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100
TROGRESS REPORT 1972
Table
10.
A g e
Influence
of the
of the
âge
of the
A m o u n t
plants
on
nodulation.
N u m b e r
of
of
plants
nodule material
nodules on
(days)
(mg)
three plants
9
19
37
10
o
13
0
1
0
0
0
0.1
0
0
0
0.01
0
0
0
100
0
3
3
10
0
0
0
1
1
0
0
0.1
0
0
0
0.01
0
0
0
100
(5
5
3
10
1
0
0
1
0
0
0
0.1
0
0
0
0.01
0
0
0
100
0
1
0
10
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0.1
0
0
0
0.01
0
0
0
100
50
60
90
110
+md
I n p la n ts older t h a n 50 d a y s n o d u la tio n d e c re a se d s h a rp ly , b u t in a
seco n d e x p e r im e n t 7 0 -d ay -o ld p l a n t s sh o w ed v e i y good n o d u la tio n (e q u a l
ling t h a t o f th e “ 5 0 - d a y - p la n ts “ o f e x p e r im e n t I), w h e re a s 7 7 -d ay -o ld
p l a n t s w ere h a r d ly n o d u la te d (like th e “ 1 1 0 -d a y -p la n ts ” o f e x p e r im e n t I).
The results show unequivocally th a t the age of the plant has an influ
ence on nodule formation. It is not clear, however, w hat age is optimal
for nodulation. The main reason for the divergent results of the two
series of experiments is th a t the plants were cultivated in the greenhouse,
where climatological conditions vary strongly during the year. Therefore,
the age of the plants is not the best parameter for the condition of such
plants at the moment of inoculation. These experiments will be repeated
next year with plants cultivated in phytotrons to eliminate the variation
in climatological conditions.
6.3.
THE INFLUENCE
OF TRAMPLING AND
SOIL COMPACTNESS
DISTRIBUTION OF SOME PlantCKjO SPECIES
6 .3 .1 .
ON
THE
(C. W. P. M. Bloill)
I ntroduction
One of the subjects of the ecological research in the dune areas on
Voorne and Goeree concerns the influence of recreation and grazing on
PROGRESS REPORT
1972
107
th e v e g e ta tio n . T h e chines in th e s e regions are u n d e r s tro n g re c re a tio n a l
p re ssu re , a n d , in a d d itio n , g ra z in g w as s t a r t e d a n u m b e r o f y e a rs ago as
a fo rm o f m a n a g e m e n t . O ne effect o f b o th re c re a tio n a n d g ra z in g is
tr a m p lin g o f t h e v e g e ta tio n , w h ic h is a c c o m p a n ie d b y c o m p a c tio n o f th e
soil.
T h e a im o f th is s t u d y is to d e te rm in e th e influence o f t h e soil c o m p a c t
ness on th e d e v e lo p m e n t o f th e n a t u r a l v e g e ta tio n a n d on th e d is tr ib u tio n
o f som e p l a n t species. T o o b ta in a n im p ressio n o f t h e influence o f soil
c o m p a c tn e ss , so m e in d ic a tiv e Plantacjo species w ere chosen for in v e s ti
g a tio n , b e c a u se soil c o m p a c tn e s s is t h o u g h t to be o f im p o rta n c e for th e
d is t r i b u t i o n o f th e s e species.
A synecological field s t u d y is e x p e c te d to p ro v id e a basis for th e f o r m u
la tio n o f a w o rk in g h y p o th e s is co n cern in g t h e d is tr ib u tio n o f p l a n t c o m
m u n itie s in c lu d in g Plantacjo species, a n d c o n c o m ita n t e x p e r im e n ta l w o rk
w as s t a r t e d in 1971. S om e a s p e c ts o f t h e synecological s t u d y a n d th e
m e th o d s a n d p r e lim in a r y re s u lts o f th e e x p e r im e n ta l stu d ie s are d esc rib ed
here.
Som e o f t h e d u n e g ra s s la n d v e g e ta tio n s o f V oorne a n d G oeree are
e x p o se d to sev ere re c r e a tio n a l p re s s u re or g ra z in g , m a in ly b y c a ttle .
R e c r e a tio n t a k e s p lac e on t h e H everin g en , a n old g ra s s la n d f o r m a tio n
in t h e d u n e s o f V oorne, a n d g ra z in g occurs, for in s ta n c e , on t h e Westd u in en 011 Goeree. T h e synecological s itu a tio n is bein g s tu d ie d m a in ly in
th o s e areas. T h is field w o rk c a n be briefly d e sc rib e d as follows.
