Title
The President of the Immortals: A Study of Thomas Hardy's View of
Destiny (II)
Author(s)
Nakamura, Shiro
Citation
金沢大学教養部論集. 人文科学篇 = Studies in Humanities by the
College of Liberal arts Kanazawa University, 16: 35-52
Issue Date
1974-03-10
Type
Departmental Bulletin Paper
Text version
publisher
URL
http://hdl.handle.net/2297/39619
Right
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http://dspace.lib.kanazawa-u.ac.jp/dspace/
35
ThePresidentofthelmmortals:
AStudyofThomasHardy'sViewofDestiny-II*
ShiroNakamura
ChapterIVTheBackground-§2TheSecondaryBackground-1)Natural
Science(Continued)
IhaveconsideredtherelationsofHardy'sthoughttoastronomy,geologyand
heredity,buttheywerenotsoinfluentialasDarwinismin.establishinghisviewof
destiny.ManycriticshavepointedoutitsinfluenceuponHardy;aboveall,
HarveyC.Webstersaysthatitwasthemotherofhisphilosophy.
WhenDarwin
publishedtheO惚加Qf"ecjEsinl859,Hardywasnineteenyearsold.Hereaditat
theperiodofhisapprenticeshipatDorchester,beforehewentuptoLondoninl862
(Webster,p.34).ItiswellknownthatthetheoryastoundedtheVictorianpeople,
shooktheauthorityofGodatthebaseandmadenotafewpeopleturntheirbacks
onChriStianity.Buttothisyoungloveroflearning,thenewtheorynotonly
showedtheweaknessofthereligionbutalsobecameagreatfoundationstonefor
himtobuilduphisownphilosophyon.
Alllivingcreaturesconstantlyincreaseinnumberbyreproductionandbecome
enormouslynumerous.Allofthemcannotliveinafinitecircumstanceandthe
fittestforitalonecansurvive.Darwinexplainedthelawofthesurvivalofthe
fittestbyusingthetheoryofnaturalselection.Childrencannotbethesame,though
theywerebornofthesameparents;eachofthemmusthavesomevariationswhich
arisequiteaccidentally.Theyaredividedintothefitterandthelessfitforthe
circumstance;thefitterandtheirposteritysurviveprosperously,whilethelessfit
and,theirposteritybecomeextinctbeforelong.
SoexplainsDarwin・Itwasnot
untill900,whenDeVriesdiscoveredthemutation,thatDarwinismwasgrantedits
objectivevalidity,butyoungHardywasdeeplyimpressedbythetheorytowardl860
soonafteritwaspublished.TillthenHardyseemstohavebelievedinstinctivelyin
*Thefirsthalfofthispaperwaspublishedinthetenthnumberofthej化加0"Qf曲"j肋"α
nc加加/@"理EissuedinMarch,1978,tillwhenlhadtaughtatthecollege.
36
ShiroNAKAMuRA
theWessexsuperstitionthatintheuniverseChancespitefultomenwasworkingon
anddistributingdisasteramongthem・Thisunscientificfaithwasnowbackedupby
thenewestscientifictheory.
Kangaroo
OffspringAwithapouch
一
声
O
f
f
s
p
r
i
n
g
B
w
i
t
h
･
u
t
a
p
･
u
c
h
accidentalvariation←Nature'slawlesscaprice
OffspringAwithmuchmoney
Man
OffspringBwithtoomanychildren
chance←D
e
s
t
i
n
ss
ll
a
w
l
e
s
s
c
a
p
r
i
D
e
s
t
iy
n'
y'
a
w
l
e
s
s
c
a
p
r
ice
Inthecaseofakangaroowhoseperiodinthemother'swombistooshort,ifachild
isaccidentallybornpouchless,itmustshoulderadreadfulfateinherentlyandits
offspringwillperishbeforelong.ThereisnomoraldifferencebetweenAandB;B
ismerelystructurallyunsuitedtothecircumstance,whichissimplyaccidentaland
bynomeansitsfault.AndyetBanditsposteritymustdieoutsoon・Asforman,
itsometimeshappensthat,thoughAisprovidedwithmuchwealth,Bisprovided
withmanychildrenbutnotwithmoneydespiteofhishardworkandgood
intentions.Bispoor,andheandhisfamilymayhavetocommitasuicide.Both
kangaroos'$survivalofthefittest'andmen'sfatearedeterminedbychanceor
accident.ThusHardy'sinstinctiveviewofdestinywassupportedbythemost
trustworthytheoryofscienceandestablishedasawell-groundedphilosophy.
2)Christianity
Oncewhenhiswill-philosophywasdisapproved,Hardyprotestedasfollows:
Itsfundamentalprinciple,underthenameofPredestination,waspreachedbySt.
Paul...．IthasrunthroughthehistoryoftheChristianChurcheversince.(Edmund
Blunden,pp.113-4)
PredestinationistheverynucleusofChristianityratherthanthePaulinedoctrine,
thoughhepreacheditinhisEpistles・Theredeemedarepredestinedbythe
Redeemer.WhetherweareredeemedornotdependsuponGod'swill,notuponour
merits,efforts,circumstances,educationorheredity.ThoughGodendowsmanwith
therighttodogood,HepreservesasHisowntherighttobringhissoultolife.
