Title Author(s) 1980年代GLCの文化政策と「ブラック・アート」 興隆と抵抗の あいだ : 英国「ブラック・アート」の軌跡（2の1） 萩原, 弘子 Editor(s) Citation Issue Date URL 人間科学 : 大阪府立大学紀要. 10, p.3-29 2015-03-20 http://hdl.handle.net/10466/14436 Rights http://repository.osakafu-u.ac.jp/dspace/ 人間科学：大阪府立大学紀要10（2014），3−29（2015年3月刊行） ᖺ௦ */& ࡢᩥᨻ⟇ࠕࣈࣛࢵࢡ࣭࣮ࢺࠖ ⯆㝯ᢠࡢ࠶࠸ࡔ̿̿ⱥᅜࠕࣈࣛࢵࢡ࣭࣮ࢺࠖࡢ㌶㊧㸦㸰ࡢ㸯㸧 ⴗཎᘯᏊ 1984 ᖺࡽ 1980 ᖺ௦ᮎࡲ࡛ࡢᮇ㛫ࢆࣈࣛࢵࢡ࣭࣮ࢸࢫࢺసရᒎࡢ➨ 2 ᮇ ࡍࡿ⌮⏤ࡣࠊࡑࢀࡲ࡛࡞ࡗࡓ≉ᚩⓗ࡞ືࡁ࠶ࡿࠋ➨ 1 ࣟࣥࢻࣥ㆟ 㸦Greater London Council: GLC㸧ࡢ㛵㸦௨ୖᮏ✏㸧 ࠊ➨ 2 ὶ⨾⾡㤋࡛ࡢ㛤 ദࠊࡑࡋ࡚➨ 3 ࡑ࠺ࡋࡓືࡁᑐࡍࡿᢠࡢືࡁࡋ࡚ࠊ࣮ࢸࢫࢺࡀ⏬ࡋ ࡓẚ㍑ⓗつᶍࡢࡁ࡞ᒎぴࡢ㛤ദ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ1 ࡇࢀࡽ㸱ࡘࡣࠊ࠸⡆༢ࡣㄪ ࡋ࡞࠸ࠊᑐ❧ࡸ▩┪ࢆྵࡴືࡁ࡛࠶ࡗࡓࠋ➨ 2 ᮇ≉ᚩⓗ࡞ࡇࢀࡽ㸱ࡘࡢືࡁὀ ┠ࡋ࡚⪃ᐹࡋࠊࡑ࠺ࡋࡓືࡁࡢ࡞࡛ࠕࣈࣛࢵࢡ࣭࣮ࢺࠖࡢᴫᛕࡀࡢࡼ࠺㏣ ✲ࡉࢀࠊᢈุࡉࢀࠊᙳ㡪ࢆཷࡅ࡚ኚᐜࡋ࡚࠸ࡗࡓࡢࢆ᫂ࡽࡋࡓ࠸ࠋᮏ✏࡛ࡣ ࡇࡢ࠺ࡕࠊGLC ࡢ㛵↔Ⅼࢆ⤠ࡗ࡚⪃ᐹࡍࡿࠋ 㸯㸬*/& ࡼࡿࠕࣈࣛࢵࢡ࣭࣮ࢺࠖᨭ 㸦㸯㸧ࣦࣜࣥࢢࢫࢺࣥᨻࡢᩥᨻ⟇ࡑࡢ᪂ࡋࡉ 1981~86 ᖺࡢ 5 ᖺ㛫ࠊປാඪᕥὴࡢࢣ࣭ࣦࣥࣜࣥࢢࢫࢺࣥࢆ࣮ࣜࢲ࣮ࡍࡿ GLC ࡛ࡣࠊⱁ⾡࣭వᬤጤဨ㸦Arts and Recreation Committee㸸ARC㸧ࡀ㍈ ࡞ࡗ࡚ࠕ⾗ᩥ᥎㐍࣮࢟ࣕࣥ࣌ࣥ㸦Campaign for a Popular Culture㸧 ࠖࢆᒎ 㛤ࡋࡓࠋᆅ᪉⾜ᨻᗓࡋ࡚ࡣࡑࢀࡲ࡛࡞࠸つᶍෆᐜ࡛ᕷẸࡢᩥάືᑐࡍࡿ ຓᡂࢆ⾜࡞࠸ࠊࡳࡎࡽᑟࡋ࡚ᒎぴࢆ㛤ദࡍࡿࡇࡶ࠶ࡗࡓࠋࡑࢀࡣࡓࡋ ᪂ែ࡛࠶ࡗࡓࠋࡇࡢ᪂ែࡘ࠸࡚ࠊ1980 ᖺ௦༙ࡤḟࡢࡼ࠺࡞Ⴣࡁࢆ⾲᫂ࡍ ࡿ⪅ࡀ࠸ࡓࠋ GLC ࡣࡓࡋ࣮ࢺ࠾࠸࡚㔜せ࡞ከࡃࡢࡇࢆᐇ⌧ࡋ࡚ࡃࢀࡓࠋࡋࡋშ ࡼࡿࠊGLC ௨๓ࡶ⏕యࡀᏑᅾࡋࠊࣈࣛࢵࢡࡼࡿ࣮ࢺ㐀ࡢάືࡶ࠶ ࡗࡓࡽࡋ࠸ࠋ2 GLC ฿᮶௨๓ࡣࣈࣛࢵࢡࡢ㐀ⓗάືࡣ࡞ࡗࡓㄗゎࡍࡿ⪅ࡶ࠸ࡓࠋ3 4 萩原 弘子 ⓶⫗ࡓࡗࡾࡢ๓⪅ࡢⓎゝࡣ Artrage ㄅࡢ⦅㞟㛗 E࣭A࣭࣐࣮࣒࢝ࠊᚋ⪅ࡢⓎゝࡣ ྠㄅ⦅㞟⪅࡛ࡶ࠶ࡗࡓ࣮ࢸࢫࢺࡢ࢚࣭ࣟࣝࣟࢻࡼࡿࡶࡢࡔࠋArtrage ㄅࡣ GLC ࡢຓᡂࡶཷࡅ࡚࠾ࡾࠊ୧ேࡣ GLC ࡢᩥᨻ⟇ዲពⓗ࡞⦅㞟⪅࡛࠶ࡗࡓࠋ ࡑࡢᙼࡽࡋ࡚ୖグࡢࡼ࠺࡞Ⴣࡁࢆ⾲᫂ࡋࡓࡢࢆぢࢀࡤࠊGLC ࡢ㛵࠸࠺᪂ ែࡀᙜࡶࡗࡓ⾪ᧁࢆീ࡛ࡁࡼ࠺ࠋ ࡛ࡣ GLC ࡢ㛵ࡣࠊどぬⱁ⾡⾲⌧㡿ᇦ࠾ࡅࡿࠕࣈࣛࢵࢡ࣭࣮ࢺࠖࡗ࡚ ఱ࡛࠶ࡗࡓࡢࠋຓࡅ࡞ࡗࡓࡢࠊ㞀ᐖ࡛࠶ࡗࡓࡢࠋࡉࡽࡣࠊࡢࡼ࠺࡞ᙳ 㡪ࢆཬࡰࡋࠊఱࢆṧࡋࡓࡢࠋࡇ࠺ࡋࡓⅬࢆ᫂ࡽࡍࡿࡓࡵࠊ௨ୗ࡛ࡣࡲࡎ GLC ᩥᨻ⟇ࡢࠊ㆟ㄽࢆࢇࡔ᪂ࡋࡉࠊࡑࡢ᪂ࡋࡉࢆᚲせࡋࡓᨻ≧ἣࢆᴫ ほࡍࡿࠋḟ࠸࡛㸦㸰㸧GLC ᑟ࡛㛤ദࡋࡓ࠸ࡃࡘࡢᒎぴࡘ࠸࡚ࠊ 㸦㸱㸧GLC ࡢே✀⩏ቨ⏬ࣉࣟࢪ࢙ࢡࢺࡘ࠸࡚ࠊ 㸦㸲㸧GLC ࡢࣈࣛࢵࢡ࣭࣮ࢺ࣭ࢭࣥࢱ ࣮ᵓࡘ࠸࡚ࠊ 㸦㸳㸧ࣈࣛࢵࢡ࣭࣮ࢺ◊✲ィ⏬ࡘ࠸᳨࡚ウࡋ࡚ࡽࠊ 㸦㸴㸧 GLC ࡀࡋࡓ㛵ࡢᙳ㡪ࢆ⪃ᐹࡍࡿࠋ4 ࡞࠾ࠊࡇࡢᮇࡢ GLC ࡢᩥᨻ⟇ࡀࠕࣈࣛ ࢵࢡ࣭࣮ࢺࠖᑐࡋ࡚ࡶࡗࡓᙳ㡪ࡘ࠸࡚ࡢ◊✲ࡣࡲࡔ࡞࠸ࠋ࠶ࡿࡢࡣࠊGLC ࡢຓᡂᴗࢆ┤᥋▱ࡿᙜ⪅㸦ຓᡂࡍࡿࠊࡉࢀࡿᙜ⪅㸧ࡀ⾲᫂ࡍࡿぢゎࡔࠋGLC ࡀࡋࡓලయⓗ࡞㛵ࢆ᳨ウࡍࡿ࡞࡛ࠊᙼࡽࡢぢゎࡶゝཬࡋ࡚࠸ࡃࠋ ࣦࣜࣥࢢࢫࢺࣥᨻࡣࡑࡢ㛤ጞᙜึࡽᩥࠊⱁ⾡ࡢᨻ⟇≉ẁࡢ㔜ࡁࢆ⨨࠸ ࡚࠸ࡓࢃࡅ࡛ࡣ࡞ࡗࡓࠋ5 ࡋࡋࠊGLC ࡢ᭱⤊ᖺ࡛࠶ࡿ 1986 ᖺࡣࠊࢥࣥࢧ࣮ ࢺࠊᒎぴࠊሙࠊᫎ⏬㤋⾜ࡅࡤࠊࢇࡢࣉࣟࢢ࣒ࣛࠕGLC ࡢຓᡂࢆཷ ࡅࡓ㸦GLC Funded㸧 ࠖ࠸࠺ࢥࣥࡀ༳ๅࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿ࠸࠺༳㇟ࢆேࠎࡀࡶࡘ ࡞ࡗ࡚࠸ࡓࠋᙜึࠊGLC ᖺᗘண⟬⥲㢠 4 ൨ 6000 ࣏ࣥࢻࡢ࠺ࡕᩥࠊⱁ 6 ࡇࢀࢆ ⾡ண⟬ࡣ 1400 ࣏ࣥࢻࠊࡑࢀࡀ㸳ᖺᚋࡣ 1 ൨ 4000 ࣏ࣥࢻ࡞ࡗࡓࠋ ࣦࣜࣥࢢࢫࢺࣥࡣࠕGLC ண⟬࡛᭱ࡶᣑࠊᡂ㛗ࡋࡓ㡿ᇦࠖࡔࡗࡓ㏙࡚ 7 GLC ᩥᨻ⟇ࡢ᪂ࡋࡉࡣࠊ ᑐᛂࡋࡓᩥάືࡢᖜᗈࡉຓᡂ㢠࡛࠶ࡗࡓࠋ ࠸ࡿࠋ ࡇࡢᮇࡢ GLC ࡢ㤳㒔⾜ᨻ࡛ᩥࠊⱁ⾡ࡀࡶࡗࡓពࡢࡁࡉࡘ࠸࡚ࠊᩥᨻ ⟇◊✲ࡢ㹅࣭࣐ࣝ࢞ࣥࠊ㹉࣭࣮࣏࣮࣡ࣝࡀḟࡢࡼ࠺ゝࡗ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ ࡑࡢⱁ⾡ࣉࣟࢢ࣒ࣛࡣࠊேࠎࡢάືఙ㛗ᐤࡋࠊࣟࣥࢻࣥࡢᩘࠎࡢ࣐ࣀࣜࢸ ࣭ࢢ࣮ࣝࣉࡢࡓࡵࡢᶵᖹ➼✚ᴟⓗᕪูゎᾘࡢࣉࣟࢢ࣒ࣛ㛵ࡍࡿࡇ࡛ࠊ GLC ࡢࣛࢹ࢝ࣝ࡞ᨻ࣭⤒῭ᨻ⟇ࡢ≌ᘬ㌴࡞ࡗ࡚࠾ࡾࠊࡅࡗࡋ࡚ᨻࣉࣟࢢࣛ ࣒ࡢࡕࡻࡗࡋࡓ࠾㣭ࡾ࡞࡛ࡣ࡞ࡗࡓࠋ8 1980年代GLCの文化政策と「ブラック・アート」 5 ᚑ᮶ࡽ GLC ࡣࡑࡢ⾜ᨻ༊ෆ࠶ࡿὶࡢఏ⤫ⓗᩥタ࣭⤌⧊ࠊࡓ࠼ࡤࣟ ࣭࣭ࣖࣝ࢜࣌ࣛࣁ࢘ࢫࠊ࣭ࣟࣖࣝࢩ࢙ࢡࢫࣆᅋࠊ࣭ࣟࣖࣝࣂ࢚ࣞᅋࡢ ຓᡂ⪅࡛࠶ࡾࠊࡑ࠺ࡋࡓຓᡂࡶྵࡵ࡚ࠊⱁ⾡࣭వᬤ㛵ࢃࡿ⟇⯡㈐௵ࢆࡶࡘ ጤဨࡀ ARC ࡛࠶ࡗࡓࠋ1981 ᖺ 11 ᭶ࠊARC ࡢ㆟㛗ࢺࢽ࣮࣭ࣂࣥࢡࢫࡣࠊ⩣ᖺ ᗘࡽ᪂᪉㔪࡛ຓᡂࢆ⾜࡞࠺ࡇࢆⓎ⾲ࡋࠊຓᡂࡢຊⅬࢆୖグࡢࡼ࠺࡞ఏ⤫ⓗᩥ タ࣭⤌⧊࡛ࡣ࡞ࡃࠊ ࠕࢥ࣑ࣗࢽࢸ࣭࣮ࢺⓎᒎࠊ࢚ࢫࢽࢵࢡ࣭࣐ࣀࣜࢸ ኻᴗ⪅ࡢᩥάືᨭࠖ⨨ࡃࡋࡓࠋ9 ࣦࣜࣥࢢࢫࢺࣥᨻࡣࣂࣥࢡࢫࡢ᪂ ᪉㔪ࢆᐇ⌧ࡍࡿࡃࠊARC ᪂ࡋ࠸ᩥᨻ⟇ࢆ᥎㐍ࡍࡿࡓࡵࡢࠊ↔Ⅼࢆ⤠ࡗࡓ 3 ࡘࡢᑠጤဨࢆタ⨨ࡋࡓࠋࡑࢀࡀࢥ࣑ࣗࢽࢸ࣭࣮ࢺᑠጤဨ㸦Community Arts Sub-Committee 㸸 CASC 㸧ࠊ ࢚ ࢫ ࢽ ࢵ ࢡ ࣭ ࣮ ࢺ ᑠ ጤ ဨ 㸦 Ethnic Arts Sub-Committee㸸EASC㸧ࢫ࣏࣮ࢶᑠጤဨ㸦Sports Sub-Committee㸧࡛࠶ࡿࠋ ᑠጤဨࡣࠊⱁ⾡ࠊᩥேࠎࡢ࠶࠸ࡔ࠶ࡿ㊥㞳ࢆ⦰ࡵࡿࡇࢆㄢ㢟ࡋࠊࡇ ࢀࡲ࡛㐪ࡗ࡚ᖜᗈ࠸ᒙࠊከᵝ࡞άືࡢຓᡂࢆࡵࡊࡋࡓࠋᑠጤဨࡣᮏጤဨࡽ ࡢ 3 ேࠊARC ࢻࣦࢨ࣮17 ே୰ࡢᩘே࡛ᵓᡂࡉࢀࠊᮏጤဨྠᵝண⟬ ࢆࡶࡕࠊࡑࡢᇳ⾜࠶ࡓࡿࠋ㸱ࡘࡢᑠጤဨࡢ࠺ࡕࠊࣈࣛࢵࢡࡢᩥ⯆࡞ࢇࡽ 10 ࠸ࡎࢀ ࡢ㛵ࢆࡋࡓࡢࡀࠊ1982 ᖺ 9 ᭶タ⨨ࡢ CASC EASC ࡛࠶ࡗࡓࠋ ࡶ᪉㔪ࡋ࡚ಶேࡢຓᡂࡣ⾜࡞ࢃ࡞ࡗࡓࠋ 㸰ࡘࡢᑠጤဨࡀ᥎㐍ࡋࡓᩥᨻ⟇ࡣࠊ㈶ྰࡉࡲࡊࡲࡢ㆟ㄽࢆࡪ᪂ࡋࡉࡀ࠶ ࡗࡓࠋ୍᪉࡛ࠊࡑࢀࡲ࡛ࡣබⓗຓᡂࡢᑐ㇟ࡽእࢀ࡚࠸ࡓⲡࡢ᰿ࡢᩥάືຓᡂ 㔠ࡀᨭ⤥ࡉࢀࡿࡼ࠺࡞ࡗࡓࡇࢆࠊᕷẸᩥࢆᨭࡍࡿᆅ᪉⾜ᨻࡢ࠶ࡾࡼ࠺ ࡋ࡚⏬ᮇⓗࡔࡋ࡚Ḽ㏄ࡍࡿኌࡀᙜ↛࡞ࡀࡽ࠶ࡗࡓࠋ᪉࡛ࠊ⛣Ẹ⣔࣐ࣀࣜࢸࠊ ࢤ࣭ࣞࢫࣅࣥࡢᩥάືᑐࡍࡿᨭࡣࢧࢵࢳ࣮ࣕᨻᶒࢆⱔ❧ࡓࡏࠊࡉࡽࡣ GLC ᗫṆࡶࡸࡴ࡞ࡋ࠸࠺ୡㄽࡢ㔊ᡂࡶ⧅ࡀࡗࡓࠋGLC ᗫṆࡲ࡛ࡢ 2 ᖺ㛫ࠊ EASC ࡢጤဨࢆົࡵࡓࣈࣛࢵࢡࡢసᐙ࣐ࢡ࣭ࣇࣜࢵࣉࢫࡣࠊ࠸ࡲࡶ⥆ࡃࠕศ ࡋࡓឤぬࠖࡘ࠸࡚ࠊḟࡢࡼ࠺㏙࡚࠸ࡿࠋ ࠸ࡲࡶ⚾ࡀศࡋࡓឤぬࢆᢪ࠸࡚࠸ࡿࡓࡿ⌮⏤ࡣࠊGLC ࡀᗫṆࡉࢀ࡚ࡑࡢάື ࡀఏㄝࡢ㟝ໟࡲࢀ࡚ࡋࡲࡗࡓࡽࡔࠋࡑࡢఏㄝࡼࢀࡤࠊGLC ࡢࡶ࡛࢚ࢫࢽࢵ ࢡ࣭࣐ࣀࣜࢸ࣭࣮ࢺࡀ㛤ⰼࡋࠊࣟࣥࢻࣥ୰࡛᪂ࡋ࠸άẼḼ႐ࡢᄇฟࡀぢࡽ ࢀࡓࠋࡇࡢఏㄝࡣᑐ↷ࢆᡂࡍࡢࡀᙜࡢࢱࣈࣟࢻ⾗⣬࡛ࠊྛ⣬ࡶ GLC ᗇ ⯋ࡢࠕ≬ࡗࡓᕥ⩼ࠖࡀࢤࠊࣈࣛࢵࢡࠊወேኚே㔠ࢆࡤࡽࡲ࠸࡚࠸ࡿ࠸࠺⚄ 6 萩原 弘子 ヰࢆゝ࠸ࡩࡽࡋ࡚࠸ࡓࠋᐇ㝿ࡣே✀⩏࣮࢚࢟ࣕࣥ࣌ࣥࢫࢽࢵࢡ࣭࣐ࣀࣜ ࢸ࣭ࢥ࣑ࣗࢽࢸࡢࢢ࣮ࣝࣉࡸࣉࣟࢪ࢙ࢡࢺࡢᨭฟࠊຓᡂ࡚ࡽࢀࡓண⟬ࡣ ᑠࡉ࡞㢠ࡔࡗࡓࠋ11 ࠕఏㄝࠖࠕ⚄ヰࠖࡢࡕࡽࡶಙࡌ࡚࠸࡞࠸ࣇࣜࢵࣉࢫྠᵝࠊどぬⱁ⾡⾲⌧㡿ᇦ ࡢࣈࣛࢵࢡ࣭࣮ࢸࢫࢺࡓࡕࡢᛂࡶࠊ㈶ᡂᑐ࠸࠺௨ୖ」㞧࡞ࡶࡢ࡛ ࠶ࡗࡓࡀࠊࡑࢀࡘ࠸࡚ࡣᚋ㏙ࡍࡿࠋ GLC ࡀᗫṆ࡞ࡿ 1986 ᖺ㸱᭶ᮎ᪥ࡲ࡛ᩘ㐌㛫࠸࠺ᮇ㥑ࡅࡇࡳ࡛సᡂࡉ ࢀࡓ CASC ሗ࿌᭩ࡀ Campaign for a Popular Culture ࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡑࡢෑ㢌࡛ࠊᑠ ጤဨࡢྡ⛠࠶ࡿࠕࢥ࣑ࣗࢽࢸࠖࡢㄒពࡀㄝ᫂ࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࠋࡲࡎࡣࡑࡢከ⩏ᛶ ᭕ࡉゐࢀ࡚ࠊ ࠕᆅᇦࢥ࣑ࣗࢽࢸࢆᣦࡍࡇࡶ࠶ࢀࡤࠊ♫ⓗࠊᨻⓗࢢࣝ ࣮ࣉࢆᣦࡍࡇࡶ࠶ࡾࠊປാ⪅㝵⣭యࢆពࡍࡿሙྜࡶ࠶ࡿࠋ ࠖ12 ᖖ㆑ⓗ࡞ᐃ ⩏ࢆࡋࡓ࠺࠼࡛ࠊᚑ᮶ࡢ㝵⣭ᒙ࠾ࡉࡲࡽ࡞࠸ᐖඹ㏻ࢥ࣑ࣗࢽࢸࡋ࡚ᣲࡆࡽ ࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࡢࡀࠊࣇ࢙࣑ࢽࢬ࣒㐠ືࠊࢤ࣭ࣞࢫࣅࣥ㐠ືࠊࣈࣛࢵࢡ㐠ື࡛࠶ࡿࠋ ࡇࡢ 3 ⪅ࡣࠊGLC ࡀࠕ᭱ࡶᨭࡋࡓ࠸ࢥ࣑ࣗࢽࢸࠖ13 ࡢࡋ࡚ሗ࿌᭩ࡢྛᡤ࡛ ゝཬࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ14 CASC ࡢຓᡂᑐ㇟ࡋ࡚ሗ࿌ࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࡢࡣ⥲ᩘ 292 ௳ࠊ⥲ 㢠 538 ࣏ࣥࢻࠊྛ௳ࡢຓᡂ㢠ࡣ 5 ᖺ㛫࡛ィ 150 ࣏ࣥࢻࡽ 13 ࣏ࣥࢻࡉࡲࡊ ࡲࡔࠋ15 ຓᡂࢆཷࡅࡓ࡞ࡣ⤌⧊ࡶ࠶ࢀࡤࠊࣦ࢙ࣥࢺࡶ࠶ࡾࠊࡑࢀࡽࡣάືෆ ᐜࡼࡗ࡚ḟࡢࡼ࠺ศ㢮ࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ㸯㸧ࢥ࣑ࣗࢽࢸࡢ᭩ᗑࠊฟ∧άືࢢ࣮ࣝ ࣉࠊ㸰㸧ᫎ⏬ࠊࣦࢹ࢜ࡢ〇స࣭㓄⤥ࢢ࣮ࣝࣉࠊࢥ࣑ࣗࢽࢸࡢᫎ⏬㤋ࠊ㸱㸧㡢ᴦ ࢢ࣮ࣝࣉࠊ㸲㸧ᅋࠊሙࠊ㸳㸧┿ไసࢢ࣮ࣝࣉࠊ㸴㸧ቨ⏬ไసࢢ࣮ࣝࣉࠊ㸵㸧 ∧⏬ࠊ࣏ࢫࢱ࣮༳ๅࢢ࣮ࣝࣉࠊ㸶㸧ྛᆅࡢᩥࢭࣥࢱ࣮ࠊ㸷㸧㛤ദᮇ㛫 1 ᪥ࡽᩘ 㐌㛫ࡢࡉࡲࡊࡲ࡞ࣇ࢙ࢫࢸࣦࣝࠊ10)࣐ࣝࢳ࣭࣓ࢹ〇సࢢ࣮ࣝࣉ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ16 ᕳᮎ࠶ࡿຓᡂඛࣜࢫࢺࢆぢࡿࠊάື┠ⓗࠊ⤌⧊ᙧែࠊᢏ⾡ⓗ⩦⇍ࣦ࢙ࣞࣝࡣከ ᵝ࡛ࠊࢥ࣑ࣗࢽࢸࡢ✀㢮ࡶከᒱࢃࡓࡿࠋࡑࢀࡲ࡛ຓᡂࢆཷࡅࡃࡗࡓ㧗㱋⪅ࠊ 㞀ࡀ࠸⪅ࠊኻᴗ⪅࠸ࡗࡓࢥ࣑ࣗࢽࢸࡢ࣮ࢺάື㸦≉₇㸧ࡢຓᡂࡶ࠶ࡿ ࡀࠊGLC ࡀࠕ᭱ࡶᨭࡋࡓ࠸ࢥ࣑ࣗࢽࢸࠖࡋࡓ 3 ࡘࠊ࡞࡛ࡶࣇ࢙࣑ࢽࢬ࣒ ࢭࢡࢩࣗࣜࢸ㛵ࢃࡿࡶࡢࡀ 49 ௳ከ࠸ࠋࡲࡓከᩥ⩏ࢆᥖࡆࡿάືࡶ ྵࡵ࡚ࠊࡉࡲࡊࡲ࡞࢚ࢫࢽࢵࢡ࣭࣐ࣀࣜࢸ࣭ࢥ࣑ࣗࢽࢸࡢάືຓᡂࡀ 31 ௳࠶ࡿࠋ࢚ࢫࢽࢵࢡ࣭࣐ࣀࣜࢸࡣࠊすࣇࣜ࢝⣔ࠊࣥࢻ࣭ࣃ࢟ࢫࢱࣥ⣔ ࠸ࡗࡓࠊⱥᅜ࡛ゝ࠺ࠕࣈࣛࢵࢡࠖࡢࢥ࣑ࣗࢽࢸࡶ࠶ࢀࡤࠊࣝࣛࣥࢻேࠊࢠࣜ 1980年代GLCの文化政策と「ブラック・アート」 7 ࢩࣕேࠊ࢟ࣉࣟࢫேࠊ୰ᅜேࡢࢥ࣑ࣗࢽࢸࡶ࠶ࡿࠋEASC ຓᡂᑐ㇟ࡀ㔜」ࡍࡿ ែࢆゎᾘࡍࡿࡓࡵࠊ1984 ᖺࡽࡣ EASC ࡣࠕࣈࣛࢵࢡ࣭࣮ࢺ㸦black arts㸧 ⤠ࡗࡓຓᡂࢆࡍࡿࡇࡋࡓࠋ ࠖ17 ゝ᫂ࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ2 ࡘࡢᑠጤဨࡢ࠶࠸ࡔ ࡢຓᡂᑐ㇟༊ศࡘ࠸࡚ࡢ᪉㔪ࢆே✀ศ㞳⩏ⓗ㸦separatist㸧ぢࡿࡇࡶ࡛ࡁ ࡿࠋࡓࡔࡋᐇ㝿ࡣࠊCASC ࡢຓᡂࢆཷࡅࡓ࡞ࡣࣈࣛࢵࢡࡢࢢ࣮ࣝࣉࡶ࠶ࡿࠋ18 EASC ࡣ 1982 ᖺ 5 ᭶㛤ദࡢ㆟ࠕࣟࣥࢻࣥࡢ࢚ࢫࢽࢵࢡ࣭࣐ࣀࣜࢸ࣭ ࣮ࢺ㸦Ethnic Minority Arts in London㸧 ࠖࢆᶵタ⨨ࡉࢀࠊ1982㸭83 ᖺᗘ 40 ࣏ࣥࢻࡢண⟬࡛ጞࡲࡗࡓࠋᑠጤဨࡢྡ⛠࢚ࢫࢽࢵࢡ࣭࣐ࣀࣜࢸࢆᥖࡆ࡚࠸ ࡿࡶࡢࡢࠊᐇ㝿ࡣ࢚ࢫࢽࢵࢡ࣭࣐ࣀࣜࢸࡢ࡞࡛ࡶ࣮ࣚࣟࢵࣃእࡢᪧ᳜Ẹᆅ ฟ㌟⪅ࠊࡘࡲࡾࠕࣈࣛࢵࢡࠖࡢⱁ⾡ࠊᩥ⯆ࡢࡓࡵࡢᑠጤဨ࡛࠶ࡗࡓࠋᖺᗘண ⟬ࡣࠊ1983㸭84 ᖺ 35.5 ࣏ࣥࢻࠊ1984㸭85 ᖺ 163 ࣏ࣥࢻࠊ1985㸭86 ᖺ ࡣ 211 ࣏ࣥࢻ᭱⤊ⓗࡣ 5 ಸቑ࡞ࡗࡓࠋ19 EASC ࡣࠊCASC ࡢࡼ࠺࡞ሗ࿌ ᭩ࢆసᡂࡋ࡞ࡗࡓࡢ࡛ࠊຓᡂࡢ⣽ࡣࢃࡽ࡞࠸ࡀࠊࣜࢳ࣮ࣕࢻ࣭ࣄࣝࢺࣥࡣࡇ ࡢᑠጤဨࡼࡿຓᡂࡘ࠸࡚ḟࡢࡼ࠺㏙࡚࠸ࡿࠋ ࣈࣛࢵࢡ࣭࣮ࢸࢫࢺࡓࡕࢆ㞟ࡵࡓ᭱ึࡢ┦ㄯ࡛ฟࡉࢀࡓせồྜࢃࡏ࡚ࠊ ຓᡂࡣቑ࠼࡚࠸ࡗࡓࠋ͐͐ᙼࡽࡣࠊࣜࣁ࣮ࢧࣝ⏝タࠊ㞟ࢫ࣮࣌ࢫࠊ⛣ືࠊᮦᩱࠊ ⾜ᨻ࠾ࡅࡿຓᡂ⏦ㄳ⫋ᴗカ⦎ࣉࣟࢢ࣒ࣛࠊ࣮ࢺࡢᢏ⾡ᩍ⫱ࡢ㈝⏝ࢆ㈥࠺ࡓࡵ ࡢ㈈※ࢆせồࡋࡓࠋࡑࡢ㔠㢠ࡣࠊGLC ࡢⱁ⾡ຓᡂయẚࢀࡤᑠࡉ࡞ࡶࡢࡔࡗࡓ ࡀࠊ࠸ࢃࡺࡿࠕ࢚ࢫࢽࢵࢡ࣭࣮ࢺࠖᑐࡍࡿࡇ࠺ࡋࡓᡭཌ࠸ຓᡂࡣ๓ࡀ࡞ࡗ ࡓࠋࡋࡶࠊ ࠕࣈࣛࢵࢡ࣭࣮ࢺ࣭ࣉࣟࢪ࢙ࢡࢺࠖࡣ GLC ࡢࡢጤဨࡽࡶຓᡂ ࢆཷࡅ࡚࠸ࡓࠋ20 ࠕ๓ࡢ࡞࠸ࠖ᪂ࡋࡉࡣࠊGLC ࡀ⨨ࢀ࡚࠸ࡓᨻ≧ἣྍศࡔࡗࡓࠋ➨㸯 ࠊ1981 ᖺࣥࢢࣛࣥࢻྛᆅ࡛ᭀື㸭⻏㉳㸦riots㸧ࡀ㉳ࡁࠊၥ㢟࠶ࡿே✀㛵ಀ ࡢᨵၿࡀႚ⥭ࡢㄢ㢟ࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡓࡇࡣ㔜せࡔࠋ≉ᭀື㸭⻏㉳ᣑࡢዎᶵ࡞ࡗ ࡓ 4 ᭶ࡢࣈࣜࢡࢫࢺ࡛ࣥࡢᭀື㸭⻏㉳ࡽࢇࡢ㸯ࣧ᭶ᚋࡢ㸳᭶㑅ᣲᡓࢆ ࡋ࡚ጞࡲࡗࡓປാඪ GLC ᨻࡣࠊே✀㛵ಀࡘ࠸࡚ࠊࢧࢵࢳ࣮ࣕᨻᶒࡣ㐪࠺᪉ 㔪ࢆ࠺ࡕࡔࡍᚲせࡀ࠶ࡗࡓࠋ࢚ࢫࢽࢵࢡ࣭࣐ࣀࣜࢸ↔Ⅼࡋࡓ GLC ࡢ⟇ ࡘ࠸࡚ࠊ࣏࣮࣭ࣝࢠࣝࣟࡣ⓶⫗ࢆ㎸ࡵ࡚ḟࡢࡼ࠺㏙࡚࠸ࡿࠋ 8 萩原 弘子 1981 ᖺ㑅ᣲ࡛ࡋࡓ㤳㒔ᅪࡢປാඪᆅ᪉⾜ᨻᗓࡀ࠸ࡕ᪩ࡃ╔ᡭࡋࡓࡢࡣࠊ ࡑࢀࡲ࡛ⅆ⅖⎼␎ዣࡀࡏ࠸ࡐ࠸ࡢ⾲᫂ᛮࢃࢀ࡚࠸ࡓ࢚ࢫࢽࢵࢡ࣭࣐ࣀࣜࢸ ࡢせồᛂ࠼ࡿࡇࢆ㈐ົࡍࡿ≉ู࡞⤌⧊ࣉࣟࢢ࣒ࣛࡢไᗘࡔࡗࡓࠋ21 1981 ᖺࡢᆅ᪉㑅ᣲࡗ࡚᪩ࠎࣦࣜࣥࢢࢫࢺࣥࡣ࢚ࢫࢽࢵࢡ࣭࣐ࣀࣜࢸ ጤဨ㸦Ethnic Minority Committee㸧ࢆタ⨨ࡋࠊ⮬㌟ࡀጤဨ㛗࡞ࡗࡓࠋࢠࣝࣟ ࡼࡿࠊึᖺḟࡢ 1982㸭83 ᖺࡣ 300 ௳ࡢຓᡂ⏦ㄳ⪅ࡀ 85 ࣏ࣥࢻࡢຓᡂ ࢆཷࡅࠊ⩣ᖺࡢጤဨண⟬ࡣ 250 ࣏ࣥࢻቑ࠼ࡓࠋ GLC ࡣࣟࣥࢻࣥࢆࠕே ✀⩏ᆅᖏ㸦Anti-Racist Zone㸧 ࠖ ࠊ1984 ᖺࢆࠕே✀⩏ࡢᖺ㸦Anti-Racist Year㸧 ࠖ ᐉゝࡋ࡚ࠊබົဨࡢࣈࣛࢵࢡⓏ⏝ࢆ㐍ࡵࠊࣅ࣮ࣝ࣎ࢻࢆࡗࡓ࣓ࢹ࣭࢟ࣕ ࣮ࣥ࣌ࣥࢆᒎ㛤ࡋࡓࠋࢠࣝࣟࡣࡇࢀࢆࠕ⾜ᨻ∧ࡢே✀⩏ࠖࡧࠊ ࠕே✀ࠖ ᙧᡂࡢṔྐࢆ⌮ゎࡋ࡞࠸ࡓࡵ࠾ࡼࡑ༑ศ࡞ࡶࡢ࡛ࡋ࡞ࡃࠊே✀⩏ࢆᶒຊ㛵 ಀࡋ࡚࡛ࡣ࡞ࡃࠊ༢ຍᐖ⪅⿕ᐖ⪅ࡢᑐ❧ぢࡏ࡚ࡋࡲ࠺Ⅼ࡛༴㝤࡛ࡶ࠶ࡿ ᢈุࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ22 GLC ࡀᒎ㛤ࡋࡓே✀⩏࣮࢟ࣕࣥ࣌ࣥࡢホ౯ࡣᮏ✏ࡢࢸ࣮࣐ࡽࡣࡎࢀࡿࡢ ࡛ࠊࡉ࡚࠾ࡃࡋ࡚ࠊ1981 ᖺࡽࡢ GLC ࡼࡿᩥຓᡂᴗࡀ GLC ࡢᨻㄢ㢟 ⤖ࡧࡘ࠸࡚࠸ࡓࡢࡣࠊࡑࢀࡲ࡛ࡢⱥᅜ࠾ࡅࡿᩥຓᡂࡢ࠶ࡾࡼ࠺ࡽゝࡗ࡚᪂ ែࡔࡗࡓࠋ᪤Ꮡࡢᩥຓᡂᴗ⤌⧊࡛࠶ࡿⱥᅜⱁ⾡ホ㆟㸦 Arts Council of Great Britainࠊ௨ୗࠕⱁ⾡ホ㆟ࠖ 㸧ࡣ㠀┬ᗇබඹᅋయ㸦non-departmental public 23 ᨻᶒᢸᙜᨻඪࡀࡇ࡛࠶ࡿ࡛ᴗࡀᕥྑࡉࢀࡿࡇࡢ࡞࠸ࡼ࠺ࠊ body㸧࡛࠶ࡾࠊ ࡑࡢࠎࡢᨻ⟇ࡸᨻືྥࡽࡣ୍ᐃࡢ㊥㞳ࢆಖࡗ࡚ࡁࡓࠋᨻᗓࡣ㔠ࢆฟࡍࡀຓᡂ ᪉㔪ࡲ࡛ࡣཱྀࢆฟࡉ࡞࠸࠸࠺ࡢࡀࠊᩥຓᡂࡢ୍⯡ⓗ࡞࠶ࡾࡼ࠺ࡔࡗࡓࠋປാ ඪᕥὴࡢே≀ࡀⱁ⾡ᢸᙜ⮧࡞ࡗࡓࡁ࡛ࡶࠊࡑࢀࡣኚࢃࡽ࡞ࡗࡓࠋ24 ୰ኸ ᨻᗓࡔࡅ࡛࡞ࡃ GLC ࡛ࡶࠊᨻᐙࡸᐁࡣཱྀࢆฟࡉ࡞࠸ࡢࡀ័࡞ࡗ࡚࠸ࡓࠋ ࣦࣜࣥࢢࢫࢺࣥࡢ GLC ࡣࠊࡑࡢ័ࢆࡁࡃኚ࠼ࡓࠋ ே✀㛵ಀࡢᨵၿ࠸࠺ᨻㄢ㢟ࡘ࠸࡚ࠊࢧࢵࢳ࣮ࣕᨻᶒࡣ㐪࠺ጼໃࢆࣆ࣮ ࣝࡍࡿࡇࡣ࡛ࡁࡓࡋ࡚ࡶࠊ1980 ᖺ௦༙ࡤࡢ㆙ᐹࡼࡿࣈࣛࢵࢡᑐࡍࡿᭀຊ ⓗᑐᛂࡀᘬࡁ㉳ࡇࡋࡓ୍㐃ࡢ௳ࡀ♧ࡍࡼ࠺ࠊᨵၿࡢㄢ㢟ࡀ㐍ࢇࡔࡣ࠾ࡼࡑゝ ࠼࡞ࡗࡓࠋࡓ࠼ࡤ 1985 ᖺ 9 ᭶ୗ᪪ࠊࣈࣛࢵࢡࡢዪᛶࠊࢳ࢙࣮࣭ࣜࢢ࣮ࣟࢫࡣࠊ ✺↛⮬Ꮿධࡗ࡚ࡁࡓṊ㆙ᐁ㖠ᧁࡉࢀ࡚ࠊ㔜യࢆ㈇ࢃࡉࢀࡓࠋᐙᏯࡢ✺ධࡣࠊ ᙉ┐≢ᐜࡉࢀࡓࢢ࣮ࣟࢫࡢᜥᏊࢆ㐊ᤕࡍࡿࡓࡵࡔࡗࡓ㆙ᐹࡣㄝ᫂ࡋࡓࡀࠊᙜ 1980年代GLCの文化政策と「ブラック・アート」 9 ᜥᏊࡣࡑࡇࡣఫࢇ࡛࠸࡞ࡗࡓࠋࡑࡢᩘ᪥ᚋࡢ 10 ᭶ࡣࠊࣈࣛࢵࢡࡢዪᛶࢩ ࣥࢩ࣭ࢪࣕࣞࢵࢺࡀࠊࡸࡣࡾࡑࡢᜥᏊࢆ᥈ࡋࡔࡑ࠺ࡍࡿ㆙ᐹࡀ⮬Ꮿࢆᤚ⣴ࡍࡿ ࠶࠸ࡔᚰ⮚Ⓨస࡛ஸࡃ࡞ࡗࡓࠋ㆙ᐹࡢᭀ࡞ᑐᛂࡀⓎసࡢᘬࡁ㔠࡞ࡗࡓࡋ࡚ࠊ ࢪࣕࣞࢵࢺࡢఫࡴබႠᅋᆅࡢࣈࣛࢵࢡ㟷ᖺࡓࡕࡢᢠ㆟⾜ືࡀጞࡲࡾࠊᅋᆅྡࢆෙࡋ ࡚ࣈ࣮ࣟࢻ࢛࣮࢘ࢱ࣮࣭ࣇ࣮࣒௳ࡤࢀࡿே✀ᭀື㸭⻏㉳Ⓨᒎ ࡋ ࡓ ࠋ25 GLC ࡀࣈࣛࢵࢡࡢຓᡂࢆቑࡸࡋ࡚࠸ࡓᮇࡣࠊࣈࣛࢵࢡࡋ࡚ࡳࢀࡤ ே✀⩏ⓗᭀຊࡑࢀࡢᢠ㆟ࡢ௦࡛࠶ࡗࡓࠋ࢚ࢹ࣭ࢳ࢙ࣥࣂ࣮ࢫࡣࡇࡢ௦ ࢆࡩࡾ࠼ࡗ࡚ࠊࡔࡽࡇࡑ 1980 ᖺ௦ࡢࣈࣛࢵࢡ࣭࣮ࢸࢫࢺࡢసရࡣࠊࡑ ࠺ࡋࡓไᗘⓗᭀຊࡢឤᢠ㆟ࢆ⾲᫂ࡍࡿព⩏῝࠸సရ⩌ࡀከࡗࡓࡋ࡚࠸ ࡿࠋ26 ࡴࢁࢇࠊࡑࢀࢆ GLC ࡢຌ⦼ࡍࡿࡢࡣ㌿ಽࡋࡓ⪃࠼࡛࠶ࡿࠋ GLC ᪂ࡋࡉࢆಁࡋࡓᨻ≧ἣࡋ࡚➨ 2 ࠊGLC ᨻᶒࢆࡗࡓປാඪᕥὴ ࡢᡓ␎ⓗᨻඪᨻࡀ᪂つᨭᣢᒙࡢ㛤ᣅࢆồࡵ࡚࠸ࡓࡢࡶ㔜せࡔࠋ1981 ᖺࡢ GLC 27 ࢧࢵࢳ 㑅ᣲබ⣙࡛♫⩏ᨻࡢᐇ⌧ࢆᥖࡆ࡚ከᩘὴࢆࡗࡓປാඪᕥὴࡣࠊ ࣮ࣕಖᏲඪᨻᶒࡢᡴಽࠊࡑࢀࡀ࡛ࡁ࡞࠸ປാඪ୰ኸࡢᨵ㠉࠸࠺㸰ࡘࡢ┠ᶆࡀ࠶ ࡗࡓࠋࡑࡢࡓࡵࡣࠊ㤳㒔ࣟࣥࢻ࡛ࣥࠊࡑࢀࡲ࡛ࡢປാ⤌ྜ㢗ࡳ࡛ࡣ࡞࠸ࡓࡕ࡛ ᨭᣢ⚊ࡀປാඪ㞟ࡲࡿࡼ࠺ࡍࡿᚲせࡀ࠶ࡗࡓࠋ28 ࡇࡢⅬࢆᣦࡋ࡚ࠊࢳ࢙ࣥࣂ ࣮ࢫࡣḟࡢࡼ࠺㏙࡚࠸ࡿࠋ ࢥ࣑ࣗࢽࢸάືࠊᩥάືࠊࢫ࣏࣮ࢶάືࠊవᬤάືࡢຓᡂ࠸࠺ࡓࡕ࡛ 㑅ᣲẸࢆ㔠㖹࡛ᤸᥱࡍࡿࡇࡼࡾࠊᨻⓗᨭᣢ㸦≉ࠊ㑅ᣲ࡛ࡢᨭᣢ㸧ࢆ᥎㐍ࡋ ࡓࡾ⋓ᚓࡋࡓࡾ࡛ࡁࡿࡣࡎࡔ࠸࠺ࡢࡀࠊGLC ᣦᑟᒙࡢ⪃࠼ࡔࡗࡓࠋ29 ࡋࡋࠊࡉࡲࡊࡲ࡞࣐ࣀࣜࢸᑐࡍࡿຓᡂࡀࠊᙼࡽࡢᨻຊ⤖㞟⧅ࡀࡿࡇ ࡣ࡞ࡃࠊࡔࢀࡶࡀ▱ࡿࡼ࠺ࠊಖᏲඪᨻᶒࡣࢧࢵࢳ࣮ࣕࡽ࣓ࢪ࣮ࣕᘬࡁ⥅ࡀ ࢀ࡚ࠊປാඪᨻᶒࡣ 1997 ᖺࡲ࡛ᐇ⌧ࡋ࡞ࡗࡓࠋࡑࢀ௨๓ࡢ 1986 ᖺ GLC ࡀࠊ ಖᏲඪᨻᶒࡢไᐃࡋࡓᆅ᪉⾜ᨻἲࡼࡾᗫṆࡉࢀ࡚ࡋࡲࡗࡓࠋ ࡘࡲࡾࠊGLC ᩥᨻ⟇ࡢࠕ๓ࡢ࡞࠸ࠖ᪂ࡋࡉࡣࢧࢵࢳ࣮ࣕᨻᶒࡢᑐᢠࠊ ࡑࡢࡓࡵᚲせ࡞ປാඪᨵ㠉࠸࠺ࠊ▷ᮇ࡛ᡂᯝࢆᣲࡆࡓ࠸ᨻⓗせㄳࡽ㑅ᢥࡉ ࢀࡓࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡗࡓࠋ⤖ᒁࠊᨻⓗᡂᯝࡣᚓࡽࢀ࡞ࡗࡓࡀࠊࡑࡢຓᡂᴗࡣࣈࣛࢵ ࢡ࣭࣮ࢸࢫࢺࡢάືࡁ࡞ᙳ㡪ࢆ࠼ࡓࠋࣦࣜࣥࢢࢫࢺࣥࡢ GLC ࠾ࡅ ࡿᩥᨻ⟇ࢆ◊✲ࡍࡿࣇࣛࣥࢥ࣭ࣅ࣮ࣥ࢟ࢽࡣ ARC ࡢᴗࢆホ౯ࡋ࡚ࠊࡇ࠺᭩ 10 萩原 弘子 ࠸࡚࠸ࡿࠋ ࣟࣥࢻࣥࡢᢚᅽࡉࢀࡓ࣐ࣀࣜࢸㅖ㞟ᅋࡢᩥࢆྍどࡋࠊᆅᇦࡢປാඪᨻ ᐙࠊࣛࢹ࡛࢝ࣝయไⓗ࡞ᩥάືᦠࢃࡗ࡚࠸ࡓேࠎࡢ࠶࠸ࡔࠊ᪂ࡋ࠸ ༠ാᛶࡢ✵ẼࢆࡘࡃࡾࡔࡋࡓⅬ࡛ࠊ࡞ࡾࡢᙳ㡪ຊࢆࡶࡗࡓࠋ30 ᙳ㡪ຊࢆࡶࡗࡓࡢࡣࡲࡕࡀ࠸࡞࠸ࡋ࡚ࠊᑡ࡞ࡃࡶࠊどぬⱁ⾡⾲⌧㡿ᇦࡘ࠸࡚ ࡣࠊ⚾ࡢぢࡿࡇࢁࠊࣅ࣮ࣥ࢟ࢽࡢホ౯ࡣዲពⓗࠊᴦほⓗࡍࡂࡿࠋ௨ୗ࡛ࡣ GLC ࡢ㛵ࢆලయⓗぢࡿ࡞࡛ࠊࡑࡢᙳ㡪ࡘ࠸᳨࡚ウࡋࡓ࠸ࠋ 㸦㸰㸧*/& ദࡢᒎぴࡘ࠸࡚ ᆅ᪉⾜ᨻᗓࡣᩥຓᡂ⪅࡛ࡣ࠶ࡗ࡚ࡶࠊࡳࡎࡽࡀᑟࡋ࡚⨾⾡ᒎぴࢆ㛤ദࡍ ࡿࡇࡣ⛥࡛࠶ࡾࠊຓᡂᚭࡍࡿࡢࡀ័࡛࠶ࡗࡓࡀࠊࣦࣜࣥࢢࢫࢺࣥࡢ GLC 31 ᒎぴദࡣ 1984 ᖺࡽ 1986 ᖺࡢ 3 ᖺ㛫 ࡣᒎぴ㛤ദࢆᑟࡍࡿࡇࡶࡋࡓࠋ 㞟୰ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ1983 ᖺࠊࢧࢵࢳ࣮ࣕࡢಖᏲඪᨻᶒࡣࠊGLC ࡢ㤳㒔ᅪ⾜ᨻࢆ㠀ຠ ⋡࡛せ࡛࠶ࡿࡋ࡚ࠊGLC ᗫṆࡢ㆟ㄽࢆጞࡵ࡚࠸ࡓࠋ32 ࡑࢀᢠ㆟ࡋ࡚ࣦࣜ ࣥࢢࢫࢺࣥࡣ㎡⫋ࡋࠊᑐ❧ೃ⿵ࡢ࠸࡞࠸ฟ┤ࡋ㑅ᣲࡢ⤖ᯝࠊ1984 ᖺ 9 ᭶ඖࡢ࣏ ࢫࢺᡠࡗࡓࠋ1985 ᖺࠊಖᏲඪᨻᗓࡣ GLC ᗫṆࢆྵࡴ᪂ࡋ࠸ᆅ᪉⾜ᨻἲࢆไᐃ 33 GLC ࡀ ࡋࡓ⤖ᯝࠊGLC ࡣ 1986 ᖺ 3 ᭶ᮎ᪥ࢆࡶࡗ࡚ᗫṆࡉࢀࡿࡇࡀỴᐃࡋࡓࠋ ᑟࡋ࡚ᒎぴࢆ⾜࡞ࡗࡓࡢࡣ㸳ᖺ㛫ࢃࡓࡿ GLC ᨻࡢᚋ༙ࠊࡘࡲࡾ୰ኸᨻᗓ ࡼࡿ GLC ᗫṆㄽࡀᮏ᱁ࡋ࡚ᐇ㝿ࡢᗫṆ⮳ࡿࡲ࡛ࡢᮇ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ ࡑࡢ 3 ᖺ㛫 GLC ࡀദࡋࡓ࢚ࢫࢽࢵࢡ࣭࣐ࣀࣜࢸࡢ࣮ࢸࢫࢺసရᒎ ࡣグ㘓ࡢ࠶ࡿࡶࡢ࡛㸲ࡘ࠶ࡿࠋ34 ᒎぴࢱࢺࣝࠊ㛤ദᮇࠊ㛤ദሙᡤࠊཧຍ ࣮ࢸࢫࢺࡢస㡿ᇦ࡞࠸ࡋࡣస࣓ࢹࠊཧຍ࣮ࢸࢫࢺேᩘࡽࠊ௨ୗࡢ Ⅼࢆ≉ᚩࡋ࡚ᣦ࡛ࡁࡿࠋ ➨㸯ࠊ࠸ࡎࢀࡶ࡞ࡾࡢつᶍࡢࢢ࣮ࣝࣉᒎ࡛࠶ࡗࡓࠋReflections of a Different World ᒎ㸦1984 ᖺ㸧 28 ேࠊNew Horizons ᒎ㸦1985 ᖺ㸧 49 ேࠊThe Colours of Black ᒎ㸦1986 ᖺ㸧 24 ேཧຍேᩘࡀከ࠸ࠋ35 ᭱ᚋࡢ The Black Experience ᒎ㸦1986 ᖺ㸧ࡣ 10 ࡢᒎ♧ࠊ࠸ࡃࡘࡢ₇ࠊࢲࣥࢫࡢୖ₇ࠊ㡢ᴦ⚍ࠊᫎ⏬⬮ᮏ ࢥࣥ࣌࡞ࢆ᮰ࡡࡿࣥࣈ࣭ࣞࣛࢱࢺ࡛ࣝ࠶ࡾࠊOBAALAࠊCreation for Liberation ࠸ࡗࡓ⤌⧊ྡ࡛ࡢཧຍࡶ࠶ࡗࡓࡢ࡛ࠊཧຍேᩘࢆᩘ࠼ࡃ࠸ࡀࠊ 1980年代GLCの文化政策と「ブラック・アート」 11 ࡞ࡾࡢேᩘ࡛࠶ࡗࡓࡢࡣࡲࡕࡀ࠸࡞࠸ࠋ ➨㸰ࠊ࠸ࡎࢀࡶࣈࣛࢵࢡ࣭࣮ࢺᒎཷࡅṆࡵࡽࢀࡓࠋ Reflections of a Different World ᒎࠊ New Horizons ᒎࡣࠊࢱࢺࣝ୰ Black ࡢㄒࢆྵࡲ࡞ࡗ 36 ࡓࡀࠊBlack ࡢㄒࢆࢱࢺࣝྵࡴ࠺ࡢ㸰ᒎࡀࡢ㸰ᒎࡢぢ࠼᪉ࢆỴࡵ࡚࠸ࡓࠋ ᙜࡍ࡛࢚ࢹ࣭ࢳ࢙ࣥࣂ࣮ࢫࠊ࣮࢟ࢫ࣭ࣃࣃ࣮ࡓࡕࡢ BLK ࣮ࢺ࣭ࢢ࣮ࣝ ࣉࡸࠊࣝ࣋ࢼ࣭ࣄ࣑ࢻࡓࡕࣈࣛࢵࢡዪᛶࡓࡕࡀ࠸ࡃࡘࡶࡢᒎぴࢆ㛤ദࡋࠊࢬ ࣜࣥࢺࣥࡢࣈࣛࢵࢡ࣭࣮ࢺ࣭ࢠ࣮ࣕࣛࣜࡶάືࢆጞࡵ࡚࠸࡚ࠊࣈࣛࢵࢡ࣭࣮ࢸ ࢫࢺࡓࡕࡢసάືࡀὀ┠ࡉࢀࡘࡘ࠶ࡗࡓࡢࡶࠊࡑࡢ⌮⏤⪃࠼ࡽࢀࡿࠋࡋࡋ ඛ⾜ࡍࡿ➨㸯ᮇࡢࣈࣛࢵࢡ࣭࣮ࢺᒎࡣࠊᚋ㏙ࡍࡿ➨㸲ࠊ➨㸳ࡢ≉ᚩࢆ᭷ࡍࡿⅬ ࡛ࡁࡃ␗࡞ࡗ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ ➨㸱ࠊሙࡀ࿘⦕ⓗ࡛࠶ࡗࡓࠋᐇࡣࠊReflections of a Different World ᒎ The Colours of Black ᒎ ࡢᮇࡣ 2 ᪥㛫ࡔࡅ࡛ࠊᒎぴ࠸࠺ࡼࡾࡣᩥࣇ࢙ࢫ ࢸࣦࣝࡢࡼ࠺࡞ࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡾࠊሙࡶࡑࢀぢྜ࠺ሙᡤᘓ≀ࡔࡗࡓࠋ๓⪅ࡣ GLC ᗇ⯋㞄᥋ࡍࡿࢪࣗࣅ࣮࣭࣮ࣜ࢞ࢹࣥࢬࠊᚋ⪅ࡣ GLC ᗇ⯋ࡢ㆟ᐊࠊࡘࡲ ࡾࡕࡽࡶࢸࢺ⨾⾡㤋ࡸ࣮࣊࣡ࢻ࣭ࢠ࣮ࣕࣛࣜࢆࡼࡃゼࢀࡿ⨾⾡㚷㈹ᐈ 㸦gallery-goers㸧ࡀ⾜ࡃࡼ࠺࡞ሙ࡛ࡣ࡞ࡃࠊ᪂⪺ᒎぴホࡢᥖ㍕ࡶ࡞ࡗࡓࠋ ᪉ࠊNew Horizons ᒎ The Black Experience ᒎࡣࠊᮇࡶࡑࢀࡒࢀ 3 㐌㛫ࠊ 4 㐌㛫༑ศ࡞㛗ࡉࡔࡗࡓࡀࠊሙࡢ࿘⦕ᛶࡣఝࡓࡼ࠺࡞ࡶࡢࡔࡗࡓࠋ New Horizons ᒎࡀ⾜࡞ࢃࢀࡓ࣭ࣟࣖࣝࣇ࢙ࢫࢸࣦ࣭࣮ࣝ࣍ࣝࡢሙࡣᗈ࠸ࣇ࢛ ࢚࡛࣡࠶ࡗ࡚ࠊᮏ᮶⨾⾡సရࢆᒎ♧ࡍࡿࡓࡵࡢሙᡤ࡛ࡣ࡞࠸ࠋ The Black Experience ᒎࡢྡࡢࡶ࡛㛤ദࡉࢀࡓどぬⱁ⾡⾲⌧ࡢᒎぴࡣ㸰ࡘ࠶ࡾࠊࡑࡢ࠺ ࡕࢻ࣓࢟ࣗࣥࢱ࣮ࣜ┿ᒎ Reflections of the Black Experience ࡢሙࡣࢫ࣮ࣃ ࣮࣭࣐࣮ࢣࢵࢺࡢධࡿࣅࣝࡢᆅୗ࠶ࡿᑠࡉ࡞ᕷẸࢠ࣮࡛ࣕࣛࣜ࠶ࡿࣈࣜࢡࢫࢺ ࣭࣮ࣥࢺ࣭ࢠ࣮ࣕࣛࣜࠊࣥࢫࢱ࣮ࣞࢩࣙࣥసရᒎ From Generation to Generation ࡣබẸ㤋ⓗ࡞✵㛫ࡢࣈࣜࢡࢫࢺ࣭࣐࣮ࣥࢣࢵࢺ࣭ࣉࣞࢫ࡛࠶ࡗࡓࠋ ➨㸲ࠊどぬⱁ⾡⾲⌧≉ࡏࡎࠊ⾲⌧፹యࡸ⾲⌧㡿ᇦࢆᶓ᩿ࡍࡿᒎ♧ࢆࡋࡓࡏ ࠸࡛ࠊసࡾᡭࡢே✀ⓗᖐᒓࢆ⌮⏤సရࢆ㞟ࡵࡓᒎぴぢࡽࢀࡓࠋGLC ࡣ࢚ࣜ ࣮ࢺ⩏࡞ࡽ࡞࠸ࡼ࠺⯆ࠊຓᡂࡢᑐ㇟ࢆ⊃ࡃ㝈ᐃࡏࡎࠊࡉࡲࡊࡲ࡞⾲⌧ᙧᘧࠊ ⱁ⾡ࢪࣕࣥࣝࢆᗈࡃຓᡂࡍࡿࡇࢆࡵࡊࡋ࡚࠸ࡓࡢ࡛ࠊᙜ↛ࡢᖐ⤖ࡔࡗࡓࠋࡋࡋ ࡑࡢࡏ࠸࡛ࠊどぬⱁ⾡⾲⌧㡿ᇦࡘ࠸࡚ゝ࠼ࡤࠊ࿘⦕ࢆࡃࡘࡀ࠼ࡍࡇࡀ㞴ࡋ ࡗࡓࠋࡓ࠼ࡤࠊReflections of a Different World ᒎ New Horizons ᒎࡣ⧊≀ࠊ 12 萩原 弘子 ᰁⰍࠊ㝡ჾࠊࢪ࢚࣮ࣗࣜ࡞ࡢࢡࣛࣇࢺసရࢆྵࡳࠊThe Black Experience ᒎ ࡣࢻ࣓࢟ࣗࣥࢱ࣮ࣜ┿ᒎࡶࠊࢪࣕࢬ₇ዌࠊ₇ࡶ࠶ࡗࡓࠋࡇ࠺ࡋࡓᒎ♧ࡢࡋࡓ ࡣࠊ1980 ᖺ௦༙ࡤᙜ☜❧ࡋࡘࡘ࠶ࡗࡓࣈࣛࢵࢡ࣭࣮ࢺᒎࡘ࠸࡚ࡢ୍ᐃࡢぢ ᪉ࢆᙉࡵࡓࠋࡘࡲࡾࠊࣈࣛࢵࢡ࣭࣮ࢺᒎࡣసࡾᡭࡀࣈࣛࢵࢡ࡛࠶ࡿࡇὀ┠ ࡋࡓࡔࡅࡢ⥲ぴᒎ࡛࠶ࡿ࠸࠺ぢ᪉ࡔࠋ ➨㸳ࠊከᵝ࡞సရࡢ࠶࠸ࡔ࠶ࡿ㐪࠸ࡣࠊࡑࢀࢆไసࡋࡓ࣮ࢸࢫࢺࡑࢀࡒ ࢀࡢ࣮ࣝࢶࡸᩥఏ⤫ࠊࡘࡲࡾ࢚ࢫࢽࢩࢸࡢ㐪࠸⏤᮶ࡍࡿぢࡿど⥺ࢆᙉࡋ ࡓࠋつᶍ࡞⥲ぴᒎ࡞ࡗࡓ New Horizons ᒎࢆホࡋ࡚ࢳ࢙ࣥࣂ࣮ࢫࡣࠊࡇ࠺ゝ ࡗ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ ࣮ࢸࢫࢺࡓࡕࡣ㝡ⱁᐙࡶ࠸ࢀࡤ┿ᐙࡶ࠾ࡾࠊࣇࢵࢩ࣭ࣙࣥࢹࢨࢼ࣮ࡶ ࠸ࢀࡤࢪ࢚࣮ࣗࣜసᐙࡶ࠾ࡾࠊ᭩ᐙࡶ࠸ࢀࡤ⏬ᐙࡶ࠸ࡓࠋྛ࣮ࢸࢫࢺࠊྛ⾲⌧ ᙧᘧࡢ౯್㔜せᛶࢆྰᐃࡍࡿࡘࡶࡾࡣ࡞࠸ࡀࠊᙼࡽࡢసࢆ୍⥴ᒎ♧ࡍࡿࡇࠊ ࡇࢀࡔࡅ㐪࠺సရࢆ୍ᵝᢅ࠺ࡇࡣࡲࡕࡀ࠸࡛࠶ࡾࠊ࣮ࢸࢫࢺࢆࡇࡢ࠺࠼࡞ ࡃ࢚ࢫࢽࢵࢡ࡞Ꮡᅾࡍࡿ㸦to hyper-ethnicise㸧⾜Ⅽࡔࡗࡓࠋ37 ࢳ࢙ࣥࣂ࣮ࢫࡣゝཬࡋ࡚࠸࡞࠸ࡀࠊྠᒎࡣࣈࣛࢵࢡࡢᏊࡶࡓࡕࡢ⤮ࡶᒎ♧ࡉࢀ ࡚࠸ࡓࠋ38 ࡇࡢࡇࡣࠊᒎぴࡢ⏬సရ㑅ᐃ㝿ࡋ࡚ࡢ㛵ᚰࡀࠊ࣮ࢺไస ࡢᑓ㛛ᛶ࡛ࡣ࡞ࡃࠊసࡾᡭࡢ࢚ࢫࢽࢩࢸ࡛࠶ࡗࡓࡇࢆࡼࡃ♧ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ せࡍࡿࠊGLC ദᒎࡣࠊసࡾᡭඹ㏻ࡍࡿே✀ⓗᖐᒓ࡛࠶ࡿࣈࣛࢵࢡࢿࢫ 㸦Blackness㸧࡛ᐃ⩏ࡉࢀࡿࡶࡢࡋ࡚ࠕࣈࣛࢵࢡ࣭࣮ࢺࠖࢆぢࡏࡿྠࠊ సရࡢࢸ࣮࣐ᛶࡸ⾲⌧ෆᐜࠊ⾲⌧ᙧᘧࡢ㐪࠸ࢆసࡾᡭࡢ࢚ࢫࢽࢩࢸ⏤᮶ࡍࡿ ᤊ࠼ࡿࠕ࢚ࢫࢽࢵࢡ࣭࣮ࢺࠖᒎ࡛࠶ࡗࡓࠋࡑࢀࡣࠊ࿘⦕ⓗ࡞ሙ࡛ࡢࢢ࣮ࣝࣉᒎࠊ ⥲ぴᒎ࠸࠺ᙧᘧࡀࡏ࠸ࡐ࠸ࡢ࣮ࢺ࠸࠺ព࡛ࡶ࠶ࡗࡓࠋࡴࢁࢇࠊࢡࣛࣇࢺ ࣮ࢺࡢ㐪࠸ࠊ࣐ࣉࣟࡢ㐪࠸ࠊ⾲⌧ᙧᘧࡸⱁ⾡ࢪࣕࣥࣝࡢ㐪࠸ព࡞ࡋࡋ ࡚ࠊࡑࢀࡲ࡛ࡢቃ⏺ࢆᶓ᩿ࡋࠊ⾗ࢆ㐍ࡵࡿࡇࡣࠊࡑࢀࡀ⾜࡞ࢃࢀࡿ♫ⓗᩥ ⬦ࡼࡗ࡚ࡣࠊⱁ⾡ࡢኚ㠉ᤊ࠼ࡿࡇࡶ࡛ࡁࠊព⩏࠶ࡿືࡁ࡞ࡿࡇࡶ࠶ࡿࡔ ࢁ࠺ࠋࡋࡋ GLC ᒎࡢୖグࡢࡼ࠺࡞≉ᚩࡣ࣮ࢸࢫࢺࡀయⓗỴࡵࡓࡶࡢ࡛ ࡣ࡞ࡗࡓࡢ࡛ࠊࡑࡇࡀⱁ⾡ኚ㠉ࡢሙ࡞ࡿࡣࡎࡀ࡞ࡗࡓࡋࠊGLC ࡗ࡚ⱁ ⾡ࡢኚ㠉ࡣ㛵ᚰࡢእࡔࡗࡓࠋ 1980年代GLCの文化政策と「ブラック・アート」 13 㸦㸱㸧ே✀⩏ቨ⏬ࣉࣟࢪ࢙ࢡࢺࡘ࠸࡚ 1984 ᖺࠊGLC ࡢே✀ᖹ➼ㄢ㸦Race Equality Unit: REU㸧ࡀ㸲⤌㸶ேࡢࣈࣛࢵ ࢡ࣭࣮ࢸࢫࢺே✀⩏ࢆࢸ࣮࣐ࡍࡿቨ⏬ࡢไసࢆὀᩥࡋࡓࠋቨ⏬ࡢタ ⨨࣭ไసᆅⅬࡣࠊࣈࣜࢡࢫࢺࣥࠊࢧ࢘ࢯ࣮ࣝࠊ࣮ࢫࢺ࣭ࣟࣥࢻࣥࠊࣀࢵࢸࣥࢢ࣭ ࣄࣝࡢ㸲ࣧᡤ࡛ࠊ࠸ࡎࢀࡶࣈࣛࢵࢡࡢᒃఫᆅ༊࡞࠸ࡋࡣࣈࣛࢵࢡࡗ࡚Ṕྐⓗ㛵 ࢃࡾࡢ῝࠸ሙᡤ࡛࠶ࡿࠋࣈࣜࢡࢫࢺ࡛ࣥไసࡋࡓ࣮ࢸࢫࢺࡣࣦ࣭࢞ࣥࢪ࢙ࣥ ࢸࢫࢱ࣒࣭ࢪࣙࢭࣇࠊࢧ࢘ࢯ࣮࡛ࣝࡣ࣮࢟ࢫ࣭ࣃࣃ࣮ࢳ࣭ࣕࣛࣂ࣮࣐ࣥࠊ ࣮ࢫࢺ࣭ࣟࣥࢻ࡛ࣥࡣࢩࣕࣥࢸ࣭ࣃࣥࢳࣕࣝࢲࢫ࣭࣮࣐࢝ࢻࠊࣀࢵࢸࣥ ࢢ࣭ࣄ࡛ࣝࡣࣝ࣋ࢼ࣭ࣄ࣑ࢻࢩ࣮ࣔࢾ࣭ࣞࢢࢨࣥࢲ࣮࡛࠶ࡗࡓࠋ39 GLC ࡼࡿࣈࣛࢵࢡ࣭࣮ࢺᨭࡢၥ㢟Ⅼࡀࡼࡃࢃࡿࡢࡀࠊࡇࡢቨ⏬ࣉࣟࢪ ࢙ࢡࢺࡔࠋࡲࡎቨ⏬ࢆไసࡋ࡚ࡋ࠸࠸࠺せồࡣࠊᆅᇦࡽฟࡓࡶࡢ࡛ࡣ࡞ࡃࠊ ࣈࣛࢵࢡ࣭ࢥ࣑ࣗࢽࢸࡽ࡛ࡶࠊ࣮ࢸࢫࢺࡽ࡛ࡶ࡞ࡃࠊGLC ࡀゝ࠸ࡔࡋ ࡓࡶࡢࡔࡗࡓࠋ40 ࡘ࡚࣓࢟ࢩࢥ࡛⯆㝯ࡋࡓቨ⏬㐠ືࡢࡼ࠺࡞ࠊ♫᰿ࡊࡋࡓኚ 㠉ࡢືࡁࡀ࠶ࡗࡓࢃࡅ࡛ࡣ࡞࠸ࠋே✀⩏ࢆࢸ࣮࣐ࡍࡿࡇࡣ GLC ࡢᨻ⟇ⓗ ᚲせࡋ࡚᭱ึࡽỴࡲࡗ࡚࠸࡚ࠊࢥ࣑ࣗࢽࢸ࡞ࡾ࣮ࢸࢫࢺ࡞ࡾࡢ┦ㄯࡢ ⤖ᯝ࡛ࡣ࡞ࡗࡓࠋࡲࡓ࣮ࢸࢫࢺࡢ㑅ᐃࡶࠊ㸰ே 1 ⤌ࡢ⤌ࡳྜࢃࡏࡶࠊGLC ࡀỴࡵ࡚࣮ࢸࢫࢺࡣ࠸ࡁ࡞ࡾ౫㢗ࡀ᮶ࡓ࠸࠺ࠋ41 ไస࠶ࡓࡗ࡚ࡣࠊタ ⨨࣭ไసࡍࡿᆅᇦࡢேࠎࡢ࣑࣮ࢸࣥࢢࢆࡋ࡚ෆᐜࢆ┦ㄯࡋࠊ࢚ࢫ࣮࢟ࢫࢆぢࡏ 42 ࡘࡲࡾࠊ ࡚ពぢࢆ⪺ࡁࠊ ࡑࢀࢆࡼࡃᫎࡍࡿࡼ࠺࠸࠺ࡢࡀࠊ GLC ࡢ᪉㔪ࡔࡗࡓࠋ GLC ᑟ࡛ࡣ㐍ࡵࡽࢀࡓࠋࡑࡶࡑࡶேࠎࡀቨ⏬ࢆồࡵ࡚ጞࡲࡗࡓࣉࣟࢪ࢙ࢡࢺ ࡛ࡣ࡞࠸ࡢ࡛ࠊᆅᇦఫẸࡢ࣑࣮ࢸࣥࢢࡣᐜ࡛᫆࡞ࡗࡓࠋࢧ࢘ࢯ࣮࡛ࣝไసࡋ ࡓࣃࣃ࣮ࣂ࣮࣐ࣥࡣࠊ᭱ึࡢ࢚ࢫ࣮࢟ࢫࡀ⃭ࡋ࠸ᢈุ㐼࠸ࠊෆᐜࢆኚ᭦ࡋ࡚ ᡂࡉࡏࡓ࠸࠺ࠋ43 ࢧ࢘ࢯ࣮ࣝࡣ༡ࢪ⣔ࡢఫẸࡀከ࠸ᆅ༊ࡔࡀࠊࡑࡇࡢᆅᇦ ᪂⪺ Southall Gazette ࡣࠊቨ⏬ࣉࣟࢪ࢙ࢡࢺࡘ࠸࡚ࡇ࠺ሗࡌ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ ࡇࡢቨ⏬ไస㈝ 1 ࣏ࣥࢻࡣ⛯㔠ࡢ↓㥏㐵࠸࡛࠶ࡾࠊ͐͐ࡇ࠺ࡋࡓ⤮ࡣࢧ࢘ ࢯ࣮ࣝࡢఫேࡢከᩘࡗ࡚↓ពࡔࠋ44 GLC ࡣࡇࡢࡶቨ⏬ࣉࣟࢪ࢙ࢡࢺࢆᐇࡋ࡚࠾ࡾࠊᚋ㏙ࡍࡿࣈࣛࢵࢡ࣭ ࣮ࢺ࣭ࢭࣥࢱ࣮ࡢቨ⏬ࡶ㸲ேࡢ࣮ࢸࢫࢺไస౫㢗ࡋࡓࠋ45 ቨ⏬ᑐࡍࡿ GLC ࡢᛮ࠸ࡣ⇕࠸ࡼ࠺࡛ࠊThe Black Experience ᒎࣉࣟࢢ࣒ࣛᏊ࡛ࡣࠊୖグࣉ 14 萩原 弘子 ࣟࢪ࢙ࢡࢺࡣ㛵ಀࡢ࡞࠸ᩥ⬦࡛ࠊGLC ࡢぢゎࡋ࡚ࠊḟࡢࡼ࠺࡞ቨ⏬ⱁ⾡ㄽࡀ グࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ ࣟࣥࢻࣥᕷෆࡢࢫ࣒ࣛᆅ༊㸦the inner city slums of London㸧ࢆ᫂ࡿࡃࡍࡿ᪉ἲ ࡋ࡚ࠊ㏆ᖺዲホࢆ༤ࡍࡼ࠺࡞ࡗࡓࡢࡀቨ⏬࡛࠶ࡿࠋቨ⏬ࡣᩘୡ⣖᮶ࡢఏ⤫ࡀ ࠶ࡿࠋ Ḣ⡿ୡ⏺ࡢ㒔ᕷ㒊࠶ࡿ 20 ୡ⣖ቨ⏬సရࡣࠊ ࣓࢟ࢩࢥࡢࢹ࢚ࢦ࣭ࣦ࢙ࣜࣛࠊ ࣍ࢭ࣭ࢡ࣓ࣞࣥࢸ࣭࢜ࣟࢫࢥࠊࢹࣦࢵࢻ࣭ࢩࢣࣟࢫ࠸࠺ࣃ࢜ࢽࡢᙳ㡪 ࢆཷࡅ࡚ࠊḟ➨ᨻⓗ࡞ࡶࡢ࡞ࡗࡓࠋ㸱ேࡣ㠉ⓗ࣮ࢸࢫࢺ࡛࠶ࡾࠊ㠉 ࡢࡓࡵᙼࡽࡢ࣮ࢺࢆࡗࡓࠋᙼࡽࡢᙳ㡪ࡣୡ⏺୰ཬࢇ࡛࠸ࡿࠋ46 ࡇࡢ࠶ࠊࣇࣜ࢝ࠊࣥࢻࡢྂ௦Ὕ❍࠾ࡅࡿቨ⏬௨᮶ࡢṔྐゝཬࡋࡓ࠶࡛ࠊ ⌧௦ࣟࣥࢻࣥ࠾ࡅࡿࠕቨ⏬㐠ືࠖࡘ࠸࡚ࡇ࠺グࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ ࠸ࡲࣟࣥࢻ࡛ࣥ㐍⾜୰ࡢቨ⏬㐠ືࡣࣈࣛࢵࢡ࣭࣮ࢸࢫࢺࡓࡕࡀࠊ᪂ࡋ࠸ᛮ ࡸከᵝ࡞ఏ⤫ࢆࡶࡗ࡚ཧຍࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋே✀⩏ࢆᢈุࡋࠊࡇࡇᅾఫࡍࡿࣈࣛࢵ ࢡࡓࡕࡢṔྐᩥࢆ⛠࠼ࡿసရࢆไసࡋ࡚ࡁࡓࠋ47 GLC ࠸࠺⾜ᨻᗓࡀቨ⏬ㄽࢆㄝࡃࡇࡢወጁࡣࡉ࡚࠾ࡃࡋ࡚ࠊࣇࣜ࢝ࠊࣥ ࢻࡢྂ௦Ὕ❍ࡢቨ⏬⌧௦ⱥᅜࡢࣈࣛࢵࢡ࣭࣮ࢸࢫࢺࢆ⤖ࡧࡘࡅࡿⅬࠊࣈࣛࢵ ࢡ࣭࣮ࢸࢫࢺࡢసࢆࣈࣛࢵࢡ࣭ࢥ࣑ࣗࢽࢸࡢṔྐᩥ㛵㐃࡙ࡅࡿⅬ ࡣࠊᙼࡽࢆ࢚ࢫࢽࢵࢡࡍࡿ࠸࠺ࠊGLC ࡢၥ㢟࠶ࡿጼໃࡢ୍➃ࡀぢ࠼ࡿࠋ ࡞࠾ࠊไసࡉࢀࡓቨ⏬ࡣࠊࢀࡶࡶ࠺Ꮡᅾࡋ࡞࠸ࠋ 㸦㸲㸧ࣈࣛࢵࢡ࣭࣮ࢺ࣭ࢭࣥࢱ࣮ࡘ࠸࡚ The Black Experience ᒎࣉࣟࢢ࣒ࣛᏊ࡛ண࿌ࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࡶࡢࡢࠊࡑࡢᚋࠊᡂ ᑵࡍࡿࡇࡢ࡞ࡗࡓࣉࣟࢪ࢙ࢡࢺࡀ㸰௳࠶ࡿࠋ༟㉺ࡢᣐⅬࡋ࡚ࡢࣈࣛࢵࢡ࣭ ࣮ࢺ࣭ࢭࣥࢱ࣮㸦Black Arts Centre㸧ᵓࠊࣈࣛࢵࢡ࣭࣮ࢺ◊✲ࡢࡓࡵ ࡢࣈࣛࢵࢡ࣭ࣦࢪ࣭࣮ࣗࣝࢸࢫࢺ࣭ࣇ࢛࣮࣒ࣛ㸦Black Visual Artists Forum㸧ィ⏬࡛࠶ࡿࠋGLC ᗫṆᚋࡶ⥅⥆ࡀᮇᚅࡉࢀࡓࡀࠊ⤖ᒁ㡻ࡋࡓ㸰ࡘ ࡢࣉࣟࢪ࢙ࢡࢺࢆࡇࡇ࡛⡆༢ࡩࡾ࠼ࡗ࡚࠾ࡁࡓ࠸ࠋ 1986 ᖺ㸱᭶ 31 ᪥࡛ᗫṆ࡞ࡿ GLC ࡀࠊᗫṆ┤๓ࡢ㸰᭶ࡽ㸱᭶ࡅ࡚㛤 1980年代GLCの文化政策と「ブラック・アート」 15 ദࡋࡓࡢࡀ The Black Experience ᒎࡔࡀࠊࡑࡢࣉࣟࢢ࣒ࣛࠕ㸱᭶࣮࢜ࣉࣥࠖ ࠶ࡿࡢࡀࣈࣛࢵࢡ࣭࣮ࢺ࣭ࢭࣥࢱ࣮ࡔࠋ48 ࡇࡢࣉࣟࢪ࢙ࢡࢺࡣ 1982 ᖺ㸷᭶ EASC ࡀタ⨨ࡉࢀ࡚ࡲࡶ࡞࠸ᮇࡽ㆟ㄽࡉࢀ࡚ࡁࡓࡶࡢ࡛ࠊGLC ࠊࣟࣥ ࢻ࣭ࣥࣂ࡛ࣛ࠶ࡿ࣒࢝ࢹࣥࡀᥦࡋࠊ࣒࢝ࢹࣥᆅ༊ࢳ࣮ࣙࢡ࣭ࣇ࣮࣒࠶ࡿ㐟 ఇࣅࣝࠕࣛ࢘ࣥࢻࣁ࢘ࢫ㸦Roundhouse㸧ࠖࡢ⏝ࡀᙜึࡽணᐃࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡓࠋ 1983 ᖺ 11 ᭶㛤ദࡉࢀࡓࠕ࣐ࣀࣜࢸ࣭࣮ࢺ࣭ࢻࣦࢨ࣮࣭ࣜࢧ࣮ࣦ ࢫ㸦Minorities Arts Advisory Service: MAAS㸧 ࠖᅜ㆟࡛ࠊ49GLC ࡢ ARC ᢸᙜㄢࡢ⾜ᨻᐁࣥࢭ࣭࢛ࣝ࢘ࣥࡽᥦ♧ࡉࢀࡓࡢࡀࠊྠࣉࣟࢪ࢙ࢡࢺࡘ࠸࡚ ࡢබⓗⓎ⾲ࡋ࡚ࡣึᛮࢃࢀࡿࠋEASC タ⨨ᚋ 1 ᖺࡢ 1983 ᖺ 11 ᭶ࠊᑠጤ ဨࡢྡ⛠࠶ࡿࠕ࢚ࢫࢽࢵࢡ࣭࣮ࢺ࡛ࠖࡣ࡞ࡃࠊ ࠕࣈࣛࢵࢡ࣭࣮ࢺࠖࢆᥖ ࡆࡿࢭࣥࢱ࣮ࡢᵓࡀࡰᅛࡲࡗ࡚࠸ࡓࡇ࡞ࡿࠋ࢛࢘ࣥࡢㄞࡳ࠶ࡆࡓᩥ᭩ࡢ ᩥࡀ MAAS ห⾜ࡢ Artrage ㄅᥖ㍕ࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࠋᵓࡲ࡛ࡢ⤒⦋ࡸ㐠Ⴀ⤌⧊ ࡶㄝ᫂ࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࡀࠊࡇࡇ࡛ࡣࣈࣛࢵࢡ࣭࣮ࢺ࣭ࢭࣥࢱ࣮ࡢᶵ⬟≉ᚩࡀ࠺ ࠸࠺ࡶࡢࡋ࡚ᵓࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡓὀ┠ࡋ࡚࠾ࡁࡓ࠸ࠋࡲࡎࢭࣥࢱ࣮ࡢᶵ⬟ࡋ ࡚ࠊḟࡢ㸲ࡘࡀᣲࡆࡽࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ i 㸧㐀ⓗ࡞ⱁ⾡ࣉࣟࢢ࣒ࣛࢆ㏻ࡋ࡚ࠊⱥᅜ࡞ࡽࡧᾏእࡢࣈࣛࢵࢡࡢ᭱Ⰻࡢ ᡯ⬟ࢆᚋᢲࡋࡍࡿࡇࠋ ii㸧ࢲࣥࢫࠊ₇ࠊどぬⱁ⾡ࠊ㡢ᴦࡢ㡿ᇦ࠾ࡅࡿカ⦎Ꮫᰯࢆ⨨ࡃࡇࠋ iii㸧ᒎ♧✵㛫ࢆᥦ౪ࡍࡿࡇࠋ iv㸧ࣈࣛࢵࢡ࣭࣮ࢺ㸦Black Arts㸧㛵ࡍࡿ㈨ᩱ࣭ᅗ᭩ᐊ࡛࠶ࡿࡇࠋ50 ⯆ࠊᩍ⫱ࠊᒎ♧ࠊㄪᰝ࣭◊✲ໟᣓⓗ࡞ᣐⅬࡋ࡚ᵓࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡓࡇࡀࢃ ࡿࡀࠊᥦయ࡛࠶ࡿ࣒࢝ࢹࣥ࡞ࡽࡧ GLC ࡢ⾜ᨻ⟶㎄༊ᇦࢆࡁࡃ㉺࠼࡛࡚ࠊ ࠕⱥᅜ࡞ࡽࡧᾏእࡢࣈࣛࢵࢡࠖࡢࡓࡵࡢࢭࣥࢱ࣮ࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿⅬࡀ┠ࢆចࡃࠋ ࡑࢀࡣࠊࣈࣛࢵࢡ࣭࣮ࢺ࣭ࢭࣥࢱ࣮ᑐࡍࡿᮇᚅࢆ㏙ࡓ㒊ศࡶㄞࡳࢀࡿࠋ ᮇᚅࡣࠊࡇ࠺࠸࠺ࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡗ࡚ࡋ࠸ࠊࡇ࠺࠸࠺ࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࡁ࡛࡞࠸࠸࠺ࠊ ⾲㸰㠃ࡽࠊḟࡢࡼ࠺㏙ࡽࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ ࣈࣛࢵࢡ࣭࣮ࢺ࣭ࢭࣥࢱ࣮ࡣḟࡢࡼ࠺࡞ࡇࡀᮇᚅࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ ۑ༟㉺ࡢᣐⅬ࡛࠶ࡿࡇࠋ 16 萩原 弘子 ࡀࢡࢵࣛࣈۑ㐙ࡆࡓ㐩ᡂࡢグᛕࠊ㇟ᚩ࡛࠶ࡿࡇࠋ ࡢࣃࢵ࣮ࣟࣚۑせ࡞ⱁ⾡ㅖᶵᵓ୪ࡪࠊ㧗ࡃホ౯ࡉࢀࡿሙ࡛࠶ࡿࡇࠋ ۑᆅᇦⓗࠊᅜⓗࠊᅜ㝿ⓗ㔜せ࡞タ࡛࠶ࡿࡇࠋ ۑᩥ࣭ⱁ⾡⾲⌧ࢆ⯆ࡍࡿࡓࡵࡢࠊ㛗ᮇࢃࡓࡗ࡚Ꮡ⥆ࡍࡿ⤌⧊࡛࠶ࡿࡇࠋ51 ࣈࣛࢵࢡ࣭࣮ࢺ࣭ࢭࣥࢱ࣮ࡣࠊ௨ୗࡢࡼ࠺࡞ࡶࡢ࡛ࡣ࡞࠸ࠋ ۑᆅᇦࢥ࣑ࣗࢽࢸ࠸ࡿࣈࣛࢵࢡ࣭࣮ࢺࡢㅖࢢ࣮ࣝࣉࡢࡓࡵࡢຓࡢᥦ౪ࠋ ࢺࢫࢸ࣮࣭ࢡࢵࢽࢫ࢚ۑ⯡ࢆᑐ㇟ࡍࡿࠊࡇࢀࡲ࡛ࡶ࠶ࡗࡓࡼ࠺࡞タࠋ ࢸࢽ࣑ࣗࢥ࣭ࢡࢵࣛࣈۑ༑ศ࡞㈨※ࠊ༑ศ࡞ຓᡂࢆ࠶࡚ࡀࡗ࡚ࠊ୍ᛂࡢ య㠃ࢆᩚ࠼ࡿࡔࡅࡢタࠋ ࣥࢹ࣒࢝ࡿ࠶࡛ࣛࣂ࣭ࣥࢻࣥࣟۑᏑࡍࡿࢥ࣑ࣗࢽࢸ࣭࣮ࢺ࣭ࢢ࣮ࣝࣉࡢࡓ ࡵࡢࢭࣥࢱ࣮ࠋ52 ᅜ㝿ⓗ࡞༟㉺ࡢᣐⅬࡍࡃࠊ ࣮ࣚࣟࢵࣃࡢὶ⨾⾡㤋ࡶẚ⫪ࡋ࠺ࡿタࡋ ࡚ᵓࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡓࣈࣛࢵࢡ࣭࣮ࢺ࣭ࢭࣥࢱ࣮ࡔࡀࠊ㈨㔠㠃࡛ࡶࠊᵓࢆᨭ࠼ࡿᛮ 㠃࡛ࡶᅔ㞴ࡀከࡗࡓࠋࢭࣥࢱ࣮ᙜࡍࡿࡇࡀᮇᚅࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡓࣛ࢘ࣥࢻࣁ࢘ ࢫࡣࠊ1983 ᖺึ㢌㈨㔠ษࢀࢆ⌮⏤㛢㙐ࡉࢀࡓඖሙ࡛ࠊ࣒࢝ࢹࣥࡣࡑࡢ┤ᚋ ࡽ㉎ධࡢ᳨ウࢆጞࡵ࡚࠸ࡓࠋ53 ࣒࢝ࢹ࣭ࣥࣂࣛ㆟ࡣ㉎ධ㈨㔠 33 ࣏ࣥࢻࢆ⏝ ពࡋࠊẖᖺࡢ㐠Ⴀ㈨㔠 40 ࣏ࣥࢻࡣ GLC ⱁ⾡ホ㆟ࡢ㈇ᢸࡍࡿࡃ┦ㄯࢆ 㐍ࡵ࡚࠸ࡓ࠸࠺ࠋࡑࡢࠊᨵ㈝⏝ 35 ࣏ࣥࢻࢆ࠺ฟࡍࡿࠊࣛ࢘ࣥࢻ ࣁ࢘ࢫ㉎ධࢆᕼᮃࡍࡿ➇ྜ┦ᡭࢆ࠺ㄝᚓࡍࡿ࠸ࡗࡓㄢ㢟ࡀ࠶ࡿࡇࢆࠊ 1983 ᖺ 8 ᭶ࡢ The Guardian ⣬ࡀሗࡌ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ54 3 ࣧ᭶ᚋࡢ 11 ᭶ MAAS ᅜ ㆟࡛Ⓨ⾲ࡉࢀࡓࡢࡣࠊࡲࡔᇶ┙ࡢᩚࢃ࡞࠸࡞࡛ᥥࢀࡓࢇࡢ㟷┿࡛࠶ࡗࡓࠋ ࡞ࡼࡾၥ㢟ࡉࢀࡓࡢࡣࠊࢭࣥࢱ࣮ᵓࡀ࣒࢝ࢹࣥ GLC ࠸࠺⾜ᨻࢧࢻ ࡽฟࡓࡶࡢ࡛ࠊ࣮ࢸࢫࢺࡓࡕࡢពぢࢆ༑ศ⪺࠸࡚࠸ࡓࢃࡅ࡛ࡣ࡞࠸ࡇࡔࡗ ࡓࠋࢡ࢙࢘ࢪ࣭࢜࢘ࢫࡣ GLC ࡼࡿࣈࣛࢵࢡ࣭࣮ࢺࡢຓᡂࢆࠕࡢຓᡂᶵ㛵 ࡀ 20 ᖺ௨ୖ࡞ࡋ࠼࡞ࡗࡓࡇࢆࠊࢇࡢ㸲ᖺ࡛ᡂຌࡉࡏࡓࠋ ࠖࡋ࡚Ḽ㏄ࡍࡿ ㄽ⪅ࡔࡀࠊ55 ࡑࢀ࡛ࡶࣈࣛࢵࢡ࣭࣮ࢺ࣭ࢭࣥࢱ࣮ᵓࡘ࠸࡚ࡣ 1985 ᖺẁ㝵࡛ ⓗ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ࢜࢘ࢫࡣࠊGLC ࡢᢸᙜᐁ࣑࣭࣏ࣞ࢝ࡢᑐㄯ࡛ࠊࣈࣛࢵࢡ࣭࣮ 56 ࢜࢘ࢫ ࢸࢫࢺࡑࡢ㛵㐃⤌⧊ࡽࡢពぢ⫈ྲྀࡀ༑ศ࡛࡞ࡗࡓ㏙࡚࠸ࡿࠋ ࡣࠕ༟㉺ࡢᣐⅬࠖ࠸࠺ᵓࡘ࠸࡚ࡶᛕࢆ࿊ࡋ࡚࠾ࡾࠊ ࠕࣈࣝࢪࣙ࣡ⓗ༟㉺ࠖ 1980年代GLCの文化政策と「ブラック・アート」 17 ࡢࢭࣥࢱ࣮ࡀ㸯ࡘ࠶ࡿࡼࡾࠊࢥ࣑ࣗࢽࢸࡢせồἢࡗࡓᜏᖖⓗ࡞ᨭࢭࣥࢱ࣮ࡀ 」ᩘ࠶ࡿ࠺ࡀࡼ࠸࠸࠺ពぢࢆ࣏࢝ࡪࡘࡅ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ57 ࡋࡋࠊ࢜࢘ࢫࡢゝ࠺ ࡼ࠺ࣈࣝࢪࣙ࣡ⓗ࢚࣮ࣜࢺ⩏ࢆᣄྰࡋࡓࡇࢁ࡛ࠊࣈࣛࢵࢡ࣭࣮ࢸࢫࢺࡣ ὶࢆࡵࡊࡉ࡞࠸࡛ࡼ࠸࠸࠺ࡇࡣ࡞ࡽ࡞࠸ࡔࢁ࠺ࠋࡇࡢㄽⅬࡘ࠸࡚ࡣࠊ 1994 ᖺタࡢ᪂ᅜ㝿どぬⱁ⾡ᶵᵓ㸦Institute of New International Visual Arts㸸 InIVA㸧ࡘ࠸࡚ㄽࡌࡿู✏࡛⪃ᐹࡍࡿࠋ ࣈࣛࢵࢡ࣭࣮ࢺ࣭ࢭࣥࢱ࣮ᵓࡣࠊ1985 ᖺ㐠Ⴀጤဨࡀタ⨨ࡉࢀ࡚ࠊࡾ ࡔࡋࡓᛮࢃࢀࡓࠋGLC ᗫṆᙜ᪥ࡢ 1986 ᖺ 3 ᭶ᮎ᪥ࡲ࡛ࡢ 12 ᪥㛫ࡣ ‘Twelve Days at the Roundhouse’ 㢟ࡍࡿᩥࣇ࢙ࢫࢸࣦࣝࡀࠊᨵ๓ ࡢࣛ࢘ࣥࢻࣁ࢘ࢫ࡛㛤ദࡉࢀࠊGLC ᗫṆᚋࡶࣈࣛࢵࢡ࣭࣮ࢺ࣭ࢭࣥࢱ࣮ࡢࣉࣟ ࢪ࢙ࢡࢺࡀ⥆ࡃࡇࢆࣆ࣮ࣝࡋࡓࠋࣇ࢙ࢫࢸࣦࣝࡢෆᐜࢆෆࡍࡿ 30 㡫ᙅ ࡢᏊ࠶ࡿࣉࣟࢢ࣒ࣛࡣࠊ₇ࠊࢲࣥࢫࠊ㡢ᴦࡢබ₇ࠊᕤⱁࠊ⨾⾡ࡢᒎぴࠊ ᫎ⏬ୖᫎࠊリࡢᮁㄞࠊᕷẸཧຍࡢ࣮࣡ࢡࢩࣙࢵࣉ㸦ࡓ࠼ࡤࢲࣥࢫࠊᕤⱁ㸧࡞ࠊ 12 ᪥㛫࡛ 100 ௳㏆࠸ࣦ࢙ࣥࢺࡀᥖ㍕ࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ58 ྠᏊࡣࠊᨵᕤࡢᢸ ᙜ♫ྡࡀࠊ㊊ሙ⤌ࡳࠊᒇ᰿ⵌࡁࠊỈ㐨⟶ᩜタࠊ⯒▼ᕤ࡞࠸ࡗࡓ༊ศࡈ ⣽ࡃグࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࠋᨵ୰ࡢࣅ࡛ࣝ 2 㐌㛫㊊ࡽࡎࡢ࠶࠸ࡔ 100 ௳ࡶࡢࣦ࢙ ࣥࢺࢆࡍࡿࡢࡣ␗ᵝࡔࡀࠊࡑࡢࡼ࠺ࡋ࡚࡛ࡶ࣏ࢫࢺ GLC ࡢ௦࠾ࡅࡿࣉࣟࢪ ࢙ࢡࢺࡢ⥅⥆ᡂ㢪࠸ࢆᠱࡅࡓ⪃࠼ࡽࢀࡿࠋ ࡋࡋ 1986 ᖺ㸱᭶ᮎ᪥ࡢ GLC ᗫṆࡽ㸰㐌㛫ᚋࡣࠊ㈨㔠ษࢀ࡛㡻ࡢぢ㎸ ࡳ࡛࠶ࡿࡇࢆ The Guardian ⣬ࡀሗࡌ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ59 ࡑࡢᚋࠊᵓάࡢヨࡳࡶ࡞ࡉ 60 ㈨㔠ࡢ┠㏵ࡀ❧ࡓࡎࠊࣛ࢘ࣥࢻࣁ࢘ࢫࡀࣈࣛࢵࢡ࣭࣮ࢺ࣭ࢭࣥࢱ࣮ ࢀࡓࡀࠊ ࡋ࡚ᩚഛࡉࢀࡿࡇࡣ࡞ࡗࡓࠋ 㸦㸳㸧ࣈࣛࢵࢡ࣭ࣦࢪ࣭࣮ࣗࣝࢸࢫࢺ࣭ࣇ࢛࣮࣒ࣛࡘ࠸࡚ The Black Experience ᒎࡢࣉࣟࢢ࣒ࣛᏊࡣࠊどぬⱁ⾡⾲⌧ࡘ࠸࡚ࡢࢭ ࣑ࢼ࣮ࡢ㛤ദࠊࡑࡢ୰ᚰࢆ࡞ࡍࡽࡋ࠸◊✲ࣉࣟࢪ࢙ࢡࢺࡀ⤂ࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࠋࡑࢀ ࡀࠊࣈࣛࢵࢡ࣭ࣦࢪ࣭࣮ࣗࣝࢸࢫࢺ࣭ࣇ࢛࣮࣒ࣛ㸦Black Visual Artists Forum㸧࡛࠶ࡿࠋࢭ࣑ࢼ࣮ࡢࢸ࣮࣐ࡋ࡚ᣲࡆࡽࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࡢࡣࠊ ࠕࣈࣛࢵࢡ࣭࣮ ࢺ㸦Black Art㸧ࡘ࠸࡚ࡢṔྐⓗどⅬࠖ ࠊ ࠕࣈࣛࢵࢡࡢዪᛶ࣮ࢸࢫࢺࠖࡢࠊ ┿ࠊࣃࣇ࢛࣮࣐ࣥࢫ࣭࣮ࢺࠊ࣮ࢺᩍ⫱࠸ࡗࡓࡶࡢࡔࠋࣉࣟࢢ࣒ࣛᏊ᪥ ࠊሙࡢグ㍕ࡣ࡞ࡃࠊ㛤ദࡢグ㘓ࡶ☜ㄆ࡛ࡁ࡞࠸ࡀࠊMAAS ห⾜ࡢࢱ࢘ࣥሗ 18 萩原 弘子 ㄅ Black Arts in London 1986 ᖺ 10 ᭶ୗ᪪ࡢ᪥࡛ ICA ࡛ࡢ㛤ദண࿌ࡀᥖ㍕ࡉ ࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ61 GLC ᗫṆᚋࡔࡀࠊ࠾ࡑࡽࡃࡣᐇࡉࢀࡓࡶࡢᛮࢃࢀࡿࠋ ࢭ࣑ࢼ࣮㛤ദࡢグ㘓ࡣ☜ㄆ࡛ࡁ࡞࠸ࡶࡢࡢࠊᑡ࡞ࡃࡶࡑࡢㅮᖌணᐃࡉࢀ࡚࠸ ࡓே≀ࡣࠊࣈࣛࢵࢡ࣭ࣦࢪ࣭࣮ࣗࣝࢸࢫࢺ࣭ࣇ࢛࣮࣒ࣛ㛵ࢃࡗࡓ࣮ࢸ ࢫࢺࡓࡕࡔ᥎ ࡛ࡁࡿࠋᙼࡽࡣ 1985 ᖺ㸴᭶ࠊࡑࢀࡒࢀࡀᦠࢃࡿⱁ⾡⾲⌧ࢪ ࣕࣥࣝࡘ࠸࡚ࡢㄪᰝࠊ◊✲ࢆ GLC ࡽ౫㢗ࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡓࠋㄪᰝࠊ◊✲ࡢᡂᯝࢆห ⾜ࡍࡿ࠸࠺ィ⏬ࡣᐇ⌧ࡋ࡞ࡗࡓࡀࠊࢳ࢙ࣝࢩ࣮⨾⾡Ꮫᰯࡢᅗ᭩㤋㸲ᮏࡢㄽ⪃ ࡀಖ⟶ࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࡢࡣ☜ㄆ࡛ࡁࡿࠋ62 ࡞ࡣࡢࡕࣥࢯࣟࢪ࣮ᡤࡉࢀࡿ ࡓࡕ࡛ㄞ⪅ᒆࡅࡽࢀࡓㄽ⪃ࡶ࠶ࡿࠋ63 ࢭ࣑ࢼ࣮ࡢࠊ㠀බ㛤࡛ὶ⨾⾡㤋ࢹࣞࢡࢱ࣮10 ேࡼࡿࢺ࢚ࣜゼၥࢆ ணᐃࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࡢグ㍕ࡶ࠶ࡿࠋ64 ࣮ࢸࢫࢺࡀࢺ࢚࡛ࣜ⨾⾡㤋ࢹࣞࢡࢱ࣮ సရࢆぢࡏ࡚ࠊ⨾⾡㤋ࡢ⧅ࡀࡾࢆࡘࡃࢁ࠺࠸࠺ࠊࣈࣛࢵࢡ࣭࣮ࢸࢫࢺࢆ ὶࡍࡿࡓࡵࡢヨࡳࡔࢁ࠺ࠋࡇࡕࡽࡣࡑࡶࡑࡶ㠀බ㛤ࡢィ⏬࡛࠶ࡗࡓࡢ࡛ࠊグ㘓ࡣ ࡞ࡃࠊࡇࡢ⨾⾡㤋ࡀཧຍࡋࡓࡣ࡛᫂࠶ࡾࠊᮏᙜࡢࡇࢁᐇ⌧ࡋࡓ࠺ࡶ ☜ㄆ࡛ࡁ࡞࠸ࠋ 㸦㸴㸧*/& ࡀࡋࡓ㛵ࡢᙳ㡪ࡘ࠸࡚ ௨ୖࠊGLC ࡼࡿࠕࣈࣛࢵࢡ࣭࣮ࢺࠖᨭࡀࠊᜏᖖⓗάືຓᡂࠊᒎぴദࠊ ࣈࣛࢵࢡ࣭࣮ࢺ࣭ࢭࣥࢱ࣮ᵓࠊㄪᰝ࣭◊✲⯆ᖜࢃࡓࡿࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡗࡓࡇ ࢆぢ࡚ࡁࡓࠋᨭࡣ GLC ࡢᗫṆࡶ⤊⤖ࡋࡓࡀࠊࡑࡢ㐣⛬࡛ࣈࣛࢵࢡ࣭ ࣮ࢸࢫࢺࢆ࢚ࢫࢽࢵࢡ࡞Ꮡᅾࡋ࡚㐝ࡋࡓࡇࠊ ࠕࣈࣛࢵࢡ࣭࣮ࢺࠖࡀࠕ࢚ࢫ ࢽࢵࢡ࣭࣮ࢺࠖྠ⩏ࢃࢀࡓࡇࡶぢࡓࠋࡇࢀࡣࠕࣈࣛࢵࢡ࣭࣮ࢺࠖࡢ᪂ ࡋ࠸ྵព࡛࠶ࡿࠋ➨㸯ᮇࡋ࡚๓✏࡛ㄽࡌࡓ㸱⤌ࡢ࣮ࢸࢫࢺࡓࡕࡀゝᣲࡆࡋࡓ ࠕࣈࣛࢵࢡ࣭࣮ࢺࠖࡣࠊࡑࢀࡒࢀ␗࡞ࡿࡶࡢࡢࠊ ࠕ࢚ࢫࢽࢵࢡ࣭࣮ࢺࠖ ⨨࡙ࡅࡽࢀࡿࡇࡢᢠࢆྵពࡍࡿⅬࡣඹ㏻ࡋ࡚࠸ࡓࠋࡑࡢᢠࡀࠊࡑࢀࡲ࡛ࡢ ⓑே୰ᚰⓗ࡞ⱁ⾡つ⠊ࡢᢈุ࡞࠸ࡋࡣኚ㠉ࡔព㆑ࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡓࡇࡶඹ㏻ࡋ࡚࠸ ࡓࠋ ࠕ࢚ࢫࢽࢵࢡ࣭࣮ࢺࠖࡣ᪂ࡋ࠸ᴫᛕ࡛ࡣ࡞࠸ࡀࠊ ࠕࣈࣛࢵࢡ࣭࣮ࢺࠖࡀࠕ࢚ ࢫࢽࢵࢡ࣭࣮ࢺࠖࡢពࢆᖏࡧࡿࡼ࠺࡞ࡗࡓࡢࡣࠊ➨㸰ᮇ࡛㉳ࡁࡓ᪂ែ࡛࠶ ࡿࠋࡑࡢ᪂ែࡢᙧᡂࡣࠊGLC ࡔࡅ࡛࡞ࡃࠊḟ✏࡛ㄽࡌࡿὶ⨾⾡㤋ࡀ㛤ദࡋ ࡓつᶍ࡞ࣈࣛࢵࢡ࣭࣮ࢸࢫࢺసရᒎࡢຊࡶ࠶ࡗࡓࠋ ࠕࣈࣛࢵࢡ࣭࣮ࢺࠖࡀ ྍどࡉࢀࠊ♫ⓗㄆ▱ᗘࢆ㧗ࡵࡿ࡞࡛ࠊ࢚ࢫࢽࢵࢡࡉࢀࡓࡢࡀ➨㸰ᮇ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ 1980年代GLCの文化政策と「ブラック・アート」 19 ࡇࡇ࡛ GLC ࡼࡿ࢚ࢫࢽࢵࢡᑐࡍࡿ࣮ࢸࢫࢺࡓࡕࡢᢈุⓗゝㄝࡢ࠸ࡃ ࡘࢆぢࡿࡇ࡛ࠊGLC ࡀࡋࡓ㛵ࡀࣈࣛࢵࢡ࣭࣮ࢺ࠼ࡓᙳ㡪ࢆ᫂ࡽ ࡋࡓ࠸ࠋ ࣈࣛࢵࢡ࣭࣮ࢺࡢ GLC ࡢ㛵ᑐࡍࡿ㠃ⓗ࡞ホ౯ࢆ⾜࡞࠺⪅ࡣࠊඛᣲ ࡆࡓࢡ࢙࢘ࢪ࣭࢜࢘ࢫࡔࡅ࡛ࡣ࡞࠸ࠋ1987 ᖺࠊⱝᡭࡢࣈࣛࢵࢡዪᛶ࣮ࢸࢫࢺ ࡋ࡚ࡼࡃ▱ࡽࢀࡿᏑᅾ࡞ࡗ࡚࠸ࡓࢯࢽ࣭࣎ࢫࡣࠊ ࠕGLC ࡼࡿ✚ᴟⓗᕪู ࡢ᥎㐍㸦promotion of positive discrimination㸧ࢆ࠺ᛮ࠺ࠋ ࠖ࠸࠺ၥ࠸⟅ ࠼࡚ࠊḟࡢࡼ࠺㏙࡚࠸ࡿࠋ ࠸࡞ࡿ㞀ᐖ࡛ࡋࡓࡀࠊᐤ࡛ࡶ࠶ࡾࡲࡋࡓࠋGLC ࡣࠊ✀ࠎࡢࢥ࣑ࣗࢽࢸᑐ ࡋ࡚άືࡢࡓࡵࡢ㈨※ࢆࡑࢀࡲ࡛␗࡞ࡿつᶍ࡛㓄ศࡋࡓࡽ࡛ࡍࠋᆅ᪉⾜ᨻᗓࡀ ࣈࣛࢵࢡࡢேࠎࡉࡲࡊࡲ࡞ᶵࢆᥦ౪ࡍࡿࡇࡀ࠶ࡾ࠺ࡿࡢࡔᛮࢃࡏࡲࡋࡓࠋ ṧᛕ࡞ࡀࡽࠊGLC ࡢᨻ⟇Ỵᐃࡣࠊయ㠃ࢆಖࡘࡓࡵࡔࡅࡢࢺ࣮ࢡࢽࢬ࣒࡞ࡢࠊࡑ࠺ ࡛࡞࠸ࡢࢆศࡅࡿቃ⏺⥺ࢆ㩭࡛᫂ࢃࡽ࡞࠸ࡶࡢࡋࡲࡋࡓࠋ ࠕ✚ᴟⓗᕪูࠖ ࠸࠺ᴫᛕࡣࠊ⚾ࡓࡕࢆ」㞧࡛ࡲࡕࡀࡗࡓ㐨ྥࢃࡏࡿࡇ࡞ࡾࡲࡋࡓࠋ65 ‘positive discrimination’ࡣࠕ✚ᴟⓗᕪูࠖࡢࠕᕪูಟṇᥐ⨨ࠖヂࡉࢀࡿࡇ ࡶ࠶ࡾࠊ࣓ࣜ࢝ྜᕞᅜࡢ ‘affirmative action’ྠᵝࡢᨻ⟇ࢆᣦࡍࠋ㝖ࡸ࿘ ⦕ࢆ⿕ࡿ⪅ࢆ✚ᴟⓗⓏ⏝ࡍࡿࡇ࡛ࠊබṇ࡞ᕪู≧ἣࡢṇࢆࡍࡿᥐ⨨ࢆព ࡍࡿࠋ࣎ࢫࡣࡑࢀࢆࠊ⤌⧊ࡀබṇࡽࡋࡉࡢయ㠃ࢆಖࡘ┠ⓗ࡛ࠊ࿘⦕ࡉࢀࡓ㞟 ᅋࡽ୍㒊ࢆⓏ⏝ࠊ㔜⏝ࡍࡿࢺ࣮ࢡࢽࢬ࣒༊ู࡛ࡁ࡞ࡃ࡞ࡗࡓࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋࢺ࣮ ࢡࢽࢬ࣒ࡢ࠸ࡀ࡞ࡅࢀࡤࠊ㞀ᐖ࡛ࡶ࠶ࡗࡓ࠸࠺ホ౯ࡣ࡞ࡽ࡞ࡗࡓࡔࢁ࠺ ࣎ࢫࡣぢ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ ࣎ࢫࡀ㞀ᐖ⪃࠼ࡿࡢࡣࠊGLC ࡀᡈࡿ≉ᐃࡢ࣮ࢸࢫࢺࢆ⌮ࡋࠊᡈࡿ ≉ᐃࡢసရࢆồࡵࡓࡽ࡛࠶ࡿࠋGLC ࡢᮇᚅࡀᆺⓗ⾲ࢃࢀࡓࡢࡀቨ⏬ไసࡢ ౫㢗࡛࠶ࡿࡋ࡚ࠊ࣎ࢫࡣḟࡢࡼ࠺ゝ࠺ࠋ ከࡃࡢ࣮ࢸࢫࢺࡀቨ⏬ไసࢆ౫㢗ࡉࢀࡲࡋࡓࡀࠊᙼࡽࡀࡍ࡛ࡾࡃࢇ࡛࠸ ࡓࢆࡑࡢࡲࡲ⥆ࡅࡿࡼ࠺せㄳࡉࢀࡿࡇࡣ࠶ࡾࡲࡏࢇ࡛ࡋࡓࠋ࣮ࢸࢫ ࢺࡓࡕࡀ㏕ࡽࢀࡓࡢࡣࠊࢡࢭࢫࡋࡸࡍ࠸ࠊබⓗ࡛⾗ⓗ࡞࣮ࢸࢫࢺ࠸࠺ᙺ ࡇࢁ࡛ࡋࡓࠋ66 