RMIT is a section within the department of Architectural Engineering + Technology
of the Faculty of Architecture and Built Environment of Delft University of Technology.
RMIT aims at multidisciplinairy research, product development and knowledge transfer
in the fields of Modification, Intervention and Transformation. RMIT aims to support
innovation in education and research by improving the links between academia and
the profession.
RMIT
TU Delft - Faculty of Architecture
Department AE + T, section RMIT
Postbus 5043
2600 GA Delft
Secretary:
+31 (0)15-2781116
[email protected]
rmit.tudelft.nl
Research staff:
G. (Giovanni) Borsoi, MSc
S.J.C. (Sanne) Grannemann, MSc
prof.ir. R.P.J. (Rob) van Hees
ing. A.J. (Bert) van Bommel
prof.dr. M.C. (Marieke) Kuipers
dr. B. (Barbara) Lubelli
prof.dr.ir P. (Paul) Meurs
dott. S. (Silvia) Naldini
dr. I. (Ivan) Nevzgodin
dr.ir. W.J. (Wido) Quist
ir. J. (Job) Roos
dr.dipl.ing. S. (Sara) Stroux
dr. M-T. (Marie-Therèse) van Thoor
dr.ir. H. (Hielkje) Zijlstra
Department AE + T
Section RMIT
Publications
2013
Introduction
After receiving numerous positive reactions on the book of abstracts over 2012,
published by the chair of Building Conservation, we decided to compile for the year
2013 an overview of publications by the complete RMIT-section of the Faculty of
Architecture and Built Environment at TU Delft.
RMIT stands for Research & Education in Modification, Intervention and
Transformation of the built environment. Modification concerns the level of the use
of materials and technology, Intervention the level of re-use and redesign of a
building, and Transformation the development of the urban structure.
This booklet gives a concise overview of publications, congress papers and (peer
reviewed) articles in the broad field of Built Cultural Heritage and Building
Conservation issued in the past year. Apart from this, also some unpublished
presentations, interviews and academic activities of the staff members are
mentioned.
This booklet shows the broadness of our field and of the way we apply our
expertise to support the preservation and conservation of the built heritage. The
relation with internal academic partners such as the History section and the
department of Architectural Engineering + Technology and with external
institutional partners - like the Cultural Heritage Agency, the Government Building
Agency and TNO - as well as other universities and academic networks is evident
from both the subjects of the publications and the co-authorships.
February 2014,
Prof.ir. Rob van Hees, Chair of Building Conservation
Prof.dr.ir. Paul Meurs, Chair of Restoration
Prof.dr. Marieke Kuipers, Chair of Cultural Heritage
1
2
Contents
Introduction
Contents
Petrographic Characterization of Renders form the Lucchesian Villas
Laura Bolondi, Timo Nijland & Rob van Hees
1
3
7
Looking back on a successful project
Bert van Bommel
8
Climate impact and innovative materials for the preservation of
Built Heritage
A. Bonazza, I. Natali, F. Becherini, S. Bianchini, E. Bourguignon, U.
Brinkmann, M. Favaro, A. Gambirasi, M. Labouré, B. Lubelli,
I. Olteanu, M. Pancani, M.D. Romero, R. van Hees, A. Bernardi
10
Effect of nanostructured lime-based and silica-based products on the
consolidation of historical renders
G. Borsoi, R. Veiga & A. Santos Silva
12
Chromatic reintegration of historical mortars with lime-based pozzolanic
consolidant products
G. Borsoi, P. Pascoal, J.P. Pinto, R. Veiga, P. Faria & A. Santos Silva
13
Nanostructured lime-based and silica-based materials for the conservation of
ancient renders: an open challenge
Giovanni Borsoi, Rosário Veiga & António Santos Silva
14
Culturele draagkracht: een antwoord op monumenten(zorg) in transitie?
Charlotte van Emstede
Ir. J.J.M. Vegter (1906-1982), architect, rijksbouwmeester (1958-1971),
stedenbouwkundige, oeuvre
Suzanne Fischer & Marieke Kuipers
16
17
Enhancing self-healing of mortar by built-in crystallization inhibitors
Sanne Granneman
18
Enhancing Self-Healing of Lime Mortars by Built-in Crystallization Inhibitors
Sanne Granneman, Barbara Lubelli & Rob van Hees
19
3
Evaluation of spreading and effectiveness of injection products against
rising damp in mortar/brick combinations
Anke Hacquebord, Barbara Lubelli, Rob van Hees & Timo Nijland
20
Sint-Servaaskerk te Maastricht
Rob van Hees
22
Preventieve conservering: Van visuele inspectie tot documentatie
Rob van Hees
23
Façade Treatments of Historical Buildings
Rob van Hees
24
Desalination of Historic Masonry
Rob van Hees & Barbara Lubelli
25
Lefortovopark: groen erfgoed van Nicolaas Bidloo in Moskou
Mariël Kok, Marieke Kuipers & Hank van Tilborg
26
Rietveld and Nieuwe Zakelijkheid in Architecture
Marieke Kuipers
27
Nawoord – de atlas als schakel tussen traditie en toekomst
Marieke Kuipers
28
Mijnwerkerserfgoed in Siberië
Marieke Kuipers
29
Wat is culturele draagkracht?
Marieke Kuipers & Wido Quist
30
Characterization and damage of brick masonry
31
Paulo B. Lourenço, Rob van Hees, Francisco Fernandes & Barbara Lubelli
Salt resistant mortars: present knowledge and future perspectives
Barbara Lubelli
32
Damage mechanism in Tournai limestone
Barbara Lubelli & Timo Nijland
33
The mausoleum of Maarten Tromp
Barbara Lubelli & Timo Nijland
35
Experimental study of the distribution of chemical products against
rising damp in substrates with different water saturation degrees
Barbara Lubelli, Rob van Hees & Anke Hacquebord
4
36
Cryo-FIB–SEM and MIP study of porosity and pore size distribution
of bentonite and kaolin at different moisture contents
37
Barbara Lubelli, Matthijs de Winter, J.A. Post, Rob van Hees & Martyn Drury
Desalination of Historic Buildings, Stone and Wall Paintings
Barbara Lubelli & Rob van Hees
Heritage Development, the Delft approach for conservation in a
dynamic world
Paul Meurs
38
39
Fifty years Zaanse Schans
Paul Meurs
40
Continue with Cuypers
Paul Meurs
42
Introduction - Towards a new Rijksmuseum
Paul Meurs & Marie-Therèse van Thoor
43
Conclusion – From ‘Major Project’ to Small Projects
Paul Meurs & Marie-Therèse van Thoor
44
Transformations of the Rijksmuseum
Ivan Nevzgodin
45
«Новая веха международного фронта»: российско-нидерландские
архитектурные связи 1920–1930-х годов
Ivan Nevzgodin
46
Architectural authenticity in the Land of Polders
Ivan Nevzgodin
47
The Dutch Group De Stijl and the Soviet Architecture
Ivan Nevzgodin
48
Kernbegrippen in de restauratie
Wido Quist
49
A.L.W.E. van der Veen
Wido Quist & Timo Nijland
50
Replacement of Eocene white sandy limestone in historical buildings
Wido Quist, Timo Nijland & Rob van Hees
51
Herbestemming industrieel erfgoed in Haagse regio
Job Roos
52
5
Spaziergangswissenschaft in Berlijn
Job Roos
53
Back to Cuypers
Marie-Therèse van Thoor
54
Interpreting structural damage in masonry: diagnostic tool and approach
Ilse de Vent, Jan Rots, Rob van Hees & Gerrie Hobbelman
55
Jeruzalem Amsterdam, restoration versus renovation
Hielkje Zijlstra
56
RMIT Education at the Delft University of Technology
Hielkje Zijlstra
58
Other academic activities
59
6
Petrographic Characterization of
Renders form the Lucchesian
Villas
Laura Bolondi, Timo Nijland & Rob van Hees
Around the Tuscan city of Lucca, a complex system of about 300 villa has developed
between 15th and 19th centuries in a ring of territory called the Six Miles District.
Nowadays, many of the buildings inside the villas enclosures are damaged and their
materials – in particular renders - need to be restored. A research program was
developed taking into account the complexity of the Lucchesian Villa System and
economic aspects of the research: simple and clear results should be obtained
avoiding expensive and long test procedures. The majority of the villas are private
property, and special attention had to be reserved to landlords in order to keep
them involved in the research. Four Villas from the north / northeastern part of the
Six Miles District have been selected on the basis of their history, importance and
available archival sources. About 80 samples of renders have been collected from
ten different buildings of these villas; 19 of these have been analyzed with
polarization-and-fluorescence microscopy (PFM) in order to identify materials,
establish stratigraphies and mutual correlations and relationships, as part of
providing a basis for selection of compatible restoration materials.
Full reference
L. Bolondi, T.G. Nijland and R.P.J. van Hees, Petrographic Characterization of
Renders form the Lucchesian Villas, in: Proceedings of the 8th International
Symposium on the Conservation of Monuments in the Mediterranean Basin, Patras,
2010, Vol II, Technical Chamber of Greece, 2013, p. 54-70.
