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Rev. + -$,,$ $#,$ *$% ( %%I!gË7I!Òf&seal'EÐðHâ&formality'Wí8SE+,|ÃÔ0*R! L=!·ïGº7C·ïE+,cH óWÔ6:!øO¥ÏGPS·ïWä8SE+,E 7CHwÖ0v»6TS/QD*SE8S" % & Farnsworth, op. cit. §'.% $,%' %#' &. % ' Ibid . §&.),) '. N@EN!Perillo, Calamari and Perillo on Contracts §%.&,'$*th ed.& $ $-%I!ëEõMH b&executed agreement'EH~ÞIíñD*S0!7/7nFNHDIF+E8S"L=!~ÞHrü W«S5E0!ÍeØ×ã&Uniform Sales Act'G¼VR!Íe£ãÈ&Uniform Commercial Code'Wß 7=5EHeAHéÅE6TC+=E8S" #* )# NUCB JOURNAL OF ECONOMICS AND INFORMATION SCIENCE vol.56 No.1 !!($)%"'&#%* @L5ó£æOK=X\cd^&2UO!]_d`'5LëLú×M!@n(consideration)5KLè²G.XH/ZYF/X%)" ì&¼@5d`a]bceb%ÖM!*@HM%P@M%äL@æG.CF!?Ll !Kê;F54¯[F1!P@MvV3LG?LJ§<H;FüRXSL[/0+ !H =X"?YGM!/3JX@æKê;F5ó¯4F1VY!/3JX@æKê;F?Y4$ ò:YXL3"9Y[ÿï=XSÇHJÊ[email protected]:YX%*"=JZB!ød`a ]bceb% +ÖM!H½@JILú1JÕª[Î5!@&@æ'45ó£æO[B=X@ RKM!@nLè²4(HG.X·[ò=XLG.X" ?YGM!@nHMv3"ì&¼@5d`a]bceb+ %Ö%¨M!@n4¥Ü:YX@ RKM!&@æKê;F'J§P@M!ê@æ4}óKÃo:Y(bargain for)J7YNJV J/·[ò=X%+"?9G!9LòK;@41N!¿¾óKQFÅ@À4¯óJÈé[ ,î;J/=Ï@æ(gratuitous promise)KM!m#óK1N!}óÃoLêÓG.XÅ @ÀLJ§&@ægxL§j!*³j!5MLàò#2¤#wÒ'J/;!ê@æ4è² ;J/3V!@n4¥Ü:Y>!?L5ó£æOMüRVYJ/" m#K!ëL5L5ÚöK2/FS!&BÏ@H%{=XH'=Ï@L5ó£æOM ÁRVYF/X"ëL5LsÆÍ«L5ÚöK2/F!=Ï@LôG.XåF@M! mòLzJ4½['1J7YN!?L5ó£æO4üRVYF/J/"K1N!9YV L5ÚöK2/F!åF@L5ó£æO4ÁRVYF/XLM!åF@4=Ï@G.X 3VG.X%," 9YKê;!@æL5ó£æOK=XW!=ÏH/0yþM!\cd^5K2/FM? %( Ñ7¢D*ìû¼@5d`a]bceb¸A&û' +;Ð5´¹-(|)©%& %0GS! "charitable subscription# ! ! M!*»âó+@æ+HA:YF/X" %) & #á,&0" %* & #á,,0%$0M!\cd^K2/F@n5K4@5ÔÇHJhðE7[:YF/X¬H;F! &%'NØL?íH5L?íH[1=X@R! &&'@5ÔL3[}óÃoL3Kò=X@R! 2UO&''°ÿÌKpG;T=6!P@÷ºÀ3VFSÿïLEç4D5T=/ ~óJH[®G= X@R!H/0µõ[8X" %+ ! ! ! ! "bargain for#[*}óKÃo=X+HA=XKCM!É=XU0K!