E-book FrancoAngeli - Franco Angeli Editore

1098.2.27
26-05-2014
13:56
Pagina 1
Elisabetta Barizza
Marco Falsetti
Roma e l’eredità
di Louis I. Kahn
Presentazione di Giuseppe Strappa
Roma e l’eredità di Louis I. Kahn
Marco Falsetti, architetto, è dottorando in Architettura e costruzione all’Università degli Studi di Roma “Sapienza”. È assistant
editor della rivista U+D urbanform and design.
E. BARIZZA, M. FALSETTI
Elisabetta Barizza, architetto e docente di Storia dell’arte e disegno, è attualmente impegnata in attività di ricerca quale dottoranda in Architettura e costruzione all’Università degli Studi di Roma
“Sapienza”.
1098.2.27
Dopo un lungo periodo di silenzio critico, si sta assistendo, in
questi anni, a un rinnovato e crescente interesse per l’opera di Louis
I. Kahn, riconosciuta come vero atto di rifondazione dell’architettura occidentale.
La fine dei CIAM, il crepuscolo dei “maestri” (Le Corbusier, Gropius, Mies van der Rohe) e la nascita di movimenti radicali e innovatori sono alcune delle circostanze che hanno contribuito, negli
anni Sessanta, ad accelerare una svolta epocale percepita da più
parti come inevitabile. E tuttavia è Kahn l’elemento che ha catalizzato ed espresso tali istanze di cambiamento, segnando la fine del
moderno e aprendo le porte a nuove, fertili strade.
Una prima fase dell’odierna riscoperta, legata soprattutto alle vicende umane dell’architetto americano, è stata inaugurata nel
2003 dall’uscita del film My Architect, del figlio Nathaniel. A questo evento mediatico hanno fatto eco pubblicazioni e retrospettive
che hanno indagato, a vari livelli, molti aspetti della sua opera e
proposto, a volte, nuove letture.
Per contro, paradossalmente, è stato poco indagato il suo intenso
scambio con Roma, città che lo ha affascinato con le sue potenti rovine e che si è rivelata determinante per il suo nuovo modo di progettare. Roma ha, infatti, influenzato enormemente Louis Kahn il
quale, a sua volta, ha condizionato in maniera durevole un’intera
generazione di architetti romani.
Roma e l’eredità di Louis I. Kahn si pone l’obiettivo di far luce,
grazie anche alle testimonianze di alcuni protagonisti di quella tumultuosa stagione, su un rapporto complesso e sorprendente, sul
quale appare indispensabile riflettere in un momento in cui le fondamentali questioni che l’architettura di Kahn continua a sollevare,
a distanza di 40 anni dalla morte, sono ritenute di inalterata attualità da una vasta schiera di progettisti e di studiosi di tutto il mondo.
FrancoAngeli
La passione per le conoscenze
Nuova serie di architettura
FRANCOANGELI
Lettura e progetto
Lettura e progetto
Informazioni per il lettore
Questo file PDF è una versione gratuita di sole 20 pagine ed è leggibile con
La versione completa dell’e-book (a pagamento) è leggibile con Adobe
Digital Editions. Per tutte le informazioni sulle condizioni dei nostri e-book
(con quali dispositivi leggerli e quali funzioni sono consentite) consulta
cliccando qui le nostre F.A.Q.
LETTURA E PROGETTO
Serie diretta da Giuseppe Strappa
Comitato scientifico: Michael Conzen, Claudio D’Amato,
Jean-François Lejeune, Franco Purini, Ivor Samuels
Nel campo, ormai vastissimo, dell’editoria d’architettura questa nuova serie di
pubblicazioni intende ritagliare un proprio spazio specifico proponendo ai lettori saggi, ricerche, riflessioni su temi di architettura legati allo studio del costruito e agli strumenti progettuali che dalla sua lettura derivano.
L’architettura è, oggi, un universo in movimento che contiene molte, diverse
accezioni del termine “progettare”. Buona parte di essa, quella che occupa maggiore spazio nella pubblicistica, sembra essersi progressivamente distaccata dai
temi più urgenti della costruzione della città reale, per indagare problemi legati
alle arti visive e alla comunicazione, al mercato e al consumo dell’immagine.
D’altra parte, nel clima che questa condizione provoca, nell’ansia di diversità, i
progetti contemporanei finiscono, quasi sempre, per essere tutti somiglianti tra
loro senza che alcun principio comune ne motivi la trasformazione, come una
rivoluzione che abbia dimenticato, nella preoccupazione del cambiamento, la
spiegazione dei propri fini. Sottraendosi alla vasta deriva di un’interpretazione
individualistica dell’espressione architettonica, la serie intende proporre quegli
studi che si sono posti in modo significativo il problema del rapporto concreto
con l’esistente: con le trasformazioni della città contemporanea, con i tessuti
consolidati studiati nei loro processi formativi, con il territorio letto, pur tra le
molte contraddizioni, come espressione collettiva e fondamentalmente architettonica. Intende presentare, in breve, sudi sull’architettura considerata nel suo
significato civile.
Un secondo aspetto che individuerà i volumi della serie sarà il loro rapporto con
le attuali condizioni di crisi della città e del territorio. In pochi periodi della storia dell’architettura come il nostro si riscontra un’accettazione tanto acritica delle condizioni che determinano la costruzione dell’architettura. Il problema investe anche evidenti questioni di linguaggio: ci avviamo verso l’impiego di una
lingua metastorica e senza luogo, semplificata, asettica, cava. Un processo in
larga parte dovuto all’enorme dilapidazione di risorse che caratterizza le società
del mondo occidentale, all’affrancamento dai vincoli di elementare necessità tra
le cose, che ha finito col rendere illeggibili le vere diversità, i rapporti di congruenza tra gli elementi che compongono un edificio, un aggregato edilizio, una
città, un territorio. Per questo la serie comprenderà anche studi sul buon uso delle risorse, sul ruolo fondante della giusta proporzione tra mezzi impiegati e fini
da raggiungere, ricerche su organismi architettonici e urbani formatisi attraverso
processi di correzioni e aggiornamenti continui i quali testimoniano come l’uso
sapiente ed equilibrato delle risorse produca vera innovazione, e anche bellezza.
Tutti i lavori pubblicati nella serie sono sottoposti a un processo di double blind
peer review.
,QTXHVWa serie:
1. G. Strappa (a cura di), Studi sulla periferia est di Roma (2012)
2. M. Maretto, Saverio Muratori. Il progetto della città/A legacy in urban design
(2012)
3. M.R.G. Conzen, L’analisi della forma urbana. Alnwick, Northumberland. Edizione
italiana a cura di Giancarlo Cataldi, Gian Luigi Maffei, Marco Maretto, Nicola
Marzot, Giuseppe Strappa (2012)
Elisabetta Barizza
Marco Falsetti
Roma e l’eredità
di Louis I. Kahn
Presentazione di Giuseppe Strappa
Nuova serie di architettura
FRANCOANGELI
Il volume è stato pubblicato con il contributo del Dipartimento di Architettura e progetto
(Diap) dell’Università degli Studi di Roma “Sapienza”.
L’editore e gli autori ringraziano i proprietari delle immagini riprodotte nel presente volume per
la concessione dei diritti di riproduzione. Si scusano per eventuali omissioni o errori di citazione. Assicurano di apportare le dovute correzioni nelle prossime ristampe in caso di cortese segnalazione.
In copertina: Louis I. Kahn, pianta della piazza della Midtown development city tower.
Philadelphia, Pa (1952-1957).
Copyright © 2014 by FrancoAngeli s.r.l., Milano, Italy.
L’opera, comprese tutte le sue parti, è tutelata dalla legge sul diritto d’autore. L’Utente nel momento in cui
effettua il download dell’opera accetta tutte le condizioni della licenza d’uso dell’opera previste e comunicate sul sito www.francoangeli.it.
Indice
,O¿ORURVVRFKHOHJDOHFRVHGLGiuseppe Strappa
pag.