Theredemptionofsoulsis,indeed,God'senterprisebeyondthepowerofman・This
istheessentialpointofPredestination・Andifwereplace!God'or(He'with@Will'
or@1t',theabovedescriptionmayexactlybecomethatofHardy'sviewofdestiny.
Accordingtohisphilosophy,thegreatAbsolutebeyondhumanpowersreignsover
ThePresidentofthelmmortals
37
theuniverse,andbothhumanhappinessandmiseryaredeterminedbylt;therefore
Hardy'sviewofdestinycanbesaidtoaccordwithPredestinationintermsof
settingupthealmightyAbsolute・Butitisnomorethan!accord';Hardydoesnot
seemtohaveborrowedhisAbsolute-doctrinefromChristianity.Itseemsthatthe
pagansuperstitionoftheWessexfatalismcametobethefoundationstoneofhis
philosophyratherthanChristianity,aswasstatedinthesectionoftheprimary
background.Hardy'sabove-quotedprotestseems,therefore,tohavebeenmadeto
furnishhisphilosophywithauthoritybymeansofthenameofChristianity.We
cannotregardPredestinationasabasicbackgroundofhisviewofdestiny.
Hisattitudetothereligionisaverydelicateone.Apartfromacritic'sremark
thatatragedianis,strictlyspeaking,notaChristianbecauseatragedyisavision
ofdivineinjustice(BonamyDobr6e,p.334),GodwastoHardyamere!man-
projectedFigure'(dGod'sFuneral',Sz/.,p.48).Thisviewwouldnotallowhimto
believeinGod'sbenevolence.Hewas,however,notathoroughatheist;hesaid,@If
thereisnochurchinacountryvillage,thereisnothing(E.Blunden,p.165),'and
couldwritesuchapiouspoemas(TheOxen',whichdealtwith!theperceptionof
thesolemnlawofrespondencyrevealednotonlyamongmenbutamonganimals
(MamoruOsawa,p.358).'WemustnotforgethepersistentlyadmiredtheChristian
virtuesinhisliterature.
3)TheSpiritoftheGreekTragedy
ItisoftenpointedoutthatHardywasmuchinfluencedbytheGreekclassics
thethemeofwhichwasthatnoonecouldbehappywhilehelived.Accordingto
thebiographiesHardyhadreadtheworksbyAeschylusandSophoclesbeforehe
wastwentyyearsold.AGreektragedyisgenerallyassociatedwiththetragedyof
fate.Whenahero,nobleandvirtuous,issunkintothedepthsofmiseryby
somethingunaccountableinspiteofhisdesperatestruggle,wecallhisstory@a
sublime,gloriousGreektragedy',whichiscontrastedwith@amoderntragedyof
character'、SamuelHenryButcher,however,disapprovesofsuchaviewofours.
Heassertsthat,withAeschylus'works,theoccurrencesarenotcausedbyanyblind,
capriciouspower,butaretheissuesofinherentcharacterofthepersons;what
occursdependsonthemoralityof@goodrewardtogoodcharacterandbadreward
tobadcharacter':forinstance,haughtiness,whichismorallytheworstinGreece,
neverfailstobringaboutmisery.AsforthehereditarysinintheHellenistic
s
u
p
e
r
s
t
i
t
i
o
n
,
B
u
t
c
h
e
r
s
a
y
s
t
h
a
t
A
e
s
c
h
y
l
u
s
'
a
t
t
i
t
u
d
e
i
s
t
h
a
t
s
i
n
i
s
n
o
t
i
n
h
e
r
i
t
e
d
,
t
h
o
u
g
h
38
ShiroNAKAMuRA
thetendencyofitmaybeinherited;onemayfurtherthetendencyorsuppressit,
sinceonecancontrolone'sownfate.ThisstatementofButcher's,however,more
orlesssurprisesus,becauseitinsiststhatAeschylus,whophrasestheexpressionof
lthePresidentofthelmmortals',isnoneotherthanawriterofthetragedyof
character・ButitseemsthatButcherputheretoomuchstressontheAeschylean
moralismsoastoconvincehisreadersofitssignificance,for,goingondiscussingit,
herefersto{Moira'thatbringsaboutdisasterunaccountabletoreason,sayingthat
thereisstillsuchunhappinessascannotbeaccountedforonlybytheconceptionof
Zeus,themoralisticBeing,whoissupposedtogivegoodrewardstothegoodand
badrewardstothebad・Moiraisamysterious,supernaturalbeingthatisoutside
theregionofZeusandattacksmanuntimely.ButchersaysafterallthatAeschylus,
obsessedbyitswonderouspowers,seemsmorefatalisticthanotherGreek
tragedians.ThusinthelongrunAeschylusandotherGreekpoetsloomupbefore
oureyesinthesamefiguresthatweexpectedthemtobe.Theywere,inshort,
dualistsastothecausesoftragedy:atragedycausedbycharacterandatragedy
causedbysomethingunaccountable.Suchadualisticattitudecanbetakenonlyby
carefulobserversoftherealitiesoflife.AndHardywasoneofsuchobservers;his
0inherentwill'isanequivalenttotheir{character',andhis$environmentalwill'and
{interveningwill'totheir@somethingunaccountable'.Sophocleswasmorefrank
abouttherealitiesoflifethantheethicalAeschylus;hepickedupmorebravely
fromtragediesofreallifethemiseriescausedbyGod'scarelessness,andadmitted
moreboldlythefactofunreasonablepainexisting.Sophoclesconcludedthatit
sometimeshappenedthattheiniquityofthefatherswasvisiteduponthechildren,
whileAeschylusonlyadmittedtheheredityofthetendencyofsins.WithHardy's
novels,〃たseemsmoreAeschyleanandTbssmoreSophoclean,whichmaysuggest
thesubstantialdifferencebetweenthesetwobookswhichareoftenplacedinthe
samecategory.AtanyratewecanjudgethatHardysucceededconsiderablytothe
Greekpoets'viewoflifeordestinyhehadbeenfamiliarwithinhisyouth.
