [un[happier ]]（語形成）
[[unhappi]er ]（意味解釈）
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(Marantz 1988)
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Suppletion
sg
‘water mill’ milin-zour [mill-water]
‘straw hat’ tok-kolo [hat-straw]
‘lighthouse’ tour-tan [tower-fire]
pl
milinoù-dour
tokoù-kolo
tourioù-tan
表 12: ブレトン語の複合名詞 (Stump 2001:248)
sg
‘milk cow’ bioc’h-laezh [cow-milk]
‘otter’
ki-dour [dog-water]
‘bicycle’
marc’h-houarn [horse-iron]
pl
saout-laezh
chas-dour
kezeg-houarn
表 13: ブレトン語の複合名詞と補充法 (Stump 2001:248)
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Suppletion
Hypothesis of Paradigm-Based Inflectional Semantics
Where ⟨W, σ⟩ is a cell in the inflectional paradigm of some lexeme L,
the semantic representation of ⟨W, σ⟩ is determined by L and σ.
(13) Where X is the root of an adjectival lexeme L having the
semantic representation X ′ , the cell
PF(⟨X, {DEG : compar}⟩) in L’s paradigm has the semantic
representation More y (X ′ ).
(14)
a. PF(⟨unhappy, {DEG : compar}⟩)
= ⟨unhappier , {DEG : compar}⟩
b. M orey (unhappy ′ )
(Stump 2001:249–250)
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Suppletion
(15) Where X is the root of a nominal lexeme L having the
semantic representation X ′ , the cell PF(⟨X, {NUM : pl}⟩) in
L’s paradigm has pl ′ (X ′ ) as its semantic representation.
(16)
a. PF(⟨tour -tan, {NUM : pl}⟩)
= ⟨tourioù-tan, {NUM : pl}⟩
b. pl ′ (tour -tan ′ )
(17)
a. PF(⟨ki-dour , {NUM : pl}⟩)
= ⟨chas-dour , {NUM : pl}⟩
b. pl ′ (ki-dour ′ )
(Stump 2001:251–252)
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Syncretism
1
標準型屈折からの逸脱
2
形態論における 2 つの軸
3
Suppletion
4
Syncretism
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Syncretism
Syncretism の 4 つのタイプ (Stump 2001:212–218)
▶
有方向性
▶
▶
▶
無方向性
▶
▶
▶
unidirectional
bidrectional
unstipulated
symmetrical
異なった視点からの分類は Baerman et al. (2005)．
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Syncretism
pres
impf
aorist
1
2
3
1
2
3
1
2
3
sg
krad-e-@
krad-e-š
krad-e-e
krad-A-x
krad-A-x-e
krad-A-x-e
krád-o-x
krád-e
krád-e
pl
krad-e-m
krad-e-te
krad-e-@t
krad-A-x-me
krad-A-x-te
krad-A-x-a
krád-o-x-me
krád-o-x-te
krád-o-x-a
表 14: ブルガリア語の krad ‘steal’ (Stump 2001:40)
▶
3sg → 2sg in the preterite
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Syncretism
a sufla ‘to breath’
Conj:1
a umplea ‘to fill’
Conj:2
a şti ‘to know’
Conj:4
a fi ‘to be’
Conj:4
1
2
3
1
2
3
1
2
3
1
2
3
sg
súfl-u
súfl-i
súfl-ă
úmpl-u
úmpl-i
úmpl-e
ştı́-u
ştı́-i
ştı́-e
sı̂’nt
éşt-i
ést-e
pl
˙
suflă-m
suflá-ţi
súfl-ă
úmple-m
úmple-ţi
úmpl-u
ştı́-m
ştı́-ţi
ştı́-u
sı̂’nte-m
sı̂’nte-ţi
sı̂’nt
表 15: ルーマニア語の現在時制 (Stump 2001:214)
▶
▶
1sg → 3pl
3pl → 1sg
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Syncretism
sufla ‘breath’
Conj:1
invita ‘invite’
Conj:1
1
2
3
1
2
3
sg
súfl-u
súfl-i
súfl-ă
invı́t
invı́ţ-i
invı́t-ă
pl
˙
suflă-m
suflá-ţi
súfl-ă
invită’-m
invitá-ţi
invı́-ă
表 16: ルーマニア語の第 1 活用型現在時制 (Stump 2001:214)
▶
3 人称における sg と pl の区別消失
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Syncretism
Rules of referral
(18) In the context of [PRET : yes], [PERS : 2, NUM : sg] has the
same realisation as [PERS : 3, NUM : sg]
(cf. Zwicky 1985:378)
(19) Where n is any of rule blocks A to D,
RRn,←{PRET:yes,AGR:{PERS:2,NUM:sg}}→,V (⟨X, σ)⟩ =def ⟨Y, σ⟩, where
Narn (⟨X, σ/{AGR : {PERS : 3}}⟩) = ⟨Y, σ/{AGR : {PER : 3}}⟩
(Stump 2001:218; cf. Stump 1993)
▶
Zwicky (2000) は Rules of Referral は symmetrical rules で代替可
能と主張．その批判は Baerman et al. (2005:139–45)．
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Syncretism
(20) Bidrectional Referral Principle:
The existence of a rule of referral
‘RRn,τ,C (⟨X, σ⟩) =def ⟨Y, σ⟩, where
Narn (⟨X, σ/ρ⟩) = ⟨Y, σ/ρ⟩’ with referral domain D entails
the existence of a second rule of referral
‘RRn,τ /ρ,D−C (⟨X, σ⟩) =def ⟨Y, σ⟩, where
Narn (⟨X, σ/τ ⟩) = ⟨Y, σ/τ ⟩’ with referral domain D.
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Syncretism
(21) Where n = 0 or I,
RRn,{AGR(su):{PER:1,NUM:sg}},{a fi} (⟨X, σ⟩) =def ⟨Y, σ⟩, where
Narn (⟨X, σ/{AGR(su) : {PER : 3, NUM : pl}}⟩) =
⟨Y, σ/{AGR(su) : {PER : 3, NUM : pl}}⟩
Referral domain: V
(22) Where n = 0 or I,
RRn,{AGR(su):{PER:3,NUM:sg}},V−{a fi} (⟨X, σ⟩) =def ⟨Y, σ⟩,
where Narn (⟨X, σ/{AGR(su) : {PER : 1, NUM : pl}}⟩) =
⟨Y, σ/{AGR(su) : {PER : 1, NUM : pl}}⟩
Referral domain: V
乙黒亮 (早稲田大学)
Suppletion & Syncretism
MT21, 2015.10.17.
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