of Innovation? - INCOSE Italia

Is Systems Engineering a Stifler or an Enabler
of Innovation?
of Innovation?
A contribute to the ongoing debate
Vincenzo Arrichiello
IBM System Symposium Italia - Roma - 26 Giugno 2014
"To
To those in industry who
have expressed fear that
government would stifle
creativity, government
spokesmen replied that
they
yp
preferred the word
"limit" to stifle"
E.J. Morrison, “Defense Systems Management: The
375 Series”, California Management Review, 9, 4, 1967.
©2014 Vincenzo Arrichiello
2
"There
There are many instances
in the experience of the
authors and our colleagues
where an unthinking
adherence to process led
to wasted time and money."
y
K. Forsberg, H. Mooz, and H. Cotterman, “Visualizing
project management: models and frameworks for mastering
complex systems, “ John Wiley & Sons Inc, 2005
©2014 Vincenzo Arrichiello
3
"selecting
selecting specifications and
standards prematurely can
stifle innovation and limit
the benefits of trade-offs,
risk mamagement, and
other alternatives typically
yp
y
considered under systems
engineering analysis"
A. P. Sage, W. B. Rouse, "Handbook of Systems
Engineering and Management", John Wiley & Sons, 2011.
©2014 Vincenzo Arrichiello
4
Some people believe that this
prescription [AFSCM 375
series] resulted in a backlash
hostile to the systems
approach that survives today
in design group attitudes
attitudes.
Some companies, fearing that
the constraining effects of
this organized process
would damage the creativity
of their design engineers,
invented system engineering
organizations to shield their
"real engineers" from
contamination
contamination.
System Engineering Planning and Enterprise Identity,
Jeffrey O. Grady, CRC Press, 1995
©2014 Vincenzo Arrichiello
5
System engineers thus
became
beca
e typecast as
documentation specialists
rather than system
architects.
architects
System Engineering Planning and Enterprise Identity,
Jeffrey O. Grady, CRC Press, 1995
©2014 Vincenzo Arrichiello
6
System engineers thus
became
beca
e typecast as
documentation specialists
rather than system
architects
architects.
System Engineering Planning and Enterprise Identity,
Jeffrey O. Grady, CRC Press, 1995
INSIGHT, Publication of the International Council on Systems Engineering,
April 2011 | Volume 14 Issue 1
©2014 Vincenzo Arrichiello
7
So, does Systems Engineering
really stifle Innovation?
©2014 Vincenzo Arrichiello
8
Probably yes, but only if one just
"goes by the book"
Norman Rockwell "Reading Book" - particular
©2014 Vincenzo Arrichiello
9
AFSCM 375-5 Systems Engineering
Management Procedures, Air Force
Systems Command Manual, 1966
©2014 Vincenzo Arrichiello
10
AFSCM 375-5 Systems Engineering
Management Procedures, Air Force
Systems Command Manual, 1966
This organized creative technology
is called "system engineering"
©2014 Vincenzo Arrichiello
11
Engineering Design in a nutshell
NEED
©2014 Vincenzo Arrichiello
All design begins with a clearly
defined need
Royal Academy of Engineering - Principles of Engineering Design 1999
19
Engineering Design in a nutshell
NEED
All design begins with a clearly
defined need
VISION All designs arise from a creative
response to a need
©2014 Vincenzo Arrichiello
Royal Academy of Engineering - Principles of Engineering Design 1999
20
Engineering Design in a nutshell
NEED
All design begins with a clearly
defined need
VISION All designs arise from a creative
response to a need
DELIVERY
©2014 Vincenzo Arrichiello
All designs result in a system,
product or project which meets the
need
d
Royal Academy of Engineering - Principles of Engineering Design 1999
21
Innovation
"[Innovation is] the successful
i l
implementation
t ti off creative
ti ideas"
id
"
T. M. Amabile, “Componential Theory of Creativity,” Harvard Business School
Working Paper 12-096
12 096, April 26
26, 2012
2012.
©2014 Vincenzo Arrichiello
22
Which Creativity?
©2014 Vincenzo Arrichiello
23
Which Creativity?
©2014 Vincenzo Arrichiello
24
Which Creativity?
