CORRELATION
BETWEEN
BODY COMPOSITION
BLOOD PRESSURE
IN COLLEGE
MALES
Toshimitsu
Yukio
Ebisu,
Ed.D.*,
Ishikawa***,
Hironori
Kondo*****,
Toshihiro
Hiroshi
Koichiro
Kano*,
Kinoshita,
AND
Ph.D.**,
Nunome****,
Taiichi
Sugahare,
and Kuniyoshi
Kobayashi*
ABSTRACT
The purpose of this study is to clarify whether
in college
subjects
males can be correlated.
in this study. Forty five students,
have eaten
lunch an hour before
(LBM), body weight,
concerning
body composition.
and mean blood pressure
As a result
average
however,
and Rohrer
Systolic
groups
Differences
Also, differences
below average
and the excellent
blood pressure
between
groups,
as dependent
lean
variables
pulse pressure,
LBM and pulse pressure
between
was
the below average
groups of %Fat
the poor and below average
and between
at four
on blood pressure.
between
and above average
thickness
body fat (%Fat),
blood pressure,
as the variables
coefficient
of systolic
the average
of pulse pressure
were determined
to be
they were found to
Skinfold
Percent
diastolic
volunteered
because
measurement.
Index
were also determined
and between
were excluded
blood pressure,
and blood pressure
male students
and iliac crest was measured.
of this study, the correlation
found to be significant.
and thirty
the blood pressure
places, biceps, triceps, subscapula,
body mass
or not body composition
One hundred
and
were significant.
grous,
between
the average
and the excellent
which influence
blood pressure
the
groups
of
LBM were significant.
Therefore,
factors
not only body weight
muscle contained
elements
concerning
body composition
and the amount
seem to be
of body fat but also LBM. In other words, the amount
in a body may affect blood pressure,
of LBM seem not to be so varied
among
especially
pulse pressure,
of
since other
individuals.
INTRODUCTION
Concerning
"
have
individuals
already
have
because
which
However,
the hearts
individuals
disease.
Lamb')
*
* *
on blood
indicates
as hypertension
obese
reported
hypertension.
of the burden
is a study
such
the relationship
been
Faculty
Yamada
that
and
Nozaki
suffer
from
also mentioned
of Education,
and
vessels
and blood
Hirao
individuals
of obese
and
Sugiyamamn
due to increases
obese
and lungs
Nozaki
in body
chronic
nephritis,
that
persons
have
Sugiyamat"
cerebral
a great
Fukui University
Faculty
of School Education,
Takefu
Higashi
Elementary
Elementary
Hyogo University
of Teacher
School
School
— 22 ---
Education
risk
research
studies"."•'"
mentioned
that
this
to be
seems
On the other
have
are burdened
cirrhosis,
obese
that
weight.
always
and
some
Yoshitoshi"
indicated
do not
individuals
mellitus.18'
pressure,
Kasei Junior College
* * *
Shikatani
obesity
. Asaka"
and diabetes
* * * *
* * * * *
between
hand,
obese
true
there
hypertension."
and cannot
pointed
resist
out
hemorrhage,
of suffering
from
diseases
that
many
and
heart
coronary
heart disease, hypertension, diabetes and other ailments. Ebisu" indicated that risks of obesity
by showing significant correlations between %Fat and variables like total cholesterol (TC), low
density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), high density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C)/LDL-C,
and HDL-C/TC.
These obese individuals are now seen in not only middle aged people" but also children and
students'°1"2),and youths"). And it was reported that approximately
one hundred out of eighteen
hundred regular medical examinees had hypertension in Fukui University last year.")
The purpose of this study is to clarify whether or not body composition and blood pressure
in college males can be correlated.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
One hundred and thirty male students volunteered to be subjects in this study. However,
forty five students were excluded because they were found to have eaten lunch an hour before
the blood pressure measurement. Matsuda')
approximately
indicated that systolic blood pressure increases
6 through 8 mmHg from the end of a meal to about one hour after eating.
Therefore, eighty five subjects were actually used in this study.