T h e v e g e ta tio n o f sa m p le p lo ts is d e sc rib e d a n n u a lly b y m e a n s o f t h e
B r a u n - B l a n q u e t m e th o d . T h e p lo ts were selected m a in ly alo n g p a t h s w h ere
Plantacjo species are p re s e n t. T h e aim is to o b ta in a n im p ressio n o f t h e
c o n n e c tio n b e tw e e n t h e Plantacjo species a n d o th e r p l a n t species in r e
la tio n to e d a p h ic fa c to rs su c h as t r a m p li n g a n d soil c o m p a c tn e ss.
A n o th e r a s p e c t o f th i s field w o rk is t h e a n a ly sis o f seaso n al p e r io d ity
a n d f lu c tu a tio n o f t h e species in t h e d iffe re n t localities in re la tio n to
d iffe re n t soil c h a ra c te ris tic s .
I n t h e f u t u r e t h e s h o o t/r o o t r a tio o f t h e species u n d e r c o n sid e ra tio n
will be d e te rm in e d . As a n e x a m p le , T a b le 11 show s t h e re su lts o f th r e e
v e g e ta tio n a n a ly s e s m a d e in t h e W estdu in en a re a , i.e. on a c a ttle p a t h
(p lot I), j u s t b esid e t h i s p a t h (p lo t I I ) , a n d on a slig h t slope (p lo t I I I )
close to th e s e plots.
6.3.3.
6.3.3.1.
E x p e rim e n ta l work
M a te ria l a n d M e th o d s
To in v e s tig a te t h e re la tio n s h ip b e tw e e n t h e d is tr ib u tio n o f p l a n t species
a n d v a rio u s e n v ir o n m e n ta l c o n d itio n s a d is tin c tio n m u s t be m a d e b e tw e e n
t h e g e r m in a tio n a n d t h e d e v e lo p m e n t o f t h e seedling. I n th i s re se a rc h
108
PROGRESS REPO RT
1972
T a b le 11. V e g e ta tio n a n a ly s is p e rfo rm e d in t h e W e s td u in e n a r e a o f G oeree (1972)*
I.
II.
III.
P l o t on a c a t tle p a t h .
P l o t j u s t b esid e th is p a th .
P l o t on a s lig h t slope close to t h e p lo ts I e n I I .
Ill
P lo t nr.
Size o f t h e p lo t in cm
C o v er h e r b la y e r in %
C o v er m o ss la y e r in %
H e ig h t h e r b la y e r in cm
T r a m p lin g ( + p r e s e n t ; 4: s o m e tim e s ; — a b s e n t)
F la n ta g o lanceolata
P lantago m a jo r
P lantago coronopus
P otentilla a n serin a
B eilis p e r e n n is
T r i fo liu m m i cranthum
Cera-stium arvense
C arex p a n icea
C arex fiacca
A g ro stis te n u is
A n th oxa n th urn od or a turn
T r i fo liu m repens
R a n u n c u lu s acris
S p erg u la ria rubra
L i n u m catharticxim
R a d io la linoides
P otentilla erect a
F estu ca rubra
B r i za m edia
S ie g lin g ia decum bens
L u z u la cam p estris
B h y tid ia d e lp h its squarrosus
B ra c h y th e c iu m albicans
#
30
150
60
5
3
X
I
V
3
r
+
9
éJ
+
+
1
1
2
+
2
+
+
r
50
150
100
10
7
a.
I
50
X
1
100
30
20
-X
2
1
1
+
9
+
9
1
1
+
3
+
1
2
1
+
2
+
+
1
“T
r
■+■
1
1
2
+
1
4-1
+
2
2
1
r
+
2
4-f
+
2
2
Species n o t in c lu d e d h e re :
I. F estu ca ovina + » Foa p ra te n sis + .
I I . P lantago in term ed ia r, H ie r a c h iu m pilosella + , H ydrocotyle vulgaris 2, H y p o chaeris radicata -j-, L o tu s co rn icu la tu s + , I^eontodon n u d ic a u lis - f » G era stiu m
holosteoides - f , C rep is b ie n n is 1, Viola ru p estris -f-, Car ex nig ra + , Car ex trinerv is 1, A g ro stis stolonifera -f-.
I I I . L o tu s corniculatus 2, E u p h r a s ia officinalis 2, P o ly gala vu lg a ris 1, R a m e x + »
H ypocha eris radicata 2, O rn ith o p u s p e r p u s illu s + , R a n u n c u lu s bulbosus -f-,
Viola ru p estris + , C repis ca p illa ris r, T a r a x a c u m eryth ro sp erm u m -f*, C y n o su ru s
cristatus -f-, C arex nigra 4-, A g ro stis stolonifera - f , C arex a rena ria + , C la d o n ia
ra n g ifo rm is -{-.