ì&¼@5d`a]bceb+ % Ö4! "in exchange#["bargain for#¥ÜHãH;Fhð+7F/X3VG.X"¿±!9YHMkJXh ðE7[=Xì%¼@5d`a]bcebL8AK2/FM&9rµ¼,Pw/«@5-' '0&% )+ý! ¡.ù''!"bargain for#M*ÃoL>óH=X+HA:YF2W! *}ó+H/0HãM÷@VJ/"SC HS!Farnsworth, op. cit. §&.), n.,M!@æL5ó£æO[-ß=XK±;FM! *}ó+H/0Hã["bargain for#HM1Kf0(HÛ[Âñ=X"7¦K2/FM!?L(HÛ[Kw;@01G!²L6. 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ÕiÎÛGsA1!¨»tÈHλ ªÜXÄOTD+,ÅÞC*T$&" ±$~ÕÎ`\]Z^_b^) # &I!ÕdlHPÚL=IƯժXºz8 T4D0C1TXv¹8T$'"6=0?B!&tÈH¨´®G¯8T'Õª0!¬HtÈ HÚF+6ƯժDo»Gj5UB+TFRJ!Õi0¦5UT4DIpg+F # + Farnsworth, op. cit. §$.',' %. $ " Ibid . §$.# +,+#. $ # In re Griswold’s Estate,# # %Neb.$ '(,$ " $N.W.$ ' ),# ()N.E.&% & &# + $+'. $ $ I. & I. Holding Corp. v. Gainsburg,$ ) (N.Y# & $ ),# $N.E# $d' %$,# # 'ALR'* $ &# + %*'. $ % Perillo, op. cit. §(.$ &d' ,$ $ (. $ & First Presbyterian Church v. Dennis,# ) *Iowa# % ' $,# (#N.W.#* %&#+ #)'; Congregation B’Nai Sholom v. Martin,% * $ Mich.(' +,#)%N.W.$d' " & &# + ( +' ; Floyd v. Christian Church,$+(Ky.#+ (,#)(S.W.$d# $ '&#+ &%'. %( )% NUCB JOURNAL OF ECONOMICS AND INFORMATION SCIENCE vol.56 No.1 ,"808!óÊI!<6GuÑ¥k1Â9SH0!D,-ÒC+S"6H|óGÕ.S =MGI!)uÑG¥k9S*6D!9FV>"bargain for#D,-pÞHf}WñqG9S çù1+S" É& ôïb\]Y^ad^+ %²&I!ôÀ£1ôÀD)uG* 'in exchange(û K=IäÅôÀWM!0@!ôÀD)uG* 'in exchange(ûK=IäÅôÀ1Ð7 TS6D1!"bargain for#W·9SWzÏ9S&*"6HzÏ0Q.SG!"in exchange# D,-ù¼1!"bargain for#D,-pÞGD?B«ùFù¼C+S6D1wh,F,"<TC I!"in exchange#DIEHP-F³ÆWfð9SHC+U-0" i@H.D8B!~vÑGLBôÀDûF,8äÅôÀ1u7TB,TJ!<TQI "in exchange#7T=D9Süo1+S&+"@KR!%a&ôÀHÚö#¶¡0Q.B!<T 1ÙÏHûF,8äÅôÀHÂWºÐD8B/R!0@!%b&¢G<HûF,8äÅ ôÀ1Ð7T=GI!ôÀDûF,8äÅôÀ1"in exchange#7T=D9SüoC+ S"8=1?B!6HüoGPTJ!Ô£1<HP-FuW-fWõ8B,S0æ0 ! ! ! ! ! IóÊD7TF,"0RGËô£1ôÀDuGäÅôÀWM=1!§ô£IäÅôÀW9 ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! S6DF3!<HÚöWû8B8K?