7
Looking back on a successful
project
The restoration of the Royal Palace in Amsterdam
Bert van Bommel
After 1968, few changes were made to the Royal Palace in Amsterdam and
eventually the palace was no longer functionally and technically up-to-date.
Initially, the most recent restoration was only aimed at remedying that situation.
Also, the project was split up and priority was given to fixing up the interior.
Gradually, the actual restoration gained prominence. In 2007 it was decided to also
restore the 1808 furniture. Until 2006, the government architect had hardly been
involved in the restoration of the interior. This architect, Krijn van den Ende, was
advised by various committees.
Prior restorations (1929-1939 and 1960-1968) had restored the palace to its 17thcentury state as best as possible. The most recent restoration respected this, while
at the same time it aimed at connecting the 17th- century character of the building
to the unique collection of Empire furniture. This furniture was restored, as were
the chandeliers and candelabras. All the ceilings on the first floor were studied and
treated and the paintings between the beams were meticulously restored. A very
important aspect was the restoration of the so-called 'Bataven' series in the
galleries.
Much of the work concerned making the building conform to contemporary
standards. Once again the palace is now a suitable venue for official occasions. The
inevitable addition of a lift did however cause quite a stir. Accessibility was
improved and more representative rooms are now open to the public than before.
The government architect was involved already in the preparatory stages of the
second part of the restoration, which concerned the facades and the roofs. In
executing the actual work a support committee provided advice and direction on
his behalf.
Although the sandstone is generally of a high quality, before 1968 a limited number
of deteriorating blocks had been replaced. This time too, a number of blocks
needed attention. The heavy scaffolding that needed to be installed for the
restoration of the natural stone provided an opportunity to suppress the
8
'interference' that marred the facades of the palace as well. This process was
prepared on the basis of research that was done at the Gunckel facade of the
Binnenhof building in The Hague. Those results were supplemented by the results
of research and tests at the Amsterdam palace. Suppressing the interference was
deemed necessary, as the 17th-century architecture had become less legible
because of discoloration and pollution of the sandstone. At the same time, the
building was not supposed to lose its old character. The aim was to arrive at a more
serene picture that would allow the architecture to speak for itself again. After the
facades had been cleansed by removing dirt and pigeon droppings by steam,
further cleaning was applied only when necessary. The stone was then, with the
greatest restraint, made either slightly lighter or darker.
After the presentation of the restoration plan consultations with the authorities
began. Its intentions were however not always fully understood. Therefore, an
ini¬tial test was done at the back of the tower, after which the facades could be
treated as planned.
Because of budget cuts the overall size of the project had to be limited. The slated
roofs and the tower are therefore still waiting to be restored. The west tympanum
too is still in poor condition and should be treated sooner rather than later.
Full reference
B. van Bommel, ‘Terugblik op een geslaagd project. De restauratie van het
Koninklijk Paleis Amsterdam’, in: M-T. van Thoor et al. (red.), Bulletin KNOB 112 (2),
2013, p 68-79.
9
Climate impact and innovative
materials for the preservation of
Built Heritage
The EC NANOMATCH project
A. Bonazza, I. Natali, F. Becherini, S. Bianchini, E. Bourguignon, U.
Brinkmann, M. Favaro, A. Gambirasi, M. Labouré, B. Lubelli, I.
Olteanu, M. Pancani, M.D. Romero, R. van Hees, A. Bernardi
The impact of climate change onto historical built heritage and the development of
new methods for the preventive conservation are topics nowadays felt as priority
by the scientific community involved in cultural heritage preservation. However,
damage processes due to the interaction environment-materials are irreversible
and often inevitable for outdoor built heritage. Research has therefore begun to
focus on the development of new materials specifically devoted to restoration
procedures, such as consolidating and protective treatments, following the criteria
of compatibility and durability.
The ongoing European Project NANOMATCH has as one of the main objectives the
development of an innovative nanostructured material for the consolidation of
carbonate stones. An alkaline earth alkoxide as precursor of calcium carbonate has
been synthesized with the aim to overcome those limits that traditional
consolidating agents exhibit. As part of the research work, field exposure tests are
planned for the evaluation of the performance of the innovative consolidating
agent in terms of efficacy, compatibility and durability. The impact of
environmental parameters purposely identified and prioritized in relation to climate
change are taken into account for an exhaustive evaluation. Quarried carbonate
stone samples as well as historical substrates, treated both with the innovative
nanomaterial and with a commercial consolidation product, are going to be
exposed outdoors to the environmental impact in four different sites: Santa Croce
Basilica in Florence (Italy), Cologne Cathedral (Germany), Oviedo Cathedral (Spain)
and Stavropoleos Monastery in Bucharest (Romania). In particular, Carrara Marble,
Savonniéres limestone, Laspradolostone and Albeşti limestone have been selected
as representative lithotypes of each site. Comparisons between treatments with
commercial and innovative products before/after exposure will be carried out in
order to evaluate their consolidating effects on deteriorated substrates. The
methodological approach and the preliminary results of the ongoing work
10
concerning the evaluation of both the main damage processes affecting real
substrates and the consolidating action achieved by the treatments are here
presented and discussed.
Full reference
A. Bonazza, I. Natali, F. Becherini, S. Bianchini, E. Bourguignon, U. Brinkmann, M.
Favaro, A. Gambirasi, M. Labouré, B. Lubelli, I. Olteanu, M. Pancani, M.D. Romero,
R. van Hees, A. Bernardi, ‘Climate impact and innovative materials for the
preservation of Built Heritage: the EC NANOMATCH project’, in: Proceedings of the
conference Built Heritage 2013. Monitoring, Conservation, Management, Milan,
Italy, 18-20 November 2013.
11
Effect of nanostructured limebased and silica-based products on
the consolidation of historical
renders
G. Borsoi, R. Veiga & A. Santos Silva
An important operation for the conservation of historical renders is the cohesion
restitution of the binder-aggregate system, based on the use of materials with
consolidating properties. Inorganic consolidants are usually preferred to organic
ones due to better compatibility and durability. The aim of this work is the
experimental characterization of two nanostructured consolidant products; a
commercial nanolime, optimized with the addition of a reduced concentration of
ethyl silicate, and a commercial nanosilica product underwent experiments to verify
their consolidation efficiency. Nanostructured lime-based and silica-based products
present interesting properties such as homogeneous distribution and high stability.
Nanolimes were applied in combined applications with ethyl silicate, a well-known
compatible product for consolidation intervention. The combined application
guarantees some benefits and improves the mechanical and microstructural
performance of these products. A nanosilica product was tested to better
understand some known disadvantages (e.g. reduced penetration depth) and so its
performances. Consolidant products were applied on weak lime mortar samples
(prismatic samples and single mortar layer applied on bricks); these mortars were
optimized by studying different binder-aggregate ratios, to simulate old lime mortar
with cohesion loss. Consolidation effects were periodically evaluated to understand
the treatments efficacy. Physical-mechanical characterization was performed on
treated mortar samples, analysing superficial hardness and compressive and
flexural strength. Microstructural observations and X-ray microanalyses of the
consolidation products and of the consolidated mortar samples are also reported.
Full reference
G. Borsoi, R. Veiga and A. Santos Silva, ‘Effect of nanostructured lime-based and
silica-based products on the consolidation of historical renders’, in: 3rd Historic
Mortars Conference, 11-14 September 2013, Glasgow, Scotland.
12
Chromatic reintegration of
historical mortars with lime-based
pozzolanic consolidant products
G. Borsoi, P. Pascoal, J.P. Pinto, R. Veiga, P. Faria & A. Santos Silva
The consolidation process of old renders with cohesion loss is nowadays performed
usually with inorganic compatible products, such as calcium or barium hydroxide or
ethyl silicate. The use of organic consolidants as acrylic or vinilic resins is
discouraged due to its physico-chemical incompatibility with the original lime-based
renders; these organic products work as adhesive in the original substrate, while
inorganic consolidants contribute to recover the cohesion loss improving the binder
amount and guarantying better durability and full compatibility. Restoration
interventions on historic mortars often cause aesthetic heterogeneity and
prejudices, sometimes dramatically, the global legibility of the architectonic
surface. The aesthetic function can be restored by chromatic reintegration, through
several techniques, for instance with resource to overpaints, based on calcium
hydroxide, pigments and/or silicates.In this study several lime-based consolidants
were produced and characterized. Pigments were added to the products, in order
to achieve chromatic reintegration properties as well as consolidation. The
consolidant products consist in aqueous dispersion of calcium hydroxide, a
pozzolanic additive (metakaolin or diatomite) and mineral pigments, namely a
yellow earth pigment and a synthetic red pigment. The incorporation of a
pozzolanic material was made to improve the mechanical strength and durability of
the binder. The consolidant products were applied on mortar specimen with a
simulated cohesion loss, through a reduced binder quantity and an optimization of
the aggregate grain size. Specimens were subjected to different storage conditions
(50 and 95% RH), to verify the influence of curing conditions. Physico-mechanical
and microstructural characterization was performed on the treated mortar
specimens to verify the consolidant treatment efficacy.
