Beyond photon pairs - Leiden Repository

Cover Page
The handle http://hdl.handle.net/1887/25981 holds various files of this Leiden University
dissertation.
Author: Yorulmaz, Saime Çiğdem
Title: Beyond photon pairs
Issue Date: 2014-06-10
Beyond photon pairs
Saime C
¸ igdem
˘
Yorulmaz
Beyond photon pairs
P ROEFSCHRIFT
ter verkrijging van
de graad van Doctor aan de Universiteit Leiden,
op gezag van Rector Magnificus prof. mr. C. J. J. M. Stolker,
volgens besluit van het College voor Promoties
te verdedigen op dinsdag 10 juni 2014
klokke 13:45 uur
door
Saime C
¸ igdem
˘
Yorulmaz
geboren te Denizli, Turkije
in 1983
Promotiecommissie:
Promotor:
Co-promotor:
Leden:
Prof. dr. E. R. Eliel
Dr. M. J. A. de Dood
Prof. dr. K. S. E. Eikema
Dr. S. F. Pereira
Prof. dr. J. M. van Ruitenbeek
Prof. dr. G. Nienhuis
Dr. M. P. van Exter
(Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam)
(Technische Universiteit Delft)
The research reported in this thesis was conducted at the ‘Leids Instituut voor
Onderzoek in de Natuurkunde’ (LION). This work is a part of the research
program of the ‘Stichting voor Fundamenteel Onderzoek der Materie’ (FOM),
which is financially supported by the Netherlands Organization for Scientific
Research (NWO).
An electronic version of this dissertation is available at the Leiden University
Repository (https://openaccess.leidenuniv.nl).
Casimir PhD series, Delft-Leiden 2014-11
ISBN: 978-90-8593-186-7
Contents
1
2
3
Introduction
1.1 Quantum states of light . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1.2 High-dimensional quantum states . . . . . . . . .
1.3 Spontaneous parametric down-conversion . . . .
1.4 Second-harmonic generation in PPKTP . . . . . .
1.4.1 Phase matching . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1.4.2 Quasi-phase matching . . . . . . . . . . . .
1.5 Two-photon field of parametric down-conversion
1.6 Thesis outline . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
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Characterization of pulsed parametric down-conversion in PPKTP
crystals
2.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2.2 Phase matching in pulsed down-conversion . . . . . . . . . . .
2.3 Experimental characterization of a pulsed SPDC source . . . .
2.4 Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Spatially entangled four-photon states from a PPKTP crystal
3.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3.2 Stimulated emission of spatially entangled four-photon states
3.2.1 Experimental investigation of four-photon quantum
correlations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3.2.2 Experiment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3.2.3 Quantum correlations at the two-photon level and
number of Schmidt modes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3.2.4 Observation of quantum correlations of four-photon
states in the spatial degrees of freedom . . . . . . . . .
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5
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15
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31
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35
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39
v
Contents
3.3
4
5
Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
The role of spatial and temporal modes in pulsed parametric downconversion
4.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
4.2 Properties of four-photon states produced by parametric
down-conversion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
4.2.1 Estimating the number of modes . . . . . . . . . . . . .
4.3 Experiment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
4.4 Results and Discussion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
4.4.1 Four-photon visibility in the spatial and temporal domain
4.4.2 Universal expression for visibility . . . . . . . . . . . .
4.4.3 Spatial and temporal walk-off . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
4.4.4 Joint spatial distribution of four-photon states . . . . .
4.5 Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Photon pairs, double pairs, and quadruples in pulsed parametric
down-conversion
5.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
5.2 Quantum states generated by pulsed parametric downconversion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
5.3 Quantum state detection schemes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
5.4 Experiment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
5.4.1 Calculation of single and coincidence rates . . . . . . .
5.4.2 Observation of a single-mode four-photon state . . . .
5.4.3 Quadruples vs. double pairs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
5.5 Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
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Summary
91
Samenvatting
97
Curriculum Vitae
103
List of publications
105
Acknowledgement
107
vi

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