©2014 Vincenzo Arrichiello
25
Creative technology
©2014 Vincenzo Arrichiello
26
Creative technology
"there are inventions that are original, clever,
impratical and useless ... I have always started with
a clear need and objective ... [and] ... searched for
ways to meet the challenge" Jay Forrester
©2014 Vincenzo Arrichiello
27
Creative technology
"there are inventions that are original, clever,
impratical and useless ... I have always started with
a clear need and objective ... [and] ... searched for
ways to meet the challenge" Jay Forrester
©2014 Vincenzo Arrichiello
28
"Vee" System Development Model
User Needs
Validation
Requirements
Sys. Verific.
Architecture
Integration
El
Elem. Design
D i
El
Elem. Verific.
V ifi
Implementation
©2014 Vincenzo Arrichiello
29
©2014 Vincenzo
The Relationship
Arrichiello of System Engineering to the Project Cycle - Kevin Forsberg and Harold Mooz - Center for Systems Management - 1991
30
©2014 Vincenzo
The Relationship
Arrichiello of System Engineering to the Project Cycle - Kevin Forsberg and Harold Mooz - Center for Systems Management - 1991
31
Comparing SE and Creativity: Processes
De fine re quire d be havior and
functional pe rformance
X
O utput Is the Solution
©2014 Vincenzo Arrichiello
Sta
age 6
(Valiidation)
Stage 5
municatio
(Comm
X
Sta
age 4
(Veriffication)
Sta
age 3
(Illumiination)
X
Evaluate solutions vs crite ria, e valuate
risks and failure , se le ct the be st
l i
Ge t buye r approval of solution [or go
back to first ste p]
X
X
Unde rstand the Conce pt
Conce ive candidate solutions
Sta
age 2
(Incu
ubation)
SE (Architeccting) Process
De fine the Proble m and e valuation
crite ria
Sta
age 1
(Inforrmation)
Sta
age 0
(Prep
paration)
The “C re ativity Phase Mode l”
X
X
X
32
Comparing SE and Creativity: Processes
SE (Architeccting) Process
De fine the Proble m and e valuation
crite ria
Unde rstand the Conce pt
De fine re quire d be havior and
functional pe rformance
Conce ive candidate solutions
Evaluate solutions vs crite ria, e valuate
risks and failure , se le ct the be st
l i
Ge t buye r approval of solution [or go
back to first ste p]
O utput Is the Solution
©2014 Vincenzo Arrichiello
X
Sta
age 6
(Valiidation)
Stage 5
municatio
(Comm
Sta
age 4
(Veriffication)
Sta
age 3
(Illumiination)
Sta
age 2
(Incu
ubation)
Sta
age 1
(Inforrmation)
Define the Problem to be solved
and the evaluation criteria for the
solutions.
Sta
age 0
(Prep
paration)
The “C re ativity Phase Mode l”
Stage 0, Preparation: when latent
knowledge
–both general and
X
specific- is gathered to be useful in
X future.
the
X
X
X
X
X
33
Comparing SE and Creativity: Processes
SE (Architeccting) Process
Unde rstand the Conce pt
X
De fine re quire d be havior and
functional pe rformance
X
Conce ive candidate solutions
Evaluate solutions vs crite ria, e valuate
risks and failure , se le ct the be st
l i
Ge t buye r approval of solution [or go
back to first ste p]
O utput Is the Solution
©2014 Vincenzo Arrichiello
Sta
age 6
(Valiidation)
Stage 5
municatio
(Comm
Sta
age 4
(Veriffication)
Sta
age 3
(Illumiination)
Sta
age 2
(Incu
ubation)
Sta
age 0
(Prep
paration)
•Understand the Concept of
Operations of the Level Under
Analysis.
•Define the required behavior and
De fine the Proble m and e valuation
X
functional
performance.
crite ria
Sta
age 1
(Inforrmation)
The “C re ativity Phase Mode l”
Stage 1, Information: when both
cognitive processes –such
such as
perception, remembering and
learning- and non-cognitive elements
–such
as interest and curiosity- are
X
X
applied
li d tto th
the llatent
t t kknowledge
l d
gathered Xin stage 0, when a
particular problemX occurs.
X
34
Comparing SE and Creativity: Processes
SE (Architeccting) Process
De fine the Proble m and e valuation
crite ria
Unde rstand the Conce pt
De fine re quire d be havior and
functional pe rformance
Conceive candidate solutions
Conce ive candidate solutions
Evaluate solutions vs crite ria, e valuate
risks and failure , se le ct the be st
l i
Ge t buye r approval of solution [or go
back to first ste p]
O utput Is the Solution
©2014 Vincenzo Arrichiello
Sta
age 6
(Valiidation)
Stage 5
municatio
(Comm
Sta
age 4
(Veriffication)
Sta
age 3
(Illumiination)
Sta
age 2
(Incu
ubation)
Sta
age 1
(Inforrmation)
Sta
age 0
(Prep
paration)
The “C re ativity Phase Mode l”
X
X
Stage 2, Incubation: when a particular
X
problem is refined and redefined.