Full reference
G. Borsoi, P. Pascoal, J.P. Pinto, R. Veiga, P. Faria and A. Santos Silva, ‘Chromatic
reintegration of historical mortars with lime-based pozzolanic consolidant
products’, in: 3rd Historic Mortars Conference, 11-14 September 2013, Glasgow,
Scotland.
13
Nanostructured lime-based and
silica-based materials for the
conservation of ancient renders:
an open challenge
Giovanni Borsoi, Rosário Veiga & António Santos Silva
In the last decade the development of inorganic nano-consolidating materials
offered the possibility of having compatible and promising products for stones and
renders consolidation and protection.
The high number of investigation on nanostructured lime-based and silica-based
materials had however underlined several conflicting results, which illustrate both
great advantages and typical consolidant drawbacks. More comparative laboratorial
studies, as well as full-scale treatments on real study case, should be performed to
better understand nanomaterials benefits and possible limitations.
The aim of this work is the experimental characterization of two nanostructured
consolidant products, which present interesting potentialities due to their high
penetration depth, homogeneous distribution and high stability.
A commercial nanolime was optimized with the addition of a reduced
concentration of ethyl silicate, widely used in stone consolidation; the combined
application could guarantee some benefits and improve the mechanical and
microstructural performances of these products.
A commercial nano-silica product was experimented to verify its efficacy and try to
compensate some known disadvantages and so optimize its performances.
Consolidant products were applied on weak lime mortar samples (prismatic
samples and single mortar layer applied on bricks); these mortars were selected by
studying different binder-aggregate ratios, to simulate old lime mortar with
cohesion loss.
The evolution of consolidation effects was accompanied and periodically evaluated.
Microstructural observations and microanalyses of the consolidation products and
of the consolidated mortar samples were achieved. Physical-mechanical
characterization was performed on mortar samples after and before the
14
consolidant treatments, analysing superficial hardness and compression and
flexural strength, thus the treatments efficacy.
The development of nanoparticle materials offers new tools in conservation science
and constitutes one of the most advanced systems for consolidation of renders and
plasters, presenting wide margins of optimization.
Full reference
G. Borsoi, R. Veiga and A.Santos Silva, ‘Nanostructured lime-based and silica-based
materials for the conservation of ancient renders: an open challenge’, in: 1st
INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON INNOVATION IN ART RESEARCH AND
TECHNOLOGY, HERCULES LABORATORY - UNIVERSITY OF EVORA, 10th-13th OF JULY
2013.
15
Culturele draagkracht: een
antwoord op monumenten(zorg)
in transitie?
Charlotte van Emstede
In dit essay wordt het idee van ‘culturele draagkracht’ vergeleken met carrying
capacity, een concept dat is ontleend aan de ecologie en in aangepaste vorm wordt
gebruikt in het eco-, erfgoed- en cultuurtoerisme. Uitgaande van de recente
veranderingen in de monumentenzorg wordt ingegaan op de verschillende
dimensies van historische gebouwen en de dynamiek van het
instandhoudingsproces. Op basis daarvan worden enkele gevolgtrekkingen gemaakt
voor ‘culturele draagkracht’ als kader voor de instandhouding van monumenten.
Full reference
C.I.C. van Emstede, ‘Culturele draagkracht: een antwoord op monumenten(zorg) in
transitie?’, in: M.C. Kuipers & W.J. Quist (red.), Culturele draagkracht. Op zoek naar
de tolerantie voor vervandering bij gebouwd erfgoed, Delft 2013, p. 11-16.
16
Ir. J.J.M. Vegter (1906-1982),
architect, rijksbouwmeester
(1958-1971), stedenbouwkundige,
oeuvre
Suzanne Fischer & Marieke Kuipers
Van ir. J.J.M. Vegter zijn vijf werken aangewezen als topmonument van de
wederopbouwperiode, waaronder het provinciehuis in Arnhem. Andere bekende
werken zijn de Coöperatieve meelfabriek te Rotterdam, het al gesloopte stadhuis in
Groningen en de twee watertorens in Dokkum en Drachten. Tot nu toe ontbreekt
echter een goed overzicht van het veelzijdig werk van deze architect, die in 1958 de
eerste Rijksbouwmeester ‘nieuwe stijl’ werd. Vanuit zijn bureau in Leeuwarden
werkte Vegter vanaf 1935 voor coöperaties en bankbedrijven, voor overheid en
particulieren. Hij hield zich bezig met technische èn stedenbouwkundige opgaven
en met vele gebouwtypen. Ook heeft hij diverse restauraties uitgevoerd. Deze
breedte is juist typerend voor Vegters bouwmeesterschap.
Uit zijn gebouwen spreekt een duidelijke ontwikkeling van traditionalisme naar
moderniteit, al was die minder radicaal dan bij sommige van zijn tijdgenoten. Zijn
oeuvre verdient beslist een diepgravende studie. Die laat nog op zich wachten.
Dit boekje bevat bij wijze van eerste kennismaking
een representatieve selectie van zijn werken, met
een inleiding, een biografische schets en een
interview met Chris Vegter over zijn vader als
Rijksbouwmeester en een oeuvrelijst. De nadruk ligt
op het beeld, vooral het contemporaine, om zo op
compacte wijze de architectonische kwaliteit van
Vegters bouwmeesterschap te kunnen tonen.
Full reference
S. Fischer en M.C. Kuipers. Ir. J.J.M. Vegter (1906-1982), architect, rijksbouwmeester (1958-1971), stedenbouwkundige, oeuvre. Leeuwarden (60 pp.).
17
Enhancing self-healing of mortar
by built-in crystallization
inhibitors
Sanne Granneman
Full reference
S.J.C. Granneman, Enhancing self-healing of mortar by built-in crystallization
inhibitors. Poster and oral presentation at the Dutch-German Symposium on SelfHealing Materials, September 30 & October 1 2013, Gouda.
18
Enhancing Self-Healing of Lime
Mortars by Built-in Crystallization
Inhibitors
Sanne Granneman, Barbara Lubelli & Rob van Hees
The weathering of porous materials due to the presence of salts has been known
since antiquity. However, serious studies and investigations were not conducted
until the 19th century. One of the fields of interest includes historic masonry, where
salt damage can affect natural stone, brick and mortar (see Figure 1). Mortars are
building materials, which are for example used in masonry, as the bonding material
in between bricks or stones or as a plaster or render. Because of its pore size
distribution (with both coarse as fi ne pores) and its relatively low mechanical
strength, mortar is one of the building materials most affected by salt crystallization
damage. As a consequence, replacement of plasters, renders and pointing mortars
often constitutes a large part of total restoration costs. Salts present in masonry can
originate, amongst others, from sea salt spray, rising damp, road salt, salt storage
and the building materials itself.
Full reference
S.J.C. Granneman, B. Lubelli and R.P.J. van Hees, ‘Enhancing Self-Healing of Lime
Mortars by Built-in Crystallization Inhibitors’, in: Newsletter Delft Centre for
Materials – Inside Materials, November 2013, p. 3-4.
19
Evaluation of spreading and
effectiveness of injection products
against rising damp in
mortar/brick combinations
Anke Hacquebord, Barbara Lubelli, Rob van Hees & Timo Nijland
Rising damp is one of the most recurrent and well-known hazards to existing
buildings and monuments. Several types of intervention exist to tackle the problem.
Among these, the creation of a damp-proof course against capillary rise by means
of injection of chemical products is one of the most diffused methods, thanks to the
relatively easy and cheap application.
Despite positive results when applied under controlled conditions in laboratory,
these interventions do not always deliver the desired result in practice. Several
studies have shown varying degrees of success. Various factors, like the lack of
homogeneity of the substrate and a high moisture and salt content may affect the
effectiveness of treatments. Moreover, the type of substrate and the combination
of materials with different pore size distribution influence the spreading and the
effectiveness of chemical products. Since rising damp is a problem that is mainly
manifested in masonry, that is usually composed of at least two materials, the last
factor may be of great importance.
The current paper reports the results of a research on the transport of chemical
injection products in relatively small mortar/brick combinations. Since no easy to
perform test method for small combined specimens, giving results within a short
time, was available, a special test method was developed.
The effect of the interface between brick and mortar on the transport of the
products was studied by the application of several injection products and creams.
The tested products include pore filling and water repellent products and products
in water as well as in organic solvent.
The obtained results show clear differences in spreading and effectiveness in the
different substrates and between products in organic solvent and water based
ones, as well as between creams and liquid products. The results show that water
based products can easily be transported through the mortar joint, differently from
20
what occurs with products in an organic solvent. This is the consequence of the
different transport mechanisms of water based products and products in organic
solvent in water filled pores.
Full reference
A. Hacquebord, B. Lubelli, R.P.J. van Hees and T.G. Nijland, ‘Evaluation of spreading
and effectiveness of injection products against rising damp in mortar/brick
combinations’, in: Procedia Chemistry 8, 2013, p. 139 – 149.