4)Schopenhauer'sWill-Philosophy
IntheprecedingsectionlhavepointedoutthatHardy'sdualismofthetragedy
accordswithGreekpoets'・InthecaseofHardy,however,twosortsofcausesof
thetragedywereeventuallytobeunifiedintoamonisticidea-thelmmanent
WillastheabsoluteDestinyintheuniverse.ThenHardy'sthoughtwasfurnished
withmetaphysicaluniformityandcontinuity,andthisHardyowedtoSchopenhauer.
ThePresidentofthelmmortals
39
Itwasinl883-6thataセWを〃鮴Wゼル〃"風I/b汚〃/""gwastranslatedinto
English,andbiographersco㎡irmthatHardyaddedthetranslationtohislibrary.
AlmostallcriticsregardthisasverycontributivetothedevelopmentofHardy's
thought,thoughWebsterseemsrathercriticalabouttheestimation、1886wasthe
yearwhenT""伽ﾉ"QfQzsため河上妙histenthnovelwaspublished,andhistragic
viewhadlongbeensetup.Itseems,therefore,tobeimpossibletoimaginethat
Schopenhauer'sWe/な"Sc〃"""ginthebookthatα此sLe加"耐Le〃ｾ"much
influencedHardy'sviewoftheworld.Whatmattersistheintroductionofthe
SchopenhauerianWillintoHardy'sviewofdestiny.Hardyissaidtohaveused
lWill'or@Willer'inl901forthefirsttime(MOsawa,p.429).TheWill,〃"gα〃s"〃
ortheonlyExistence,embodiesltselfinlife;lifepursuespleasurethatisreally
n
o
t
h
i
n
g
b
u
t
a
r
e
p
r
e
s
e
n
t
a
t
i
o
n
;
i
n
c
o
n
s
e
q
u
e
n
c
e
p
a
i
n
,
d
i
s
i
l
l
u
s
i
o
n
a
n
d
u
n
h
a
p
p
i
n
e
s
s
a
r
i
s
e
;
wecanescapefromtheseinevitabletormentsoflifeonlybyabandoningtheWill
thatisthefirstcauseofthemandbyattainingthestateof@Nothing'orM"α"α・
ThisistheessentialpartofSchopenhauer'srenunciativephilosophyofthe
Will-abandoning.
HardymusthaveassociatedtheWill,thefirstcauseof
unhappiness,withhisownDestiny.Headopted!theWill'asanewandfinalname
ofhisDestiny.Needlesstosay,however,hisWill,differentfromSchopenhauer's,
includesnotonlythewilltoenjoyortheinnerdesiresbutmanyotheragentsas
subalterns.BesidestheGermanphilosophersolelyaimedattheabandonmentofthe
Will,whiletheEnglishpoetapprovedtheblindwilltoenjoyasabasicmotiveof
humanactsandsublimatedituptotheheightofpoeticbeauty.Thephilosopher's
contributiOntothepoet'sliterature,therefore,liesinthis:thelatterwhohad
thoughtunsystematicallyofthemiscellaneouscausesoftragedy,suchasnatural
force,1ove,characterandsoonasagentsofDestiny,borrowedthenameoftheWill
fromtheformerandmadeuseofitasthenameofhisabsoluteDestinygoverning
allofthem・ThuscomesatlengthT"eDWzLzsks,inwhichthenewly-attiredFate
entersunderthenameofthelmmanentWill,thefinalconceptionoftheHardyan
D
e
s
t
i
n
y
.
5)Buddhism
ItmaysoundstrangetotreattherelationsbetweenanEnglishwriter'sthought
andtheOrientalreligion.However,thewriterhavingcalledhimselfastudentof
Schopenhauer,whosephilosophyisthatofM"ﾉα"α,theremaybesomeconnections
betweenthem.Itisonthissuppositionthatlbeginthissection.Needlesstosay,
40
ShiroNAKAMuRA
however,wecannottreatHardysostrictlyinthismatterasHermannHesse,who
wasinverycloserelationtoBuddhismandcouldwritea〃〃α，寸加withadeep
u
n
d
e
r
s
t
a
n
d
i
n
g
o
f
i
t
.