X
X
X
X
Stage 3, Illumination:
when divergent
X
thinking is implemented, which means
X
synthesis, transformation,
inference,
construction and Xcontext shifting are
applied to the vast amount of cognitive
factors found in stage 2.
35
Comparing SE and Creativity: Processes
©2014 Vincenzo Arrichiello
Sta
age 6
(Valiidation)
Stage 5
municatio
(Comm
X
Sta
age 4
(Veriffication)
Sta
age 3
(Illumiination)
Evaluate solutions
De fine re quireagainst
d be havior criteria,
and
functional
pe
rformance
evaluate risks and failure modes and
select the best
Conce solution.
ive candidate solutions
O utput Is the Solution
X
X
Unde rstand the Conce pt
Evaluate solutions vs crite ria, e valuate
risks and failure , se le ct the be st
l i
Ge t buye r approval of solution [or go
back to first ste p]
Sta
age 2
(Incu
ubation)
SE (Architeccting) Process
De fine the Proble m and e valuation
crite ria
Sta
age 1
(Inforrmation)
Sta
age 0
(Prep
paration)
The “C re ativity Phase Mode l”
X
X
X
X
Stage 4, Verification:X when the
novel configurations coming from
X
stage 3 are evaluated.
36
Comparing SE and Creativity: Processes
De fine re quire d be havior and
functional pe rformance
X
l i
Ge t buye r approval of solution [or go
back to first ste p]
O utput Is the Solution
©2014 Vincenzo Arrichiello
Sta
age 6
(Valiidation)
Stage 5
municatio
(Comm
X
Sta
age 4
(Veriffication)
Sta
age 3
(Illumiination)
X
Conce ive candidate solutions
X
X
Unde rstand the Conce pt
Gett buyer
G
b
approvall off solution
l ti
[
[or
Evaluate solutions vs crite ria, e valuate
go back torisks
firstandstep].
failure , se le ct the be st
Sta
age 2
(Incu
ubation)
SE (Architeccting) Process
De fine the Proble m and e valuation
crite ria
Sta
age 1
(Inforrmation)
Sta
age 0
(Prep
paration)
The “C re ativity Phase Mode l”
X
X
X
Stage 6, Validation:
when the
X
community evaluates effectiveness
and relevance of the final outcome.
37
Comparing SE and Creativity: Processes
SE (Architeccting) Process
De fine the Proble m and e valuation
crite ria
X
De fine re quire d be havior and
functional pe rformance
X
Conce ive candidate solutions
O utput Is the Solution
Sta
age 6
(Valiidation)
Stage 5
municatio
(Comm
Sta
age 4
(Veriffication)
Sta
age 3
(Illumiination)
Sta
age 2
(Incu
ubation)
X
Unde rstand the Conce pt
Output is
the Solution
to"
Evaluate
solutions vs "Design
crite ria, e valuate
risks and
failure
, se le ct the
Specification
and
Concept
ofbe st
l i
Ge t buye r approval of solution [or go
Operations
for the
next level.
back to first ste p]
©2014 Vincenzo Arrichiello
Sta
age 1
(Inforrmation)
Sta
age 0
(Prep
paration)
The “C re ativity Phase Mode l”
Stage
g 5,X, Communication: when the
X
discovered solution is communicated
X
to other people/experts.
X
XX
38
Comparing SE and Creativity/Innovation: Traits
©2014 Vincenzo Arrichiello
Comfortable with change
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
Proper paranoia
Self confidence and
decisiveness
Appreciate the value of
process
X
X
Comfortable with
uncertainty
Diverse technical skills.
Proogram managers / leaaders /
“business innovatorrs”
Entrepreneur/prod
duct
champion
Idea generators
The courage of one's own
convictions
Tolerance of ambigu
T
uity
Willingness to take riisks
W
Nonconformity
X
Sponsor/coach
Ability to see the big
picture
Ability to make system
systemwide connections
Exceptional two-way
communicator
Strong team member and
leader
X
Critical Behavioral Roles in
Gatekeepers/Speciaal
communicators
Person
nal Characteristics oof Good Systems Enggineers
Intellectual curiosity.