Skinfold thickness at four places, biceps, triceps, subscapula, and iliac crest was measured
by using the procedure Durnin and Womersley41 described. The measurement
areas were
described by Allsen et al." Briefly, the measurements made at the anatomical areas were as
follows: biceps, fold a point halfway between the armpit and the elbow joint with the arm
relaxed and hanging in extension; triceps, fold a point halfway between the tip of the acromion
process and the tip of the olecranon process with the elbow at a 90 degree angle with the arm
relaxed and hanging in extension; subscapula, fold the tip of the scapula on a diagonal plane;
and iliac crest, fold over the iliac crest at the mid auxiliary line. This procedure is widely used
in studies of body composition through skinfold thickness.
These measurements were done on the right side of the body with the subject standing in
a relaxed condition by using Eiken Style Improved Skin Calipers. Two of the researchers in this
study actually measured following the procedure described in their pilot study which showed
the reliability of the measurements was significant and values from these showed significant
and almost perfect correlation. Variables on body composition in this study are: %Fat, LBM,
body weight, and Rohrer Index.
Blood pressure was measured by using a digital sphygmomanometer
called Health Stop
Digital by Nissei, Inc. following a period of fifteen minutes of complete rest for each subject.
Variables on blood pressure in this study are: systolic blood pressure, diastolic blood pressure,
pulse pressure, and mean blood pressure. All of the measurements in this study were done
toward the end of January, 1981 in the Faculty of Education, Fukui University. All of the blood
pressure measurements were done almost at the same time in each day because blood pressure
is known to show a circadian rhythm. deVries" indicated that blood pressure tends to rise from
low point during to a high point (15 to 20 mmHg higher) after the evening meal. Furthermore,
as Ganone
indicated, in apparently
healthy humans both the systolic and the diastolic
pressures rise with age. Therefore, subjects in this study were aged between eighteen and
twenty four years. The mean age was 19.4± 1.1 years old. All subjects in this study were males
because as Selkurt191indicated, systolic and diastolic pressures vary with the sex of the subject .
— 23 —
RESULTS
The results
standard
of this study are shown
deviation
values
correlation
coefficients
correlation
between
Table
groups
subjects
of the body composition
LBM and pulse pressure
3 illustrates
of various
F-values
ranging
5. Table
to the blood pressure.
of variance
the subjects
ranging
To explain
1. Mean
and
the subjects
that
in detail,
measurement
%Fat
13. 78
3. 73
LBM
52. 34
the subjects
7 .20
12 .35
(%)
132. 4
12 .9
(mmHg)
72. 9
12 .0
(mmHg)
59. 5
15 .7
(mmHg)
Pulse P.
102. 62
(mmHg)
9 .66
(n,=.85)
where : %Fat=percent
body fat
LBM=lean body mass
Wt. =weight
I. =index
B.P. = blood pressure
P.=pressure
Table
2. Correlation
Coefficients
of Body
Composition
LBM
Body
to Blood
Pressure
%Fat
Systolic
B.P.
Diastolic
Pulse
Mean
(n=85)
— 0 .028
0. 204
.050
— 0 . 100
B.P.
P.
B.P.
— 0.015
—o .049
* significance
0. 244*
0.073
at the 0.05 level
--24—
—
0
Wt.
Rohrer
from one
values
who had relative
group
(kg)
61. 30
123. 15
Mean B.P.
measurement
(kg)
Rohrer I.
B.P.
all of the
of all of the
values ranging
4 .71
Body Wt.
B.P.
2, the
in all the variables
Values
SD
Systolic
among
the data
who had relative
M
Diastolic
As seen in Table
five to fifty one. The fourth
Deviation
Standard
2 indicates
were divided into five groups of seventeen.
who had relative
from thirty
all mean and
Table
of blood pressure
to thirty four. The third group contained
values
1 presents
and the blood pressure.
is significant.
the subjects
The second group contained
Table
1 through
order from the least to the greatest
in this study. Furthermore,
from eighteen
measurement
levels.
in ascending
The first group contained
to seventeen.
by analysis
body composition
was arranged
determined
on Tables
of the body composition
I.
0 .078
— 0 . 131
.115
— 0 . 172
.152
o. 023
—0 .020
— 0 . 194
contained
the
subjects
who had relative
fifth group contained
measurement
the subjects who had relative
to eighty five. According
significant
Table
among
values ranging
to Table 3, F-values
the groups
3. F - values
measurement
of systolic
by Analysis
Systolic
of Variance of Blood Pressure
B.P.
%Fat
2.8523*
LBM
Body Wt.
Rohrer
significance
• • significance
and pulse pressure
are
Diastolic
among
All of The
Levels
B.P.
Pulse
P.
Mean
B.P.
0.5961
1 7775
1 4584
0.2161
1.7577
3 8437**
1 8636
1.4176
0.9286
2 1772
0 6133
1.6843
1.0406
1 5535
1 2770
at the 0.05 level
at the 0
.01 level
Table 4 indicates
whether
or not differences
groups of various
%Fat levels are significant.
pressure
between
the below average
average
groups
of
^Fat
of systolic blood pressure
among all of the five
As seen in the table, differences
and average
groups
and between
are
or not differences
various
LBM levels
between
the poor and below average
significant.
and between
the average
Table
4. Differences
The
of pulse pressure
According
groups,
to the table,
between
and the excellent
of Systolic
Groups
Groups
vs.
of Various
among
differences
groups
poor
average
poor
above
average
between
All of
0 73436
1 78793
average
0 80837
excellent
0 91377
below
average
average
2 31447*
below
average
above
average
excellent
poor
average
0 02105
1 59109
average
above
average
excellent
1 08166
excellent
1 73915
average
* significant
difference
average
at the 0.05 level
— 25 —
of pulse
2 46254*
of
pressure
and the excellent
of LBM are significant.
Groups
below
above
and above
all of the five groups
the below average
Blood Pressure
%Fat Levels
poor
below
of systolic blood
the average
are significant.
Table 5 shows whether
groups,
values ranging from sixty nine
blood pressure
of %Fat and LBM, respectively.
Groups of Various Body Composition
I.
from fifty two to sixty eight. And the
Table
5. Differences
Groups
Groups
of Pulse
Pressure
of Various
LBM Levels
VS.
Groups
poor
below
poor
average
poor
above
between
All of The
t
average
2.07421*
0.63478
average
0.17794
excellent
1.60846
below
average
average
1.45069
below
average
above
below
average
excellent
poor
average
1.76256
3.62276**
average
above
average
excellent
2.23283*
excellent
1.70242
above
average
average
0.41847
significant
difference
at the 0.05level
•• significant
difference
at the0.01level
CONSIDERATION
A significant correlation coefficient exists only between LBM and pulse pressure as shown
in Table 2. To discuss that in detail, the positive coefficient between LBM and systolic blood
pressure which is significant only at 0.1 level and the negative coefficient between LBM and
diastolic blood pressure influence pulse pressure significantly at the 0.05 level. Nakamura"'
summarized the relationship between obesity and high blood pressure and indicated that the
relation between the level of obesity and systolic blood pressure is often stronger than the
relation between the level of obesity and diastolic blood pressure and that blood pressure often
shows relationships to not only skinfold thickness and the level of obesity but also body weight.
His indication, however, does not fit the results of this study since neither systolic nor diastolic
blood pressure shows significant correlation to %Fat, body weight, and Rohrer index. Youth
people, subjects in this study, seem not to show a tendency like his indication. This is supported
by Steen and Montagu") who found that an increase in body weight after age 60 is usually
accompanied by a rise in blood pressure.
Concerning the relationship between LBM and blood pressure, Kuroda") mentioned that
basketball players (16.66%), Judoists (13.93%), wrestlers (13.63%), oarsmen (8.95%), swimmers,
canoeists, rugby players and so forth frequently showed systolic blood pressure of 140 mmHg
or higher. Judoists and wrestlers are usually muscular and considered to have more LBM. From
Kuroda's indication, the correlation between LBM and systolic blood pressure in this study is
understandable.