21
Sint-Servaaskerk te Maastricht
Ontwikkelingen in de restauratievisie
Rob van Hees
De St. Servaaskerk te Maastricht is in zijn huidige verschijningsvorm het resultaat
van een reeks bouwactiviteiten die mogelijk al in de 6e eeuw is begonnen. De
huidige kerk bevat nog aanzienlijke delen, zoals het schip, die teruggaan op de
Romaanse kerk, gesticht als pelgrimskerk rond het graf van St. Servaas, die in 1039
door 12 bisschoppen werd ingewijd.
Andere belangrijke nu zichtbare onderdelen zoals het oostkoor en de westbouw
dateren uit de 12e eeuw. De huidige verschijningsvorm is in belangrijke mate mede
bepaald door twee grote restauratiecampagnes, die van Cuypers uit eind 19e /
begin 20e eeuw en die van Van Hoogevest en Satijn uit de jaren 1981-­‐1993. In het
geheel van de laatste restauratie nam die van het 13e eeuwse Bergportaal een
bijzondere plaats in: het Bergportaal vormt samen met het zuidportaal van de
kathedraal van Lausanne het enige 13e eeuwse portaal waar nog sporen van de
oorspronkelijke polychromie op beelden bewaard is gebleven.
In dit artikel wordt eerst ingegaan op de bouwgeschiedenis en vervolgens op de
restauraties en de visie die daaraan ten grondslag lag, waarbij het Bergportaal
wordt gebruikt om zowel de technische achtergronden en staat van conservering
als de ontwikkeling in de restauratievisie te illustreren.
Full reference
R.P.J. van Hees, ‘Sint-Servaaskerk te Maastricht. Ontwikkelingen in de
restauratievisie’, in T. Bunnik, H. Schellen, E. Verstrynge, N. Vernimme (red.),
Proceedings WTA-Studiedag Plafond- en wandschilderingen, 2013, 11p.
22
Preventieve conservering: Van
visuele inspectie tot documentatie
Rob van Hees
Een deugdelijke, adequate technische interventie is een belangrijke voorwaarde
voor preventieve conservering. Preventief betekent in deze context meer dan
alleen een technisch duurzame (in de zin van het Engelse durable) interventie,
hoewel dit aspect zeker in overweging genomen dient te worden, net als
ecologische duurzaamheid (in de zin van het Engelse sustainability). Bij de
conservating van historische gebouwen zijn authenticiteit en compatibiliteit van
minstens even groot belang. Zij dienen zorgvuldig afgewogen te worden tegen
technische en ecologische duurzaamheid.
Beoordeling van de technische staat van conservering (technical assessment) omvat
verschillende aspecten:
•
Visuele beoordeling en schade-analyse.
•
Analyse van de expositiecondities.
•
Beschrijving en identificatie van de aanwezige materialen (material
characterization).
•
Probleemdiagnose, inclusief risico-analyse en beschrijving van de
relevante schademechanismen.
Hulpmiddelen zoals het door TNO met partners ontwikkelde Monument Damage
Diagnostic System (MDDS; Van Hees et al. 2008, 2009) kunnen zowel de visuele
beoordeling van de staat van conservering als probleemdiagnose en documentatie
ondersteunen.
Full reference
R.P.J. van Hees, Preventieve conservering: van visuele inspectie tot documentatie,
in: T.G. Nijland (red.), Syllabus NVMz-TNO symposium Resultaatgericht restaureren,
2013, p 101-102.
23
Façade Treatments of Historical
Buildings
Limiting the risks
Rob van Hees
The usefulness of treatment of facades of historic buildings and especially those
with the status of listed monument is often discussed. Surface treatments of
facades comprise a range of treatments, from water repellents to consolidants and
anti-graffiti coatings. Even facade cleaning can be considered a facade treatment.
Treatment of monuments and historical buildings is often subject to dispute for
both ethical / aesthetical and for technical reasons. In fact, even though often
advertised as reversible, surface treatments permanently alter the characteristics of
the materials they are applied upon. Treatments of buildings can therefore be seen
as a change of the original characteristics of the materials, thus leading to loss of
information and affecting their historical value and their aesthetic appearance.
During the 20th century chemistry has become increasingly important for
conservation and research has been addressed towards the in-situ treatment of
materials, with the aim of delaying their natural decay process.
In this scenery, at the beginning of the 1960’s, the first synthetic polymers (water
repellents and consolidants) appeared on the market.
Full reference
R.P.J. van Hees, Façade treatments of historical buildings. Limiting the risks (2013),
Key note lecture 8th International Symposium on the Conservation of Monuments
in the Mediterranean Basin, Patras, 2010, In: Proceedings of the Symposium, Vol I,
Technical Chamber of Greece, 2013, p. 53-60.
24
Desalination of Historic Masonry
Pre-Investigation, Treatment and Follow-Up care
Rob van Hees & Barbara Lubelli
Salt crystallization constitutes one of the most widespread decay mechanisms
affecting historic buildings. Desalination is a conservation treatment of growing
importance in the case of historic masonry.
Salts present in porous materials cause damage through their interaction with
moisture. Consequently, in certain situations the prevention of further moisture
ingress can provide a solution to the problem. However, damage can also occur due
to the hygroscopic uptake of moisture from the air by the salt. Hygroscopic salts can
dissolve and re-crystallize due to changes in air humidity (RH) that cross their
equilibrium relative humidity value. In this case, climate control may provide stable
RH values and thus avoid cycles of crystallization/dissolution.
However, the desired climate for preservation is not always easy to be obtained in
ancient buildings. In such situations, direct intervention in the form of desalination
treatments may present a better solution to the problem.
This paper describes the approach from pre-investigation and treatment to followup care as the basis for a successful conservation of monuments suffering from salt
decay. The necessity to tune the poultice properties to the substrate is underlined.
Full reference
R.P.J. van Hees and B. Lubelli, ‘Desalination of historic masonry’, in: Proceedings of
the 8th International Symposium on the Conservation of Monuments in the
Mediterranean Basin, Patras, 2010, Vol III, Technical Chamber of Greece, 2013, p.
308-317.
25
Lefortovopark: groen erfgoed van
Nicolaas Bidloo in Moskou
Mariël Kok, Marieke Kuipers & Hank van Tilborg
In de metropool Moskou ligt het stadspark Lefortovo, een waterpark met een
bijzondere gedeelde Nederlands-Russische geschiedenis. Het park ligt op de
zuidelijke oever van de inmiddels gekanaliseerde rivier de Yauza, ten oosten van het
centrum. Park Lefortovo werd in 1723-1924 door de Nederlandse medicus Nicolaas
Bidloo voor de Russische tsaar Peter de Grote ontworpen en ingericht. Het park is
sindsdien diverse keren gewijzigd, vergroot, gemoderniseerd en weer verkleind.
Inmiddels ligt het park, dat ooi idyllisch buiten de stad lag, midden in een stedelijke
woonwijk. Het park wordt intensief gebruikt door de omwonenden, maar verdient
een cultuurhistorisch verantwoord herstel.
Full reference
M. Kok, M.C. Kuipers en J.A.H.C.. van Tilborg, ‘Lefortovopark: groen erfgoed van
Nicolaas Bidloo in Moskou’, in: Vitruvius – Rusland Special, jg. 7 nr. 26, 2013, p. 4448.
26
Rietveld and Nieuwe Zakelijkheid
in Architecture
Marieke Kuipers
Gerrit Rietveld (1888-1964), who trained as a furniture maker and started to
practice very early in his life in his father’s furniture workshop at Utrecht, is not
particularly known as an architectural theorist. Yet he was awarded with a honorary
doctorate at the Technical College of Delft (1964) for his creative powers and
original architectural ideas. International historiography bases Rietveld’s reputation
mainly on his red-blue chair (1919) and the Schröder house (1924), as icons of De
Stijl, but that – mostly post-war – perception is too narrow. Especially after the
Great War, during which the Netherlands chose to remain neutral and escape the
conflict, there was an intensive exchange between Dutch and international artists
and architects of the avant-garde. Rietveld was more involved in these exchanges
than has until recently been acknowledged. He also produced many texts, albeit
mainly in the post-war decades. Just one quintessential statement is frequently
quoted: “The reality that architecture can create is space”. This belonged to his
‘Insight’ (in the international review i 10, 1928), in the context of what he
understood by sober [zakelijke] architecture. He would elaborate this theme further
in his 1932 essay on ‘New Objectivity’ [Nieuwe Zakelijkheid] in Dutch architecture
and elsewhere. This chapter investigates Rietveld’s position in the evolution from
zakelijke to Nieuw-Zakelijke architecture in Dutch and international context and in
relation to the other arts.
Full reference
M.C. Kuipers, Rietveld and Nieuwe Zakelijkheid in
Architecture, in: R. Grüttemeier, K. Beekman en
Rebel (red.). Neue Sachlichkeit and Avant-garde.
Amsterdam/New York 2013, p. 81-111 (serie AvantGarde Critical Studies 29).