Flexibility
Openness
Personal Properties and Motivational
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
39
Comparing SE and Creativity/Innovation: Traits
Person
nal Characteristics oof Good Systems Enggineers
Intellectual curiosity.
©2014 Vincenzo Arrichiello
Ability to see the big
picture
Ability to make system
systemwide connections
Exceptional two-way
communicator
Strong team member and
leader
Comfortable with change
XX
X
X
Sponsor/coach
Idea generators
X
•Openness
•Nonconformity
N X
f
it
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
Proper paranoia
Self confidence and
decisiveness
Appreciate the value of
process
Gatekeepers/Speciaal
communicators
XX
Comfortable with
uncertainty
Diverse technical skills.
Proogram managers / leaaders /
“business innovatorrs”
Entrepreneur/prod
duct
champion
Critical Behavioral Roles in
Idea generators
The courage of one's own
convictions
Tolerance of ambigu
T
uity
Willingness to take riisks
W
Nonconformity
Flexibility
Intellectual curiosity - ability
and desire to learn new
things
things.
Openness
Personal Properties and Motivational
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
40
Comparing SE and Creativity/Innovation: Traits
©2014 Vincenzo Arrichiello
Comfortable with change
X
X
X
X
X
Flexibility
X
X
X
X
X
X
Proper paranoia
Self confidence and
decisiveness
Appreciate the value of
process
X
X
Comfortable with
uncertainty
Diverse technical skills.
Proogram managers / leaaders /
“business innovatorrs”
Entrepreneur/prod
duct
champion
Idea generators
The courage of one's own
convictions
Tolerance of ambigu
T
uity
Willingness to take riisks
W
Nonconformity
Flexibility
X
Sponsor/coach
Ability to see the big
picture
Ability to make system
systemwide connections
Exceptional two-way
communicator
Strong team member and
leader
X
Critical Behavioral Roles in
Gatekeepers/Speciaal
communicators
Person
nal Characteristics oof Good Systems Enggineers
•Ability to see the big picture
•Ability
Abilit tto make
k system-wide
t
id
connections.
Intellectual curiosity.
Openness
Personal Properties and Motivational
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
41
Comparing SE and Creativity/Innovation: Traits
©2014 Vincenzo Arrichiello
Proogram managers / leaaders /
“business innovatorrs”
Entrepreneur/prod
duct
champion
X
XX
•Entrepreneur/product
X
champions
•Gatekeepers / Special
X
communicators
•Sponsor/coach
p
X
X
X
X
Proper paranoia
Self confidence and
decisiveness
Appreciate the value of
process
X
X
X
Comfortable with
uncertainty
Diverse technical skills.
X
X
X
Exceptional two-way
communicator
Strong team member and
leader
Comfortable with change
Idea generators
The courage of one's own
convictions
Tolerance of ambigu
T
uity
Willingness to take riisks
W
Nonconformity
X
Sponsor/coach
Person
nal Characteristics oof Good Systems Enggineers
to see the big
ExceptionalAbility
two-way
picture
Ability to make system
systemcommunicator
communicator.
wide connections
X
Critical Behavioral Roles in
Gatekeepers/Speciaal
communicators
Intellectual curiosity.
Flexibility
Openness
Personal Properties and Motivational
X
X
X
X
X
X
42
Comparing SE and Creativity/Innovation: Traits
©2014 Vincenzo Arrichiello
Proogram managers / leaaders /
“business innovatorrs”
X
X
X
X
X
X
Proper paranoia
Self confidence and
decisiveness
Appreciate the value of
process
X
X
Comfortable with
uncertainty
Diverse technical skills.
X
X
Strong team member and leader
Comfortable with change
Entrepreneur/prod
duct
champion
Idea generators
The courage of one's own
convictions
Tolerance of ambigu
T
uity
Willingness to take riisks
W
Nonconformity
X
Sponsor/coach
Ability to see the big
picture
Ability to make system
systemwide connections
Exceptional two-way
communicator
Strong team member and
leader
X
Critical Behavioral Roles in
Gatekeepers/Speciaal
communicators
Person
nal Characteristics oof Good Systems Enggineers
Intellectual curiosity.
Flexibility
Openness
Personal Properties and Motivational
XX
•Program
P X
managers / leaders
l d
/
“business innovators”
X
•Sponsor / coach
X
X
X
X
X
X
43
Comparing SE and Creativity/Innovation: Traits
©2014 Vincenzo Arrichiello
Comfortable with
uncertainty
Self confidence and
decisiveness
Appreciate the value of
process
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
Flexibility
X
Idea generators
Proper paranoia
Diverse technical skills.