=±%Ëô£HfDIgFSu1VTB,S ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ±&O!Ëô£1ôÀDuGäÅôÀWM=1!§ô£I<HP-FôÀHÂWÍQ ! ! :G%=K=K&äÅôÀWÐ8B,=±%§ô£GuHf1F,±&C+?BN! "in exchange#7T=Düo7T&,!"bargain for#1VTB,SDèm7TS" "in exchange#1e°HP-Güo7TSFQJ!¯F3DNÛµe°Hyê£1îª7T S%@KR! MBiåÑF&`Xd_#cY[dZsÖG/,B!"in exchange#W¬9 6DIénßCIF,"D,-HN!<6G/4S»ÑyêI!ÃH»ÑyêHÂD¾ K?B!»sÖH¿´D,-òÑWMBÌ·9S6D1C2SD,-¶¡Wõ8B,S0 QC+S&-"ºHã!HÎGI!6HP-F¶¡WñqG9S=MG!»ÑyêW!)ÃH £1D×÷Gyê9SFQJ!Nyê9S*D,-ÚöHôÀDÏ}A4Sã!N+S'$" 8=1?B!Ù¦F³W®4J!»ÑyêCI"bargain for#1VTB,S6DGFR! ôjïüGxA,B!<HïÑÀÿ13ÜMQTSD,-#GS" &) OOoRG3,HC!!W+5B¹ñ9S"0RGठA DᤠB 1ÇëG@2 C Wúø8=¥k 8=D9S"6H A I C GÅ8B!ᤠB 1òÑìW A Gk2Ó;J!C GÅ8BÇWë-!D, -ôÀW9S1!A HôÀHôjC+SòÑìHkÓ8I!§ô£C+S C CIF3!É£C+S B 0Q Ð7TSHC+S" &* É& ôïb\]Y^ad^+ %²& ûK=IäÅôÀI!<T1ôÀ£GP?BôÀDuGMQT!0@!§ô£GP?BôÀ£HôÀ DuGÐ7TS±G!uÑG¥k7T=6DGFS'A performance or a return promise is bargained for if it is sought by the promisor in exchange for his promise and is given by his promisee in exchange for that promise.( " &+ Farnsworth, op. cit. §&.*,) ). &, Ibid . &- 0RGÈr1½ý% $ $¨ÝH{ÞD8B"l8=ØWí©9S=MG!Á¸GÅ8B3»Ñy êWîª8=D9S"6H±!iµH»ÑyêGPRí©1tþ9SV4CF,6DI!~vÑGñâ C+U-"Ä3H»Ñyê1F7TS6DGPR!<HòÑ1Ì·7TSHC+S"@KR!66G/4 S»ÑyêDI!ÃH»ÑyêHÂWºÐD9S»ÑyêFHC+S" '$ Floyd v. Christian Church,& *Ky.% *,% + *S.W.&d% & ) %% ('&. $* ,$ WdfZÛ×D.3P¸Å|ÒE׿å 4QD¿6!!bargain for"TÛoE³ßºA6?kÁÒ3:«E±ÓA5QPYf iV$#a$c\Ì(Oliver Holmes)F%#!!bargain for"AF!Û¼0ÛoTÜp6(induce) &>IO!Û¼E½0ÛoEĦ0ÛoTÄ7PÆ}(motivation)ACO' !Ç¡D! Ûo0Û¼TÜp7PA+,!»Þ²(reciprocity)TØ¥A7PuÊ@*PA7P%$"4 Ea$c\Ì0£6:!+SGÆ}EAL+,H1¯F!·EÀ$¢Û×f[^ X_dh_) #®$@F!bargain for"E³ßºA5Q?+C+M,DL-P"4E4A TBEM,Dâr7H1@*R,/" 9E¨w/OF!À$¢Û×f[^X_dh_E{AC=:!À#¢Û×f[^X_d h_EÂDJP4A0@1P"9L9L!À$¢Û×f[^X_dh_) #®F!À#¢Û ×f[^X_dh_) '®Tp1+;®ÔA5Q?