＊
Hardy'sliteraturehasastrongtingeofretribution.Thelawofrewardsin
accordancewithdeedsisabasiccreedofBuddhism.Thereligionexpoundsthe
doctrineofthetransmigrationthatsoulsaretogotheroundofthesixworlds,
throughthethreeaspectsofexistence-theprevious,thepresentandthenext
existences,accordingtothedeedsdone.InFWCMsc""ce'馳舵,whichhasalready
beencitedasanexampleofatragedyofheredity,Mr・Millbomeleaveshiswife
anddaughterlesthisstayingwiththemshouldmakehisdaughterunhappy,
writingtothem:
Ourevilactionsdonotremainisolatedinthepast,waitihgonlytobereversed:like
locomotiveplantstheyspreadandre-root,tilltodestroytheoriginalstemhasno
materialeffectinkillingthem.(Iγひ〃.,p､76)
Asinoncecommittedneverfailstobearitsfruit,howeverhardwemaytryto
expiateit.ThisdescriptionofHardy'sseemssurelytohaveasuggestionof
Buddhismbehindit・InthecaseofMillborne,theretributionisthesimplest
form-the〃"gg"x/i惣ひinwhichthedeedsdoneinthisexistencearerewardedin
thisexistence.
7bsssuggeststhattheheroine'ssorrowsaretheissuesofherancestors'si㎡ul
acts,asisshowninthesuggestivedescriptionofthelastparagraphofthenovel:
Andthed'Urbervilleknightsanddamessleptonintheirtombsunknowing
Andthismustbeclearlydistinguishedfromthealready-statedproblemofheredity
InadditionherearetworemarkablequotationsfromTbss:
DoubtlesssomeofTessd'Urberville'smailedancestorsrollickinghomefromfrayhad
dealtthesamemeasureevenmoreruthlesslytowardspeasantgirlsoftheirtime(than
AlectowardsTess).Butthough加りぷ/si"sQ〃"g〃ﾙe7s"0"c〃〃"〃”､‘Zy〃α"""""
goode"0廼力/bγ〃"伽"jEs,itisscornedbyaveragehumannature....(了とss,p.93,Italics
mine.)
ThustheDurbeyfields,onced'Urbervilles,sawdescendinguponthemthedestinywhich,
nodoubt,whentheywereamongtheOlympiansofthecounty,theyhadcausedto
descendmanyatime,andseverelyenough,upontheheadsofsuchlandlessonesas
*Mr.OsawatreatstheBuddhisticelementsin7WeWを"一助ﾉ0"〃.(pp.51-6)
ThePresidentofthelmmortals
41
theythemselvesnow.助伽〃”α"αγg"”−肋gγ九)"伽@qrc加"gE−aﾉ蛇"､α彪α"α”γs蹴
加e〃cry肋j"g〃"庇γ肋es"
(
T
b
s
s
,
p
.
4
5
3
,
I
t
a
l
i
c
s
m
i
n
e
.
)
Thesepassagesshowthatonemustreapwhatone'sancestorshavesown,andthey
havesomethingreligiousaboutthem.
Whatreligiondo‘divinities’suggest？
Christianityisaquiteindividualreligion;initwearenevertorturedowingtoour
fathers'sins・Inm吹卿weknowthereisaparagraph:
Whatmeanye,thatyeusethisproverbconcemingthelandoflsrael,saying,The
fathershaveeatensourgrapes,andthechildren'steetharesetonedge?…Thesoulthat
sinneth,itshalldie.Thesonshallnotbeartheiniquityofthefathers,neithershallthe
fatherbeartheiniquityoftheson:therighteousnessoftherighteousshallbeupon
him,andthewickednessofthewickedshallbeuponhim.(XVⅢ-2,20)
Christianityisareligionwhichisgenuinelyconsistentinregardofone'sown
rewardsbyone'sowndeeds・KanzoUchimurasaysthedoctrineofAdam'soriginal
sinisamistakethattheancienttheologymade.Thusprobablyitwasnot
ChristianitythatHardywasconsciousofwhenhewrotetheabove-quotedpassages
in7bss.
NowletmethinkaboutBuddhismanditsdoctrineofthecausality・Everyone
hashisinnercause(")whichisanaccumulationofallthedeedsdOnefromthe
previousexistencetillthepresentmomentandhisouteroccasion(E")whichisthe
circumstancesurroundingit;the",thepowerfromtheinsideandtheEn,the
powerfromtheoutsidecombineandproducetheresult(K").Hereisaseed;it
c
a
n
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t
p
r
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y
(
"
)
a
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s
o
i
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,
s
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n
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g
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,
w
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a
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(
E
"
)
.