20 萩原 弘子 㸦㸱㸧࡛ྡ๓ࢆᣲࡆࡓࠊቨ⏬ไసࢆ౫㢗ࡉࢀࡓ࣮ࢸࢫࢺࡓࡕࡣ࠸ࡎࢀࡶࠊࡍ ࡛ே✀⩏ࢆࢸ࣮࣐ࡍࡿ⾲⌧ࡾࡃࢇ࡛࠸ࡓࡀࠊࡑࡢどⅬࠊ⾲⌧᪉ἲࠊ⾲⌧ ෆᐜࡣࡑࢀࡒࢀࡁࡃ㐪ࡗ࡚࠸ࡓࠋGLC ࡀே✀⩏࣮࢟ࣕࣥ࣌ࣥࢆᒎ㛤ࡋࡓ ࡇࡣ๓㏙ࡋࡓࡀࠊࡔࡽ࠸ࡗ࡚ࠊࣈࣛࢵࢡ࣭࣮ࢸࢫࢺࡑࢀࡒࢀࡀࡍࡿࠊே ✀⩏ࡢᢠࡸ┬ᐹࡢ⾲⌧ࢆࠊࡑࡢࡲࡲ⥅⥆ࠊⓎᒎࡉࡏࡿࡼ࠺࠸࠺ࡓࡕࡢ ᨭࡣ࡞ࡗࡓࠋቨ⏬ไసࡂࡽࡎࠊGLC ࡣࣈࣛࢵࢡ࣭࣮ࢸࢫࢺಶேࡢ సάືࡢᨭࡣࡋ࡞ࡗࡓࠋ ቨ⏬ไసຍ࠼࡚ࠊGLC ࡢ࠸ࡃࡘࡢᩥᴗཧຍࡋࡓ⤒㦂ࡢ࠶ࡿࢳࣕ ࣭ࣛࣂ࣮࣐ࣥࡣࠊಶேࡋ࡚ࡢホ౯ࡀࡉࢀ࡞࠸ࡇࡢⱞࡋࡉࢆḟࡢࡼ࠺ࡩࡾ࠼ ࡗ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ 㸯ᖺ㛫ࢃࡓࡗ࡚ࢥ࣑ࣗࢽࢸ࣭࣮ࢺ࣭ࢭࣥࢱ࣮ᖖ㥔ࡍࡿࠕࢥ࣑ࣗࢽࢸ࣭ ࣮ࢸࢫࢺࠖࡋ࡚ࢆࡍࡿ࠸࠺᮲௳࡛ GLC ࡢຓᡂࢆཷࡅࡿࠊዎ⣙ࡼ ࡾࠊไసࡍࡿసရࡣ⮬ศࡢಶேⓗ࡞ᕼᮃࡢ⾲⌧࡛࠶ࡗ࡚ࡣ࡞ࡽࡎࠊࣈࣛࢵࢡ࣭ࢥ࣑ ࣗࢽࢸࡢ㛵ᚰࢆ⾲⌧ࡍࡿࡶࡢ࡛࡞ࡅࢀࡤ࡞ࡾࡲࡏࢇࠋGLC ࡣࠊࣈࣛࢵࢡዪᛶࡢಶ ேⓗ⤒㦂ࡀࣈࣛࢵࢡ࣭ࢥ࣑ࣗࢽࢸࡗ࡚ࡶࡘ㔜せᛶࡣ⤊ጞ↓㛵ᚰ࡛࠶ࡾࠊ ࠕࢥ ࣑ࣗࢽࢸࠖࡸࠕ࢚ࢫࢽࢵࢡ࣭࣐ࣀࣜࢸࠖࡢ࣮ࢺࡘ࠸࡚ࡶἐṔྐⓗ࡞ᴫᛕ ࡋ࡞ࡃࠊࡑࢀࢆ࣮࣋ࢫຓᡂࢆࡋ࡚࠸ࡲࡋࡓࠋࡋࡋḟ࣮ࢸࢫࢺࡀⱁ⾡ホ ㆟ࡢຓᡂ⏦ㄳࡍࡿࠊࡑࢀࡲ࡛ GLC ࡛ࡋࡓࡣಶேࡋ࡚ࡢ㐩ᡂᗘࡀ༑ ศࡔࡋ࡚ࠊ༷ୗࡉࢀ࡚ࡋࡲ࠺ࡢ࡛ࡍࠋ67 ࡇ࠺ࡋ࡚࣮ࢸࢫࢺࡣ࢚ࢫࢽࢵࢡࡉࢀࡓࠋ1980 ᖺ௦༙ࡤᙜࠊᅜᐙࣦ࢙ࣞࣝ ࡢຓᡂᶵ㛵࡛࠶ࡿⱁ⾡ホ㆟ࡣࣈࣛࢵࢡ࣭࣮ࢸࢫࢺࡢᨭ෭ῐ࡛࠶ࡗࡓࡢ࡛ࠊ ࣟࣥࢻࣥᅾఫࡢࣈࣛࢵࢡ࣭࣮ࢸࢫࢺࡀ GLC ࡢຓᡂࢆ↓どࡍࡿࡇࡣ㞴ࡋࡗ ࡓࠋ ࣛࢩ࣮ࢻ࣭࣮ࣜࣥࡣࠊGLC ࡣ࣮ࢺࢆᨭࡍࡿぢ㆑ࡀḞࡅ࡚࠸ࡓࡇࢆࠊ ḟࡢࡼ࠺㏙ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ GLC ࡢከ࡞ࡿᙳ㡪ࢆ⿕ࡗࡓࡢࡀࣈࣛࢵࢡ࣭࣮ࢺ㐠ື 㸦Black arts movement㸧 ࡔࡗࡓࠋࡓࡋ GLC ࡣࣈࣛࢵࢡ࣭࣮ࢺ㐠ືࢆᨭࡋࠊሙྜࡼࡗ࡚ࡣ㔠ࡶฟ ࡋࡓࡀࠊࡑࡢ⌮⏤ࡣࡲࡕࡀࡗ࡚࠸ࡓࠋࡲࡎ GLC ࡣࠊࣈࣛࢵࢡ࣭࣮ࢺ㸦Black Art㸧 1980年代GLCの文化政策と「ブラック・アート」 21 ࡣࣈࣛࢵࢡ࡛࠶ࡿ࣮ࢸࢫࢺࡀࡘࡃࡗࡓࡶࡢ࠸࠺௨ୖࡢ⌮ゎࡀ࡞ࡗࡓࠋ ࣮ࢺࡣᡈࡿ≉ᐃࡢᏛၥศ㔝㸭カ⦎㸭つᚊ㸦discipline㸧࡛࠶ࡾࠊ⊂⮬ࡢ▱㆑ᑓ㛛 ᢏ⾡ࡢయ⣔ࠊ≉ᐃࡢኚὶືᛶṔྐᛶࢆ᭷ࡍࡿࠋࡋࡓࡀࡗ࡚ࠊࡑࢀ㛵ࢃࡿᑓ 㛛ⓗ࡞࣮ࢸࢫࢺࡢసရࢆᏊࡶࡢ⤮ྠࡌࡼ࠺ᢅ࠺ࡇࡣ࡛ࡁ࡞࠸ࠋGLC ࡣ ࡑ࠺࠸࠺⌮ゎࢆḞ࠸࡚࠸ࡓࠋ68 ࣮ࣜࣥࡣ GLC ദᒎࡘ࠸࡚ࠊ ࠕ࡞ࡣ❧ὴ࡞࣮ࢸࢫࢺࡶ࠸ࡓࡶࡢࡢࠊ ࠾࠾ࡓࡣ⣲ேึᚰ⪅ࠊ⪺ࡁࡌࡾ࡛ࠖࠊࡑࡢసရࢆ୪࡚ࠕ↓▱ซ୕ὶ 69 GLC ࡀࣈࣛࢵࢡ࣭࣮ࢺཬࡰࡋࡓ ࢆ♩㈶ࠖࡋࡓཝࡋ࠸ホ౯ࢆ㏙࡚ࡽࠊ ᙳ㡪ࢆḟࡢࡼ࠺ᢈุⓗࡩࡾ࠼ࡗ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ 㸦GLC ࠸࠺㸧యไࡣࠊࡇࡢ✀ࡢᏳࡗࡱ࠸ぢୡ≀ࢆࣈࣛࢵࢡࡢྡ๓࡛ᒎ♧ࡋ࡚ࡳ ࡏࡓࠋࡑࢀࡣࢇ࠺ࡢࡇࢁࠊⱥᅜࡢࣈࣛࢵࢡ࣭࣮ࢸࢫࢺࡢṔྐⓗ㐩ᡂࢆ ㎯ࡍࡿ⾜Ⅽࡔࡗࡓࠋ࠸࠺ࡢࡣࠊࣈࣛࢵࢡ࣭࣮ࢺ㐠ືࡣࠊࡑࡢࣛࢹ࢝ࣝ࡞ ㄢ㢟ࢆ㏣✲࡛ࡁ࡞ࡃ࡞ࡗࡓࡽࡔࠋᐇ㝿ࠊࣈࣛࢵࢡ࣭࣮ࢺ㐠ືࡣࠊయไࡢ┠ⓗ ࡢࡓࡵ⏝ࡉࢀࡿࡇࢆࡼࡋࡋ࡚ࡋࡲࡗࡓࠋ70 ࢳ࢙ࣥࣂ࣮ࢫࡶࡲࡓࠊGLC ࡢ㛵ࡀࣈࣛࢵࢡ࣭࣮ࢺࡢ㏣✲࠼ࡓᙳ㡪ࢆᢈ ุⓗᤊ࠼࡚࠸ࡿࠋ ⱥᅜ࠾ࡅࡿࣈࣛࢵࢡࡢどぬⱁ⾡⾲⌧άືࡢ᭱ࡶ㔜せ࡞ 10 ᖺࡣࠊ ࢧࢵࢳࣕࣜࢬ࣒ ࡢ௦㔜࡞ࡗ࡚࠸ࡓࠋ㧗࠸ᨻព㆑ࢆࡶࡘࣈࣛࢵࢡ࣭࣮ࢸࢫࢺࡀໃ࠸ࡼࡃⓏ ሙࡋࡓࡀࠊάື㈨㔠ຓᡂ㛵ࡍࡿ㸦GLC ࡢ㸧᪂ࡋ࠸ࢹ࢜ࣟࢠ࣮ࡀᙳࢆⴠࡋࡓࠋ ࡇࡢࢹ࢜ࣟࢠ࣮ࠊᅜࣦ࢙ࣞࣝࠊ ᆅᇦࣦ࢙ࣞࣝࡢಖᏲඪ⣔࣓ࢹࡀὀ┠ࡋࡓࠋ ͐͐ຮാ࠸࡚⣡⛯ࡍࡿࠕࡩࡘ࠺ࡢࠖ ேࠎࡽ㞟ࡵࡓ㔠㈨※ࡀࠊ ࠕ࣐ࣀࣜࢸࠖ ࡢேࠎࡢୗࡽ࡞࠸ࣉࣟࢪ࢙ࢡࢺࡸࡽࠊ♫㌿そࢆ≺࠺༴㝤࡞ࣉࣟࢪ࢙ࢡࢺࡢࡓࡵ ᾉ㈝ࡉࢀ࡚࠾ࡾࠊࢧࢵࢳࣕࣜࢬ࣒ࡢ࠾ࡆ࡛ࡑࡢᵓᅗࡀぢ࠼ࡸࡍࡃ࡞ࡗࡓ࠸࠺ࡢ ࡀࠊಖᏲඪ⣔࣓ࢹࡢሗ㐨ࡔࡗࡓࠋ71 ࣓ࢹࡢຊࡶ࠶ࡗ࡚ࠊಖᏲඪࡣࠕࡩࡘ࠺ࡢࠖேࠎࡢഃ❧ࡕࠊGLC ᗫṆࡶỴ ࡵࡓࠋࣈࣛࢵࢡ࣭࣮ࢺࡣ㔜せ࡞ᮇࠊ๓ࡢ࡞࠸㮚ᥭ࡞ຓᡂ⪅ࡢⓏሙ࡛Ⓨᒎࡍ 22 萩原 弘子 ࡿᛮࢃࢀࡓࡀࠊ⤖ᒁࠊᙜึゝᣲࡆࡋࡓⱁ⾡ࡢኚ㠉࠸࠺┠ᶆࡢ㏣✲ࢆ㜼ࡲࢀࡿ ࡗࡇ࠺࡞ࡗࡓࠋゝᣲࡆࡢ௦ኚ㠉ࢆពࡋࡓࠕࣈࣛࢵࢡࠖࢆࠊGLC ࡣࢇ ࡢᩘᖺ࡛ࠕ࢚ࢫࢽࢵࢡࠖࢆゝ࠸࠼ࡓࡔࡅࡢㄒࡋࡓࠋ ࡇࢀࡲ࡛ࡢ⪃ᐹࡽࠊGLC ࡀࣈࣛࢵࢡ࣭࣮ࢺࡋࡓ㛵ࡢ≉ᚩࢆࡲࡵࢀࡤࠊ ௨ୗࡢ࠾ࡾ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ➨㸯ࠊປാඪᕥὴࡢࢧࢵࢳ࣮ࣕᨻᶒᡴಽປാඪᨵ㠉࠸ ࠺ࠊ▷ᮇ࡛ᡂᯝࢆᣲࡆࡓ࠸ᨻⓗせㄳࡽὴ⏕ࡋࡓࡶࡢࡔࡗࡓࠋࡋࡓࡀࡗ࡚➨㸰ࠊ ࣮ࢺࡣෆࠊぢ㆑࡞ᙺேࡢᑟ࡛ࠊᒎぴࡀ㛤ദࡉࢀࡓࡾ࣮ࢺ࣭ࢭࣥࢱ ࣮ᵓࡀ❧࡚ࡽࢀࡓࡾࡋࡓࠋ➨㸱ࠊ1980 ᖺ௦๓༙ࡢࣈࣛࢵࢡ࣭࣮ࢺࡢືࡁࡀ ᥦ㉳ࡋࡓࣛࢹ࢝ࣜࢬ࣒ࢆ⌮ゎࡏࡎࠊࣈࣛࢵࢡ࣭࣮ࢸࢫࢺࢆ࢚ࢫࢽࢵࢡ㞟ᅋ ࡋ୍࡚ᣓࡍࡿࡇࢆ๓ᥦࡍࡿࠕ࢚ࢫࢽࢵࢡ࣭࣮ࢺࠖ࠸࠺ᯟ⤌ࡋ⏝ពࡋ࡞ ࡗࡓࠋ➨㸲ࠊ㔠㖹ⓗࠊ⤌⧊ⓗ࡞ᨭࡀせ࡞࣮ࢸࢫࢺࡣ࡞ࡃࠊGLC ௨እ ࡽࡢຓᡂࡣࡰᮃࡵ࡞ࡗࡓࡢ࡛ࠊGLC ࡢຓᡂ᪉㔪ᑐࡍࡿᢈุࡣ࠶ࡽࡌࡵᑒ ࡌࡽࢀࡿ࡞࡛ࠊ࣮ࢸࢫࢺࡣຓᡂࡉࢀࡿഃ❧ࡘࡋ࡞ࡗࡓࠋ ྠࡌ௦ࠊὶࡢ⨾⾡㤋ࡼࡿูࡢືࡁࡀ࠶ࡗࡓࠋ 㸦ࡇࡢ✏ࠊḟ⥆ࡃࠋ ࠕ⯆㝯ᢠࡢ࠶࠸ࡔ̿̿ⱥᅜࠕࣈࣛࢵࢡ࣭࣮ࢺࠖࡢ㌶㊧ 㸦㸰ࡢ㸰㸧 ࠖ ࠗேᩥᏛㄽ㞟࠘➨ 33 㞟ࠊ2015 ᖺ 3 ᭶ࠋ 㸧 >ὀ@ ➨ 1 ᮇࡘ࠸࡚ࡣࠊḟࡢᣋ✏ࢆཧ↷ࠋⴗཎᘯᏊࠕゝᣲࡆࡢ௦ࢆࡩࡾ࠼ࡿ̿ⱥᅜࠕࣈࣛࢵ ࢡ࣭࣮ࢺࠖࡢ㌶㊧㸦㸯㸧 ࠖ ࠗேᩥᏛㄽ㞟࠘➨ 32 㞟㸦2014 ᖺ 3 ᭶㸧 㸸1-21ࠋ 2 E. A. Markham, ‘‘Random Thoughts,’’ Artrage, no.11, 1985, 1. 3 (exhibition catalogue) Errol Lloyd, ‘‘An Historical Perspective,’’ introduction to Caribbean Expressions in Britain (Leicester: Leicestershire Museum and Art Gallery, 1986), 6. 4 ᮏ✏࡛ࡣࠊⱥㄒᩥ⊩୰࠶ࡿ‘art’ ‘arts’ ࠸࠺ᩘࡢ㐪࠸ࢆ᪥ᮏㄒᫎࡉࡏ࡚࠸࡞࠸ࠋヂㄒ ࡣࠊ࢝ࢱ࢝ࢼㄒ࡛ࡣ࠸ࡎࢀࡶࠕ࣮ࢺࠖࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋᩥ⬦ࡼࡗ࡚ࡣࠕⱁ⾡ࠖࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࡇ ࡶ࠶ࡿࠋGLC ࡢᩥᨻ⟇㛵㐃ᩥ᭩࡛ࡣࠊ‘ethnic arts’ ‘community arts’ࡘ࠸࡚ࡣࠊࡇࡇグ ࡍࡼ࠺」ᩘᙧ࡛⏝ࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿሙྜࡀࢇ࡛࠶ࡾࠊࡑࢀࡣ⾲⌧࣓ࢹࡸⱁ⾡ࢪࣕࣥࣝ ࡢከᵝᛶࢆྵពࡋ࡚࠸ࡓࠋࡘࡲࡾᩥᏛࠊ㡢ᴦࠊ₇ࠊࢡࣛࣇࢺ࡞࠶ࡽࡺࡿⱁ⾡⾲⌧࠸࠺ព ࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡋࡋ 1980 ᖺ௦ࡽ 1990 ᖺ௦ࡅ࡚ࢃࢀࡓࡢࡣ‘Black Art’ ‘Black Arts’ ࡢ ࡕࡽࡶ࠶ࡿࡀࠊ༢ᩘᙧ」ᩘᙧ࡛᫂☜࡞࠸ࢃࡅࢆࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࡣ☜ㄆ࡛ࡁ࡞࠸ࠋᮏ✏ࡢ㛵ᚰ࡛ ࠶ࡿどぬⱁ⾡⾲⌧㡿ᇦࢆᩥᏛࠊ㡢ᴦ࡞୪࡚」ᩘᙧ࡛⥲⛠ࡍࡿሙྜࡶ࠶ࢀࡤࠊどぬⱁ⾡⾲ ⌧㡿ᇦࡢ࡞࠶ࡿ⾲⌧࣓ࢹ࡛࠶ࡿ⤮⏬ࠊ᙮้ࠊࣥࢫࢱ࣮ࣞࢩࣙࣥࠊ┿ࠊᫎീ࡞ࢆ ୪࡚」ᩘᙧ࡛⥲⛠ࡍࡿሙྜࡶ࠶ࡿࠋཧ↷ࡋࡓⱥㄒᩥ⊩ࡣ࠸ࡎࢀࡢሙྜࡶⓏሙࡋ࡚࠾ࡾࠊ ࠕ ࣮ࢶࠖ࠸࠺࢝ࢱ࢝ࢼ⾲グࢆ᥇⏝ࡋࡓࡇࢁ࡛ࠊ࠺࠸࠺ព࡛ࡢ」ᩘᙧࡣࢃࡽ࡞࠸ࠋࡑ ࡶࡑࡶ᪥ᮏㄒ࡛ࡣྡモࡢᩘࢆ༊ูࡋ࡞࠸ࡇࡶ࠶ࡗ࡚ࠊ ࠕ࣮ࢺࠖࠕ࣮ࢶࠖࢆヂࡋࢃࡅ࡚ࡇ ࡑఏࢃࡿពࡀ࠶ࡿࡣ⪃࠼ࡽࢀ࡞࠸ࠋࡋࡓࡀࡗ࡚ᮏ✏࡛ࡣࠕ࣮ࢺࠖࠕ࣮ࢶࠖࡢ୧᪉ࢆ ヂㄒࡍࡿࡇࡣࡏࡎࠊእ᮶ㄒࡋ࡚ࡢᐃ╔ᗘࡀࡼࡾ㧗࠸ࠕ࣮ࢺࠖࢆ࢝ࢱ࢝ࢼㄒࡋ࡚᥇⏝ 1 1980年代GLCの文化政策と「ブラック・アート」 23 ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋᚲせᛂࡌ࡚㐺ᐅࠊཎㄒࢆ♧ࡍࠋ 5 1981 ᖺ㸳᭶ࡢ GLC 㑅ᣲྥࡅࡓປാඪ࣐ࢽࣇ࢙ࢫࢺ A Socialist Policy for the G.L.C. (Labour Party, 1981)ࡣ⥲㡫ᩘ 164 㡫ࠊࡑࡢ࠺ࡕᩥࠊⱁ⾡ࢀ࡚࠸ࡓࡢࡣ 4 ศࡢ㸯㡫࡛ ࠶ࡗࡓࠋḟࢆཧ↷ࠋGreater London Council, Campaign for a Popular Culture—A Record of Struggle and Achievement; the G.L.C.’s Community Arts Programme 1981-1986 (GLC, 1986), 14. 6 Ken Livingstone, ‘‘The GLC’s Arts Experience,’’ Art Monthly, April 1986, 2. 7 Livingstone, ‘‘The GLC’s,’’ 2. 8 Geoff Mulgan and Ken Worpole, Saturday Night or Sunday Morning?—From Arts to Industry: New Forms of Cultural Policy (London: Comedia, 1986), 74. 9 Nicholas de Jonge, ‘‘London Plans to Switch Spending on Arts,’’ The Guardian, November 28, 1981. ᭩ࡁᡭࡣ㧗ྡ࡞₇ホㄽᐙ࡛ࠊࡇࡢᮇ The Guardian ⣬ࡢ⨾⾡ホḍࢆᢸᙜࡋ࡚࠸ ࡓ De Jonghࠋࡇࡢグ࡛ De Jonge ⥛ࡽࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࡢࡣㄗ⥛ᛮࢃࢀࡿࠋ 10 Greater London Council, Campaign, 14. ࢫ࣏࣮ࢶᑠጤဨࡢタ⨨ࡣ 1983 ᖺ 3 ᭶ࠋ 11 Mike Phillips, ‘‘How the GLC Failed London’s Blacks,’’ New Statesman, 127.4384, August 5, 1998, 16. ࣇࣜࢵࣉࢫࡀࠕᑠࡉ࡞㢠ࠖࡢࡋ࡚ࠊGLC ࡀࠕே✀⩏ᖺࠖࡋ ࡓ 1984 ᖺࡢண⟬㢠 290 ࣏ࣥࢻࢆᣲࡆ࡚࠸ࡿࠋᙼࡀࡇࡢண⟬ᯟࢆᣦࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࡣ᫂ࠋ 12 Greater London Council, Campaign, 16. 13 Greater London Council, Campaign, 16. 14 Greater London Council, Campaign, 142, 143. 15 ࡇࡢ௳ᩘࠊ⥲㢠ࡣࠊ1985 ᖺࡲ࡛ࡢࡶࡢࠋሗ࿌᭩ࡣ GLC ᗫṆ┤๓ࡢៃࡓࡔࡋࡉࡢ࡞࡛సᡂ ࡉࢀࡓࡓࡵṇ☜ࡉࡸ⥙⨶ᛶࢆ≛≅ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿ࠸࠺᪨ࡢ᩿ࡾ᭩ࡁࡀᕳ㢌⨨ࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ Greater London Council, Campaign, 1. 