27
Nawoord – de atlas als schakel
tussen traditie en toekomst
Marieke Kuipers
De Cultuur-Historische Atlas van het Lefortovopark in Moskou, opgesteld door
H+N+S Landschapsarchitecten, is enerzijds het resultaat van een experiment in
visualisering van immateriële cultuurhistorische waarden. Anderzijds staat de atlas
in een lange traditie van karteren en kennis delen over fysieke structuren.
Nederlanders laten graag zien hoe volgens hen de mens, de beplanting, de stad of
de wereld in elkaar steekt.
Het blijft een raadsel waarom niet meer is gepubliceerd over het bijzondere
waterpark dat Nicolaas Bidloo had ontworpen (1721-25) en dat op zo kunstige wijze
gebruik maakte van de natuurlijke hoogteverschillen. Inmiddels is de situatie in en
om het park gewijzigd. Deze Cultuur-Historische Atlas biedt een analyse-instrument
op maat om de gevoeligheid van ruimtelijke samenhang, beplanting, textuur, reliëf
en kleur te thematiseren, te tonen en te duiden. Het is een atlas in de ware
geografische traditie van topografie en tafereel, tekst en beeld. De methode is niet
alleen bruikbaar voor het actuele Lefortovopark maar kan ook worden aangepast
en ingezet bij andere opgaven voor revitalisering van de historische stad met
cultureel erfgoed als belangrijke identiteitsdrager.
Full reference
M.C. Kuipers, Nawoord – de atlas als schakel tussen traditie en toekomst. In:
J.A.H.C. van Tilborg. Cultuurhistorische Atlas Lefortovo park. Een instrument voor
de analyse en waardering van en omgang met monumentaal groen toegepast op
het Moskouse Lefortovo Park als Gemeenschappelijk Cultureel Erfgoed van Rusland
en Nederland. Amersfoort 2013, p. 164-165.
28
Mijnwerkerserfgoed in Siberië
Marieke Kuipers
In de Siberische industriestad Kemerovo ligt de voormalige mijnwerkerskolonie
Krasnaya Gorka (Rode Heuvel) te wachten op een nieuwe toekomst. De kolonie
heeft een bijzondere geschiedenis die nauw verbonden is met Nederland en met de
eerste industrialiseringsfase van de Sovjet-Unie. Hier had de Nederlandse civiel
ingenieur Sebald Rutgers samen met de Amerikaanse vakbondsleider Herbert
Calvert de internationale Autonome Industriekolonie Kuzbass (AIK) gesticht. De
meeste AlK-gebouwen zijn ontworpen door de Nederlandse architect ir J.B. van
Loghem in 1926-27. Door nieuwe stedelijke ontwikkelingen en sluiting van de
mijnen is Krasnaya Gorka achterop geraakt. De geschiedenis wordt uitgebreid
verteld in het lokale museum, maar de toekomst van het gebouwde erfgoed is
ongewis.
Full reference
M.C. Kuipers, ‘Mijnwerkerserfgoed in Siberië’, in: Vitruvius – Rusland Special, jg. 7
nr. 26, 2013, p. 28-42.
29
Wat is culturele draagkracht?
Marieke Kuipers & Wido Quist
Vraag tien collega’s of zij het begrip ‘culturele draagkracht’ kennen en wat zij
eronder verstaan, dan krijg je tien totaal verschillende antwoorden. Maar er is ook
minstens één gemene deler: interesse en serieuze reflectie op de mogelijke
betekenis en bruikbaarheid van dit begrip voor verschillende disciplines. Hun
werkterrein varieert van praktiserend architect, vastgoedbeheerder, academisch
onderzoeker tot klimaatadviseur en erfgoedconsulent. De reden waarom dit begrip
nu wordt geagendeerd is de groeiende behoefte om te onderzoeken of de gangbare
denkkaders voor architecten, opdrachtgevers en erfgoedprofessionals wel geschikt
zijn om een constructieve dialoog te voeren over de grote architectonische opgave
die ‘interventie’ wordt genoemd, het aanpassen van bestaande gebouwen en
gebieden aan nieuwe gebruikseisen.
Full reference
M.C. Kuipers en W.J. Quist, ‘Wat is culturele draagkracht?’, in: M.C. Kuipers & W.J.
Quist (red.), Culturele draagkracht. Op zoek naar de tolerantie voor vervandering bij
gebouwd erfgoed, Delft 2013, p. 5-10.
30
Characterization and damage of
brick masonry
Paulo B. Lourenço, Rob van Hees, Francisco Fernandes & Barbara
Lubelli
Clay brick is among the oldest used masonry materials. Given the technological
evolutions since the industrial revolutions, old brick are much different from
todays’ bricks. This chapter provides a review on the chemical, physical and
mechanical properties of mortar, brick and masonry. In addition, a discussion on
the possible causes of damage and the usage of expert systems in building
diagnostics is also given.
Full reference
P.B. Lourenço, R.P.J. van Hees, F. Fernandes and B. Lubelli, ‘Characterization and
damage of brick masonry’, in: A. Costa et al. (eds.), Structural Rehabilitation of Old
Buildings, Building Pathology and Rehabilitation 2, Springer-Verlag Berlin
Heidelberg, 2014.
31
Salt resistant mortars: present
knowledge and future perspectives
Barbara Lubelli
Salt crystallization damage is one of the most common causes of decay for bedding,
pointing and plastering mortar. Attempts to tackle the problem have been mainly
focused on increasing the mechanical strength of the mortar, by the replacement of
lime with (PTL) cement, or on reducing the moisture transport capacity, by the
addition of silicone based water repellents. Both solutions showed to often have a
limited durability to salt decay and a low compatibility with historical buildings.
Recently research has started to explore new possibilities for improving the
durability of mortars to salt damage; these include engineering of the pore size,
replacing of silicone based additives with natural organic water repellent
substances and mixing-in of salt crystallization inhibitors able to reduce the
harmfulness of salt crystallization. Some preliminary studies show that these
directions can be promising for obtaining more durable mortars, compatible with
historical buildings.
Full reference
B. Lubelli, ‘Salt resistant mortars: present knowledge and future perspectives’,
invited speaker at the conference: Natural Cements for Repair and Renovation of
Heritage Structures, London, 27th June 2013.
32
Damage mechanism in Tournai
limestone
The case of the tomb of Admiral Tromp in the Old Church of Delft
(The Netherlands)
Barbara Lubelli & Timo Nijland
The funeral monument of Maarten Tromp, in the Old Church of Delft (the
Netherlands), is partially built with Tournai stone, a grey-blackish limestone from
the Wallonia region (Belgium). This stone is suffering a severe delamination and
scaling, which has, in the course of the centuries, led to a considerable material loss
from the surface of some of the stone elements. In order to identify the damage
process and define a sound basis for the conservation of the monument, a research
plan was set-up including, next to the tests and analyses on the stone, a 1-year
monitoring of the microclimate in the church and the investigation of the structure
of the monument as well as its connections to the adjacent walls. First of all, the
stone type was identified by macroscopic features and by thin section microscopy.
The moisture distribution in the monument and in the adjacent walls was
gravimetrically determined on samples taken at different height and depths. The
content and type of salt in the Tournai stone from the monument were determined
by X-ray diffraction and ion chromatography, and the results compared to those
obtained for the fresh stone. The analyses showed the presence of considerable
amount of gypsum, together with a low content of soluble salts (chlorides and
nitrates). The SEM-EDS observations showed that gypsum is mainly crystallizing in
cracks between the layers of the material. The damage mechanism and the
influence of salt on the decay were further investigated by combining hygroscopic
moisture uptake, hygric dilation (RH cycles between 50% and 95% RH)
measurements and SEM-EDS observations; all measurements were performed both
on stone sampled from the monument and, as comparison, on fresh stone
specimens. The results show that gypsum is the main salt present, but its role in the
damage is not significant. The naturally thin laminated structure of the stone
together with the considerable hygric dilation seem to be the main causes of the
delamination observed in this stone.
33
Full reference
B. Lubelli and Nijland T.G., ‘Damage mechanism in Tournai limestone - The case of
the tomb of Admiral Tromp in the Old Church of Delft (The Netherlands)’, in:
Journal of Cultural Heritage, 2013, available on line.
34
The mausoleum of Maarten Tromp
Investigation of the decay affecting the Tournai stone elements
Barbara Lubelli & Timo Nijland
The Old Church of Delft (the Netherlands) contains several prominent mausoleums
and other grave monuments, including that of Maarten Harpertszoon Tromp (23
April 1598 – 10 August 1653), admiral in the Dutch Navy, famous for defeating the
large Spanish fleet bound for Flanders at the Battle of Downs in 1639. The
mausoleum is built with white Carrara and red Belgian marble and Tournai stone.
The latter is suffering a severe delamination and scaling, which has, in the course of
the centuries, led to a considerable material loss from the surface of some of the
stone elements.