Two major factors which affect the pulse pressure have been indicated as
follows by Guyton7): (1) the stroke volume output of the heart and (2) the compliance (total
distensibility) of the arterial tree; a third less important factor is the character of ejection from
the heart during systole. Further studies are, however, necessary to indicate why only pulse
pressure and LBM showed a significant correlation.
Significant differences of systolic blood pressure and pulse pressure among all of the five
groups of various %Fat and LBM levels are clearly shown in Tables 4 and 5, respectively.
Selkurt19) indicated that systolic and diastolic pressures are directly related to the weight of the
— 26 —
{•
r" 乖
唱 撃 ・°・(、 = イ.・
subject.
Factors,
concerning
body composition,
which influence
only body weight
and the amount
muscle
in a body may affect blood pressure,
contained
elements
with urinary
muscle and/or
Finally
especially,
of subjects
significant
.JAPANESE
creatinine
will be necessary
pulse pressure
Further
to clarify
research
the relation
of
since other
such as a study
of the amount
of
LBM to blood pressure.
the classification
the blood pressure
number
seem to be not
of body fat but also LBM. In other words, the amount
of LBM seem not to be so varied among individuals.
accompanied
blood pressure
variables
of %Fat
among all of the categories
in each category
differences
Allsen et al." adapted
was much varied
was applied and differences
of %Fat were calculated.
and no blood pressure
of all
However,
variable
the
showed
in any of the categories.
ABSTRACT
本 研 究 の 目 的 は,男 子 大 学 生 に お い て 身 体 組 成 と血 圧 に 相 互 関 係 が 存 在 す る か 否 か を 明 らか に す
る こ とで あ る。健 康 な 男 子 学 生130名 の 身 体 組 成 及 び血 圧 を 測 定 し た が,う ち45名 は 血 圧 測 定 前1時
間 以 内 に 昼 食 を 摂 っ た こ と が わ か り,被 験 者 か ら 削 除 し た。 従 って,85名
重,体
重,ロ
ー レ ル 指 数,最
本 研 究 の 結 果,除
て,血
低 血 圧,脈
圧,平
脂肪体
均 血 圧 を 分 析 した 。
脂 肪 体 重 と脈 圧 間 の 有 意 な相 関 関 係 が 明 らか に な っ た 。 さ ら に,脂
少 な い 群 と普 通 群 間,普
い群 問,少
高 血 圧,最
の 脂 肪 百 分 率,除
肪百 分率 の
通 群 と多 い 群 間 の最 高 血 圧 に 有 意 差 を,除 脂 肪 体 重 の 最 も少 な い 群 と少 な
な い 群 と最 も多 い 群 間,普
通 群 と最 も 多 い 群 間 の 脈 圧 に そ れ ぞ れ 有 意 差 を 示 した 。 従 っ
圧 に 影 響 を 及 ぼ す 身 体 組 成 因 子 は,体
重 や 体 脂 肪 だ け で な く,除 脂 肪 体 重 も含 ま れ る こ と が
明 らか に な っ た 。つ ま り,除 脂 肪 体 重 中 の 筋 肉 以 外 の 要 因 は相 対 的 に あ ま り相 違 が な い よ うで あ り,
男 子 大 学 生 に お い て は 筋 肉 量 が 血 圧,特
に 脈 圧 に 影 響 を 与 え る も の と 考 え られ る。
REFERENCES
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Wm. C. Brown Co., 1976.
2 . Asaka, K., Relationship between Blood Pressure and Physique. In Aiming for Ideal Health,
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3 . deVries, H. A., Physiology of Exercise for Physical Education and Athletics, 2nd ed., Wm. C.
Brown Co., Publishers, 1975.
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--27—
12
. Kaku, K., "Growth in infants and an evaluating table of fat-lean: study by data in
13
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15
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Toida and K. Uchizono, Igaku Shoin Ltd., 1961, pp. 127-138.
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18
. Nozaki, Y., and F. Sugiyama, Diet Therapy of Obesity, Hokendojin-sha, 1973.
19
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A Division of Harper & Row, Publishers, 1959.
— 28 —
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