9
»
27
$SSXQWLGLYLDJJLR
»
0\IDWKHUDQGDGD\LQ5RPHGLSue Ann Kahn
Un giorno a Roma con mio padre
»
»
51
54
/HWWHUIURP5RPHGLAlexandra Tyng
Lettera da Roma
»
»
59
61
.DKQDQGWKH5RPHOHJDF\GLNathaniel Kahn
Kahn e il lascito di Roma
»
»
63
67
5LYHOD]LRQHHSURJHWWR
»
75
/DOH]LRQHGHOOD6WRULDGLMaria Bonaiti
»
89
/‫ތ‬DUULYRGL/RXLV.DKQLQ,WDOLDGLGiorgio Ciucci
»
99
2ULJLQDOLWjGL.DKQ
&RQYHUVD]LRQHFRQ&ODXGLR'‫ތ‬$PDWR*XHUULHUL
»
111
/RXLV.DKQHJOLDUFKLWHWWLGHOOD6FXRODGL5RPD
&RQVLGHUD]LRQLHPHPRULHGL /XFLR9DOHULR%DUEHUD
»
123
Parte I
Roma e Kahn
GL Elisabetta Barizza
.DKQ
Let me show you my Rome
Itinerari kahniani
5
Parte II
Kahn e Roma
GLMarco Falsetti
/‫ތ‬HUHGLWjGL.DKQ
SDJ 149
L‫ތ‬età di Kahn
7RPRUURZQHYHUNQRZV
»
159
,OVROHHO‫ތ‬RPEUD
»
163
3HUFKp.DKQGLAlessandra Latour
»
183
&RQYHUVD]LRQHNDKQLDQDFRQ)UDQFR3XULQL
»
189
/DSUHVHQ]DGHOSDVVDWR
&RQYHUVD]LRQHFRQ3DROR3RUWRJKHVL
»
205
5LFRPSRVL]LRQLSRHWLFKH
&RQYHUVD]LRQHFRQ$QQDGL1RWRH)UDQFHVFR0RQWXRUL
»
215
$VWUD]LRQLGHWHUPLQDWH&RQYHUVD]LRQH FRQ 3LQR0LODQL
»
227
,OFDVRHODQHFHVVLWj&RQYHUVD]LRQH FRQ0DVVLPR0DUWLQL
»
237
$OGLOjGHOODIDFFLDWD
&RQYHUVD]LRQHFRQ3DROD&KLDWDQWHH*DEULHOOD&ROXFFL
»
247
8JXDOLHGLYHUVL&RQYHUVD]LRQHFRQ5REHUWR0DULRWWL
3DWUL]LD1LFRORVLH&RUUDGR3ODFLGL
»
257
,QGLFHGHOOHLOOXVWUD]LRQL
»
265
&UHGLWLLFRQRJUD¿FL
»
269
Dialoghi su Kahn e Roma
6
6RSUDIIDWWRGDOO¶LPSDWWRFKHWLFROSLVFHTXDQGR5RPDULDSSDUHLQWXWWRLOVXR
SRWHUH«GLQXRYRFRPSUHQGRFKHYRJOLRFRVWUXLUHWDQWRSLHPHJOLR
Louis I. Kahn
,O¿ORURVVRFKHOHJDOHFRVH
GL Giuseppe Strappa
/RVWXGLRFKHKDQQRVYROWR(OLVDEHWWD%DUL]]DH0DUFR)DOVHWWLQHOO¶DPEL
WRGHOQRVWUR'RWWRUDWRLQ$UFKLWHWWXUDH&RVWUX]LRQHSUHVHQWDWRLQTXHVWHSD
JLQHVLqRFFXSDWRGHOUDSSRUWRWUDO¶DUFKLWHWWR/RXLV,VDGRUH.DKQH5RPD
1RQWDQWRGLTXHOORFKH.DKQKDSUHVRGD5RPDDUJRPHQWRVXOTXDOHqVWDWR
VFULWWRPROWRDWRUWRRDUDJLRQHPDVRSUDWWXWWRGHOFRQWULEXWRFKH.DKQKD
GDWRDOODFXOWXUDLWDOLDQDHURPDQDLQSDUWLFRODUHGHOODVXDHUHGLWjWUDVPHVVD
DYROWHLQPRGRLQGLUHWWRDXQ¶LQWHUDJHQHUD]LRQHGLDUFKLWHWWL
ÊXQWHPDULWHQJRLPSRUWDQWHSHUFRPSUHQGHUHXQQRGRIRQGDPHQWDOH
GHOODYLFHQGDGHOO¶DUFKLWHWWXUDLWDOLDQDQHOPRPHQWRLQFXLTXHVWDDJOLLQL
]LGHJOLDQQL6HVVDQWDLQGDJDVXOSURSULRIXWXURHVXOOHSURSULHVSHFL¿FLWj
6RQRDQQLFUXFLDOLGXUDQWHLTXDOLVLFRPLQFLDQRDULFRQRVFHUHOHFUHSHGHOOD
JUDQGH FRVWUX]LRQH VWRULRJUD¿FD FKH DYHYD FHUWL¿FDWR H GLIIXVROH ULFHUFKH
GHLSLRQLHUL9LYHXQDFRVWUX]LRQHLQFHQWUDWDVXOWHQWDWLYRGLULSRUWDUHDXQLWj
XQDYLFHQGDLQUHDOWjSROLHGULFDHFRPSOHVVDODFXLLQWHUQDFRHUHQ]DVLYD
ULYHODQGRWXWWDLGHRORJLFD
6L q DSSHQD FRQFOXVR SHUDOWUR LO FLFOR GL VWRULH GHOO¶DUFKLWHWWXUD FKH VL
HUDQRSRVWHLOFRPSLWRGLLQGLYLGXDUHHGH¿QLUHLFDUDWWHULDXWHQWLFLGHO0R
YLPHQWR 0RGHUQR LQL]LDWR FRQ Space, Time and Architecture GL 6LHJIULHG
*LHGLRQ GHO PD WUDGRWWR LQ LWDOLDQR VROR QHO H FRQFOXVR GDOOD
Storia dell’architettura modernaGL/HRQDUGR%HQHYRORSXEEOLFDWDQHO
/¶LUUX]LRQHGHOPHVVDJJLRGL.DKQDYYLHQHPHQWUHVLDSUHXQDQXRYDIDVH
GHOO‫ތ‬DUFKLWHWWXUD LWDOLDQD VHJQDWD GDOOH PROWH FRQWUDGGL]LRQL FKH VL FRPLQ
FLDQRDULFRQRVFHUHQHOODVFLWRGHOO¶HUHGLWjGHLPDHVWULTXDQGRJOLDUFKLWHWWL
SLFRVFLHQWLGHOOHFRQGL]LRQLGHOODFULVLLQFRUVRLQL]LDQRDLQGLYLGXDUHDO
GLOjGHOOHGLFKLDUD]LRQLODFRQFUHWDDSSDUWHQHQ]DGHOOHVSHULPHQWD]LRQLGHL
SLRQLHULDGDUHHFXOWXUDOLVSHFL¿FKHTXHOOHGHOO¶(XURSDVHWWHQWULRQDOHOHJDWH
DOO¶LPSLHJRGLPDWHULDOLHODVWLFLVWUXWWXUHDWHODLRVLVWHPLOHJJHULHVHULDOL
8Q XQLYHUVR FKH HUD VWDWR DFFHWWDWR FRPH WHUUHQR FRQGLYLVR GHO PRGHUQR
9
LQWHUQD]LRQDOHHFKHLQYHFHPRVWUDXQDSURSULDVSHFL¿FDFROORFD]LRQHJH
RJUD¿FDQHOOHDUHHGHOJRWLFRFRQFDUDWWHULVRVWDQ]LDOPHQWHHVWUDQHLDOPRQ
GRRUJDQLFRHPXUDULRGHOO¶(XURSDPHGLWHUUDQHD1RQqXQFDVRFKHODWUDGL
]LRQHGHO0RYLPHQWR0RGHUQRVLVLDLQQHVWDWDVLGLUHEEHLQPRGRQDWXUDOHH
SHUWLQHQWHVXOODFXOWXUDQRUGDPHULFDQDGHOORVWDQGDUGHGHOOHFRVWUX]LRQLLQ
DFFLDLR'¶DOWUDSDUWHXQJUDQQXPHURGLHVSHULHQ]HUHFHQWLDYHYDQRPRVWUD
WRO¶LQFOLQD]LRQHDGLUULJLGLUHJOLHVLWLGHO0RYLPHQWR0RGHUQRLQFDWHJRULH
IRUPDOLFKHGDWHPSRFRGL¿FDWHYHQJRQRULSRUWDWHDOO¶DWWXDOLWjGDOOHQXRYH
HGL]LRQLGLInternationale ArchitekturGL:DOWHU*URSLXVGHOHVRSUDW
WXWWRGL The International style GL +HQU\5XVVHOO+LWFKFRFN H 3KLOLS-RKQ
VRQULSXEEOLFDWRQHO/DSURSDJD]LRQHGLTXHVWHFDWHJRULHDYHYDLQFRQ
WUDWRQRQDFDVRJUDQGHUHVLVWHQ]DQHOOHDUHHFXOWXUDOLPXUDULHLQWHQGHQGR
SHU³PXUDULR´QRQODVHPSOLFHFRVWUX]LRQHLQPXUDWXUDPDODSLJHQHUDOH
VROLGDULHWj GL FRVWUX]LRQH GLVWULEX]LRQH VSD]LR FRQ O¶XVR GL VWUXWWXUH DOOR
VWHVVRWHPSRSRUWDQWLHFKLXGHQWLXQDPRGHUQLWjDQFRUDYLWDOHHRSHUDQWHQHO
VHFRQGR GRSRJXHUUD QRQ VROR QHOO¶(XURSD PHGLWHUUDQHD PD DQFKH LQ DUHH
LVSDQRDPHULFDQHFRQLQQRYDWLYHULFHUFKHVXOO¶XVRRUJDQLFRGHOFDOFHVWUX]]R
DUPDWRLQDOWHUQDWLYDDOVXRLPSLHJRVHULDOHQRUGHXURSHRFRPHQHOOHRSHUH
GL(ODGLR'LHVWH)HOL[&DQGHOD-RVp/XLV'HOSLQL5LFDUGR3RUUR0DDQFKH