The causes of the damage occurring to the stone have been investigated, in order
to define a sound basis for conservation of the monument. First of all the stone
type was identified and damage evaluated by thin section microscopy. The salt
content and type in the deteriorated stone were determined by X-ray diffraction
and ion chromatography and the results compared to those obtained for the fresh
stone. The damage mechanism and the influence of salt on the decay were
investigated by combining hygroscopic moisture uptake, hydric dilation (RH cycles
between 50% and 95% RH) measurements and SEM-EDS investigations; all
measurements were performed both on stone sampled from the monument and,
as comparison, on fresh quarry specimens. The results show that gypsum is in this
case the main salt present, but its role in the damage is not significant. The
naturally laminated structure of the stone together with the considerable hydric
dilation, probably due to the clay content in the stone, seem to be the main causes
of the delamination observed in this stone.
Research was financed by the Dutch Government (Rijksgebouwendienst).
Full reference
B. Lubelli and T.G. Nijland, ‘The mausoleum of Maarten Tromp (Old Church, Delft):
investigation of the decay affecting the Tournai stone elements’, in: Colloque
scientifique – Les portails romans de la Cathédrale Notre-Dame de Tourna:
Contextualisation et restauration, Tournai, Belgium, 31 Jan.- 1 febr. 2013.
35
Experimental study of the
distribution of chemical products
against rising damp in substrates
with different water saturation
degrees
Barbara Lubelli, Rob van Hees & Anke Hacquebord
Injection of chemicals in masonry walls is a commonly used technique for tackling
rising damp. The presence of a high moisture content in the wall to be injected may
sometimes limit the effectiveness of the intervention. This paper reports an
experimental study of curing time, spreading and effectiveness of 15 injection
products in bricks with different water saturation degrees. Significant differences in
curing times and percentages of components left after curing were observed among
products. The spreading and the effectiveness of products in (wet) substrates
resulted to strongly depend on the solvent and, in a lesser way, on the active
components. Liquid water based silane/siloxane products showed to spread
homogeneously and reduce water uptake the most.
Full reference
B. Lubelli, R.P.J. van Hees, A. Hacquebord, ’Experimental study of the distribution of
chemical products against rising damp in substrates with different water saturation
degrees’, in: Construction and Building Materials 40, 2013, p. 891–898.
36
Cryo-FIB–SEM and MIP study of
porosity and pore size distribution
of bentonite and kaolin at different
moisture contents
Barbara Lubelli, Matthijs de Winter, J.A. Post, Rob van Hees &
Martyn Drury
Clays often constitute the main component of poultices used for salt extraction
from porous materials in conservation intervention. Knowledge of the evolution in
porosity and pore size of clay based poultices, due to shrinkage during drying, is of
crucial importance for the selection of the most suitable poultice.We have studied
the porosity and pore size distribution of kaolin and bentonite based poultices at
different moisture contents. Both Mercury Intrusion Porosimetry (MIP)
measurements on freeze-dried samples and cryo-FIB-SEM observations on wet
samples are employed.The results show that these complementary techniques
provide complete information on the porosity, pore size and pore structure of clay
materials at different moisture contents. Both kaolin and bentonite poultices show
a change of their total porosity and pore size distribution during drying: the changes
are moderate in the case of kaolin, whereas the changes are very significant in the
case of bentonite. These findings underline the necessity, when selecting a
desalination poultice, of taking into account possible changes in its pore size
distribution during drying, since these changes may affect the effectiveness of the
salt extraction. Our results indicate that the good desalination efficiency of kaolin
on substrate of pore size between 1 and 10. μm observed in practice is related to
the presence in the poultice of pores that are very effective in capillary transport
(0.2-2. μm) and to the relatively constant pore size distribution of the poultice
during drying.
Full reference
B. Lubelli, D.A.M. de Winter, J.A. Post, R.P.J. van Hees and M.R. Drury, ‘Cryo-FIB–
SEM and MIP study of porosity and pore size distribution of bentonite and kaolin at
different moisture contents’, in: Applied Clay Science 80–81, 2013, p. 358–365.
37
Desalination of Historic Buildings,
Stone and Wall Paintings
Barbara Lubelli & Rob van Hees
Full references:
B. Lubelli, R.P.J. van Hees and G. Hilbert, ‘Desalination of masonry structures:
research towards the development of a modular system of poultices’, in: Heritage
A. and Zezza F (eds), Desalination of historic buildings, stone and wall paintings,
2013.
A. Heritage, B. Lubelli B., V. Voronina V. and L. Pel, ‘Optimizing the extraction of
soluble salts from porous materials by poultices’, in: Heritage A. and Zezza F (eds),
Desalination of historic buildings, stone and wall paintings, 2013.
B. Lubelli and R.P.J. van Hees, ‘Desalination of historical brick masonry The case of
the Waag building in Amsterdam’, in: Heritage A. and Zezza F (eds), Desalination of
historic buildings, stone and wall paintings, p.160, 2013.
R.P.J. van Hees and B. Lubelli, ‘Desalination of historic masonry- Pre-investigation
and after-care’, in: Heritage A. and Zezza F (eds), Desalination of historic buildings,
stone and wall paintings, 2013.
38
Heritage Development, the Delft
approach for conservation in a
dynamic world
Paul Meurs
Abstract: Delft University transformed the Section of Restoration in 2006 into RMIT:
Restoration, Modification, Intervention and Transformation. The old section used to
be a highly specialised island within the faculty. A minority of students (some 5%)
was trained, focussing exclusively on conservation assignments. The new section
RMIT wants to reach the majority of the students in architecture, making them
sensitive to work in a historic context and provide them with the skills to examine
and explore historical values as part of their design process. This shift, headed by
architect Jo Coenen, reflects the changing working field in Europe. Architecture has
regained its interest to relate to the past and the genius loci. The heritage
institutions have broadened their scope, from the exceptional to the ordinary: the
overall quality and historic stratification of the living environment of everyday.
Meanwhile, the construction industry underwent a dramatic reset: from growth to
transformation, from new construction to reuse and from generic to specific
solutions. Identity has become a new mass consumption good. This reset means a
redefinition of roles of all parties involved in planning, construction and design.
Architects have become engaged with context, the existing building stock and
cultural-historical value. The new role of the architect requires the skills of the
technical engineer (conservation), the architectural engineer (design), the process
engineer and the social engineer (dealing with stakeholders and assembling new
user schemes). This paper will briefly describe the changing working field for
architects in the Netherlands and the consequences for the required professional
competences, in particular with regard to historical value and conservation.
Subsequently the structure of RMIT will be explained: the educational model for a
Master Track in Architecture.
Full reference
P. Meurs, ‘Heritage Development, the Delft approach for conservation I a dynamic
world’, in: Preservation Education, Sharing Best Practices and Finding Common
Ground, Roger Williams University, School of Architecture, Art and Historic
Preservation, Providence USA, 7-9 September 2012.
39
Fifty years Zaanse Schans
A reservation of monuments that was never intended as an open air
museum
Paul Meurs
The ‘Zaanse Schans’ (Zaandam Sconce) is a ‘reservation’ of transferred monuments
and wind mills from the Zaan region, which lies just north of Amsterdam. A
comparison with open-air museums, however, doesn't stand up. The site is freely
admissible and there are residential areas. The article at hand explores the founding
and realisation of the Zaanse Schans. What was unique for the Netherlands was
that fifty years ago, moving these monuments was seen as the only option to
preserve them. At the time, the typical wooden structures of the Zaan region were
rapidly being displaced by industry. In response to the demolition several civil
initiatives devoted themselves to preserving the regional architecture. The actual
initiative to create the Zaanse schans started during the Second World War when
volunteers began to document old buildings and the first buildings to be
demolished were put in storage. The municipality of Zaandam made a location
available at the western side of the Kalverpolder, where a village on the banks of
the Zaan River could be built from scratch. The idea was to realise an authentic
ensemble. In the eyes of the pioneers 'authenticity' was considered A) a consistent
urban development design on an appropriate location in the landscape (credible
structure), B) a complete transfer and exact reconstruction of monuments (faithful
in form), and C) having people live in the transferred houses (continuity of
function). From the opening in 1965, the Zaanse Schans attracted many visitors, but
not much thought had been given to what the experience offered to tourists might
be exactly and what sort of facilities were required. Chaos ensued and visitors left
in disappointment. A visit by a local councillor to Colonial Williamsburg (USA)
became a turning point: the Zaanse Schans would henceforth focus on tourism.
New facilities were built in such a way that they more or less fitted within the
historical narrative. Since the mid-1970s, the Zaanse Schans has remained
essentially unchanged. The municipality guarded and managed the protected
village view, but the development of the site as a tourist attraction was left to
entrepreneurs and they created the 'brand' Zaanse Schans according to their own
views. For instance, they created free museums about wooden shoes and cheese
that were mainly aimed at selling merchandise. As the commercial exploitation was
completely separate from the management of the monuments and the site, the
budget was never balanced and the municipality always had to make up the deficit.