X
X
Comfortable with change
Comfortable with change
Proogram managers / leaaders /
“business innovatorrs”
Entrepreneur/prod
duct
champion
Idea generators
The courage of one's own
convictions
Tolerance of ambigu
T
uity
Willingness to take riisks
W
Nonconformity
X
Sponsor/coach
Ability to see the big
picture
Ability to make system
systemwide connections
Exceptional two-way
communicator
Strong team member and
leader
X
Critical Behavioral Roles in
Gatekeepers/Speciaal
communicators
Person
nal Characteristics oof Good Systems Enggineers
Intellectual curiosity.
Flexibility
Openness
Personal Properties and Motivational
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
44
Comparing SE and Creativity/Innovation: Traits
Comfortable withComfortable
uncertainty
with change
©2014 Vincenzo Arrichiello
Proogram managers / leaaders /
“business innovatorrs”
Entrepreneur/prod
duct
champion
Idea generators
The courage of one's own
convictions
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
Tolerance of ambiguity
Proper paranoia
Self confidence and
decisiveness
Appreciate the value of
process
X
X
Comfortable with
uncertainty
Diverse technical skills.
Tolerance of ambigu
T
uity
Willingness to take riisks
W
Nonconformity
X
Sponsor/coach
Ability to see the big
picture
Ability to make system
systemwide connections
Exceptional two-way
communicator
Strong team member and
leader
X
Critical Behavioral Roles in
Gatekeepers/Speciaal
communicators
Person
nal Characteristics oof Good Systems Enggineers
Intellectual curiosity.
Flexibility
Openness
Personal Properties and Motivational
X
X
X
X
X
X
45
Comparing SE and Creativity/Innovation: Traits
Comfortable with change
©2014 Vincenzo Arrichiello
Proogram managers / leaaders /
“business innovatorrs”
Entrepreneur/prod
duct
champion
Idea generators
The courage of one's own
convictions
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
Proper paranoia
Self confidence and
decisiveness
Appreciate the value of
process
X
X
with
Proper Comfortable
paranoia
uncertainty
Diverse technical skills.
Tolerance of ambigu
T
uity
Willingness to take riisks
W
Nonconformity
X
Sponsor/coach
Ability to see the big
picture
Ability to make system
systemwide connections
Exceptional two-way
communicator
Strong team member and
leader
X
Critical Behavioral Roles in
Gatekeepers/Speciaal
communicators
Person
nal Characteristics oof Good Systems Enggineers
Intellectual curiosity.
Flexibility
Openness
Personal Properties and Motivational
X
X
X
Program
managers / leaders /
X
X
“business
innovators”
X
46
Comparing SE and Creativity/Innovation: Traits
Comfortable with change
©2014 Vincenzo Arrichiello
Proogram managers / leaaders /
“business innovatorrs”
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
Diverse technical
skills
Proper paranoia
Self confidence and
decisiveness
Appreciate the value of
process
X
X
X
Comfortable with
uncertainty
Diverse technical skills.
Entrepreneur/prod
duct
champion
Idea generators
The courage of one's own
convictions
Tolerance of ambigu
T
uity
Willingness to take riisks
W
Nonconformity
X
Sponsor/coach
Ability to see the big
picture
Ability to make system
systemwide connections
Exceptional two-way
communicator
Strong team member and
leader
X
Critical Behavioral Roles in
Gatekeepers/Speciaal
communicators
Person
nal Characteristics oof Good Systems Enggineers
Intellectual curiosity.
Flexibility
Openness
Personal Properties and Motivational
X
X
X
X
Flexibility
XX
X
Idea generators
X
X
47
Comparing SE and Creativity/Innovation: Traits
Comfortable with change
Proogram managers / leaaders /
“business innovatorrs”
Entrepreneur/prod
duct
champion
Idea generators
The courage of one's own
convictions
Tolerance of ambigu
T
uity
Willingness to take riisks
W
X
X
X
X
X
Proper paranoia
Self confidenceDiverse
andtechnical
decisiveness
skills.
