How to deal with contagious (viral viral)) diseases in daily practice Drs. Jan Hooimeijer DVM CPBC Avian Veterinarian(ret.), Certified Parrot Behavior Consultant (IAABC) Adviespraktijk voor Vogels, Meppel Consultancy Practice for Birds, Meppel Adviespraktijk voor Vogels - Drs. Jan Hooimeijer - www.adviespraktijkvoorvogels.nl Born to be free but born in captivity Adviespraktijk voor Vogels - Drs. Jan Hooimeijer www.adviespraktijkvoorvogels.nl Birds are descendants of dinosaurs. Archaeopteryx A healthy population: • No signs of degeneration / domestication • A gene pool with a wide variety of hereditary characteristics. • This variability enables an adaptive evolution to survive on the long term • Natural selection – survival of the fittests During an outbreak a (small) minority will show Contagious diseases as part of nature Survival of the Fittest To ensure healthy populations by selection!? Adviespraktijk voor Vogels - Drs. Jan Hooimeijer - www.adviespraktijkvoorvogels.nl Late 1980’s 70% of the seal population died because of a distemper virus outbreak > 30% survived . After the outbreak the population started to grow and right now is larger then ever before. Contagious (virale) diseases in racing pigeons, no problem !? Circo virus Herpesvirus %! Adenovirus How many look like this? Chlamydia psittaci Contagious diseases in racing pigeons, bio-security? quarantine? Treatments !? Biosecurity within the poultry industry ; no quarantee at all to prevent contagious diseases!! Contagious diseases in racing pigeons, no problem !? • >90% of the young pigeons will die – disappear from the flock within 3 years. • Strong natural selection based on viability. How many of the wild birds survive the first year? 10%-25%? Usutu virus infection in wild birds in Europe. First outbreak in 2001 in Austria. Within a few years the immune status within the wild populations reduced the mortality. After 10 years can be concluded that the problem in wild populations within Europe is vanished. * Weissenbock, H. Ein ruckblick uber zehn jahre Usutu virus aktivitat in Mittel Europa Proc. DVG Tagung 2012, Munchen pp 163-166 Contagious diseases in nature. A problem? Adviespraktijk voor Vogels - Drs. Jan Hooimeijer - www.adviespraktijkvoorvogels.nl Contagious diseases within aviculture are major “captivity-problems” !? Adviespraktijk voor Vogels - Drs. Jan Hooimeijer - www.adviespraktijkvoorvogels.nl Contagious diseases!? Juli 1th 2007 import prohibited in Europe!! Adviespraktijk voor Vogels - Drs. Jan Hooimeijer - www.adviespraktijkvoorvogels.nl Contagious diseases!? Bird markets – Petshops Internet Birdmarkets, trade Campaign; make bird markets illegal. Adviespraktijk voor Vogels - Drs. Jan Hooimeijer - www.adviespraktijkvoorvogels.nl Birdshows! Adviespraktijk voor Vogels - Drs. Jan Hooimeijer - www.adviespraktijkvoorvogels.nl Contagious diseases!? PMV 3 in the 1990’s • Breeding mutations • Inbreeding No treatment , no vaccin. ??? Adviespraktijk voor Vogels - Drs. Jan Hooimeijer - www.adviespraktijkvoorvogels.nl Contagious Diseases (and Welfare) !? Hand rearing baby parrots. • More clutches, ofspring with less body weight • Healthproblems females and • youngsters • Different age groups • Overpopulation • No natural selection! • Behavior problems Adviespraktijk voor Vogels - Drs. Jan Hooimeijer - www.adviespraktijkvoorvogels.nl Contagious Diseases and Welfare!? Past JULI 1th 2014 Hand-rearing parrots prohibited in the Netherlands! Future Adviespraktijk voor Vogels - Drs. Jan Hooimeijer - www.adviespraktijkvoorvogels.nl Contagious diseases!? • Responsible aviculture • Development of Avian Medicine since since1980: * diagnostics – testing for diseases Development of better management: Nutrition, housing, Care, Behavior, Welfare PREVENTION Adviespraktijk voor Vogels - Drs. Jan Hooimeijer - www.adviespraktijkvoorvogels.nl Aviculture need to: • Determine goals and aims for the short term and for the long term businessplan as aviculturist and as organisation. • Cooperate with avian medicine – avian veterinarians Adviespraktijk voor Vogels - Drs. Jan Hooimeijer - www.adviespraktijkvoorvogels.nl Management Key within poultry medicine • Business plan,• including financial plan • Cooperation with experts • Continuing education, investing in knowledge. Adviespraktijk voor Vogels - Drs. Jan Hooimeijer - www.adviespraktijkvoorvogels.nl Management; Purchase • Role of avian veterinarians is crucial. • Cooperation among avian • Veterinarians is crucial • Sources. Who is the seller? • Purchase contract • Quarantine • Testing • Observation • Exchange of information Adviespraktijk voor Vogels - Drs. Jan Hooimeijer - www.adviespraktijkvoorvogels.nl Clinical investigation • Swabs from Cloaca – Choane slit are observed as native and after staining Adviespraktijk voor Vogels - Drs. Jan Hooimeijer - www.adviespraktijkvoorvogels.nl • Ecto parasites • Endoparasites • Bloodsmear native and after staining • Serology • Testing for virale infections, Chlamydia Management; Nutrition • Complete – prefered certified Organic • Depending on the species • Depending on the circumstances • Additions – extra’s • Enrichment Adviespraktijk voor Vogels - Drs. Jan Hooimeijer - www.adviespraktijkvoorvogels.nl Malnutrition makes birds vulnerable. Still major cause for disease and death Malnutrition Dr. Greg Harrison • Certified Organic USDA • I.M.E. the most important development within avian medicine during the past 40 years concerning prevention and treatment. Management; Housing • Materials • Substrate on the floor • The layout, inside , outside • Climate control • Sunlight – fresh air – exercise • Ventilation • Safety – contamination of wild birds Adviespraktijk voor Vogels - Drs. Jan Hooimeijer - www.adviespraktijkvoorvogels.nl Zinc – New cage disease Management; Housing • Combining species • Overpopulation • Privacy • Group aviaries • How to create breeding pairs • Nest boxes • Climate control indoors Adviespraktijk voor Vogels - Drs. Jan Hooimeijer - www.adviespraktijkvoorvogels.nl Don’t expect it to be healthy to be kept indoors. Privacy!! X X Management; Care • Feeding twice a day • Cleaning watersupply twice a day • Bathing, shower , rain. • Interactions with the birds • Enrichments • Sunlight Adviespraktijk voor Vogels - Drs. Jan Hooimeijer - www.adviespraktijkvoorvogels.nl Management; Hygiene • Cleaning • Desinfection • Quarantine • Prevention of contamination • Sunlight Adviespraktijk voor Vogels - Drs. Jan Hooimeijer - www.adviespraktijkvoorvogels.nl Management; Regular controls • Observation ( behavior) • Weight records • Moulting records • Clinical examination • Additional examinations if needed Adviespraktijk voor Vogels - Drs. Jan Hooimeijer - www.adviespraktijkvoorvogels.nl Management; Behavior • Observation • Interactions among birds • Interactions with caretakers • Enrichments Adviespraktijk voor Vogels - Drs. Jan Hooimeijer - www.adviespraktijkvoorvogels.nl Management; Tame - Interactions Enrichments Adviespraktijk voor Vogels - Drs. Jan Hooimeijer - www.adviespraktijkvoorvogels.nl Parrots are actors, hiding symptoms of disease • Parrots are prey animals • Survival of the fittest • Flock members as threat / risk • Caretakers/humans as flock member / predator. • Predators are looking for prey that is vulnerable. Adviespraktijk voor Vogels - Drs. Jan Hooimeijer - www.adviespraktijkvoorvogels.nl Management; Dealing with problems • Contact avian veterinarian! • Quarantine • Clinical investigation • Additional investigations: swabs – cytology – cultures - blood- X-rayendoscopy – histopathology • Autopsy!! Adviespraktijk voor Vogels - Drs. Jan Hooimeijer - www.adviespraktijkvoorvogels.nl Management; Dealing with problems * Adapting temperature – humidity * Reduce stress - privacy * Treatments based on findings • Supportive care ; warmth – fluids -force feeding – supplements to support the immune system. • Cleaning -> Desinfection • Not killing birds that are infected without clinical symptoms ( survival of the fittest) Adviespraktijk voor Vogels - Drs. Jan Hooimeijer - www.adviespraktijkvoorvogels.nl Ebola is a current example of how to deal with a virale disease. Prevention by enrichments Prevention by enrichments social interactions – sunlight Adviespraktijk voor Vogels - Drs. Jan Hooimeijer - www.adviespraktijkvoorvogels.nl Conclusions •Contagious (viral) diseases within aviculture are “captivity-problems”. •It is all about Management, Prevention and Welfare, the core business within avian medicine. Thank you for your attention. Adviespraktijk voor Vogels Drs. Jan Hooimeijer DVM CPBC www.adviespraktijkvoorvogels.nl
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