+P0%%!®ÔEÔ!ä¦EÃ7P ÛoE³ßºFmC=?+P"7CS<!À$¢Û×f[^X_dh_) #®#0!bargain for"EJTÛoE³ßºA7PED¿6!À#¢Û×f[^X_dh_) '®#F!Û oE³ßºA6?!bargain for"A!&sought and given'in exchange"TÕ~6?+PE@* P%&">IO!Øà!bargain for"A!in exchange"F!&ALDÛoE³ßº@*P'Ö EuÊ@*O!·¦Fa$c\Ì0£6:Æ}ET°A7PuÊA6?!¦F!Û ¼AáC+6Í¿Û¼AEyÅCxT°A7PuÊA6?âr5Q?+:E@* P%'" 9Q@F!À$¢Û×f[^X_dh_) #®$0!!in exchange"T!bargain for"E ³ßºA6:4ADMO!a$c\Ì0£6:Æ}EA+,ߺF!!bargain for"E ³ßº/N¤SQ:E@*R,/"À$¢Û×f[^X_dh_Efb$]$(Reporter) @L*PWeh#`V$h\g$[©(E. Allan Farnsworth)F!4QTÚvDÎÃ7P" 7CS<!Ç©F!!in exchange"A!bargain for"AFÚvD Ö5QPH1uÊ@*O! À$¢Û×f[^X_dh_) #®$0!in exchange"T!bargain for"E³ßºDÙK U;4AF!ÑqC¹AÐ7PH1@*PA7P%("I:!À$¢Û×f[^X_dh _0Ï5Q:jL!a$c\ÌE!bargain for"D¿7PârF!¾2E̬D.+ ?n 5Q?+PA5QP%)" jEÉÝT´ÅDâr7PCNG!¢EM,DCP@*R,"I8!À$¢Û×f[ ^X_dh_) #®#DMQG!ÛoE³ßºF!Û¼AáC+6Í¿Û¼A0!bargain for"5Q?+P4A@*P"96?!À$¢Û×f[^X_dh_) #®$DMQG!!bargain for"05QP:KDF!&a'Û¼EÉÝ#²¥/N-?!9Q0ÈÃEáC+6Í % # Gilmore, The Death of Contract# +%$ # &# + ) &' . % $ O. Holmes, The Common Law$ + %%$ + & &# * * #' . % % Restatement&Second'of Contract §) #reporter’s note&#+ * #' . % & À#¢Û×f[^X_dh_) #®# Û¼D¿7PÛoAF!Û¼A§p5Q!/>!Û¼AxÅDÄ5QP!Û¼jtEl!Ñl!× ãzE¶Ã#ªµ#ËsI:FÍ¿Û¼@*P(Consideration for a promise is an act other than a promise, or a forbearance, or the creation, modification, or destruction of a legal relation, or a return promise, bargained for and given in exchange for the promise.) " % ' Farnsworth, op. cit. §$.', n.*. % ( Ibid . % ) Perillo, op. cit. §(.#,$ # +. %( +% NUCB JOURNAL OF ECONOMICS AND INFORMATION SCIENCE vol.56 No.1 °Ò¬GV©ºD7B/Q!%b&F<GÙE,7Ç°Ò¬1ºv6S!0@!%c& Ò¬DÙE,7Ç°Ò¬1!/,GÀoFE?B,E4SIEPE,!D,-5DFE R&+" 5G¹tV©ºD7B!ª»nÊF/,B!bargain for" !9EU>k»d13U SB,R0VhMB{¿9R"K:!