LQDUHHGHOVXEFRQWLQHQWHLQGLDQRGRYHODQXRYDDUFKLWHWWXUDV¶LQQHVWDVXGL
XQ‫ތ‬RULJLQDOHWUDGL]LRQHPRGHUQDHXQ¶LQJHJQHULDVWUXWWXUDOHSDUWLFRODUPHQ
WHDWWHQWDDOOHWHFQLFKHFRVWUXWWLYHSUHPRGHUQHDQFRUDHVWHVDPHQWHLQXVR
FRQ XQ¶XWLOL]]D]LRQH SODVWLFD GHO FDOFHVWUX]]R DUPDWR 6L GLUHEEH FKH XQD
QXRYDFXOWXUDFRVWUXWWLYDRUJDQLFDDSSHQDULOHYDWDGDOODFULWLFDXI¿FLDOHGHL
SDHVLHJHPRQLDEELDRULJLQHGDOVXGGHOPRQGRGDOOHFXOWXUHFKHDYHYDQR
FROWLYDWRVSLQWHGDOOHQHFHVVLWjXQSDUVLPRQLRVRLPSLHJRGHOOHULVRUVH3HU
TXHVWRqWDQWRSLVWUDRUGLQDULDODYLFHQGDGL/RXLV.DKQOHFXLDUFKLWHWWXUH
DSSDLRQRLPSURYYLVHQHOO¶$PHULFDGHOODSURGX]LRQHLQVHULHHGHOPHWDOOR
PRVWUDQGRXQ¶DI¿QLWjWDQWRSURIRQGDFRQOHDUHHRUJDQLFKHFKHODVXDOH]LRQH
YHUUjFRPSUHVDHUDFFROWDVRSUDWWXWWRDOGLIXRULGHOFRQWHVWRG¶RULJLQH
/¶LQYHQ]LRQH NDKQLDQD GL XQD QXRYD RUJDQLFLWj DUFKLWHWWRQLFD QRQ q XQ
IHQRPHQRJOREDOH(VVDLQÀXHQ]DVHOHWWLYDPHQWHO¶DUFKLWHWWXUDGLDOFXQHVSH
FL¿FKHDUHHSUHGLVSRVWHDXQDSDUWLFRODUHIRUPDGLULQQRYDPHQWRGDFRQVR
OLGDWHFXOWXUHFRVWUXWWLYHRGDOO¶LQFRQWURFRQXQDEDVHWHRULFDLQWUDVIRUPD
]LRQH FKH OD UHQGH VSHFLDOPHQWH IHUWLOH ( VHJQDWDPHQWH QHL OXRJKL FRPH
5RPD GL SL OXQJD FRQVXHWXGLQH FRQ XQD PRGHUQD QR]LRQH GL RUJDQLVPR
DUFKLWHWWRQLFR8QDQR]LRQHFKHKDJHQHUDWRPROWHDFFH]LRQLHLQ¿QLWLHTXL
&XUWLV-5Modern Architecture and the Excavation of the Past: Louis I Kahn and the
Indian Subcontinent, LQ .ULHV 0 (LVHQEUDQG - 9RQ0RRV 6 Louis Kahn. The power of
Architecure, %DVLOHD9LWUDS
10
YRFL H VXOOD TXDOH SURSULR SHU TXHVWR RFFRUUH IDUH DOFXQH FRQVLGHUD]LRQL
&RPLQFLDQGR FRO QRWDUH FKH QRQ KD QXOOD D FKH YHGHUH FRQ TXHOOD OHJDWD
D PDWULFL QDWXUDOLVWLFKH XWLOL]]DWH QHO FRUVR GHOOD VWRULD GHOO¶DUFKLWHWWXUD D
SDUWLUHGDOODWUDWWDWLVWLFDULQDVFLPHQWDOH¿QRDOOHSURSRVWHGHOODPRGHUQD³DU
FKLWHWWXUDRUJDQLFD´DSSURGDWDQHOO¶,WDOLDGHOGRSRJXHUUDDWWUDYHUVRO¶$3$2
$VVRFLD]LRQH3HUO¶$UFKLWHWWXUD2UJDQLFDFKHQHKDWHRUL]]DWRLSULQFLSLLO
FXLIRQGDPHQWRqHVVHQ]LDOPHQWHOHJDWRDFDWHJRULHPXWXDWHGDOOHDUWLYLVL
YH/HGH¿QL]LRQLLQGLFDWHGD*LHGLRQSHUDOWURFKHLQGLYLGXDQRQHOODVWRULD
GHOO¶DUFKLWHWWXUDGXHGLYHUVH³PDQLHUH´UD]LRQDOHJHRPHWULFDHGLUUD]LRQDOH
RUJDQLFDWHVWLPRQLDQRODGLIIHUHQ]DWUDO¶DFFH]LRQHGLRUJDQLVPRLQWHUQDDO
0RYLPHQWR 0RGHUQR H TXHOOD FKH VL q IRUPDWD DWWUDYHUVR O¶HVSHULHQ]D VXO
FRVWUXLWRFKHWHQGHDFRJOLHUHO¶HVVHQ]DORJLFDHWUDVPLVVLELOHGHOODFRVWUX
]LRQHODOHJJHJHQHUDOHWXWW¶DOWURFKHLUUD]LRQDOHFDSDFHGLSUHVLHGHUHDOOD
IRUPD]LRQHGLDUFKLWHWWXUHGLYHUVLVVLPHWUDORUR2UJDQLVPRFRPHLQVLHPHGL
SDUWLVRWWRSRVWHD³RUJDQL]]D]LRQH´WHUPLQHTXHVW¶XOWLPRGHOWXWWRPRGHUQR
HVFRQRVFLXWRSULPDGHOO¶,OOXPLQLVPRLQWHVRFRPHOHJJHFKHSUHVLHGHDOFR
RUGLQDPHQWRGHJOLHOHPHQWLWUDORURFKHOLOHJDLQXQUDSSRUWRQHFHVVDULR,Q
TXHVWRVHQVRTXHOORURPDQRqXQRGHLFRQWHVWLFXOWXUDOLQHLTXDOLVLqVYROWD
FRQPDJJLRUULJRUHODULFHUFDVXOODQR]LRQHPRGHUQDGLRUJDQLVPRVYLOXSSD
WDQHJOLDQQL9HQWLH7UHQWDHDVVXQWDGDOOHJHQHUD]LRQLGHOGRSRJXHUUDFRPH
XQDVRUWDGLVRVWUDWRFXOWXUDOHSURIRQGRXQ¿ORGLFRQWLQXLWjFKHUDUDPHQWH
DI¿RUDLQVFULWWLHGLFKLDUD]LRQLPDFKHKDWURYDWRQHOO¶LGHDGLDUFKLWHWWXUDGL
.DKQQDVFRVWHFRUULVSRQGHQ]HFKHKDQQRSURSL]LDWRXQ¶RULJLQDOHFULWLFDDO
PRGHUQRLQWHUQD]LRQDOH
/¶LQQRYD]LRQHIRQGDPHQWDOHGHOOD6FXRODURPDQD¿QGDOODVXDIRQGD]LR
QHqFRVWLWXLWDGDOPHWRGRGLFRPSUHQGHUHO¶XQLWjGHOODIRUPDFRPHVLQWHVLGHO
PROWHSOLFHODUHDOWjDUFKLWHWWRQLFDOHWWDDWWUDYHUVRLUDSSRUWLGLQHFHVVLWjWUD
FRPSRQHQWLFKHFROODERUDQRWXWWHDOORVWHVVR¿QH)RUPDWDVLWUDOHGXHJXHU
UHVRSUDWWXWWRDWWUDYHUVRGRFHQWLGHOOD6FXRODGL$UFKLWHWWXUDFRPH*XVWDYR
*LRYDQQRQL $UQDOGR )RVFKLQL *LRYDQ %DWWLVWD 0LODQL 9LQFHQ]R )DVROR
TXHVWDQR]LRQHQRQSRWHYDQRQHVVHUHWUDVPHVVDDOOHJHQHUD]LRQLVXFFHVVLYH
TXDVLFRPHVRVWUDWRPHWRGRORJLFRQRQRVWDQWHULQQHJDPHQWLGLVVRFLD]LRQL
DFFXVHGLLPSRUUHPHWRGLDQFRUDDFFDGHPLFL8QVRVWUDWRFKHKDSHUPHVVR
GLFRPSUHQGHUHHDFFRJOLHUHLOFRQWHQXWRSURIRQGRHLQQRYDWLYRGHOOHIRUPH
FKH.DKQDQGDYDSURSRQHQGRHFKHLQDOWULFRQWHVWLKDQQRVLJQL¿FDWRVROR
ULWRUQR DO SDVVDWR *LRYDQQRQL LQ SDUWLFRODUH DYHYD DYDQ]DWR XQD VHUUDWD
FULWLFD D TXHOOD FRQWHPSRUDQHD UDGLFDOH VFLVVLRQH WUD OHJJLELOLWj GLVWULEX
=HYL%Verso un’architettura organica7RULQR(LQDXGL
1HO;9,,VHFRORORVFLHQ]LDWR0DUFHOOR0DOSLJKLSHUSULPRGH¿QLVFHPRGHUQDPHQWH
RUJDQL]]D]LRQHLOWHUPLQHFKHLQGLFDO¶LQVLHPHGLSDUWLFKHFROODERUDQRDGXQDVWHVVDIXQ]LRQH
11
]LRQHHFRVWUX]LRQHFKHFRVWLWXLYDO¶HVLWRGHOODSHUGLWDGHOO¶LGHDVLQWHWLFDHG
XQLWDULDGLRUJDQLVPR1RQHUDODVXDXQDQRVWDOJLD(JOLHUDSHUIHWWDPHQWH
FRQVDSHYROHGLFRPHVLIRVVHRUPDLVPDUULWDTXHOO¶RULJLQDULDXQLWjGHOOHFRVH
FKHXQWHPSRDYHYDSHUPHVVRODFRQWLQXLWjORVYROJHUVLGHLFLFOLGLFRVWUX
]LRQHHLOPXWDUHGHOOHIRUPH1RQDFFHWWDYDWXWWDYLDODUHVDDLQXRYLPLWL
O¶LUUHYHUVLELOLWjGHOODGLVJUHJD]LRQHGLRJQLOLQJXDFRQGLYLVDVRORQHOO¶DOYHR
GHOOD TXDOH q SRVVLELOH RJQL DXWHQWLFR OLQJXDJJLR 1H FRQVHJXH XQD IHUWLOH