16 Greater London Council, Campaign, 19-26. 17 Greater London Council, Campaign, 60. ᙉㄪࡣཎᩥࠋ 18 Greater London Council, Campaign, 124. ࡓ࠼ࡤ࣮࢞ࢼே୰ᚰࡢࣂࣥࢻ African Dawn ࡀ 2,000 ࣏ࣥࢻࡢຓᡂࢆཷࡅ࡚࠸ࡿࠋࡑࡢᐓ⪅ࢡ࢙࢘ࢪ࣭࢜࢘ࢫࡣࣈࣛࢵࢡ࣭࣮ࢺ⯡ ࡘ࠸࡚ࡢㄽ⪃ࡢⴭ⪅ࠊࣥࢯࣟࢪ࣮ࡢ⦅⪅࡛࠶ࡿࠋḟࢆཧ↷ࠋKwesi Owusu, The Struggle for Black Arts in Britain (London: Comedia, 1986); Kwesi Owusu, ed., Storms of the Heart—An Anthology of Black Arts & Culture (London: Camden Press, 1988). 19 Richard Hylton, The Nature of the Beast—Cultural Diversity and the Visual Arts Sector, A Study of Policies, Initiatives and Attitudes 1976-2006 (Bath: ICIA, 2007), 142. ࡲࡓࠊ 1981㸫85 ᖺ GLC ࡀࡋࡓ㐩ᡂ㛵ࡍࡿሗ࿌࡛ࡣḟࡢࡼ࠺࡞ูࡢᩘᏐࡀ᭩ࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ ࠕ࢚ࢫ ࢽࢵࢡ࣭࣮ࢺ⤌⧊ࡢຓᡂ㢠ࡣࠊ1981 ᖺࡣ 1 ࣏ࣥࢻ࡛࠶ࡗࡓࡢࡀࠊ1985㸭86 ᖺࡣ 250 ࣏ࣥࢻ࡞ࡗࡓࠖ ࠋGreater London Council, Working for London Final Five Years㸸A Summary of the GLC’s Major Achievements, 1980-1985 (GLC, 1986), 4. 20 Hylton, The Nature of the Beast, 47. ࣈࣛࢵࢡ࣭࣮ࢺ࣭ࣉࣟࢪ࢙ࢡࢺຓᡂࡍࡿࡢ GLC ጤဨࡋ࡚ࣄࣝࢺࣥࡀὀᣲࡆ࡚࠸ࡿࡢࡣࠊARC ࡢࠊWomen’s CommitteeࠊPolice CommitteeࠊGreater London Enterprise Board ࡞ࠋHylton, The Nature of the Beast, 142. 21 Paul Gilroy, There Ain’t No Black in the Union Jack (London: Hutchinson, 1987), 136. 22 Gilroy, There Ain’t, 149-50. 23 ࠸ࢃࡺࡿ quango (quasi-autonomous national governmental organisation) ࡢ㸯ࡘࠋ 24 ࡓ࠼ࡤࠊ࢘ࣝࢯࣥෆ㛶ࡢࢪ࢙ࢽ࣮࣭࣮ࣜ㸦1964㹼67 ᖺࠊ1967㹼70 ᖺ㸧 ࠊ࢟ࣕࣛࣁࣥෆ 㛶ࡢࣄ࣮࣭ࣗࢪ࢙ࣥ࢟ࣥࢫ㸦1974㹼76 ᖺ㸧࡛࠶ࡿࠋ⮧௦ࠊ࣮ࣜࡣࠊ㧗➼ᩍ⫱ࡢ⾗ࡢ ࡓࡵᨺ㏦Ꮫ㸦Open University㸧❧ᑾຊࡋࠊ᪂ࡋ࠸ⱁ⾡ᶵ㛵ࡋ࡚ࢧ࢘ࢫ࣭ࣂࣥࢡ࣭ ࢭࣥࢱ࣮ࢆタࡋࡓࠋࢪ࢙ࣥ࢟ࣥࢫࡣࠊ⨾⾡㤋ධ㤋ᩱࢆ↓ᩱࡋࡓࡇ࡛▱ࡽࢀࠊ࢜࣌ࣛࠊࣂ ࢚ࣞࡼࡾࡶࢸࣞࣅࠊᫎ⏬࠸ࡗࡓࠊࡼࡾ⾗ⓗ࡞ᩥࡢຓᡂຊࢆධࢀࡿࡓࡵࡢไᗘᨵ㠉ࢆ ᚿࡋࠊᕥ⩼ⓗࡍࡂࡿࡋ࡚㤳┦ࡽ⮧ࡢ௵ࢆゎࢀࡓࠋḟࢆཧ↷ࠋFranco Bianchini, ‘‘GLC 24 萩原 弘子 R.I.P.—Cultural Politics in London 1981-1986,’’ New Formations, no.1 (Spring 1987): 103; Andrew Roth, ‘‘Obituary—Lord Jenkins of Putney, Veteran Labour Leftwinger Who Championed Nuclear Disarmament and the Arts,’’ The Guardian, January 28, 2004. 25 The Inquiry Team, Broadwater Farm Revisited (London: Karia Press, 1989), 15-21. 26 Eddie Chambers, Things Done Change—The Cultural Politics of Recent Black Artists in Britain (Amsterdam: Rodopi, 2012), 172. 27 Labour Party, A Socialist Policy for the G.L.C. (Labour Party, 1981); Labour Party, Vote Labour in London: A Summary of Labour’s GLC Election Proposals (Labour Party, 1981). 28 ⛣Ẹ⣔ఫẸࡢཧᨻᶒࡀ㆟ㄽ࡞ࡿࣇࣛࣥࢫࠊࢻࢶ࡞ࡣ㐪ࡗ࡚ࠊⱥᅜ࡛ࡣ 1948 ᖺࡢᅜ⡠ἲ㸦Nationality Act㸧࡛ࠊ㐃㑥ㅖᅜᙜࡢⱥ㡿᳜Ẹᆅࡽࡢ⛣Ẹ㠃ⓗ࡞ᨻᶒ ࢆㄆࡵ࡚࠸ࡿࠋࡋࡶ 1948 ᖺἲࡣࠊࡑࢀࡲ࡛ࡢᖇᅜἲࢆ㋃くࡋࡓࡔࡅ࡛࠶ࡾࠊࡡ࡚ࡽ ಶேࡢἲⓗᆅࢆ⋤ᐊࡢ㛵ಀ࡛ᐃࡵࡿⅬࡀࠊࡢ࣮ࣚࣟࢵࣃㅖᅜࡣ㐪ࡗ࡚࠸ࡓࠋࡘࡲࡾ㐃 㑥ㅖᅜࠊ᳜Ẹᆅࡢேࠎࡣࠊᮏᅜࡢேࠎྠࡌࡃ⋤ࡢ⮧Ẹ㸦subject㸧࡛࠶ࡾࠊ⮧Ẹ࡛࠶ࡿࡇ 㸦subjecthood㸧ࡣࠊ↓ไ㝈ࡢධᅜᶒࠊ㠃ⓗ࡞ᨻᶒࡀྵࡲࢀ࡚࠸ࡓࠋ1962 ᖺ㐃㑥 ⛣Ẹἲ㸦Commonwealth Immigration Act㸧ጞࡲࡿᩘᗘࡢ⛣Ẹไ㝈ἲไᐃ࡛ኚࢃࡗࡓࡢࡣࠊ ⱥᅜ࡛ᑵࡃ⫋✀ࡢไ㝈ࡸᗎิࠊேᩘᯟࢆཝࡋࡃࡍࡿࡇ࡛ࠊᪧ᳜Ẹᆅ࡛࠶ࡿ᪂㐃㑥ㅖᅜࡽ ࡢ⛣ධ⪅ࢆ࡞ࡃࡋ࡚࠸ࡃ࠸࠺ࠊ⛣Ẹཷࡅධࢀࡘ࠸࡚ࡢ᪉㔪࡛࠶ࡗࡓࠋ⛣ධཷࡅධࢀࡢせ௳ ୍㒊⾑⤫⩏ࢆ᥇⏝ࡋࠊぶ♽∗ẕࡢࡔࢀࡀⱥᅜᮏᅜ⏕ࡲࢀࡢ⪅ࡑࢀ௨እࡢ⪅ࢆ༊ูࡍ ࡿࡼ࠺࡞ࡗࡓࡶࡢࡢࠊ㐃㑥ㅖᅜᕷẸࢆⱥᅜ⋤ᐊࡢ⮧Ẹࡋࠊᙼࡽࡀⱥᅜᅾఫࡣཧᨻᶒࡶ ྵࡵ࡚㠃ⓗ࡞ᨻᶒࢆࡶࡘࡍࡿⅬࡣ⌧ᅾ⮳ࡿࡲ࡛ኚࢃࡗ࡚࠸࡞࠸ࠋḟࢆཧ↷ࠋRomain Garbaye, ‘‘British Cities and Ethnic Minorities in the Post-war Era: From Xenophobic Agitation to Multi-Ethnic Government,’’ Immigrants & Minorities 22, no. 2&3 (July/November 2003): 299. 29 Edward Anthony Chambers, ‘‘The Emergence and Development of Black Visual Arts Activity in England between 1981and 1986—Press and Public Responses,’’ PhD diss., Goldsmiths College, University of London, 1998, 148. Edward Anthony Chambers ࡣࠊὀ 26 ࡛ᣲࡆࡓⴭ⪅ Eddie Chambers ྠ୍ே≀ࠋ 30 Bianchini, ‘‘GLC R.I.P.,’’ 113. 31 GLC ࡀࡢຓᡂᅋయࡶ༢࡞ࡿຓᡂ⪅࡛࠶ࡗࡓᒎぴࡶ࠶ࡿࠋࡓ࠼ࡤ๓✏࡛ࡾ࠶ ࡆࡓࣈࣛࢵࢡ࣭࣮ࢺ࣭ࢠ࣮࡛ࣕࣛࣜࡢ Heart in Exile ᒎ㸦1983 ᖺ㸧 ࠊ Heroes and Heroines ᒎ㸦1984 ᖺ㸧࡞ࠋ 32 ᨻᗓⓑ᭩ࡢḟࢆཧ↷ࠋStreamlining the Cities: Government Proposals for Reorganising Local Government in Greater London and the Metropolitan Counties, (H.M.S.O.,1983). 33 GLC ຍ࠼࡚ࠊࣥࢢࣛࣥࢻ㸴ࡘ࠶ࡗࡓ࣓ࢺ࣏ࣟࣜࢱ࣭ࣥ࢝࢘ࣥࢸ㆟㸦Metropolitan County Councils: MCCs㸧ࡶᗫṆࡉࢀࠊࡑࡢᶒ㝈ࡣࡶࡗᑠつᶍ࡞⾜ᨻ༢࡛࠶ࡿ࣓ࢺ࣏ࣟࣜ ࢱ࣭ࣥࣂࣛ 㸦metropolitan boroughs㸧 ࠊ ⫋ົู 㸦ᾘ㜵ࠊ බඹ㏻࡞㸧ࡢྜྠ㒊ᒁ 㸦joint boards㸧 ࡞ศࠊ⛣ㆡࡉࢀࡓࠋᗫṆࡉࢀࡓ MCCs ࡀ࣐࣮ࢪ࣮ࢧࢻࠊࢢࣞࢱ࣮࣭࣐ࣥࢳ࢙ࢫࢱ࣮ࠊ す࣮ࣚࢡࢩ࣮ࣕ࡞ࠊGLC ྠᵝࠊປാඪࡢᙉ࠸㒔ᕷࡢ㆟࡛࠶ࡗࡓࡢ࡛ࠊᗫṆࡣ⾜ᨻຠ⋡ࡢ ࡓࡵࡢ⦅࠸࠺ࡼࡾࠊᨻඪᨻࡢ⤖ᯝぢࡽࢀࡓࠋḟࢆཧ↷ࠋNorman Flynn, Steve Leach and Carol Vielba, Abolition or Reform? The GLC and the Metropolitan County Councils (London: Allen & Unwin, 1985), ix. 34 GLC ദᒎࡋ࡚ࡣࡇࡢ Eclipses in Our Time ᒎ㸦1986 ᖺ㸧ࡀ࠶ࡿࠋ1986 ᖺ㸰᭶ ࡽ㸱᭶ࡅ࡚ࠊࣟࣥࢻࣥᕷෆ㸱ࣧᡤ㸦ࣇ࣭ࣜ࢝ࢭࣥࢱ࣮ࠊ࣭ࣖࢧࣥࢸ࣭࣡ࢭࣥࢱ࣮ࠊ ࣈࣜࢡࢫࢺ࣭ࣥࣞࢡ࢚࣮ࣜࢩ࣭ࣙࣥࢭࣥࢱ࣮ࠊ࠸ࡎࢀࡶ࣮ࢺᑓ㛛ࡢᒎぴሙ࡛ࡣ࡞࠸ࠋ 㸧ࢆ ᕠᅇࡍࡿ᪨ࡢᗈ࿌ࡀ The Race Today Review ㄅᥖ㍕ࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࠋᗈ࿌࡛ࡣ࢝ࣜࣅ࣭ࣥࢡࣛ ࣇࢺᒎࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࡀࠊཧຍ⪅ࡘ࠸࡚ࡣグ㘓ࡀ࡞ࡃࠊ⌧ᅾࡢࡇࢁࠊᗈ࿌୰࠶ࡿ㛤ദ᪥ ሙ௨እࠊヲ⣽ࡣ࡛᫂࠶ࡿࠋḟࢆཧ↷ࠋ(publicity) ‘‘The GLC, The Roudhouse Project, The Caribbean Craft Circle Present Exhibition Eclipses in Our Time,’’ The Race Today Review 1980年代GLCの文化政策と「ブラック・アート」 25 ‘86, 1986, 33. ࡞࠾ࠊࡇࡇ࡛ゝཬࡍࡿ 4 ࡘࡢᒎぴ㛵ࡍࡿࢹ࣮ࢱࡣࠊ௨ୗࢆཧ↷ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ (exhibition catalogue) New Horizons—An Exhibition of Arts (GLC, 1985); (programme brochure) The Black Experience, Arts Programme (GLC, 1986); Chambers, ‘‘The Emergence,’’ 176-80. 35 ࡇࢀࡽࡢᒎぴཧຍࡋࡓ࣮ࢸࢫࢺࡢྡ๓ࡣࠊ⣬ᩘࡢ㛵ಀ࡛┬␎ࠋ 36 Reflections of a Different World ᒎࠊNew Horizons ᒎࡣ୰ᅜே࣮ࢸࢫࢺࡢసရࡶᒎ ♧ࡉࢀࡓࡀࠊ1980 ᖺ௦ࡣࠕࣈࣛࢵࢡࠖゝࡗ࡚୰ᅜேࢆྵࡴࡇࡣ⌋ࡋࡃ࡞ࡗࡓࠋ 37 Chambers, ‘‘The Emergence,’’ 169. 38 Rasheed Araeen, ‘‘The Success and the Failure of Black Art,’’ Third Text 18, no. 2 (2004): 150. 