W
i
t
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b
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t
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o
f
a
n
i
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d
i
v
i
d
u
a
l
,
his"fromthepreviousexistencetillthepresentbringshimforthbythemedium
ofhisE勿一acoupleofmanandwoman.Soifachildwhosefatherorforebears
madealivingbyshootingorfishingisborneyeless,itseemstobetheBuddhistic
retributionoftheancestors'sins,fortheyworkasanE"foritsbirth;andthechild
hastoliveamiserablelifeowingtoitsforefathers'sins.AndthisisjustwhatTess
hadtosuffer.Actually,however,BuddhismdoesnotinvoIvesuchethicalunreason-
ablenessanymorethanChristianity;thatis,one'sI"choosesanE"accordingto
one'sdeedsinthepreviousexistence,neverbyaccident・Thechild,innocentand
sinlessaltogether,hadtochoosesuchforefathersasanE",accordingtoitsown
deedsinthepreviousexistence;inconsequenceitwasallottedtheK"oflosing
ShiroNAKAMuRA
42
eyesight・Soonecannotreproachone'sfathersbecauseoneistosuffer,seemingly
fortheirsins・IftheretributiontoTessisreallyBuddhistic,itisTessherselfinthe
previousexistencethatistoblame.Certainly,however,thenovelhasnosuchshade
ofpitilesssuggestion.Whatistheoriginoftheretributionoftheancestors'
misconducttoTess,then？
、
Nowweareremindedoftheold,simpleGreekfolklorebeliefthatsins
areinheritedbyposterity,､whichAeschyluscorrectedbutSophoclesrevived
afterwards;besidesitisnoticedthatthesecondquotationhasaHellenisticimage
of!theOlympians'.But,nevertheless,whenwereadthosequotations,wecannotbut
feelsomethingBuddhisticinthem.Thatmaybepartlybecauseofthefamiliarity
thatweJapanesehavewithBuddhism.Andyetlcannotreadthepassage,@Sodo
fluxandreflux-therhythmofchange-alternateandpersistineverythingunder
thesky,'withoutrememberingthebeginningofThel五s加沈Ro"@α""Q/Me
Hｾ伽-Rz"ly,whichseemstobethehappiestexpressionoftheBuddhistic
retribution.Needlesstosay,Hardy'sunderstandingofBuddhism,ifany,musthave
beenindirectandfragmentary,sowecannotapplyitsdoctrinestrictlytohis
literaturewhenourpurposeliesinexaminingtheone'sinfluenceupontheother・I
onlyimaginethatwhenhewroteZbsshewasvaguelyconsciousoftheOriental
religion,thoughhisknowledgeofitwasuncertainandrestricted.
Sofarlhavetreatedsomeelementswhichseemtohavecomposedthe
backgroundofHardy'sthought.Theverytotaloftheseelements,however,cannot
bequiteequaltohisphilosophy.Forinstance,theinfluenceofthereligious
pamphletsatthattimecannothavebeensmall,asWebsterpointedout.Thenew
thinkersofthosedays,suchasSpencer,Mill,HuxleyandThomson,mustalsohave
hadmuchi㎡luenceonHardy・Swinburnehadsogreataneffectuponhimthathe
sanglaterinapoem:
Iwalkedandreadwithquickgladsurprise
Newwords,inclassicguise,-
("ASingerAsleep,''Sz/.,p.43)
Buttoomanydetailedinvestigationsanddiscussionshavebeenhadaboutthese
problemsbynumerousomniscientscholarsformetoputafifthwheeltothecoach.
ThePresidentofthelmmortals
43
ChapterVHisPessimism
A"zfz""〃〃dｾstm)"6"/〃0ﾉ〃勿陀仏一EHb""g"zZy
IhaveconsideredintheprecedingfourchapterswhattheHardyanDestinyis
like.TheconclusionisthatwhatreignsovertheuniverseistheGreatWill
indifferentandunconscious;oncewearecaughtinltsgiganticnet,wearemere
helpless,ephemeralcreatures;tohavebeenborninsuchaworldisatragedy.In
factmanyHardyancharactersmeetwithamiserableend.Inhisfourteennovels,
twenty-twomaincharactersoutoffifty-threearetodieafterbeingtorturedby
Destiny:thedeathrateisforty-twopercent.Andbesidesfivestoriesoutofseven
inWess"乃伽treatofdeath,andespeciallythreeoutofthefivedealwiththe
ominouscaseofdeathpenaltyastheauthorhimselfsuggestedintheprefaceofthe
book.ThehorridnessofHardy'sworksisperceivedeventhroughsuchsuperficial
figuresofdata.Tobesurehisliteratureis,inasense,extremelyhorrible.But,
nevertheless,whenwereadit,weareneverdisgustedwithlifeorinclinedto
abandontherighttolive;hisliteratureisdreadfullygloomybutbynomeans
desperate.Tofathomthecauseofthisfactweoughttoexaminethecharacters'
attitudetolife,nottheendofthestory.
G
e
n
e
r
a
l
l
y
s
p
e
a
k
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n
g
,
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h
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e
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m
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D
e
s
t
i
n
y
'
s
enormousnessandman'shelplessness:oneisinstinctiveandunconsciousinthe
r
e
c
o
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i
o
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,
a
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・
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theconfrontationwiththeabsoluteDestiny,theDanishprincewithatroubledheart
s
o
l
i
l
o
q
u
i
z
e
s
:
Whether'tisnoblerinthemindtosuffer
Theslingsandarrowsofoutrageousfortune,
Ortotakeannsagainstaseaoftroubles,
Andbyopposingendthem？（Hz加肱III.i.57-60)
ThesetwoWaysarepresentedinHardy'sworks,too・Oneofthemisrepresented
byAeneasManston,whois!thelastmanintheworldtoputupwithaposition
becauseitseemedtobehisdestinytodoso.'(α，R.,p.149)Thecharacters
belongingtothisgroup,suchasTroy,FitzpiersandWildeve,makeNaturemourn
becauseeveryoneofthem-
44
ShiroNAKAMuRA
NomoreseesmysunasaSanct-shape,
MymoonastheNight-queen,
Mystarsasaugustandsublimeones
Thatinfluencesrain:
("TheMotherMourns,''FYP.,p.301)
Firsttheycursetheirfateofhavingbeenthrownintoavast,gloomy,tiringworld
ofWessexandrevoltagainstit,thoughDestinydrivesthemintoatragicend
w
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y
EgdonHeath,triesadesperateremedyofgettingawayfromEgdonoutofthespite
tolt,andinfailurediesatragicdeath.Andyetsheisneverdefeated,forshewill
notraiseaflagoftruce.