QR]LRQHGLWLSLFLWjGLFDUDWWHULSHUVLVWHQWLFKHSRVVRQRHVVHUHULFRQRVFLXWLQHO
IRUPDUVLHWUDVIRUPDUVLGHJOLHGL¿FL1R]LRQLSRVWHDIRQGDPHQWRDQFKHGHOOR
VWXGLRGHOODVWDELOLWjGHJOLHGL¿FL,QPRGRXQLWDULR*LRYDQ%DWWLVWD0LODQL
±FKHQHOVXRIRQGDPHQWDOHL’ossatura muraria7RULQRDIIURQWDYD
O¶DVSHWWRWHFQLFRGHOODSURJHWWD]LRQH±LQVHJQDYDFRPHTXHVWRIRVVHXQSUR
EOHPDGLDUFKLWHWWXUDFKHGRYHVVHHVVHUHOHJDWRDGXQDUHJRODSLJHQHUDOHGL
VLQWHWLFRUDSSRUWRGLQHFHVVLWjWUDOHSDUWLGHOO¶HGL¿FLR(QRQqXQFDVRFKH
XQRVWRULFRFRPH9LQFHQ]R)DVRORDIIHUPDVVHFKHORVWXGLRGHJOLRUJDQLVPL
DQWLFKLQRQVHUYHDFRQRVFHUHODVWRULDGHOO¶DUFKLWHWWXUDTXDQWRDFRQTXLVWDUH
ODFRJQL]LRQHGLFRPHDOFXQHIRUPHGHJOLHGL¿FLULVXOWLQR³QHFHVVDULH´VLDQR
OLPLWDWHQHOQXPHURHSRVVDQRHVVHUHFDSLWHQHOODORURHVVHQ]DSHUIDUIURQWH
DOOHQHFHVVLWjGHOODFRQGL]LRQHPRGHUQD
$QFRUDQHLSULPLDQQLGHOGRSRJXHUUDTXDQGRVLIRUPDODJHQHUD]LRQHGL
DUFKLWHWWLFKHSHUSULPLFRPSUHQGHUDQQRDIRQGRODOH]LRQHGL.DKQ)DVR
ORLPSRVWDYDODVXDGLGDWWLFDVXOODFROODERUD]LRQHXQLWDULDLQVLHPHVWDWLFDH
VSD]LDOHGHOOHFRPSRQHQWLFKHFRQFRUURQRDOODIRUPD]LRQHGHJOLRUJDQLVPL
DUFKLWHWWRQLFL,VXRLGHELWLQHLFRQIURQWLGHOOHRSHUHGHLWUDWWDWLVWLIUDQFHVL
GHOSRVLWLYLVPRGHO;,;VHFRORHGLQSDUWLFRODUHGHOOR&KRLV\ULFRQRVFLXWL
DSHUWDPHQWH VXJJHULVFRQR SHUDOWUR ORQWDQH UDGLFL FRPXQL FRQ O¶LQVHJQD
PHQWRFKH.DKQDYHYDULFHYXWRQHOODSURSULDIRUPD]LRQHD3KLODGHOSKLDVRW
WRODJXLGDGL3DXO3KLOLSSH&UHW)DVRORLQGLYLGXDGXHJUDQGLFDWHJRULHGLVL
VWHPLVWDWLFRFRVWUXWWLYLFXLFRUULVSRQGRQRDOWUHWWDQWLVLVWHPLVSD]LDOLVLVWHPL
ODYRUDQWLSHUJUDYLWjDUFKLWUDYDWLQRQVSLQJHQWLGHLTXDOLYLHQHLQGLYLGXDWR
LOFDUDWWHUHGLULSHWLELOLWjVHULDOLWjHVLVWHPLPDVVLYLVSLQJHQWLVXVRVWHJQR
FRQWLQXRRGLVFRQWLQXRSHUWLQHQWLDOOHDUHHURPDQL]]DWHFRVWLWXLWLGDHOHPHQ
WLGLIIHUHQ]LDWLLQIXQ]LRQHGHOFRPSLWRFRVWUXWWLYRDVVHJQDWRGHLTXDOLYLHQH
LQGLYLGXDWRLOFDUDWWHUHGLRUJDQLFLWj8QDQR]LRQHFKHFRQWULEXLUjDIRUPDUH
ODFRVFLHQ]DGHOOHVSHFL¿FLWjGHOODPRGHUQDFXOWXUDSODVWLFD
*LRYDQQRQL*Questioni di architettura5RPD%LEOLRWHFDG‫ތ‬DUWH
)DVRORGLVWLQJXHYDDGHVHPSLRRUJDQLVPLFHQWUDOLDFRSHUWXUDSHVDQWHRHODVWLFDHRUJD
QLVPLFHQWUDOLFRSHUWLDFXSRODGRYHO‫ތ‬DVSHWWRVWDWLFRFRVWUXWWLYRSULPDDQFRUDGLFRVWLWXLUH
ORVWUXPHQWRSHUHULJHUHO¶HGL¿FLRYLHQHVSLHJDWRFRPHFRPSRQHQWHGLXQDOLQJXDSDUWHLQWH
JUDQWHGHOWLSRLQGLYLGXDWRQHOSURJHWWR&IU*%0LODQL9)DVRORLe forme architettoniche
0LODQR9DOODUGL
12
&HUWDPHQWH.DKQQRQKDPDLFRQRVFLXWRLOUHWURWHUUDWHRULFRFKHDYHYD
FRQGL]LRQDWRODIRUPD]LRQHGLXQDRULJLQDOHmodernità romana0DQHDYHYD
VHQ]¶DOWUR FRPSUHVR O¶HVVHQ]D H O¶DI¿QLWj DWWUDYHUVR OH RSHUH DWWUDYHUVR LO
FRQWDWWRFRQJOLHGL¿FLGHOO¶(XUGHO)RUR,WDOLFRGHOOD&LWWjXQLYHUVLWDULD
( GHO UHVWR OD VXD q XQD FODVVLFLWj VFRQRVFLXWD DJOL DUFKLWHWWL PRGHUQL
FKHGHULYDGDOO¶DQWLFROHWWRQRQQHOOHIRUPHVHULDOLHOHJJHUHGHOO¶DUFKLWHWWXUD
JUHFDLQWHUSUHWD]LRQHFKHqVWDWDVRSUDWWXWWRGL0LHVPDLQTXHOOHPDVVLYHH
SRQGHURVHGHLYROXPLGDOOHRPEUHSURIRQGHOHJDWLDOO¶LPSLHJRGHOODSDUHWH
PXUDULDLQIRUPHFRQWLQXH
,O UDSSRUWR GL .DKQ FRQ 5RPD ULJXDUGD LQ UHDOWj QRQ XQ UHSHUWRULR GL
IRUPH R XQ LQWHUHVVH VWRULFR PD L SULQFLSL VWHVVL GHOOD GLVFLSOLQD FKH HJOL
VRWWRSRQH D YLWDOH FULWLFD FKH WHQWD GL ULFRVWUXLUH LQGDJDQGRQH O¶RULJLQH
&RPHKDQRWDWR9LQFHQW6FXOO\OHDUFKLWHWWXUHFKH.DKQGLVHJQDGXUDQWHLO
VXRVRJJLRUQRD5RPDVRQR«KHDY\PDVVLYHV\PPHWULFDO»&RPHVHO¶DU
FKLWHWWRDPHULFDQRFRPSUHQGHVVH³SHUVLPSDWLD´OHSRWHQ]LDOLWjPRGHUQHGL
VLVWHPLFRVWUXWWLYLFKHDOORVWHVVRWHPSRGDQQRIRUPDVROLGDOHDOOHVWUXWWX
UHVWDWLFRFRVWUXWWLYHHDJOLVSD]LFKHUDFFKLXGRQRVSLQJHQGRORDLQGDJDUH
FRQWURFRUUHQWHXQLPSLHJRGHOFDOFHVWUX]]RRSSRVWRDTXHOORGHOWHODLRVH
ULDOHLQGLFDWRGDOO¶,QWHUQDWLRQDO6W\OHFRPHHVVHQ]DVWHVVDGHOODFRVWUX]LRQH
PRGHUQD 4XHVWD FODVVLFLWj ULFRQRVFLXWD GD .DKQ q WXWWD PRGHUQD H DSHUWD
DGLPSUHYHGLELOLHVLWLVHO¶RUGLQHVHULDOHGHOPRQGRHOOHQLFRULPDQGDDXQD
IRUPDJHQHUDOHFKHWXWWRVSLHJDHFRQWLHQHOHPDVVHPXUDULHHFRQWLQXHGHO
PRQGRURPDQRVLDSURQRDOPROWHSOLFHVLSUHVWDQRLQVLHPHDGXQDOHWWXUD
SHUVRQDOHGHOO¶RULJLQHGHOOHIRUPHHDVWDELOLUHLSULQFLSLGLXQDFRPSRVL]LRQH
UDGLFDOPHQWHQXRYD.DKQLQGDJDDWWUDYHUVRLOFRQWDWWRFRQOHPDVVHPXUDULH
URPDQH QRQ OD VWRULD DQWLFD PD XQ¶LGHDOH IDVH VRUJLYD GHOO¶LGHD VWHVVD GL
FRVWUX]LRQH7/DVXDDSSDUHFRVuWXWW¶DOWURFKHXQDOLQJXDPRUWD$OFRQWUD
ULRXQDOLQJXDXQLYHUVDOHFDSDFHGLFRPXQLFDUHLQWHUQD]LRQDOPHQWHSHUFKp
ULVDOHDJOLHWLPLSURIRQGLGHOOHSDUROH
,O VRJJLRUQR QHO &LQTXDQWD D 5RPD SUHVVR O¶$PHULFDQ$FDGHP\ FKH
FRLQFLGH FRQ OD VYROWD QHOOD VXD SURGX]LRQH VL VYROJH SURSULR QHO SHULRGR
GL PDJJLRUH ³DPHULFDQL]]D]LRQH´ GHOOD FXOWXUD LWDOLDQD TXDQGR GDJOL 6WD
WL 8QLWL DUULYD DQFKH LQ ,WDOLD OD PRGHUQLWj WULRQIDQWH GHOOH JUDQGL YHWUDWH
GHOO¶DFFLDLRGHOFXUWDLQZDOO(GqQHOOD5RPDGLTXHJOLDQQLGDOFRQWDWWR
GLUHWWRFRQOHFRVHFKH.DKQVFRSUHLOVHQVRSURJHWWXDOHGHOOHSRWHQWLPDVVH