*
S y m b o ls :
r:
-4I
1:
2:
3:
1 -5 sp ec im en s.
5 -1 0 0 s p e c im e n s ; b a s a l c o v e rin g 1-5 %
m a n y s p e c im e n s ; b a sa l c o v e rin g 1-5%.
b a s a l c o v e rin g 5 - 2 5 % .
b a sa l c o v e rin g 2 5 - 5 0 % .
PROGRESS REPO RT
1972
109
p e rio d t h e influence o f soil c o m p a c tn e s s w as s tu d ie d m a in ly on t h e b asis
o f t h e g e r m in a ti o n o f seeds o f Plantago major , Plantago lanceolata, a n d
Plantago coronopus, all collected 011 V o o rn e a n d G oeree in 1971, as well
as t h e g e r m in a tio n o f seeds o f Plantago media co llected in Z u id -L im b u rg
in 1972.
T h e seeds w ere s to r e d in e n v e lo p e s a t ro o m t e m p e r a t u r e . G e r m in a tio n
o c c u rre d in p la s tic b o x e s ( 3 7 x 2 9 x 10 cm) filled w ith s a n d o rig in a tin g
fro m t h e o ld e r d u n e s (h u m u s c o n te n t a b o u t 0 .5 % ; p H ± 9). T h e te s ts
w ere c a rrie d o u t in t h e g re e n h o u se o f t h e B iological S ta tio n . T h e s u b s t r a t e
w as ch o sen b e c a u se all o f t h e m e n tio n e d Plantago species e x c e p t media
are n o r m a lly p r e s e n t on t h e o ld er d u n e s a n d . Plantago media w as in c lu d e d
to p e r m i t c o m p a ris o n o f t h e Plantago species o c c u rrin g in t h e d u n e s w ith
a p l a n t species o rig in a tin g fro m a n o t h e r area.
T h e follow ing t r e a t m e n t s w ere a p p lie d . T h r e e series w ere p r e p a r e d :
in series A t h e soil w as n o t c o m p a c te d , in series C th e r e w as a m a x im a l
c o m p a c tio n , a n d in series B m o d e r a te c o m p a c tio n . C o m p a c tio n o f t h e soil
w as a c h ie v e d b y r a m m i n g d o w n t h e s u b s tr a te . Soil c o m p a c tn e s s w as
d e te r m in e d b y m e a s u r e m e n t o f t h e soil re s is ta n c e w ith a p e n e tr o m e te r .
T h e soil re s is ta n c e in t h e u p p e r 2 cm w as 0 k g /c m 2 in series A, 5 k g /c m 2
in series B, a n d 10 k g /c m 2 in series C. T h e p e r c e n ta g e o f w a te r in t h e
s u b s t r a t e w a s k e p t c o n s t a n t d u r in g t h e e x p e r im e n ts . I n e a c h b o x tw o
p l a n t species w ere so w n (200 seeds o f e a c h species).
For the controls, the seeds were placed on wet filter paper in petri
dishes which were held in the dark in the greenhouse. The substrate
and the filter papers were kept moist with distilled water. In the green
house the day tem perature was about 27° C and the night temperature
about 22° C.
6.3.3.2.
Results
T h e re s u lts o f th e s e g e r m in a tio n e x p e r im e n ts are sh o w n in F ig . 3
(m e a n v a lu e s o f tw o e x p e rim e n ts ). I n to ta l, t h e g e r m in a tio n o f 400 seeds
p e r p l a n t species w a s s tu d ie d . T h e g e r m in a tio n p e r c e n ta g e sh o w ed no
v a r i a t i o n d u rin g t h e w hole o f 1972, e x c e p t for Plantacjo major. T h e g r a p h
o f P. major sh o w s t h e re s u lts o f tw o e x p e r im e n ts , one c a rrie d o u t in
A u g u s t a n d t h e o th e r in O c to b e r, b o th p e r fo rm e d in tr ip lic a te .
6.3.3.3.
Discussion
T h e m a x im a l g e r m in a tio n p e r c e n ta g e a n d t h e g e r m in a tio n r a t e o f t h e
Plantago seeds differ b e tw e e n t h e s u b s t r a t e s w ith d iffe re n t c o m p a c tn e ss.
I n g e n e ra l, t h e seeds 011 t h e d u n e soils w i t h o u t c o m p a c tio n sh o w ed t h e
h ig h e s t g e r m in a tio n p e r c e n ta g e a n d m a x im a l g e r m in a tio n w as r e a c h e d
so o n e r t h a n in t h e o th e r series.