40
Now that subsidies are dwindling, the Zaanse Schans is compelled to expand its
operation, with the goal of strengthening tourism and persuade visitors to stay
longer. The ambition still is, as it was fifty years ago, to create the idea of a village
‘as it could have been in 1850’. The additions are built in the traditional local style
of wood construction: new buildings based on regional typologies, materials,
colours and details. A problem with this is that each party involved has its own
ideas about what the Zaanse Schans essentially is. In the absence of a central
controlling agency the quality of the site as a museum (authenticity and integrity of
materials) is suffering. The idea from the founding years to make it a normal
residential area has led to fragmented ownership and clashing interests, among
other things. Unfortunately, it has now become almost impossible to preserve, let
alone further develop the site’s exceptional value.
Full reference
P. Meurs, ‘Vijftig jaar Zaanse Schans. Een monumentenreservaat dat geen
openluchtmuseum mocht worden’, in: M-T van Thoor et al. (red.), Bulletin KNOB
112 (4), 2013, p. 185-203.
41
Continue with Cuypers
Renovation of the Rijksmuseum
Paul Meurs
The selection of architects for the new Rijksmuseum took place in 2000. The
intention was to split the task in three and to select three architects: a chief
architect, a restoration architect and an architect for the Atelier Building on
Hobbemastraat. For government commissions of this magnitude a European tender
procedure is mandatory. Around the turn of the century, the Rijksgebouwendienst
(Government Buildings Agency; Rgd) was handling some 20 such procedures a year,
in all of which the Chief Government Architect played a key role. To avoid having to
make repeated expensive and time-consuming public announcements, the Rgd
made do with an annual call for architects to submit their documentation. For each
project a preliminary selection was made from this documentation database, and
then an invited competition was held in order to arrive at a final choice. This
procedure was also followed for the Rijksmuseum. In March 2000 Chief
Government Architect Wytze Patijn, in consultation with the Rgd, the Ministry of
Education, Culture and Science and the Rijksmuseum, came up with a list of 17
potential chief architects, including five foreign firms. The long list for the
restoration architect contained just five names, all of whom were eventually
approached.
Full reference
P. Meurs, ‘Continue with Cuypers. Renovation of the Rijksmuseum’, in: P. Meurs
and M-T van Thoor (eds.), Rijksmuseum Amsterdam. Restoration and Renewal of a
National Monument, Rotterdam 2013, p. 103-123.
42
Introduction - Towards a new
Rijksmuseum
Paul Meurs & Marie-Therèse van Thoor
On 13 April 2013, the Rijksmuseum Amsterdam reopened after a renovation
process that had lasted more than a decade. The building, which originally dates
from 1885, was designed by architect P.J.H. Cuypers (1827-1921). In the space of
over a century, the building underwent numerous major and minor renovations,
prompted by lack of space, growing visitor numbers and changing ideas about
museum design. The end result of all those renovations was a labyrinth that was no
longer able to fulfill its role as a national museum for the public. The recent
adaptation had a very ambitious aim which, translated to the building meant the
most radical approach: modernization instead of preservation or improvement. This
was combined with ambitions regarding the building’s status as an embodiment of
national identity and a cornerstone of cultural infrastructure. Accordingly, the
renovation turned into a prestigious, national project, with international allure. In
1999 the project received a major boost in the form of the Kok government’s
‘millennium gift’ to the Dutch population. The gift was intended as a financial
catalyst to prepare the Rijksmuseum for the new millennium for, as the prime
minister put it, ‘the Netherlands has many museums of international standing, but
there is only one Rijksmuseum’. One year later, in 2000, the new Rijksmuseum was
one of the nine ‘Major Projects’ listed in the Ontwerpen aan Nederland (Designing
the Netherlands) memorandum. The main aim of this architectural memorandum
was ‘to strengthen the contribution of the design disciplines to spatial and
architectural tasks by means of “customized” government participation in concrete
projects’.
Full reference
P. Meurs and M-T van Thoor, ‘Introduction – Towards a new Rijksmuseum’, in: P.
Meurs and M-T van Thoor (eds.), Rijksmuseum Amsterdam. Restoration and
Renewal of a National Monument, Rotterdam 2013, p. 13-15.
43
Conclusion – From ‘Major Project’
to Small Projects
Paul Meurs & Marie-Therèse van Thoor
The renovation of the Rijksmuseum was about more than adapting an outmoded
museum to the demands of the time. On 19 September 2000, State Secretary for
Culture Rick van der Ploeg wrote to the Chairman of the House of Parliament and
the director of the Rijksmuseum that the government had decided on a total
makeover of the museum. This meant that the main building would have to be
completely emptied for the first time since it opened. This in turn provided an
opportunity to clear out the museum, which over time had become a veritable
maze, and to give the monument its old grandeur together with a fresh new look.
The Kok government’s millennium gift provided the financial boost that made this
prestigious national project possible.
Full reference
P. Meurs and M-T van Thoor, ‘Conclusion – From ‘Major Project’ to Small Projects’,
in: P. Meurs and M-T van Thoor (eds.), Rijksmuseum Amsterdam. Restoration and
Renewal of a National Monument, Rotterdam 2013, p. 259-265.
44
Transformations of the
Rijksmuseum
Between Cuypers and Cruz y Ortiz
Ivan Nevzgodin
Some 50 years ago, after the renovation of the Rijksmuseum had been completed,
managing director Arthur van Schendel triumphantly commented: In the summer of
1962, the Rijksmuseum became the focus of attention when it opened its complex
of 30 new galleries and an auditorium with almost 400 seats, a new building inside
the walls of the old. This was not the end of the process, but it was a high point in a
long series of activities undertaken since the liberation of the Netherlands to create
a fitting, modern accommodation that does justice to the country’s world-famous
art collection. Later, architecture critic Max van Rooy called this renovation ‘an
assault of the most violent nature’ on the building.2 The new intervention by Cruz y
Ortiz arquitectos has wiped away almost every trace of these post-war-era
modifications. In the years separating Pierre Cuypers from Cruz y Ortiz, the
Rijksmuseum underwent alterations inspired by various motives and concepts.
There were a few recurring themes: the central passageway, the grandeur of the
building’s backbone (the Great Hall, Gallery of Honour and Night Watch Gallery),
the confusing walking routes, the continual shortage of space, and the question of
what to do with Cuypers’ decorations. These were also the major themes in Hans
Ruijssenaars’s master plan (from 1996), which formed the backdrop to the recent
renovation.
Full reference
I. Nevzgodin, ‘Transformations of the Rijksmuseum. Between Cuypers and Cruz y
Ortiz’, in: P. Meurs and M-T van Thoor (eds.), Rijksmuseum Amsterdam. Restoration
and Renewal of a National Monument, Rotterdam 2013, p. 79-93.
45
«Новая веха международного
фронта»: россий сконидерландские архитектурные
связи 1920–1930-х годов
Ivan Nevzgodin
Full reference
I. Nevzgodin, ‘«Новая веха международного фронта»: российсконидерландские архитектурные связи 1920–1930-х годов’, in: Architecture the
Dutch way, 1945-2000, 2013, p 38-47.
46
Architectural authenticity in the
Land of Polders
Ivan Nevzgodin
Full reference,
I. Nevzgodin, ‘Architectural authenticity in the Land of Polders’, in: Authenticity on
the Architectural Intervention for Historic Landscape, 2013, p. 23-28.
47
The Dutch Group De Stijl and the
Soviet Architecture
Ivan Nevzgodin
The first director of the Museum of Modern Art in New York City, Alfred H. Barr, Jr.
(1902–1981) wrote: ‘the years 1920–1925 saw an astonishing expansion of the
influence of de Stijl, first in Belgium, then in Germany, France, Eastern Europe and
even in Russia where it met the earlier but less practicable abstract traditions of
Suprematism and Constructivism’. [1] This quote from the one of the most famous
American art historians is in complete disagreement with an opinion of the Soviet
architecture historian Anderei V. Ikonnikov (1926–2001), who wrote in 1982: ‘the
dogmatic doctrines of the De Stijl group were not fruitful in themselves. This is
confirmed by the limited creative results achieved by an architecture that followed
the principles of De Stijl in an orthodox manner.’ [2] In this short article I want to
analyse the impact of the relation of the Dutch architect Gerrit Thomas Rietveld
(1888–1964) with Soviet architecture on the development of the Modern
Movement in both countries: Russia and The Netherlands. Rietveld’s first direct
involvement with the new Bolshevist Russia probably dates from the period shortly
after his introduction to De Stijl. In 1919, he and 97 other artists signed a petition to
the Dutch parliament requesting that ‘all limiting regulations standing in the way of
free international communication by mail between artists be lifted’ – there was a
postal blockade against Russia. Other members of the De Stijl group also signed the
petition, although the signatures of J.J.P. Oud and B. van der Leck are missing. [3]
From 1927, Rietveld was a member and secretary of the Utrecht department of the
Filmliga, which screened many Russian films. In 1928, he also became a cofounder
of the Netherlands-New Russia Society and architectural editor for the associated
journal, Nieuw Rusland (New Russia), which from 1933 on was called Cultuur der
U.d.S.S.R. (Culture of the USSR). Rietveld’s sympathy for Russia stemmed from a
personal, utopian striving for a better world.