©7=O-F!bÈ»E\W^[#]XZ^YjÀF °7BE6SRª»nÊF!q%a&/OJ%b&G׫V|95DHfÅC+T-" 707!ѳH%c&G׫C+R"i0F!\W^[#]XZ^YjÀF/,BH!®G nÊGÙE,7Ò¬1ª»nÊGÀoDER 1+R&,"707!55CѳD6S RGH!ÀoGC+R"@KQ!´ÒGª»nÊ1!®GnÊGÙE,7Ò¬G ÀoDE?B,E4SIEPE,"7=1?B!®GnÊ1ÙE,7Ò¬Vºv7=! ´Ò1ª»nÊV?B,R F!©HGÀoDER1!H©GÀoDE Q.E,"<-C+RD9REPI!\W^[#]XZ^YjÀF/,BÀoG19 RGH!Ë¥GnÊ1ª»nÊF7B/,G`ViÄ7+.R¢x19R GLC+T-"5GO-E¢xH!%¶a1yMB¹6SB,RO-E& pÐE\W^[# ]XZ^YjÀVÍD9SI'#!¸¡H§8.E,"7=1?B!bÈ»E\W^[#]XZ ^YjÀF°7BE6SRª»nÊF%c&G׫V|95DH!ÂC+T-" _GO-EKDMREPI!nÊlCk»d1USB,R5DVuD7B! ÒcÎÚFmA2!ª»nÊGλ ¬ÛVÄMO-D9R²ÃGÌÜF±Í6SRÆÝH! ¹»E¢xGeCHÚÕÊ4DERNGG!ª»nÊGλ ¬ÛVbÈ»FÄMRu D7BH¼¨CHE,'$" %'&_G²bGÌÜ!/OJ!²ÃGÌÜH!½¾»EÒcÎÚFmA,Bª»nÊG λ ¬ÛVÄMO-D7=GF°7!²GÌÜH!½¾»EÒcÎÚF°9R¦GÀ2 G·C6S=ÆÝC+R'%"9EU>!5SPGÆÝH!Ò¬»zÇ~'promissory estoppel( GÎÚFmA,B!ª»nÊGλ ¬ÛVÄMB,RGC+R"707!5SPGÆÝF HsÑ1R'&" &+ 7=1?B! !bargain for"V)k»Fd9R*D9RÓH! !bargain for"1Ô9R׫V»iFÉ}7 =ÓC+RD,.O-" &, 0QF!ÁÖGªjÀV?B,Rµ¯ A Dµ¯ B 17!C 1 A D B G,:S0Fª»nÊV7 O-D7B,RD9R"5GD2!A F°7BH®G¤1ª»nÊV?B,R1!B F°7BHª» nÊ1USB,E0?=EPI!¸¡ C H A F°7Bª»nÊV-"E;EPI!®G¤FORª »nÊG1!A F°9R£ØVr9R0PC+R"@KQ!<GO-Eª»nÊG1!C G ª»nÊGÀoDE?B,RGC+R" '# =D.I!Floyd v. Christian Church,% , )Ky.$ , ),$ * )S.W.%d$ % (%$, '&&GÝC+R"5GÝGO-F! ¶aGwgF°9Rª»nÊG !nÊH¸¡<G¶aGÏF¹6SB/Q!nÊÁ%Ï Á&Cª»nÊF@,BÞ7-ogN+RC+T-" '$ Perillo, op. cit. §).% %d& ,% % ). '% Danby v. Osteopathic Hosp. Ass’n,& 'Del. Ch.' % *,$ # 'A.%d, # &%$ ,( '&; Estate of Timko v. Oral Roberts Evangelistic Ass’n,($Mich. App.) ) %,% $ (N.W.%d* ( #%$ , * '&; Allegheny College v. National Chautauqua County Bank,% ') N.Y.& ),,$ (,N.E.$ * &,( *ALR, + # %$ , % *& . '& Perillo, op. cit. §).% %d& ,% % )$% *. $* #$ _mna-(J06XµÖí#K(í£Ú: ïòíI-ÚíüK(7JUYM!7K(7JD-E(í£Ú:2ùRVYXKL! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ¾-¼&P?L⮼'2-Ú\É5:EøëK¦ô\GW!