PXUDULHFRQFXLVRQRFRVWUXLWLLPRQXPHQWLDQWLFKLOD%DVLOLFDGL0DVVHQ]LR
LO3DQWKHRQOH7HUPHGL&DUDFDOOD'DTXHVWDOHWWXUDFRQWURFRUUHQWHHDQWLOHW
6FXOO\9Louis Kahn and the Ruins of Rome,LQ³(QJHQHHULQJ6FLHQFH´:LQWHU
©0LPHUDYLJOLRFKHXQDVWDQ]DVLDVWDWDFRVWUXLWDFKHLOSLODVWURHPHUJDGDOPXURªLQ+
5RQQHU6-KDYHUL/RXLV,.DKQComplete work. 1935-1974%DVHO%RVWRQ
7
13
WHUDULDWXWWDLQWHUQDDOPHVWLHUHGLDUFKLWHWWRKDQQRRULJLQHOHVXHDUFKLWHWWXUH
VROHQQLHVLOHQ]LRVHLJUDQGLVSD]LFKHQRQKDQQRQXOODGHOO¶DQWLFRPDQHL
TXDOLO¶XRPRVLVHQWHLPPHUVRSLHQDPHQWHQHOÀXVVRLPSRQHQWHGHOODVWRULD
/HHVSHULHQ]HSUHFHGHQWLVHPEUDQRDYHUFUHDWRLSUHVXSSRVWLTXDVLO¶DWWHVD
GLTXHVWRLQFRQWUR&HUWRKDLQÀXLWRO¶DPELHQWHGL3KLODGHOSKLDFKHKDVHP
SUHFROWLYDWRXQDVRUWDGLDXWRQRPLDGHOO¶DUFKLWHWWXUDGLUHPRWDWUDGL]LRQH
%HDX[$UWVXQDGLVFLSOLQDGRYHDQFKHLSURJUHVVLGHOODWHFQLFDHOHQXRYH
LVWDQ]H VRFLDOL SRWHVVHUR FROORFDUVL DOO¶LQWHUQR GL XQ FRUSR WUDVPLVVLELOH GL
UHJROH'¶DOWUDSDUWHFRPHDFFHQQDWRqVWDWDGHWHUPLQDQWHO¶LQÀXHQ]DDYXWD
QHOODVXDIRUPD]LRQHGDOODGLGDWWLFDGL3DXO3KLOLSSH&UHW0D.DKQVHPEUD
SUHQGHUHOHGLVWDQ]HGDOOHSXUFRQVLGHUHYROLRSHUHVWRULFLVWLFKHFKHO¶DUFKL
WHWWROLRQHVHDYHYDFRVWUXLWRQHOOD:DVKLQJWRQGHJOLDQQL7UHQWDODFolger
Shakespeare LibraryLOFederal Reserve BoardODCentral Heating PlantOH
FXLIDFFLDWHVHPEUDQRSHU¿QRSUHFRUUHUHDOFXQLFDUDWWHULGHOODPRQXPHQWDOL
WjPXUDULDGL.DKQ(ODVXDFRQFH]LRQHGLIRUPDLQWHVDFRPHHQWLWjDVWUDWWD
HGHVWUDQHDDOODPLVXUDSUHVHQWHQHOODPHQWHGHOO¶DUFKLWHWWRSULPDFKHLQL]L
LOSURJHWWRFKHqDOFRQWUDULRPDWHULDOHHPLVXUDELOHDOGLOjGLVXJJHVWLYH
TXDQWRVXSHU¿FLDOLDI¿QLWjQRQKDQXOODDFKHYHGHUHFRQO¶LGHDGL³VLQWHVLD
SULRUL´FKHYLHQHVYLOXSSDWDLQTXHJOLDQQLLQ,WDOLD
È HVWUDQHD DO PRQGR GL .DKQ LQ UHDOWj TXDOVLDVL LGHD GL SURFHVVR VWR
ULFR OH IRUPH RULJLQDULH FKH LPSLHJD VRQR WDQWR JHQHUDOL GD VHPEUDUH
FKH VLDQR VHPSUH VWDWH SUHVHQWL QHOOD PHQWH GHOO¶XRPR HSSXUH PDL QHO
OD VXD VWRULD /¶LGHD FKH SUHVLHGH OD FRPSRVL]LRQH GHOOH VXH RSHUH VHPEUD
FRQWHQHUH VSRQWDQHDPHQWH OD QR]LRQH GL RUJDQLVPR JLDFHUH FRPH SUH
IRUPDWD QHJOL VWUDWL SURIRQGL GHOOD FRVFLHQ]D SULPD DQFRUD FKH HVVD V¶LQ
GLYLGXL QHO GLVHJQR GLYHQWL LQGLYLGXDOH XQLFD H LUULSHWLELOH ³GRWDWD GL
PLVXUD´ SHU XVDUH OH VXH SDUROH H SRL QHOOD FRQFUHWH]]D GHOO¶HGL¿FLR È
TXHVWR VRVWUDWR FKH FRQWLHQH H PHWDEROL]]D HVSHULHQ]H H FXOWXUD LO OXRJR
GRYH VL DQQRGDQR PROWH FRVH OD FRPSUHQVLRQH FRQFUHWD GHOOD VWRULD FRO
OHWWLYD O¶HVSHULHQ]D LQGLYLGXDOH L SURSUL GHVLGHUL GL XRPR H GL DUFKLWHWWR
6LYHGDLOFDVRGHOODSLFFRODVLQDJRJDFRVWUXLWDQHJOLDQQL7UHQWDD:HVW
2DN/DQH3KLODGHOSKLDSHUXQDFRPXQLWjHEUDLFDSURYHQLHQWHGDOO¶(XURSD
RULHQWDOH/¶$KYDWK,VUDHO&RQJUHJDWLRQqFRVWLWXLWDGDXQYROXPHVROLGRH
3RVVRQRVHPEUDUHHYLGHQWLDOFXQHDQDORJLHFRQOHULFHUFKHFKHVLVYROJHYDQRLQTXHJOL
DQQLLQ,WDOLDFROOHJDWHDOO¶RSHUDWHRULFDHGLGDWWLFDGL6DYHULR0XUDWRUL6LWUDWWDGLDI¿QLWj
WXWWDYLDVXJJHVWLYHPDVRORDSSDUHQWLSHUFKpQRQHVLVWHLQUHDOWjQHOO¶LQWHUSUHWD]LRQHNDKQLD
QDGHOODIRUPDDOFXQULFRQRVFLPHQWRGLXQSURFHVVRIRUPDWLYRFKHSURFHGDSHUIDVLGLWUD
VIRUPD]LRQHGHOODUHDOWjFRVWUXLWDFKHODFRVWUX]LRQHLQGLYLGXDVWRULFDPHQWH,OSURFHVVRqSHU
.DKQWXWWRLQWHUQRDOODPHQWHGHOO¶DUWH¿FHKDRULJLQHGDXQDSUH¿JXUD]LRQHGHOPRQGRHVL
VYLOXSSDDWWUDYHUVRIDVLVXFFHVVLYHGLSUHVDGLFRVFLHQ]D
6RORPRQ96*Louis I. Kahn’s Trenton Jewish Community Center1HZ<RUN3ULQF
HWRQ$UFKLWHFWXUDO3UHVV
14
PDVVLYRFKHVRVWLWXLVFHEUXWDOPHQWHGXHXQLWjDOO¶LQWHUQRGLXQ¶DJJUHJD]LRQH
FRQWLQXDGLFDVHDVFKLHUDGDLFDUDWWHULWLSLFLFKHRFFXSDSHULQWHURODSUR
IRQGLWjGHOORWWR.DKQQRQWLHQHLQQHVVXQFRQWRODWUDGL]LRQHGHOOHshuls
OHVLQDJRJKHGHOOHSLFFROHFRPXQLWjGHGLFDWHLQXVRQHOO¶(XURSDRULHQWDOHH
GLIIXVHDQFKHQHJOL6WDWL8QLWLWUDOHFRPXQLWjGLLPPLJUDWLGHOOHPHWURSROL
RULJLQDWHGLUHWWDPHQWHGDOO¶HGLOL]LDDELWDWLYD1RQVWDELOLVFHDOFXQUDSSRUWR
FRQO¶HGLOL]LDHVLVWHQWHQRQFRQVLGHUDLGDWLGLDOFXQDSUHHVLVWHQ]D6HPEUD
VHJXLUHLQYHFHXQSURFHVVROHJDWRDOODSURSULDFRQGL]LRQHGLQXRYRDPH
ULFDQR H LQVLHPH DOOD EDVH GL FXOWXUD HEUDLFD FKH SRVVLHGH LQ SURIRQGLWj
H FKH VHPEUD DOO¶RULJLQH GHOO¶XQLYHUVDOLWj GL XQ PHVVDJJLR FKH FRQWLHQH LO
SDUDGRVVRGLXQDPRQXPHQWDOLWjSULYDGLOXRJRODPHPRULDGHOOHLVWLWX]LRQL
GLVWLOODWDGDO¿OWURGHOOHSHUHJULQD]LRQLGDOO¶HWHUQRYLDJJLRGHOO¶HEUHRHUUDQWH
FKHSHUFRUUHWHUULWRULHDELWDFLWWjVHQ]DPDLDSSDUWHQHUYL/DIRUPDLQGLYLVL
ELOHSHUTXHVWRDSSDUHQHOQRQOXRJRQHOFHQWURGHLULFRUGL(ODWUDGL]LRQH
QRQqLOSDWULPRQLRGHOOHHVSHULHQ]HXPDQHFKHV¶LQGLYLGXDQRQHOODVWRULDq
LOWHUUHQRLJQRWRGHOPLWRGRYHRJQLHVSHULHQ]DVHPEUDVRVSHVDLQDWWHVD3L
FKH VWUXPHQWR GL FRQRVFHQ]D q OD SURPHVVD GL XQD ULYHOD]LRQH 6L VSLHJD
FRVuSHUFKpODUHDOWjGHOODPLVXUDHO¶RJJHWWLYLWjGHOODVFDODVHPEULQRDYHUH
PHQRYDORUHGLXQLQFRUURWWRFHQWURLQYHQWLYRthe formO¶LGHDJHQHUDWULFH
FKHWXWWROHJDHDOODTXDOHWXWWRqVXERUGLQDWR
3URSULRO¶DFFH]LRQHGHOWHUPLQH³IRUPD´VHPEUDOHJDUVLDGDOFXQHULFHU