AllthecharactersoftheManston-Eustaciagroupareofanurbantrait・Onthe
contrarytheothergroupofcharactersareofarustictrait,andthistypeis
representedbyJoanDurbeyfield,whotakesamishap!asshewouldhavetakena
wetholidayorfailureinthepotatocrops;as…achanceexternalimpingementto
bebornewith.'(7bss,p.330)ThisattitudetolifesurelyoriginatesintheWessex
fatalism,thatis,K'Twastobe',whichisaproductofthenaturalcircumstanceof
Wessex.Wemustnotice,however,thatitisbynomeansamererenunciation,but
amorepositiveattitudeofendurance.WithClymYeobright,atypicalcharacterof
thisgroup,his#viewoflifeasathingtobeputupwith'(Mi".,p､197)makeshim
engageincuttingfurzestoicallyundertheburningsun,despiteofhislossof
e
y
e
s
i
g
h
t
.
H
i
s
a
b
s
o
l
u
t
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s
t
o
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c
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s
m
m
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k
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r
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s
s
o
f
l
i
f
e
b
r
a
v
e
l
y
.
Whenherecognizesthefactthatheis@agreatcauseofhismother'sdeathandthe
chiefcauseofhiswife'sdeath,'hesaysthat@atimecomeswhenmenlaughat
m
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s
e
r
y
t
h
r
o
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l
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n
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a
c
q
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a
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n
t
a
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c
e
w
i
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h
i
t
.
'
(
p
.
4
4
7
)
O
t
h
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r
e
x
a
m
p
l
e
s
o
f
h
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s
g
r
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p
a
r
e
GabrielOak!bidinghistime(asD.H.Lawrenceputsit)$4likeadogwatchinghis
bone'''(EvelyneHardy,p.135)andGilesWinterbornewholikeHamlet'sfriendbears
l
h
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m
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l
f
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r
o
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"
a
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,
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u
f
f
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r
s
n
o
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g
.
”
，
(WW.,p､277)Inspiteofhishumanfaults,Henchardarousessympathyfromus
becauseofhisgreatstoicismthatmakeshimsayintheworstadversity,!My
punishmentisnotgreaterthanIcanbear.''(Qzs.,p.358)Tess'senduranceisa
goodmatchforHenchard's;thefigureofTesswhobearsthedrearysolitude,hard
w
o
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k
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l
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p
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'
,
w
a
i
t
i
n
g
46
ShiroNAKAMuRA
W
h
a
t
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t
o
d
a
y
.
.
.
a
l
l
e
d
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!
p
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s
s
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m
'
i
s
,
i
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t
r
u
t
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,
o
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l
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s
u
c
h
!
q
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'
i
n
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e
x
p
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s
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'
s
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.
(
Z
,
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.
,
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p
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p
.
v
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i
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)
Andheoftencalledhimselfameliorist.Hequotedagainandagaintheline
writtenbyhimselfin"InTenebris'':
i
f
w
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e
B
e
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t
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,
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P
.
,
p
.
4
4
7
)
Letmeexamine,however,thismeliorismofhismuchfurther.Notafew
criticscallhimamelioristashehimself.Howevertheysometimesseemtodoso
exaggeratedlylestheshouldbecalledapessimist,whichtheyapparentlythink
f
a
t
a
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d
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・
W
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,
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a
r
Hardy'sphilosophyinitsdevelopmentandexamineditoneachnovelcannotbe
overestimated,seemstohavelabeledHardyasamelioristforfearofthenovelist
beingbrandedasadetestablepessimist.Hesaysthat7ルル〃07'Q/Qzs""Mt"
showedaremarkableprogresstowardmeliorism:inHenchard'sattitudetolife{we
seethatthereissomethinginhumannatureworthyofhonour';inJane'sattitude
!
w
e
s
e
e
h
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'
s
c
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'
;
H
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(
p
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.