X
©2014 Vincenzo Arrichiello
X
X
X
Comfortable with
uncertainty
Self confidence and
decisiveness
Appreciate the value of
process
Nonconformity
X
Sponsor/coach
Ability to see the big
picture
Ability to make system
systemwide connections
Exceptional two-way
communicator
Strong team member and
leader
X
Critical Behavioral Roles in
Gatekeepers/Speciaal
communicators
Person
nal Characteristics oof Good Systems Enggineers
Intellectual curiosity.
Flexibility
Openness
Personal Properties and Motivational
X
X
X
•Willingness
to take risks
•The courage of one's
own
X
convictions
X
X
X
X
Entrepreneur X/ product champions
48
Comparing SE and Creativity/Innovation: Traits
Comfortable with change
Proogram managers / leaaders /
“business innovatorrs”
Entrepreneur/prod
duct
champion
Idea generators
The courage of one's own
convictions
Tolerance of ambigu
T
uity
Willingness to take riisks
W
X
X
X
X
X
X
Proper paranoia
Appreciate the value of
process
X
X
Comfortable with
uncertainty
Diverse technical skills.
X
X
X
X
X
Self confidence and
Appreciate the value
of process
decisiveness
©2014 Vincenzo Arrichiello
Nonconformity
X
Sponsor/coach
Ability to see the big
picture
Ability to make system
systemwide connections
Exceptional two-way
communicator
Strong team member and
leader
X
Critical Behavioral Roles in
Gatekeepers/Speciaal
communicators
Person
nal Characteristics oof Good Systems Enggineers
Intellectual curiosity.
Flexibility
Openness
Personal Properties and Motivational
X
X
X
Program
managers / leaders
/ “business
innovators”
X
X
X
49
Conclusions (preliminary)
Systems Engineering principles
principles, if properly applied
applied, can
effectively support successful innovation, on one side
exploiting the benefits of procedures and methods to support
the effective production of creative ideas and their successful
implementation, and on the other employing the specific skills
and competencies
p
of Systems
y
Engineers
g
not only
y to develop
p
innovative solution, but also to produce a working
environment conducive to creativity and innovation.
©2014 Vincenzo Arrichiello
43
"Creative technology":
oxymoron or tautology?
©2014 Vincenzo Arrichiello
50
The etymological origins of Technology (the word)
©2014 Vincenzo Arrichiello
51
The etymological origins of Technology (the word)
Greek vase painting: Hecuba led away to captivity
"Ἕκτορ τέκνον ἐμὸν"
Hector, my child
(Hecabe)
Homer, Iliad 22.84
©2014 Vincenzo Arrichiello
52
The etymological origins of Technology (the word)
Greek vase painting: Hecuba led away to captivity
"Ἕκτορ τέκνον ἐμὸν"
Hector, my child
(Hecabe)
Homer, Iliad 22.84
Hector and Andromache with Astyanax Apulian red-figure crater
[Ἀστυάναξ] "παῖδ᾽
παῖδ ἐμὸν
ἐμὸν"
[Astyanax] my child
(Hector)
Homer, Iliad 6.476
©2014 Vincenzo Arrichiello
53
The etymological origins of Technology (the word)
Greek vase painting: Hecuba led away to captivity
"Ἕκτορ τέκνον ἐμὸν"
Hector, my child
(Hecabe)
Homer, Iliad 22.84
Hector and Andromache with Astyanax Apulian red-figure crater
[Ἀστυάναξ] "παῖδ᾽
παῖδ ἐμὸν
ἐμὸν"
[Astyanax] my child
(Hector)
Homer, Iliad 6.476
τέκνον: child (used only by the mother)
from τίκτω: bring into the world, engende
©2014 Vincenzo Arrichiello
54
Acknowledgments
I want to acknowledge my gratitude to Selex ES
for supporting my attivities in INCOSE
©2014 Vincenzo Arrichiello
55
Thank you for yor attention.
Questions?
Vincenzo Arrichiello
Innovation Unit ,Selex
Selex ES SpA
[email protected]
President INCOSE Chapter Italia
[email protected]
www.incose-italia.it
Based on a paper presented at the IEEE 2014 International Conference on Engineering,
Technology and Innovation (ICE 2014) by:
Vincenzo Arrichiello
Innovation Unit Selex ES SpA
La Spezia, Italy
La Spezia, Italy
©2014 Vincenzo Arrichiello
Monica Rossi
Department of Management, Economics and Industrial Engineering
Politecnico di Milano
Milano, Italy
Sergio Terzi
Department of Industrial Engineering Università degli Studi di Bergamo
Università degli Studi di Bergamo Dalmine (Bergamo), Italy
56

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