FKHURPDQHFKHULJXDUGDQRLOPHWRGRGLSURJHWWR6LYHGDQROHGXHQR]LRQL
FKHSHU.DKQJXLGDQRODQDVFLWDGHOGLVHJQRGLDUFKLWHWWXUDTXHOODGLform
GLLGHDXQLYHUVDOHHTXHOODGLshapeFRQ¿JXUD]LRQHGHOVXRHVLWRDUFKLWHWWR
QLFR0HQWUHODIRUPDqLPSHUVRQDOHLOSURJHWWRqO¶LQWHUSUHWD]LRQHSHUVRQDOH
LQGLYLGXDOHHVFOXVLYDHFRQFUHWDGLTXDQWRQHOODIRUPDqJHQHUDOHHDVWUDWWR
6LQRWLFRPHDQFKHO¶HVHPSLRFKH.DKQSURSRQHDVSLHJD]LRQHGHOODVXDLGHD
GLSURJHWWRqTXHOORFODVVLFRSRUWDWRGDDOFXQHVFXROHWLSRORJLFKHLWDOLDQH/D
FDVDqLOFRQFHWWRJHQHUDOHHFRQGLYLVRGLFDVDO¶LQVLHPHGHLVXRLFDUDWWHUL
GLEDVHFKHVLSUHVHQWDQRVHQ]DGLPHQVLRQHGHULYDWRGDXQDPDWULFHLGHDOHH
RULJLQDULD8QDFDVDqLQYHFHODGH¿QL]LRQHFRQFUHWDGLTXHVWRFRQFHWWRJHQH
UDOHFKHDYYLHQHDWWUDYHUVRLOSURJHWWRFKHFRPSRUWDODVFHOWDGHLPDWHULDOLOD
VROX]LRQHGHLSUREOHPLGLVWULEXWLYLLOFRQIURQWRFRQLELVRJQLGLWXWWLLIXWXUL
DELWDQWLQRQVRORGHOVLQJRORLQGLYLGXR2JQLHGL¿FLRFRVWUXLWRFRQWLHQHH
:HUWKHLPHU9DFXUDGLThe American Synagogue: A Sanctuary Transformed&DP
EULGJH&DPEULGJH8QLYHUVLW\3UHVV
©&LzFKHJOLRVVHUYDWRULHXURSHLKDQQRTXDVLVHPSUHVRWWRYDOXWDWRQHOO¶RSHUDGL.DKQ
±VFULYH7DIXUL±qODSURIRQGD³DPHULFDQLWj´GHOVXRGLVSHUDWRWHQWDWLYRGLUHFXSHURGHOODGL
PHQVLRQHGHOPLWR&KHVLWUDWWDVVHGLXQPLWRVHQ]DIRQGD]LRQLFROOHWWLYHqVRORXQRGHJOL
DVSHWWLLQTXLHWDQWLGHOO¶RSHUD]LRQHNDKQLDQDª 7DIXUL0La sfera e il labirinto7RULQR(L
QDXGL
.DKQ/Form and DesignLQ³$UFKLWHFWXUDO'HVLJQ´$SULOH
15
DJJLRUQDSHUTXHVWRXQQXFOHRFRQGLYLVRGLFDUDWWHULFKHVXSHUDQRLOGDWR
VWUHWWDPHQWH IXQ]LRQDOH H ULFRQGXFH DG XQD PDWULFH FRPXQH H ³JHQHULFD´
RULJLQHGLHGL¿FLGLYHUVLVVLPLDYHQWLJHQHUDWULFLVSD]LDOLVLPLOLGHOODTXDOH
QRQqGDWDDOFXQDshape
4XHVWRQRQFRVWULQJHUHORVSD]LRDVHJXLUHVWUHWWDPHQWHO¶XVRSXURULJLQH
GLWDQWLSUREOHPLVSLHJDDQFKHSHUFKpOHRSHUHGL.DKQLQYHFFKLQRFRVuEHQH
SHUFKpVHPEULQRSUHGLVSRUVLDOODFRQGL]LRQHGLURYLQDFRPHVLFKLHGHDOOD
JUDQGHDUFKLWHWWXUDODTXDOHSXUFRUURPSHQGRVLODPDWHULDODVFLDWXWWDYLDLQ
WXLUHODSUHVHQ]DGLXQQXFOHRLGHDOHLQFRUURWWRGDOWHPSR1RQqXQFDVRFKH
VHEEHQHGLVHJQDWRSRFRSULPDGHOODPRUWHHUHDOL]]DWRVRORRUDLORoosvelt
Memorial QHZ\RUNHVH VLD WXWW¶DOWUR FKH XQ¶RSHUD SRVWXPD 'LYHUVDPHQWH
GDOOHWDQWHUHDOL]]D]LRQLFKHQRQKDQQRUHWWRDOO¶DVVHQ]DGHOO¶DXWRUHO¶HQHU
JLDFRQWHQXWDQHOODIRUPDFKHJRYHUQDODVXDJHRPHWULDHOHPHQWDUHHXQLYHU
VDOHFRPHLQXQPRQXPHQWRDQWLFRYDROWUHO¶LQFHUWH]]DGHOGHWWDJOLRVXSH
UDLGXEELGHOSDUWLFRODUH$QFKHSHUTXHVWRFDUDWWHUHGLGXUDWDWDQWRGLYHUVR
GDOOHLVWDQ]HGHOODQDVFHQWHVRFLHWjGHLFRQVXPLFRPHVLGLFHYDDOORUDQRQ
PHUDYLJOLDLOIDVFLQRSURIRQGRFKHODOH]LRQHNDKQLDQDKDDYXWRQHOOD5RPD
GHJOLDQQL6HVVDQWDH6HWWDQWD0DIRUVHqSRVVLELOHULVFRQWUDUHGLUHWWDPHQWH
QHOOHRSHUHGL.DKQLOPRWLYRGLTXHVWDDI¿QLWjSHUFKpDFRPSUHQGHUHODVXD
RSHUDHVLVWHVVHQHJOLDUFKLWHWWLURPDQLXQDVRUWDGLSUHGLVSRVL]LRQHODWHQWH
SRUWDWRGLXQDGLGDWWLFDDSSDUHQWHPHQWHULPRVVDLQPRGRSHUHQWRULRPDLQ
UHDOWjDQFRUDYLWDOHHRSHUDQWH
/DIRUPD]LRQHGHOO¶RSHUDSURFHGHSHU.DKQDWWUDYHUVRJUDGLVXFFHVVLYL
PRPHQWLGLFRQTXLVWDSURJUHVVLYDGHOO¶RUGLQHGHOODFRQVDSHYROH]]DGLFRPH
ODPDWHULDFKHIRUPDO¶RUJDQLVPRDUFKLWHWWRQLFRVLGHEEDRUGLQDWDPHQWHGL
VSRUUHDIRUPDUHLOPDWHULDOHGLVLVWHPLVWUXWWXUHHOHPHQWL1RQXQSURFHVVR
DQDOLWLFRFRVWUXWWLYRFKHSURFHGHSHUDJJUHJD]LRQLHLQFUHPHQWLVXFFHVVLYL
PDVLQWHWLFRGHGXWWLYRFKHSDUWHGDOODform,GDOOHSULPHLSRWHVLG¶LPSLDQWR
JHQHUDOHHSHULSURJHWWLGHGLFDWLDOOHJUDQGLLVWLWX]LRQLUHOLJLRVHHFLYLOLGD
XQQXFOHRVLPEROLFRHPRQXPHQWDOHQHOTXDOHVLOHJDQRJOLDVVLGHOODFRP
SRVL]LRQH H VROLGDOPHQWH OH VWUXWWXUH SHULPHWUDOL IRUPDWH GD YDQL VHULDOL
FRPSOHPHQWDUL H FROODERUDQWL FKH SDUWHFLSDQR XQLWDULDPHQWH DOOD IXQ]LR
QHDOODVWDWLFDGHOO¶RSHUDG¶DUFKLWHWWXUD,FRPSLWLIXQ]LRQDOLDWWULEXLWLDOOH
VWUXWWXUH FROODERUDQWL QRQ VRQR XQ PRGR GL JLXVWL¿FDUH VROX]LRQL RULJLQDWH
GDOODJHRPHWULDGHOO¶LPSLDQWRFRPHqVWDWRVFULWWRPDFRVWLWXLVFRQRO¶HVLWR
6WUDSSD*Unità dell’organismo architettonico. Note sulla formazione e trasformazioQHGHLFDUDWWHULGHJOLHGL¿FL%DUL(GL]LRQL'HGDOR
©6LDOD(VKHULFN+RXVHVLDOD&KLHVD8QLWDULDQDULÀHWWRQRORVWXGLRFRQWLQXRGL.DKQVXOOH
DSHUWXUHFKHPRGHUDQRODOXFHHLQHQWUDPELLFDVLO¶DUUHGDPHQWRqVWDWRLQFRUSRUDWRQHOODFRVWUX]LR
QHSHUJLXVWL¿FDUHO¶LQFUHPHQWRGLVSHVVRUHOLEUHULHQHOODFDVDHSDQFKHVRWWROH¿QHVWUHQHOODFKLH
VDªLQ%URZQOHH'%'H/RQJ'*Louis I. Kahn: in the Realm of Architecture/RQGRQ
16
GLXQDVLQWHVLRUJDQLFDQHOODTXDOHLOFRPSLWRGLPLVXUDUHODOXFHHIRUPDUH
ORVSHVVRUHQHFHVVDULRDOODVWDELOLWjGHOODFRVWUX]LRQHFRLQFLGHFRQLOUXROR
GLVWULEXWLYDPHQWHVHUYHQWHGHJOLVSD]LFKHVLJHQHUDQRULVROYHQGRFRQXQD
VRODD]LRQHFRVWUXWWLYDGLVWLQWLSUREOHPLGHOSURJUDPPDDUFKLWHWWRQLFR
ÈODVWHVVDLGHDGLRUJDQLVPRLQWHVRFRPHLQVLHPHGLHOHPHQWLFROODER
UDQWLHLQGLYLVLELOLFKHFRQFRUURQRWXWWLDOORVWHVVR¿QHFKHHUDSDWULPRQLR
FRPXQHGHOO¶DUFKLWHWWXUDURPDQDPRGHUQDSULPDGHOODFULVLGHOGRSRJXHUUD
HFKH.DKQKDOHWWRGDSURJHWWLVWDLQHGL¿FLFRPHLO3DQWKHRQGRYHLOJUDQ