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5
7
8
,
p
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1
)
A
n
d
y
e
t
c
a
n
w
e
c
a
l
l
h
i
m
a
melioristforthesereasons？ThelogicalinferencefromWebster，sviewisthata
n
o
v
e
l
c
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n
b
e
m
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t
Fateorawomanwhoiscontentedwithherpresentstateofthings.Asamatterof
fact,Janeisthemostun-Hardyanwoman,andhercontentednesswhichhasnosuch
beautyasMartySouth'sseemstobenothingbutanunattractiveenervation.And
b
e
s
i
d
e
s
d
i
d
H
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v
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e
c
u
s
t
o
m
o
f
a
s
k
i
m
m
i
t
y
r
i
d
e
？
W
a
s
､
'
t
H
a
r
d
y
r
a
t
h
e
r
favourabletotheWessexmannersexceptthatrelentlesscustomof‘liviers'？
Lucetta'sdeaththroughtheskimmityridemaybesaidtohaveratheracomic
effect,sincehercoldattitudetoHenchard,aftershehastakenbacktheold
l
o
v
e
l
e
t
t
e
r
s
f
r
o
m
h
i
m
,
m
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k
e
s
b
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o
m
e
a
n
s
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g
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o
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i
o
n
o
n
t
h
e
r
e
a
d
e
r
s
,
t
h
o
u
g
h
herinstincttohideherpasthistorymaybeadmitted.Wesee,forinstance,her
r
a
p
t
u
r
o
u
s
e
x
u
l
t
a
t
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t
w
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h
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e
n
c
h
a
r
d
'
s
b
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t
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r
d
i
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p
p
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n
t
m
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t
i
n
t
h
e
s
c
e
n
e
ofthewelcomeoftheRoyalPersonage(pp.304-5),andmaybesomewhatin
sympathywithJopp'swords,@Asawind-uptotheRoyalvisitthehit(bythe
s
k
i
m
m
i
t
y
r
i
d
e
)
w
i
l
l
b
e
a
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l
t
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m
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p
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l
e
v
a
t
i
o
n
t
o
d
a
y
ThePresidentofthelmmortals
49
Hadanyotherwritereverthoughtinthisway？Ithadusuallybeenconsidereda
writer'sdutytodisclosewomen'svanity,tomakecynicalremarkstoitandto
disdainit.Hardyjudgedthegoodorthebadaccordingtoanewviewofvalue.
Andhecoulddosobecausehelovedthesewomanlywomenfromhisheart.
Howdidhedealwithmen,then？Whenweseethetypicalmasculinefiguresin
Hardy'sliterature,wearedeeplyimpressedbytheirsublimedevotionand
s
e
l
f
s
a
c
r
i
f
i
c
e
:
S
t
e
p
h
e
n
S
m
i
t
h
'
s
s
e
l
f
s
a
c
r
i
f
i
c
e
i
n
t
h
e
c
h
u
r
c
h
y
a
r
d
;
n
o
t
a
f
e
w
a
c
t
s
o
f
devotionofOak's,aboveall,thatofrubbingouttwochalkedletters!andchild'on
thecoffinofFannyRobin;Venn'ssecretservicesforThomasin;thetrumpet-
m
a
j
o
r
'
s
s
t
o
i
c
s
e
l
f
s
a
c
r
i
f
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c
e
f
o
r
h
i
s
b
r
o
t
h
e
r
a
n
d
h
e
r
o
i
c
f
a
r
e
w
e
l
l
t
o
A
n
n
e
;
H
e
n
c
h
a
r
d
'
s
g
r
e
a
t
s
t
o
i
c
i
s
m
;
G
i
l
e
s
'
d
e
a
t
h
b
e
c
a
u
s
e
o
f
h
i
s
p
r
o
t
e
c
t
i
o
n
o
f
G
r
a
c
e
.
T
h
e
y
s
a
c
r
i
f
i
c
e
themselvesandservethewomenwhomtheylovesecretly,thoughtheyarenottheirs.
Theyhidetheirinnerpainoffruitlessloveandmakebelievetobecheerful.The
courageof@thesolidgoingfellow'waswhatHardyadmiredmost.
Hardylovedwomenfortheirfaultsandmenfortheirvirtues.Neverdidhe
treatsosternlyevenManstonthevillainorArabellathevampasothernovelists
wouldhavedone,becausehelovedthem-helovedmankind.Itwasanintolerable
p
a
i
n
f
o
r
h
i
m
t
o
s
e
e
t
h
e
m
t
o
r
t
u
r
e
d
a
n
d
r
u
i
n
e
d
b
y
t
h
e
s
e
n
s
e
l
e
s
s
W
i
l
l
.
H
e
s
y
m
p
a
t
h
i
z
e
d
fromhisheartwithpeoplecompelledtotoilandmoilrestlesslybetweenthetwo
supremeorders:$youshallbeborn'and$youshalldie.'Hegavethehelpless
mankindtherighttoloveandtobelovedasthesolepleasureinlife,thoughhe
knewitwouldleadtoaninevitablegriefbeforelong;itwasbecauseofhishearty
sympathywithandaffectionforthem.TheHardyanmenandwomenpursuelove
desperatelyasifitweretheonlyvirtuegrantedtothem.
Hardyapprovedhumanbeingsinthestateofenduringtheirhardlotsas
g
a
l
l
a
n
t
l
y
a
s
p
o
s
s
i
b
l
e
・
H
e
w
a
s
n
o
t
a
s
o
c
a
l
l
e
d
p
e
s
s
i
m
i
s
t
a
n
y
m
o
r
e
t
h
a
n
a
s
o
c
a
l
l
e
d
meliorist.Hewasahumanistinthesimplestsenseofthewordwhoapproved
mankindintheaspectofendeavouringtoconfronttheworstinlifewithoutturning
t
h
e
i
r
b
a
c
k
s
t
h
o
u
g
h
i
t
w
a
s
b
e
y
o
n
d
t
h
e
i
r
c
o
m
p
r
e
h
e
n
s
i
o
n
w
h
e
t
h
e
r
t
h
e
e
n
d
e
a
v
o
u
r
w
o
u
l
d
leadtohappinessornot.Hisapprovalofthisdiffersfromtheoptimists'orthe
m
e
l
i
o
r
i
S
t
s
'
.