The lowest germination was generally obtained in the dune soils with
the highest penetrometer resistance. For Plantago major , the difference
between the maximum germination in series A (no compaction) and
110
PROGRESS REPO RT
100
t
1972
Plantago major
-
80'
60
C 40
O
• series A
C3
C
* series B
20
o
<u
cn
seriesC
□ control
0
14
'
time (days)
100
t
Plantago media
80
□
60
□
□
5 40
□
E 20
<u
O)
<3?
A
O
0
□--- □----□--- □----□----□----□ — □
8'
I
2
~
A
O
A-
o
A-
A
O
O
•A
O
A
o— o— o
^
---------- A ‘
r~
4
A ------ A
o— o
T
6
Fig. 3.
8
10
12
14
time (days)
PROGRESS REPO RT
111
1972
Plantago coronopus
100
□
—
•
80
f
—
—
t
□
-
•
—
—
□
—
•
w
—
--------------
a
60
c
40
• series A
o
C3
c
a
20
o series C
CU
□ control
CD
o'
series B
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
tim e (days)
Plantago lanceolata
tim e (days)
Fig. 3.
Influence of soil com pactness
Series A: Soil
Series B : Soil
Series C: Soil
on th e germ ination of four Plantago species
resistance 0 kg/cm 2.
resistance o kg/cm 2.
resistance 10 kg/cm 2.
112
PROGRESS REPO RT
1972
series B (soil resistance 5 kg/cm2) was significant, and similar differences
were found for Plantago media between series A and C and B and C
(Z 2-test by Fischer; P<0.05).
Germination of the seeds of Plantago major and Plantago media proved
to be season dependent: in the winter under laboratory conditions these
species showed no germination. The experiments will be continued at
other times of the year and under additional conditions, for instance
varying soil compactness during germination, and the direct influence
of trampling will also be investigated.
J . W . WOLDENDORP
7.
Publications in 1972
M. J., L ’homme et la biosphère, R a p p o rt du Séminaire organisé à R o t t e r
dam p ar la “ W a y ” et le “ Cenye” , 33-36 (1972).
-------------, N atu u rb eh o u d en Milieubeheer, een verkenning over mens, milieu en
leven. De Syllabus 11, 147-151 (1972).
-------------, N a tu u r en mens, 29e Congres Ideologie en N atuurbeleving Mechelen (B),
13-16 (1972).
F r e i j s e n , A. H . J ., Growth-physiology, salt-toleranco and minerai n u tritio n of
C entaurium littorale: ad ap tatio n s to its oligotrophic and brackish
h a b ita t, A cta Bot. Neerl. 20, 577-588 (1971).
------------- an d E. H e e r e s , Welke soort zwenkgras (Festuca ru b ra s.l.) k o m t voor
in de jonge kustduinen v an Voorne en die v an overig N ederland ? G orteria
6, 57-61 (1972).
H a e c k , J ., De levenswijze van de mol, L andbouw en plantenziekten 2, 17-20, (1972).
K l o m p , H . and B. J . S p e e k , Survival of young Lapwings in relation to tim e of
hatching, Bird S tud y 18, 229-231 (1972).
L a a n D. v a n d e r , Some aspects of vegetational an d en v iro n m en tal research of the
dune slacks of Voorne, A cta B ot. Neerl. 20, 717-718 (1971).
M o o k , J . H ., Influence of en v iro n m en t on some insects atta c k in g Common R eed.
(Phragmites communis Trin.), Hidrobiologia B ucarest 12, 305-312 (1971).
S p e e k , B. J ., Ringverslag v an h et V ogeltrekstation nr. 55, Lim osa 44,
-------------, How to read th e E U R IN G -reco v ery punch card (Publication of the
In s titu te , 1972).
T o o r n , J . v a n d e r , Investigations on th e ecological differentiation of Phragmites
communis Trin. in th e N etherlands, H idrobiologia B ucarest 12, 97-106
(1971).
-------------, V ariability of Phragmites australis (Cav.) Trin. ex Steudel in relation
to th e environm ent, V an Zee t o t L and, 48, S taatsuitgeverij, ’s-Gravenhage 1972.
S t o u t j e s d i j k , P h ., A n o te on th e sp e c tra l tra n sm issio n of lig h t b y tro p ic a l rain fo rest,
A cta Bot. Neerl. 21, 346-350 (1972).
-------------, Spectral transm ission curves of some types of leaf canopies w ith a note
on seed germ ination, A cta B ot. Neerl. 21, 185-191 (1972).
A d ria n i,
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