GH VSHVVRUH GHO SHULPHWUR PXUDULR DVVXPH OD SDUWLFRODUH IRUPD ³VFDYDWD´
GL QRWHYROH LQHU]LD JHRPHWULFD DOOR VFRSR LQVLHPH GL HOLPLQDUH OH VSLQWH
GHOODFXSRODHVHUYLUHFRQODVHULHGHLQLFFKLRQLVHUYHQWLLOYDQRSULQFLSDOH
VHUYLWR8QDSDUWHFLSD]LRQHFRQJUXHQWHHSURSRU]LRQDWDGHOODSDUWHDOWXWWR
FKHVLULFRQRVFHDJJLRUQDWDDOOHQXRYHFRQFH]LRQLVSD]LDOLHWHFQLFKHQHO
ODVDODGHLULFHYLPHQWLGHO3DOD]]RGHL&RQJUHVVLGL$GDOEHUWR/LEHUDGRYH
XQSHULPHWURVHUYHQWHHVWHUQRGLVSHVVRUHFRQIRUPHSHUDFFRJOLHUHVFDOHHG
DVFHQVRUL VYROJH QRQ VROR LO FRPSLWR GL FROODERUDUH DOOD GH¿QL]LRQH GHOOR
VSD]LRFHQWUDOHPDXQLWDULDPHQWHULVSRQGHDGXQLQFDULFRVWDWLFRHGXQRGL
FROOHJDPHQWRYHUWLFDOH&RPHSHU.DKQLOQXFOHRLOcoreLOmeeting place
qORVSD]LRGRYHV¶LQFRQWUDQRJOLXRPLQLHV¶DQQRGDO¶DUFKLWHWWXUDLOOXRJR
FHQWUDOHGLXQULWXDOHFLYLOHRUHOLJLRVRFKHGjFDUDWWHUHPRQXPHQWDOHDOOD
FRVWUX]LRQHGLVSRQHQGRJOLVSD]LLQGLFDQGRJHVWLPRVWUDQGRSHUFRUVL
ÊLQTXHVWRVSLULWRFKH.DKQGLVHJQDLVXRLHGL¿FLQRGDOL1HO3DOD]]RGHO
3DUODPHQWRGL'DFFDODJUDQGHDXODSHUOHDVVHPEOHHDQQRGDJOLDVVLRULJLQDWL
GDRWWRGLVWLQWLVSD]LQHO&HQWURFRQJUHVVLGHOSalk Research InstituteODVDOD
FHQWUDOHOHJDLQVLHPHFRPHQHOFRUWLOHGLXQSDOD]]RLSHUFRUVLFKHGLVWULEXL
VFRQRJOLDOORJJLSHULULFHUFDWRULJOLVSD]LSHUODGLGDWWLFDODELEOLRWHFD(LQ
TXHVWRVSLULWRJOLLQYROXFULVHUYHQWLFKHSHULPHWUDQRJOLVSD]LLQWHUQLGLPROWL
SURJHWWL NDKQLDQL, ULVSRQGRQR DOOD ORJLFD GHOOD VWUXWWXUD FROODERUDQWH QHOOH
GLYHUVHYHUVLRQLGHOYROXPHFDYRHGHOODGRSSLDSDUHWHPDDQFKHLQXQ¶DF
FH]LRQHSLHVWHVDGHOSULQFLSLRGHOODVHULHGLYDQLFKHVLVWULQJRQRLQWRUQR
DOQXFOHRVSD]LDOHFHQWUDOHFRPHqHVSUHVVRLQPRGRHVHPSODUHGDOSURFHVVR
IRUPDWLYRGHOODFirst Unitarian Church di Rochester ¿JXUDDSDJ4XL
LSULPLVFKL]]LLQL]LDWLFRQO¶LQFDULFRGHOLQGDJDQRXQLPSLDQWR³JH
QHULFR´FDSDFHGL³JHQHUDUH´GRYHXQRVSD]LRSRODUHqFRQWHQXWRLQXQSH
ULPHWURGLVWUXWWXUHVHUYHQWLHFROODERUDQWL0DODIRUPDFKHLOGLVHJQRFHUFD
GLFRJOLHUHLPPDWHULDOHHLQFRPPHQVXUDELOHGLYLHQHSRLSURJUHVVLYDPHQWH
shapeRUJDQLVPRDUFKLWHWWRQLFRFRQFUHWRFKHWLHQHLQVLHPHOHSDUWLHOHJDLQ
XQLWjLOPROWHSOLFHGHOOHVLQJROHVWUXWWXUHFKHVLPROWLSOLFKHUDQQRHOHJKHUDQ
QRQHLPRPHQWLVXFFHVVLYL/DVWHVVDORJLFDFKHRUGLQDJOLVSD]LIRUPDODFR
SHUWXUDJHQHUDLOFODULVWRULRFKHHPHUJHGDOO¶DXODSHUO¶DVVHPEOHDUHOLJLRVD
17
$OO¶DVWUDWWDLQGHWHUPLQDWH]]D GHL SULPL VFKL]]L VXFFHGH OD PDWHULDOLWj GHOOD
YLWDFKHVLVYROJHUjQHOO¶HGL¿FLR&ROGH¿QLUVLGHOSURJHWWRDWWUDYHUVRGLHFL
DQQLGLODYRURYHQJRQRSUHYLVWLQXRYLVSD]LHQXRYHIXQ]LRQL,FRPPLWWHQWL
YRUUHEEHURVHSDUDUOLLQXQDFRVWUX]LRQHGLVJLXQWD
/DYLWDFKHVLVYROJHUjDOO¶LQWHUQRGHOODQXRYDDUFKLWHWWXUDVHPEUDLQYH
FHVRVWHQHUH.DKQQHOO¶RVWLQDWRUDSSRUWRFRQLFRPPLWWHQWLSRVVLHGHUjOD
VWHVVDRUJDQLFLWjGHOODYLWDGHOO¶HGL¿FLRVWHVVRQRQOHIXQ]LRQLPDOHDWWLYLWj
FRPSOHPHQWDULHGXQTXHJOLVSD]LFROODERUDQWLIRUPHUDQQRXQDVRFLHWjVR
OLGDOHGLVWDQ]HFKHVLDQQRGHUDQQRQHOODVDODSHULOFXOWRRUGLQDWHLQWRUQRDO
FHQWURGHOODFRPXQLWj.DKQYXROHFKHWXWWRFROODERULDGXQDVWHVVDFRPXQH
VWUXWWXUDVHFRQGRXQSURFHVVRFKHLQGLYLGXDDOGLOjGLTXDOVLDVLULIHULPHQWR
VWRULFRXQSDVVRGRSRO¶DOWURLFDUDWWHULGLXQRUJDQLVPRFKHVLVWDIRUPDQ
GR8QSURFHVVRGLI¿FLOPHQWHFRPSUHQVLELOHDJOLDUFKLWHWWLGHOO¶,QWHUQDWLRQDO
6W\OH3HUTXHVWHVRWWHUUDQHHFRPXQLUDGLFLSURSULRLOPHVVDJJLRGHOO¶DPH
ULFDQR.DKQKDIDWWRLUUX]LRQHQHOFRPSRVLWRFOLPDLWDOLDQRGHOOD¿QHGHJOL
DQQL6HVVDQWDFRPH³FROODERUD]LRQH´DOODFRVWUX]LRQHGLXQDSURSULDVSHFL¿
FLWjQHOSDQRUDPDLQWHUQD]LRQDOH,QTXLHWDQWHGLHWUROHDSSDUHQWLFHUWH]]HLO
VXRPHVVDJJLRVLPRVWUDFRPHXQPHVVLDQLFRVHJQRGLULQDVFLWDDGXQDJHQH
UD]LRQHGLDUFKLWHWWLDQVLRVDGLWUDVIRUPD]LRQLHGLVWXGHQWLVSHUGXWLQHOO¶LQ
FHUWDIDVHGLWUDQVL]LRQHYHUVRQXRYLSRWHULDFFDGHPLFL
1HOJHQHUDOHGLVRULHQWDPHQWR±PHQWUHDOFXQLWHQWDQRODIXJDGDOOLQJXDJ
JLRLQWHUQD]LRQDOHULSLHJDQGRQHOYHUQDFRORQHOODULIRQGD]LRQHGHOODGLVFL
SOLQD FHUFDWD QHO JHVWR VLQWHWLFR GHOO¶DUFKLWHWWR FRVWUXWWRUH H DUWLVWD R QHOOH
UDGLFLGHOO¶RUGLQHRUJDQLFR±.DKQQRQSXzQRQDIIDVFLQDUHLJLRYDQLSURJHW
WLVWLFKHDOOD¿QHGHJOLDQQL6HVVDQWDVWDQQRULSHUFRUUHQGRODVWUDGDGLPHQWL
FDWDGHOODULFHUFDDUWLVWLFDHGHOVXRPROWHSOLFHUDSSRUWRFRQXQSDVVDWRGRYH
WXWWRqFRPSUHVHQWHVLQFURQLFRSDUDGRVVDOPHQWHVHQ]DWHPSR
.DKQ VHPEUD RIIULUH XQD YLD G¶XVFLWD GDOOD FULVL &RQWUR OH GHULYH WHF
QLFLVWH OH IXJKH H[WUDGLVFLSOLQDUL OH ULWLUDWH GHOOR VWRULFLVPR DO]D O¶DUJLQH
HVWUHPRGLXQODYRURDULVWRFUDWLFRFKHQRQVLODVFLDDSSLDWWLUHGDOPRQGRGHOOD
SURGX]LRQH H GHOOD VHULH H SURSRQH XQD QXRYD GLPHQVLRQH GHO PHVWLHUH GL
5RQQHU+-KDYHUL6op. cit
ÊSUREDELOHFKHDOOHGHFLVLRQLSURJHWWXDOLGL.DKQSDUWHFLSLancheODPHPRULDVWRULFDOH
IRUPHGHJOLLPSLDQWLSDOHRFULVWLDQLFKHFRQRVFHDWWUDYHUVRJOLVWXGLGL5LFKDUG.UDXWHLPHUH
GHJOLRUJDQLVPLYROWDWLURPDQL¿OWUDWHGDOOHULFHUFKHGL)UDQN%URZQ0DFHUWRHVVDDUULYDDO
SURJHWWRLQPRGRLQGLUHWWR¿OWUDWDGDOO¶HVSHULHQ]DHQRQFRVWLWXLVFHLOFHQWURGHOO¶LQYHQ]LRQH
&IU%URZQOHH'%'H/RQJ'*op. cit.).
