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( c + d )( a +b ) c
P ( c +d )( a + b)
aCc aDd P o P o P yC y Dd Cc Dd Ka = a b =
=
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o
P
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<rJeY K y , K , K a $?F-OP
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g<WJb $+-mKaY!\Z%jo
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dn A = ad , dn B = bd , dnC = cd , dn D = dd
-,
..%Zl&
g<AOQ%78Y0 n i0 !
n A = n A 0 a , n B = n B 0 b , nC = nC 0 + c , n D = n D 0 + d
-g<WJb$-g<He%[78Y n &
n = n A + n B + nC + n D = (n A 0 a ) + ( n B 0 b ) + (nC 0 + c ) + ( n D 0 + d )
= ( n A 0 + n B 0 + nC 0 + n D 0 ) + [(c + d ) ( a + b)] = n 0 + n 0 = n i0 = (c + d) (a + b) yi =
-..%Zl%78lv y i &
ni
n i0 + i
n + i =
= i0
n (n A 0 + n B 0 + nC 0 + n D 0 ) + [(c + d ) ( a + b)] n 0 + %R0mKaY%R$_f.'
c
d
n + c n + d C0
D0
y c y d n 0 + n 0 + K y = Ca Db =
a
b
y A y B nA 0 a nB 0 b n 0 + n 0 + c
= ( n 0 + )
( c + d ) + ( a + b )
d
(n + c ) ( n D 0 + d )
C0
a
b
(nA 0 a ) (nB 0 b )
( c + d ) + ( a + b )
P
= K a K1 o P VR0 $@'
BZl%\ZE),.-
62351GY$CmKaY K 0E)-$&
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9'7S+i*L¡T'c+>DI?'+Zb=xc+
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¨¦Rc*Z%,V+TWFCK@HI'GI
©'+Zb,
µi,l (x i ) = µi,lo + RT ln x i
&¤7:9
µi,l (x i ) ,GI© x i +'+R++TWFCK@HI µi,lo ,
z)R+~l+TWFCK@HIk,¦R*)#!~l+TWFCK@HI+
d}&9
+Zb=p#%
a A(x A ) + bB(x B ) c C(xC ) + dD(x D )
'RS+c+?EA>DI?¡T=^3%19
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r G = (c µC + d µD ) ( a µA + b µB )
c
Sc
[
] [
= c (µCo + RT ln xC ) + d (µDo + RT ln x D ) a(µAo + RT ln x A ) + b(µBo + RT ln x B )
]
= (cµCo + dµDo ) ( aµAo + bµBo ) + (cRT ln xC + dRT ln x D ) ( aRT ln x A + bRT ln x B )
= r G o + (RT ln xCc + RT ln x Dd ) (RT ln x Aa + RT ln x Bb )
xc xd = r G o + RT ln Ca Db xA xB j&9!3*, r G = 0 &97j&,stª9
xc xd r G o = RT ln Ca Db xA xB &GI©\y+j,
xCc x Dd
K= a b
xA xB
¨c+~l*,GI©+<8*X¬=§:-6
s*fZ¤9~l*,s+6*h9
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r G = µCaO + µCO 2 µCaCO 3
o
o
o
+ (µCO
= µCaO
2 + RT ln pCO 2 ) µCaCO 3
o
o
o
+ µCO
= µCaO
2 µCaCO 3 + RT ln pCO 2
= r G o + RT ln pCO 2
aqw-3 r G = 0 -:8
r G o = RT ln pCO 2
K p = pCO 2
.0:()!2oc pCO 2 3Yk.0:M-h]R";,:{-:!.
1|O
+59yf?KB=I2UPr`$:1
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BfVX/B
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C(s) + H 2O(g) CO(g) + H 2 (g)
%4X4£]m~5
Ka =
aCO(g) aH 2 (g)
=
aC(s) aH 2 O(g)
f CO(g) f H 2 (g)
aC(s) f H 2 O(g)
w}2j=W4^¢5RZ4?3hp(B[]LKPINO4Q£S
5
µ =V
P T
dµ = V dP
/@CB&@3 µ j = µ oj (T ) + RT ln a j EYV0'.(C6
dµ = RTdln a
x4s0:oD)C6
V
dP
RT
dln a =
!@CBv{wt
/
@U4{9/(B0
a
a=1
dln a =
ln a =
1
RT
V
dP
RT
P
1
P
1
V dP
cujW21/5Q£T!*C71"#2$C6 V 578V24/
ln a =
V
(P 1)
RT
xsEq,.|FJ[X3.˚3$BHGJ4g/4j{
44^¢Eb;.:B˚3$BHGJ4524/MO
V 5/B'+!,.
ln a =
8.0 103 l mol1
(100 bar 1bar) = 0.0075
0.08314 l bar K 1 mol1 1273K
a = 1.0075
78v{3$Bwt4^¢
0D@2%032B-9Ae2nQ/
2$C6w}2cu4^¢5/Bi\0'.w}2j=W4^¢5m~4s
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