39 ‘‘GLC Anti Racist Murals,’’ Artrage, no.9/10, Summer/Autumn 1985, 44-45. 40 ࢳ࢙ࣥࣂ࣮ࢫࡣࠊ ࠕቨ⏬ࡀࡋ࠸࠸࠺せồࠊせㄳࡍࡿኌࠊ࠶ࡿ࠸ࡣᚲせࡍࡿኌࡀ GLC ௨ እࡽᣲࡀࡗ࡚࠸ࡓドᣐࡣ࡞࠸ࠋ ࠖࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋChambers, ‘‘The Emergence,’’ 172. 41 ไస౫㢗ࢆཷࡅࡓࢱ࣒࣭ࢪࣙࢭࣇ➹⪅ࡀ⾜࡞ࡗࡓࣥࢱࣦ࣮࡛ࣗࡢⓎゝࠋࣥࢱࣦ࣮ࣗࡣ 1992 ᖺ㸶᭶⾜࡞ࡗࡓࠋ 42 Chila Kumari Burman, ‘‘Chila Kumari Burman Interviewed by Errol Lloyd,’’ Artrage, no.11, Winter 1985, 15. 43 Burman, ‘‘Chila Kumari Burman,’’ 17. 44 Anwar Tambe, ‘‘Race Mural is ‘waste of money,’’’ The Southall Gazette, June 14, 1985. 45 㸲ேࡢ࣮ࢸࢫࢺࡣࢱ࣒࣭ࢪࣙࢭࣇࠊࢳ࣭ࣕࣛࣂ࣮࣐ࣥࠊࣝ࣋ࢼ࣭ࣄ࣑ࢻࠊࢩࣕࣥ ࢸ࣭ࣃࣥࢳࣕࣝࠋ 46 The Black Experience, 18. 1980 ᖺ௦༙ࡤᙜࠊቨ⏬ࡀไసࡉࢀࡓᆅ༊࡛࠶ࡿࣈࣜࢡࢫࢺ ࣥࡣࣇࣜ࢝⣔ࠊࣇ࣭ࣟ࢝ࣜࣈ⣔ఫẸࡀከࡃࠊࢧ࢘ࢯ࣮ࣝࡣ༡ࢪ⣔ఫẸࡀከ࠸ࡀࠊ ࡑࢀࡽࢆࠕࢫ࣒ࣛᆅ༊ࠖࡪࡇࡣ୍⯡ⓗ࡛ࡣ࡞ࡗࡓࠋ 47 The Black Experience, 18. 48 The Black Experience, 40. 49 MAAS ࡣࠊⱁ⾡ホ㆟ࠊ࢞ࣝ࣋ࣥ࢟ࣥᇶ㔠࡞ࡢຓᡂ࡛ࢼࢩ࣮࣒࣭࣮࢝ࣥࡀᐇࡋࡓㄪ ᰝ ‘‘The Arts Britain Ignores’’ ࢆዎᶵጞࡲࡗࡓ The Minority Arts Agency ࢆ๓㌟ࡋࠊ 1976 ᖺ Minorities Arts Advisory Service ࡢྡ⛠࡛άືࢆ㛤ጞࡋࡓࠋⱁ⾡ホ㆟ࡢࠊ࢟ ࣕࣛࣁࣥປാඪᨻᶒ௦ࡢ 1976 ᖺᨵṇࡢே✀㛵ಀἲ㸦Race Relations Act㸧ࡶ࡙࠸࡚タ ⨨ࡉࢀࡓே✀ᖹ➼ጤဨ㸦Commission for Racial Equality㸧ࡽࡶᙜึண⟬ࢆᥐ⨨ࡉࢀࠊ࣐ ࣥࢳ࢙ࢫࢱ࣮ࠊࣂ࣮࣑࣒ࣥ࢞ࠊࣀࢵࢸ࣒ࣥ࢞࡞ࡶ MAAS ࡀ࠶ࡗࡓࠋᙜึࡣࡑࡢྡ⛠ ࠾ࡾࠊ࣐ࣀࣜࢸ࣭࣮ࢺ⯆ࡢࡓࡵࡢ⤌⧊ࢆㅻࡗ࡚࠸ࡓࡀࠊ1982 ᖺหࡢ Artrage ㄅ ࡣࠊ ࠕ࣐ࣀࣜࢸ࣭࣮ࢺࠖ࠸࠺ᯟ⤌ᑐࡍࡿၥࢆᢞࡌࡿㄽ⪅ࡶ㛤ࢀࡓሗㄅࠊㄽቭ ࡞ࡗࡓࠋḟࢆཧ↷ࠋKarin Woodley, ‘‘The MAAS Record—Part of a History (i),’’ Artrage, no.16, Spring 1987, 4-6, 37-38. ࡞࠾ࠊ1983 ᖺ 11 ᭶ࡢ MAAS ᅜ㆟ࡣࠊ㸴᭶ࡽࣥࢢࣛࣥࢻྛᆅ࡛㛤ദࡢᆅ᪉㆟ࡢ ࡲࡵ࡛ࡶ࠶ࡗࡓࠋḟࢆཧ↷ࠋ‘‘MAAS National Conference,’’ Artrage, no.6, Spring 1984, 26-31. 50 ‘‘MAAS,’’ 27. 51 ‘‘MAAS,’’ 27. 52 ‘‘MAAS,’’ 27. 53 Nicholas de Jongh, ‘‘Camden Council to Make Bid for Round House,’’ The Guardian, April 7, 1983. ࡞࠾ࠊ ࡇࡢᙧࣅࣝࡣ 19 ୡ⣖༙ࡤᘓタࡉࢀࠊ ࡑࡢᙧ≧ࡕ࡞ࢇ࡛ Roundhouse ྡࡉࢀࡓࠋ୍ㄒ࡛⥛ࡿࡢࡀṇࡋ࠸ࡀࠊࡁㄗࡗ࡚ Round House ⥛ࡽࢀࡿሙྜࡀ࠶ ࡿࠋ 54 John Cunningham, ‘‘The Wrong Side of the Tracks for Black Arts?,’’ The Guardian, August 20, 1983. ➇ྜࡍࡿ㉎ධᕼᮃ⪅ࡋ࡚グ⪅ࡀᣲࡆ࡚࠸ࡿࡢࡣࠊࣛ࢘ࣥࢻࣁ࢘ࢫࢆ㆟ 26 萩原 弘子 ሙࡋࡓ࠸ປാ⤌ྜࢥࣥࢯ࣮ࢩ࣒ࠋࡑࡢୖ㒊ᅋయ࡛࠶ࡿປാ⤌ྜ㆟㸦Trade Union Congress㸧ࢆ࣒࢝ࢹࣥ GLC ࡀㄝᚓࡋ࡚ㆡṌࡉࡏࡓࠋ 55 Owusu, The Struggle for Black Arts, 104. 56 Kwesi Owusu, ‘‘Black Arts Centre—A Needed Facility or Possible White Elephant,’’ Artrage, no.8, Spring 1985, 4. 57 Owusu, ‘‘Black Arts Centre,’’ 4. 58 ࡇࢀࡽࣦ࢙ࣥࢺࡢ࠺ࡕࠊᕤⱁࠊ⨾⾡ࢆᒎ♧ࡋࡓࣈࣛࢵࢡ࣭࣮ࢺᒎ࡛ࡣᅗ㘓ห⾜ࡀ࡞ࡃࠊ ⌧ᅾࢃࡿࡢࡣཧຍ࣮ࢸࢫࢺ 16 ྡࡢẶྡࡔࡅ࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡑࡢ࡞࡛ 1980 ᖺ௦㛤ദࡉࢀࡓ ࡢࣈࣛࢵࢡ࣭࣮ࢺᒎࡢཧຍࢆ☜ㄆ࡛ࡁࡿࡢࡣ㸴ேࠊࡘࡲࡾ࣮ࣘࢪ࣭ࣥࣃ࣮࣐࣮ࠊࢡ࣮ࣟ ࢹࢵࢺ࣭ࢪࣙࣥࢯࣥࠊ࣮࢜ࣈ࣮࣭࣒ࣜ࢘ࣜࢬࠊ࢚࣭ࣟࣝࣟࢻࠊࢹࣥࢪ࣭ࣝࣇ࢛ࣞࢫࢱ࣮ࠊ ࢘ࢰ࣭࢚ࢦࢾ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ ḟࢆཧ↷ࠋ 㸦programme brochure㸧 Twelve Days at the Roundhouse, GLC, March 1986. 59 Geoff Andrew, ‘‘Lords Deal Blow to Voluntary Groups,’’ The Guardian, April 18, 1986. 60 ‘‘Roundhouse Rescue Bid,’’ The Guardian, November 6, 1986. 61 ‘‘Black Visual Artists Forum, A Programme of Seminars and Workshops, 1986 October 25 and 26,’’ Black Arts in London, no.64, October 16-31, 1986, 9-10. ICA㸦Institute of Contemporary Arts㸧ࡣࣟࣥࢻࣥ୰ᚰ࠶ࡿ⌧௦࣮ࢺタࠋ 62 㸲ᮏࡢㄽ⪃ࡣḟࡢ࠾ࡾࠋRasheed Araeen, ‘‘History of Black Artists in Britain’’; Chila Kumari Burman, ‘‘There Have Always Been Great Black Women Artists’’; Mona Hatoum, ‘‘Definitions of the Term Performance Art’’; Les Johnson, ‘‘An Analysis of Art Institutions and Funding Bodies and the Administration of the Work of Black Visual Artists.’’ 1980 ᖺ௦ Chelsea School of Art ࡢᅗ᭩㤋ྖ᭩࡛࠶ࡗࡓࣜࢬ࣭࣮࣡ࢻࡣࠊࣈࣛࢵࢡ࣭࣮ࢺ㛵ࡍࡿ ᩥ⊩ࠊ㈨ᩱࡢ㞟ࡢពࢆ᪩ࡃࡽㄆ㆑ࡋ࡚ࠊ࢞ࣜ∧༳ๅ࡛ᩥ⊩┠㘓ࢆసᡂࡋࠊᏛእࡢᕼᮃ⪅ ࡶ↓ᩱ࡛㓄ᕸࡋ࡚࠸ࡓࠋḟࢆཧ↷ࠋ(mimeographed) Black Art in Britain-- A Bibliography of Material Held in the Library, London: Chelsea School of Art, 1988. 63 ὀ 62 ♧ࡋࡓ Burman ࡢㄽ⪃ࡣࠊ ḟᡤࠋChila Kumari Burman, ‘‘There Have Always Been Great Blackwomen Artists,’’ in Visibly Female—Feminism and Art Today, An Anthology, ed. Hilary Robinson (London: Camden Press, 1987), 195-99. 64 The Black Experience, 37. 65 Sonia Boyce, ‘‘Sonia Boyce in Conversation with John Roberts,’’ Third Text, no.1 (Autumn 1987): 59. 66 Boyce, ‘‘Sonia Boyce,’’ 59. 67 Burman, ‘‘There Have Always Been, 198. 68 Araeen, ‘‘The Success,’’ 150. ᐇࡣ࣮ࣜࣥࡣࠊእⓗಶேࡋ࡚ GLC ຓᡂࢆཷࡅ࡚ࠊḟ ࡢᮏࢆห⾜ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋRasheed Araeen, Making Myself Visible (London: Kala Press, 1984). 69 ࣮ࣜࣥࡣᒎぴࢱࢺࣝࢆ㏙࡚࠸࡞࠸ࡀࠊ1985 ᖺ࣭ࣟࣖࣝࣇ࢙ࢫࢸࣦ࣭ࣝ࣍ ࣮࡛ࣝ㛤ദࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࡢ࡛ࠊNew Horizons ᒎࢃࡿࠋAraeen, ‘‘The Success,’’ 150. 70 Araeen, ‘‘The Success,’’ 150. 71 Chambers, ‘‘ The Emergence,’’ 155-56. ᩥ⊩➼୍ぴ Andrew, Geoff. ‘‘Lords Deal Blow to Voluntary Groups.’’ The Guardian, April 18, 1986. Araeen, Rasheed. Making Myself Visible. London: Kala Press, 1984. ---. ‘‘The Success and the Failure of Black Art.’’ Third Text 18, no. 2 (2004): 135-52. Bianchini, Franco. ‘‘GLC R.I.P.—Cultural Politics in London 1981-1986.’’ New Formations, no.1 (Spring 1987): 103-17. 1980年代GLCの文化政策と「ブラック・アート」 27 (mimeographed) Black Art in Britain-- A Bibliography of Material Held in the Library. London: Chelsea School of Art, 1988. (programme brochure) The Black Experience, Arts Programme. GLC, 1986. ‘‘Black Visual Artists Forum, A Programme of Seminars and Workshops, 1986 October 25 and 26.’’ Black Arts in London, no.64, October 16-31, 1986, 9-10. Boyce, Sonia. ‘‘Sonia Boyce in Conversation with John Roberts.’’ Third Text, no.1 (Autumn 1987): 55-64. Burman, Chila Kumari. ‘‘Chila Kumari Burman Interviewed by Errol Lloyd.’’ Artrage, no.11, Winter 1985, 15-17. ---. ‘‘There Have Always Been Great Blackwomen Artists.’’ In Visibly Female— Feminism and Art Today, An Anthology, edited by Hilary Robinson, 195-99. London: Camden Press, 1987. Chambers, Eddie. Things Done Change—The Cultural Politics of Recent Black Artists in Britain. Amsterdam: Rodopi, 2012. Chambers, Edward Anthony. ‘‘The Emergence and Development of Black Visual Arts Activity in England between 1981-1986—Press and Public Responses.’’ PhD diss., Goldsmiths College, University of London, 1998. Cunningham, John. ‘‘The Wrong Side of the Tracks for Black Arts?.’’ The Guardian, August 20, 1983. De Jonge, Nicholas. ‘‘London Plans to Switch Spending on Arts.’’ The Guardian, November 28, 1981. De Jongh, Nicholas. ‘‘Camden Council to Make Bid for Round House.’’ The Guardian, April 7, 1983. Flynn, Norman, and Steve Leach, Carol Vielba. Abolition or Reform? The GLC and the Metropolitan County Councils. London: Allen & Unwin, 1985. Garbaye, Romain. ‘‘British Cities and Ethnic Minorities in the Post-war Era: From Xenophobic Agitation to Multi-Ethnic Government.’’ Immigrants & Minorities 22, no. 2&3 (July/November 2003): 298-315. Gilroy, Paul. There Ain’t No Black in the Union Jack. London: Hutchinson, 1987. ‘‘GLC Anti Racist Murals.’’ Artrage, no.9/10, Summer/Autumn 1985, 44-45. (publicity) ‘‘The GLC, The Roudhouse Project, The Caribbean Craft Circle Present Exhibition Eclipses in Our Time.’’ The Race Today Review ‘86, 1986, 33. Greater London Council. Working for London Final Five Years㸸A Summary of the GLC’s Major Achievements, 1980-1985 . GLC, 1986. ---. Campaign for a Popular Culture—A Record of Struggle and Achievement; the G.L.C.’s Community Arts Programme 1981-1986. GLC, 1986. Hylton, Richard. The Nature of the Beast—Cultural Diversity and the Visual Arts Sector, A Study of Policies, Initiatives and Attitudes 1976-2006. Bath: ICIA, 2007. The Inquiry Team. Broadwater Farm Revisited. London: Karia Press, 1989. Labour Party. A Socialist Policy for the G.L.C.. Labour Party, 1981. 28 萩原 弘子 ---. Vote Labour in London: A Summary of Labour’s GLC Election Proposals. Labour Party, 1981. Livingstone, Ken. ‘‘The GLC’s Arts Experience.’’ Art Monthly, April 1986, 2-3. (exhibition catalogue) Lloyd, Errol. ‘‘An Historical Perspective.’’ Introduction to Caribbean Expressions in Britain, 3-7. Leicester: Leicestershire Museum and Art Gallery, 1986. Markham, E. A. ‘‘Random Thoughts.’’ Artrage, no.11, 1985, 1. ‘‘MAAS National Conference.’’ Artrage, no.6, Spring 1984, 26-31. Mulgan, Geoff, and Ken Worpole. Saturday Night or Sunday Morning?—From Arts to Industry: New Forms of Cultural Policy. London: Comedia, 1986. (exhibition catalogue) New Horizons—An Exhibition of Arts. GLC, 1985. Owusu, Kwesi. ‘‘Black Arts Centre—A Needed Facility or Possible White Elephant.’’ Artrage, no.8, Spring 1985, 4-5. ---. The Struggle for Black Arts in Britain. London: Comedia, 1986. ---, ed. Storms of the Heart—An Anthology of Black Arts & Culture. London: Camden Press, 1988. Phillips, Mike. ‘‘How the GLC Failed London’s Blacks.’’ New Statesman, 127.4384, August 5, 1998, 16-18. ‘‘Roundhouse Rescue Bid.’’ The Guardian, November 6, 1986. Roth, Andrew. ‘‘Obituary—Lord Jenkins of Putney, Veteran Labour Leftwinger Who Championed Nuclear Disarmament and the Arts.’’ The Guardian, January 28, 2004. Streamlining the Cities: Government Proposals for Reorganising Local Government in Greater London and the Metropolitan Counties. H.M.S.O., 1983. Tambe, Anwar. ‘‘Race Mural is ‘waste of money.’’’ The Southall Gazette, June 14, 1985. (programme brochure)Twelve Days at the Roundhouse. GLC, March 1986. Woodley, Karin. ‘‘The MAAS Record—Part of a History (i).’’ Artrage, no.16, Spring 1987, 4-6, 37-38. ۍᮏㄽᩥࡣ᪥ᮏᏛ⾡⯆ࡢ⛉Ꮫ◊✲㈝ຓᡂᴗ㸦2013㹼15 ᖺࠊ◊✲ㄢ㢟␒ྕ 25511008㸧ࡋ࡚Ꮫ⾡◊✲ຓᡂᇶ㔠ຓᡂ㔠ࢆཷࡅ࡚⾜࡞ࡗࡓ◊✲ࡢᡂᯝ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ 1980年代GLCの文化政策と「ブラック・アート」 29 The GLC’s Cultural Policy and Black Art in the 1980s ̿̿ Locus of Black Art in Britain (2-1) Hiroko Hagiwara The article deals with the cultural policy of the Greater London Council (the GLC) during Ken Livingstone’s years (1981-86), focusing on its unprecedented support of black visual artists’ practice. The key questions are whether the GLC’s support was a hindrance or a help for Black artists working in the arena of visual arts and what impact the GLC’s cultural policy had on the Black Art scene. In order to answer the questions the article looks back political situations of the time before reviewing several projects held or sponsored by the GLC, such as Black Art shows, anti-racist murals, the Black Art Centre and Black Visual Artists Forum. While the GLC’s generous and anti-elitist cultural policy was welcomed and admired by some minority groups, its policy decisions based on the notion of ‘positive discrimination’ was seen as problematic by others. By examining some critical views the article explores the way Black artists were hyper-ethnicised by the GLC’s decisions.
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