>K¦ôJUW"6{\þB? ħF,XG8YX">:E!77F-.*-Ú\É5:E+GL!S:>K-Ú2I1B? ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! V!ºªJGB?¦ôGLtIX¦ô\GBE-?!G-.7G\s*;XG8YE-X&&" 8E!êÅ!µÖåÞL!µÖôK̦\Ï:?./F!>YJÿ3I³\ÀR X?RJk^pi#o`dpbô\¦."7Kô2¡\×:!µÖí#2¦[Y?G: ES!>YJUWµÖåÞ2RE~V1K¦ô\GXKFLI5!;FJRVY?J :?2BE!#¬¯\2-Eô\̦;X@6F,X"SAZ]!#¼KvË2øëK µÖôJÿ3I³Ká$%\ì;X-Ú\;XħKU.J!øëKµÖí#K.+ 2ôK̦Já3Iy\O;ħ!-[M!>KµÖí#2µÖôK*Óö¼+í ,\äBE-XħJL!>KU.I-Ú2I6YMµÖåÞLtIB?¦ô\GBE-? &0>V5L!>S>SñµÖô\¦[I-'F,Z.1V!7K(7JUW(í£Ú: 2ùRVYX0çL,X&'" :1:!výíIk^pi#o`dpbôJ0-E!>KU.I´Æ2Û;X7GLR ! ! ! ! E< íF,XG-[9X\÷I-"µÖí#L¸úíI#¬¯KìFI6YMIVI -G8YX&(":?2BE!#¼KÙ2ÓöíI,\ä.7G2!¸úÎK7Øí1C) 4íIúàF,W!;I[A!7Øí1C)4íIµÖí#F,X7GLu-I-" :1:!º;G:EKµÖí#\XG3!¸úÎL!Ý5KµÖåÞ21$Ik^p i#o`dpbô\¦.èF!#¼2-<Y1Kô\Ôã;XG-.F!YXJ4 I-7G\ù¹=9X\÷I-">KU.Iù¹\ÑW»E!7ØG:EKµÖí#KQ \¤9KßÂG;XKF,YM'æ!â®K%;Já'8YXû<S!µÖí#K(í£Ú :\výíJùRX¨G:ELîÑFLI-G-.=J±X&)" &''rÃK%CK%;1V[1XU.J!û<2·;7/L!øëKÈJ0-ELÒ÷: \.;XSKK!µÖí#K(í£Ú:\výíJùRX7/G:EL!-<YSîÑFL I-":1:I2V!HKû<J0-ES!µÖí#J(í£Ú:\ùRU.G;X©ûÁ K)íI°ÍG!>K°ÍJß;X7/#6JÊ;XÈG2E½YX&*">7F!â $¶-(neg`hmphL!7KU.IµÖí#Jß;X©ûÁK¢síàð\8éJ Ðñ};XN5!â®K%;J0-E2-VY?&ïòíI'-ÚíüK(7Jß;X¿ Ð\²Q?">K2!â$¶-(neg`hmph+ "ÇF,W!«FLÝ5Kû<L! -w(7T&ïòíI'-ÚíüK(7J5X7GI5!õÇJD-E!µÖí#K & & ?G/M!Hayes v. Plantations Steel Co.,& % *A.$d# "+# &R.I.# + *$'J06X´<KU.J!ºªJ¾-¼2GB ?¦ô2!¾-¼K`jc_flK|FGVYE-?ħ(he made his decision on his own initiative)JL! õ(7JD-E-ÚJ(í£Ú:2ùRVYX7GLI-" & ' 7KU.I´qG:E!B’Nai Sholom v. Martin,% * $Mich.( ' +,#) %N.W.$d'" &&#+ ( +'2,X"SBGS!õ ûFL!Óöí#¼GÜK#¼GKJL í½x2,XG8Y!-w(7JD-EµÖí# K(í£Ú:2¥ë8YE-X" & ( ózv#Õ&&" & ) Perillo, op. cit. §(.$ &d' ,$ $ ). & * Ibid . %) #% NUCB JOURNAL OF ECONOMICS AND INFORMATION SCIENCE vol.56 No.1 éпûZÛPS1F<V H/VF:WV&+"BNU!99H0?U!©üE/A ?¥¾Ð~ä5!]hi_îéH30D!