T
h
i
s
S
i
s
y
p
h
e
a
n
e
f
f
o
r
t
t
o
e
n
d
u
r
e
,
b
e
i
n
g
p
u
r
p
o
s
e
l
e
s
s
i
n
t
h
e
u
t
i
l
i
t
a
r
i
a
n
way,makesyougigantic.AndLionelJohnsonquotes:
ThestrongestThingwasNecessity,thewisestwasTime;andthegreatestwasthe
HeartofMan.(p.177)
ThePresidentofthelmmortals
51
WorksCited
Abercrombie,Lascelles,WW"tzsH"'tZy:AC"""/邸""(MartinSecker,1912).
Blunden,Edmund,T肋"ztzsHMy(Macmillan,1941).
Brown,Douglas,刀80"wzs""7tjy(Longmans,GreenandCo.,1954).
Cecil,LordDavid,""7tZy"eⅣbzﾉe/"(ConstableandCo.LTD.,1946).
Dobree,Bonamy,(@"0"@tzsM"てjy,''77teW0γ/〃sClbzssjbs:E"gl紬C"ノ伽／
&s"s-XXQ"〃〃(405),pp.325-50(OxfordUniv.Press,1929).
Guerard,AlbertJ.,T"0"2tzsノ五My:"eNo"gjsα""S伽'jes(HarvardUniv.Press,
1
9
4
9
)
．
Hardy,Evelyn,Tｿ20"@zzsH"7tZy:AC戒たα/Bjqg7""(TheHogarthPress,1954).
Hardy,FIorenceEmily,TWL"Q/"0"2fzsI五"tiy(Macmillan,1962-1928-30).
Hawkins,Desmond,T"0""zsM"てZy(ArthurBarkerLTD.,1950).
Johnson,LionelP.,77"A"Q/刀201"αsM"てか,ANewEdition(Dodd,MeadandCo.,
1
9
2
3
1
8
9
4
)
．
Osawa,Mamoru,S伽ﾉjCsQfHI"てがs〃た”〃〃(Kenkyusha,1949).
Webster,HarveyCurtis,O〃αaz戒"昭〃zj":77'eA〃α〃〃0噸〃QfT乃0""zs
"[My(TheUniversityofChicagoPress,1948).
BackgroundStudies
Butcher,SamuelHenry,Sb抑cASPe"Q/"G""Ge"",ATranslationinto
JapanesebyT.WatsUjietc.(IwanamiLib.2589-2591)(1904).
Darwin,Charles,O7卿〃Qf"eciCs,ATranslationintoJapanesebyR.Yasugi
(IwanamiLib.3voIs.33-921-4,5,6)(1859)
Kawasaki,Kenryo,O"RcM6""o"(Go-Hり-Ro")(Hajukaku-Shobo,1935).
Schopenhauer,Arthur,Sb加eP〃んs""畑/&s"s,ATranslationintoJapanesebyT.
Ishii(KadokawaLib.945)(1810-1860).
Uchimura,Kanzo,O"Cﾉ"fs""的(KadokawaLib.279)(1905).
52
ShiroNAKAMuRA
ListofAbbreviations
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剛"E.
A〃かQ/""e句杉sFh州〃.：肋γ/io"2MeMz""zgCmz"d
E肋ﾉ.：
7WcHz"dq/EMeﾉ〃""Ⅳ"".:T"Re/"〃Q〃舵Ⅳ賊"e
7 肋 M 〃2打7""〆j−j〃0γ
Zco.:AZ"odib”〃
T1"T、
n(ﾉ00〃αTb""
"Qzs.:T"MzyO7qfQzs彪妨"fW
W"ﾉ.：
TWeWb0a〃"娩汚
7bss:Tessq〃"ed'["此”ノルs
剛"α･
7伽Wを"-m/0"edノ”な：ノ"〔たﾉﾙeOhsc"形
ﾘｲ碗T.
IItssex乃ﾉEsIm".:L舵bL〃んI""jEs
Ⅳ〃D.
AG""QfⅣり6"az"@es
Cﾙα〃.:AC""gEJMz〃α"'0肋"Th"s
WXP.
Wbss〃んe"s
〃や.:He"@sQ/"ePIzs/α"dﾒｶe乃忽Sc"/
Zgbs.
刀加曲Z""g〃"夢加"s&c.
助＃.:Mj舵sQrα"""@s""cEs&c.
〃り"@．
ﾙ伽"@e"fsQ/Wsio"&c.
LLE.:L(z"ZMcsα"aaz〃泥γ&c.
〃""．
H""2α〃肋0"s&c.
W7"#.:WI""γWbMs&c.
Ow2.: r沈め"as魔α"αフルFh"20zfs乃zgedyq/ﾉﾙeQcee"Qfα〃""""
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