17
)UDQFHVFR7HQWRULDYHYDFRPXQTXHDFXWDPHQWHLQWXLWRJLjQHOOHFDSDFLWjGLURP
SHQWLGHOODOH]LRQHNDKQLDQDSDUODQGRGLXQ©SURFHVVRGLRUJDQL]]D]LRQHFHOOXODUHGLXQWHVVXWR
RUJDQLFRªULIHULWRDQFKHDGXQDFRQFH]LRQHFDUWHVLDQDGHOO¶LQWHUDIRUPDQHOODTXDOHYLYHODWUD
GL]LRQHSDVVDWDHFRQWHPSRUDQHD©WUDV¿JXUDWDLQXQ¶LPPDJLQHQXRYDDVVROXWDPHQWHLQHGLWD
HGRULJLQDOHª7HQWRUL)Ordine e forma nell’opera di Louis KahnLQ³&DVDEHOOD&RQWLQXLWj´
QOXJOLR
18
DUFKLWHWWRO¶DUWHHSLFDFKHGHULYDGDLJUDQGLVHQWLPHQWLFLYLOLWHPLSRGHURVL
HVROHQQL8QDVWUDGDSHUDOWURQRQGHOWXWWRVFRQRVFLXWDLQWXLWDDWWUDYHUVR
LOULQQRYDWRLQWHUHVVHFRPHQRWD3XULQLQHOO¶LQWHUYLVWDSXEEOLFDWDLQTXHVWH
SDJLQHSHUOHIRUPHDVVROXWHGHOO¶DUFKLWHWWXUDLOOXPLQLVWDSHULOYDORUHVLP
EROLFRGHOFHUFKLRHGHOODVIHUDGHOTXDGUDWRHGHOFXERGHOWULDQJRORHGHOOD
SLUDPLGH1HOORVWHVVRDQQRLOHVFHODIRUWXQDWDWUDGX]LRQHGHOPhilosophie der symbolischen formen GL (UQVW &DVVLUHU$OGR 5RVVL SXEEOLFD
L’architettura della cittàHYLHQHVWDPSDWDO¶HGL]LRQHLWDOLDQDGLArchitecture
in the age of ReasonGL(PLO.DXIPDQQ/¶DQQRVHJXHQWHHVFHO¶RSHUDIRUVH
SLGLURPSHQWHHDVFROWDWDO¶HGL]LRQHLWDOLDQDGLArchitecture. Essai sur l’art
di Etienne BoulléeFKH$OGR5RVVLWUDVIRUPDQHOPDQLIHVWRGLXQ³UD]LRQDOL
VPRHVDOWDWR´ULYHQGLFD]LRQHGLXQRVSD]LRDXWRQRPRSHULOSURJHWWRG¶DU
FKLWHWWXUD/DVIHUDGHO&HQRWD¿RGL1HZWRQIRUPDSHUIHWWDHXQLYHUVDOHFKH
QRQHYRFDODFXSRODQRQULVSRQGHDGDOFXQDIXQ]LRQHQpGHULYDGDDOFXQD
FRQVLGHUD]LRQHVWDWLFDYLHQHDFFROWDFRPHODGLFKLDUD]LRQHG¶LQGLSHQGHQ]DD
OXQJRDWWHVD$OGR5RVVLODULSURSRUUjQHO&RQFRUVRSHULO3DOD]]RFRPXQDOH
GL6FDQGLFFLPDPROWLSURJHWWLVWLQHJOLVWHVVLDQQLQHULVFRSURQRLO
VLJQL¿FDWRGLVLPERORXQL¿FDQWHFRPHGXHDQQLGRSR9LUJLOLR9HUFHOORQLH
*LDQFDUOR7X]]DWRQHOSURJHWWRSHULO3DOD]]HWWRGHOORVSRUWGL$EELDWHJUDV
VR0DJLjQHO$QWRQLR4XLVWHOOLSUHFRUUHQGRGLYHQW¶DQQLODVWUXWWXUD
GLVHJQDWD GD 4XDURQL SHU *LEHOOLQD DYHYD SURSRVWR XQD FKLHVD SHU 5RPD
GDLYROXPLHOHPHQWDULGRPLQDWLGDOODSUHVHQ]DGHOODVIHUDSHUOHDVVHPEOHH
PHQWUHO¶DQQRGRSR&RVWDQWLQR'DUGLLQGLFDYDODVIHUDFRPHFHQWURLGHDOHGL
SURJHWWRSHUOD&DPHUDGHL'HSXWDWLD5RPD3XUHVVHQGRHYLGHQWLOHGLYHUVL
WjGHOOHJHRPHWULHLPSLHJDWHHLQGLVFXWLELOLOHGLIIHUHQ]HGLPHWRGRGDOODFRQ
FH]LRQHNDKQLDQDGHOO¶RUJDQLVPRDUFKLWHWWRQLFRO¶DI¿QLWjGHJOLHVLWLLQGLFD
LQUHDOWjODFRPXQHDVSLUD]LRQHDGXQDQXRYDYLVLRQHGHOO¶DUFKLWHWWXUDFRPH
DUWHXQ¶DUWHQHOODTXDOHWXWWDODVWRULDqFRPSUHVHQWH
,O*5$8*UXSSR5RPDQR$UFKLWHWWL8UEDQLVWLDYHYDGHOUHVWRJLjDYDQ
]DWRSURSRVWDGLXQ³DQWHFHGHQWH¿JXUDWLYR´PHWDVWRULFRQHOTXDOHFRQYLYRQR
O¶HUHGLWj¿JXUDWLYDGHOSDVVDWRHGHOSUHVHQWHDIRUPDUHLOPDWHULDOHGLVSRQLEL
OHDOSURJHWWR/¶DUWHqLQGDJLQHVXOODVWUXWWXUDFRQFUHWDHUHDOHGHOODIRUPD
LQXQDYLVLRQHFKHSRQH¿QHDOOHWDQWHGHULYHWDUGRURPDQWLFKHFKHVRSUDYYL
YRQRQHOODFXOWXUDHXURSHDqVHFRQGROHWHRULHGL*DOYDQR'HOOD9ROSHSL
VWUXPHQWRGLFRQRVFHQ]DGHOPRQGRFKHHVSUHVVLRQHLQGLYLGXDOH/¶DWWRFKH
JHQHUDO¶RSHUDq©VLQWHVLDSULRULUHOD]LRQHFRQFHWWXDOHUHDOL]]DQWHVLHYHUL¿
FDQWHVLQHOVHJQRPDWHULDRUJDQL]]DWRHFRQIRUPDWRª,QTXHVWDQXRYDYLVLR
QHGHOSURSULRODYRURJOLDUFKLWHWWLGHO*5$8QRQSRWHYDQRQRQVXELUHLOID
G.R.A.U. Isti mirant stella, architetture 1964-19805RPD.DSSD
Ibidem
19

Download Report