éú¶IzÜF;DÛPTW?IE/V"9W5 Æ¢IæüIÝýE/V" N=!Æ$¦îéicd^ehkeJ!>I+ "¹#H30D!î¿ÐÞIéùZ¦ IS1HÎ<V"<GY@!î¿5îª&N?Jƪ'IoN?JãoZñs<V 9FHB6!Èîª5ùÐHò<M6·E/AD(öl) !©Hî¿5>IS1G oN?JãoZñs;D3U(öm) !î¿HéпûZó2V9FHSADIO¼ ' " 5©:WV·HJ(ön) !&º÷øtIÓE' î¿Héпû5ÛPTWV( w)F<VIE/V">IÚôJ!}êÐHJÒÔÐGî¿ÐÞIéùHÅ67®¼Zv 2VQIEJG0'#" 9WHÂ;!×¹$J!¥¾Ð~ä*charitable subscription+ &3SL!r³ÐãÖ ²æ*marriage settlement+ 'H|;DJ!î¿5oN?JãoZñs;?9F5´ì:W G7DQ!>Iî¿J×¹#H}C0DéпûZï<V£ZÎ<V"9WHSU!¥ ¾Ð~äH|;DJ!×¹#J¦IS1HÙOÄ2TWV9FHGV"<GY@!îª&N ?Jƪ'IoN?JãoZ!Èîª5ùÐHò<M6·E/AD(öl. ) ! ©HoN?Jão5YWD3U(öm. ) !î¿HéпûZó2V9FHSAD IO¼5©:WV·HJ(ön) !&º÷øtIÓE'î¿Héпû5ÛPTW V(w)FGV" 9WTIöI1@!önJ!>W¨Á5RR̵ÐGÚôE/U!©IÝH30D íÇF:WVa$cJNWE/V'$";?5AD!¥¾Ð~äIéпûZqßÐHÛPV ?PHJ!qßÐGg\kfj^bk`{ÖH38V¥¾Ð~ä5öl. 3SLöm. Zë ?;D0V45íÇFGV" N=!öm. HB0DÕ<VH!½±;?S1H!¥¾ÉÁJ»<V¥¾{ÖZx ;?12E!>WHâöG¤Z¯PV?PH!g\kf#j^bk`{ÖZ1">1E/ VF<WK!¥¾Ð~ä5G:WVÊyE!¥¾ÉÁJ~ä 5õ0TWVòÎI{ÖH&u T4I'ˬ;D0VI5͸E/V";?5AD!qßÐG¥¾Ð~äH|;D2K!ö m. J°À:WV"Q@X[!¥¾Ð~äH;D¥¾ÉÁ5NA?7{ÖHˬ;D0G 0·!öm. I°ÀJàÎ:W!;?5AD!¥¾Ð~äIéпûJàÎ:WV9F HGV5!ØHíÇJG0E/X1" ! ! 9WHÂ;!öl. H|;DJíÇ5¡V"4UH!uT4IùðHSU!¥¾ÉÁ5Ï ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! §;?{ÖFJpGV{ÖZA?·H!ùÐHOD!~äªJ¥¾ÉÁI9IS1Gà &+ Thel & Yorio, The Promissory Basis of Past Consideration,) *Va.L.Rev.#" &',#"* "%# "* #&#+ + $' . '" á#½+'ç" '# Restatement&Second'of Contract §+ "reporter’s note&# + * #'HSWK!>I«öGèÑJ!î¿ÐÞIé ùH}C0D!î¿HåæÐG¿ûZÛPV9F5Î:WD0VÑE/VF:WV"G3!ÒÔÐGî ¿ÐÞIéùH38V,î¿Zº÷;?5H-F01öJ!+"¹#H30DJ! ,î¿5îªN ?JƪIoN?JãoZñs;D0V*a promise which***induce &s'action or forbearance on the part of the promisee or a third person+ -F:WD0V" '$ Farnsworth, op. cit. §$.# +,+ (%+ ). G3!9Iö5íÇF:W?ÝýF;D!Cohen v. Cowles Media Co.,&) +N. 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