Full reference
I. Nevzgodin, The Dutch Group De Stijl and the Soviet Architecture’, in:
РЕГИОНАЛЬНЫЕ АРХИТЕКТУРНО-ХУДОЖЕСТВЕННЫЕ ШКОЛЫ: МАТЕРИАЛЫ
МЕЖДУНАРОДНОЙ НАУЧНО-ПРАКТИЧЕСКОЙ КОНФЕРЕНЦИИ, 5–7 февраля 2013
г., г. Новосибирск, p. 14-19.
48
Kernbegrippen in de restauratie
Wido Quist
In zijn proefschrift uit 1986 en later in de hierop gebaseerde handelseditie, schetst
Jukka Jokilehto de ontwikkeling van de Europese monumentenzorg.1 Specifiek voor
de Nederlandse situatie werd deze ontwikkeling beschreven door J.A.C. Tillema in
1975 en door Wim Denslagen in 1987.2 Alle drie de auteurs beschrijven de
ontstaansgeschiedenis van de zorg voor monumenten in architectonische en
restauratiefilosofische zin. De nadruk ligt hierbij op de belangrijkste personen,
traktaten, charters en objecten uit de geschiedenis van de monumentenzorg en het
belang van monumenten als materiële getuigen van geschiedenis en kunst. Omdat
restaureren en architectonisch interveniëren in elkaars verlengde liggen en omdat
diverse auteurs in deze bundel naar de kernbegrippen uit de restauratiefilosofie
verwijzen, worden ze in deze bijdrage nader toegelicht.
Full reference
W.J. Quist, ‘Kernbegrippen in de restauratie’, in: M.C. Kuipers & W.J. Quist (red.),
Culturele draagkracht. Op zoek naar de tolerantie voor vervandering bij gebouwd
erfgoed, Delft 2013, p. 23-30.
49
A.L.W.E. van der Veen
A mining engineer from Delft in the land of monuments
Wido Quist & Timo Nijland
Between 1920 and 1940, the engineer A.L.W.E. van der Veen (PhD) was involved in
many restorations as a consultant on natural stone. At first under the authority of
the National Bureau for Monuments and later as an independent consultant. After
his studies in mining engineering at the former Technische Hoogeschool Delft,
where he wrote his doctoral thesis on the symmetry of diamond, he became
involved with monuments and their preservation. Van der Veen’s geological
expertise enabled him to determine the nature and origin of natural stone used in
historical buildings and advise on suitable replacement material. The article at hand
provides an overview of Van der Veen’s life and describes his introduction into the
world of monuments preservation. It also describes in more depth the advice he
gave with regard to types of natural stone that was historically often applied in the
Netherlands, such as sandstone, white Belgian sandy limestone, and tuff. His efforts
to provide advice that was in accordance with the principles of restoration as
articulated in 1917 are illustrated by his reasoning in choosing replacement stone.
His advice on choosing limestone from France and tuff from the German Eifel
constitutes the main body of the article at hand. It shows that his advice sometimes
lacked foundation or differed from earlier advice. Nevertheless, Van der Veen has
had a profound influence on the choice of replacement stone. Gaining insight in his
reasoning is therefore important, as it is an aspect that needs to be considered in
the assessment of restoration interventions, for instance when new restorations
make it necessary to replace stone that was used in previous restorations.
Full reference
W.J. Quist and T.G. Nijland, ‘A.L.W.E. van der Veen. Een Delfts mijningenieur in
monumentenland’, in: M-T van Thoor et al. (eds), Bulletin KNOB 112 (4), 2013, p.
204-224.
50
Replacement of Eocene white
sandy limestone in historical
buildings
Over 100 years of practice in the Netherland.
Wido Quist, Timo Nijland & Rob van Hees
This paper discusses the replacement of white sandy limestone (Gobertange and
Lede or Balegem) in the Netherlands in (successive) restorations from the mid-19th
century onwards. White sandy limestone, transported from the southern part of
the Low Countries (now Belgium), was extensively used in the northwestern part of
the present-day Netherlands in the 14th–16th century. Arguments for (different)
choices of replacement stones have been researched and evaluated, in terms of
both contemporary perspectives and hindsight. In the period from the second half
of the 19th to the late 20th century, various approaches to the choice for
replacement stone were found. In this paper, seven periods are distinguished on
the basis of specific arguments and criteria that were used for the choice of
replacement stone. The paper describes some unexpected combinations of original
and restoration material that, most probably, would have never been chosen if only
mineralogical composition and origin had been taken into account. Their durability
and compatibility are discussed.
Full reference
W. J. Quist, T. G. Nijland and R. P. J. van Hees, ‘Replacement of Eocene white sandy
limestone in historical buildings – over 100 years of practice in the Netherlands’, in:
Quarterly Journal of Engineering Geology and Hydrogeology 46 (4), 2013.
51
Herbestemming industrieel
erfgoed in Haagse regio
Job Roos
Het is bijzonder dat juist in Den Haag een boekpublicatie tot stand komt over
herbestemming van Industrieel erfgoed. Wie het over industrieel erfgoed heeft,
denkt niet in eerste instantie aan de hofstad. De identiteit van de stad is een andere
dan bijvoorbeeld andere (middel)grote steden als Rotterdam of Amsterdam waar
de handelsgeest vanuit de relatie met het water (de havens en de zee) een
belangrijk gegeven is.
Den Haag ligt in haar oorsprong niet direct aan zee maar is ontstaan achter de
duinen op de ‘noord-zuid’ gerichte strandwallen. Daar ontstond het grafelijke hof
en daar omheen ontstond de nederzetting die Haghe op de hoger gelegen gronden
op de overgang tussen veen en zand. Dat is tot op de dag van vandaag een sterke
identiteit van de stad. Die noord-zuid gerichtheid is nog sterk voelbaar in de stad,
ondanks de forse stadsuitleg in de loop der eeuwen. Den Haag heeft zich vanuit een
gesloten kern naar drie kanten in een als het ware open grid sterk uitgebreid:
noord, zuid en oost. Industrie speelt in die stadsuitleg wel een rol maar geen sterk
beeldbepalende. Desondanks of misschien wel dankzij dit gegeven is er veel
interessants te melden over de historische industriële ontwikkeling in Den Haag.
Full reference
J. Roos, ‘Herbestemming industrieel erfgoed in Haagse regio’, in: K. Havelaar
(samenstelling), Nieuw in Oud. 20 jaar herbestemming Haags industrieel erfgoed,
Den Haag 2013, p. 10-19.
52
Spaziergangswissenschaft in
Berlijn
Job Roos
In Berlijn is transformatie geen gevolg van een normale maatschappelijke groei. Al
wandelend door de stad is er een constante observatie die de boventoon voert:
hier wordt alles uitvergroot, met name de dilemma’s die voortkomen uit de steeds
opnieuw geslagen wonden in de tweede helft van de twintigste eeuw. Er lijkt een
direct verband met de aard van de aangetroffen transformaties in de stad die
uitgesprokener lijken te zijn, existentiëler haast. Transformaties die vanuit hun
politieke, sociale en culturele achtergrond vaak beladen zijn met de wens tot
heelheid enerzijds en ‘niet (kunnen) vergeten’ anderzijds. Vanuit dit perspectief
opent zich een zeer uiteenlopend en onorthodox scala van transformaties met
bijbehorende achtergronden. Deze diepere achtergronden leiden in een aantal
gevallen tot geheel eigen, authentieke (lees oorspronkelijke) oplossingen.
Full reference
J. Roos, ‘Spaziergangswissenschaft in Berlijn’, in: M.C. Kuipers & W.J. Quist (red.),
Culturele draagkracht. Op zoek naar de tolerantie voor vervandering bij gebouwd
erfgoed, Delft 2013, p. 65-70.
53
Back to Cuypers
Struggling with a theme
Marie-Therèse van Thoor
When large government-owned monuments are renovated it is customary in the
Netherlands to appoint a restoration architect alongside the principal architect.
Consequently, for the Rijksmuseum a separate selection was held among five
architectural restoration firms. For this complex assignment, it proved difficult to
formulate the brief and the responsibilities. Also, the addition of a theme –
‘Continue with Cuypers’ – gave rise to a great variety of interpretations concerning
the building and the restoration. On 12 April 2001 the views on the restoration
were presented in The Hague by five firms: Architectenbureau J. van Stigt, Verlaan
en Bouwstra architecten, Braaksma & Roos Architectenbureau partnered by
Rappange & Partners Architecten, and Van Hoogevest Architecten. The assessment
committee, chaired by Jo Coenen, was the same as that for the selection of the
principal architect, and was backed by a special restoration advice committee led by
professor Frits van Voorden from Delft University of Technology. Cruz y Ortiz
arquitectos was also represented on the committee, since the role of the
restoration architect would be a supportive one to the principal architects holding
ultimate responsibility for the project. Both architecture firms would have to work
closely together, so a good working relationship was a necessity. Coenen had also
discussed this with the restoration architects and with Cruz y Ortiz; accordingly,
Cruz y Ortiz’s input was very important. The preference, though not unanimous,
was for Van Hoogevest. All the firms met the considerable demands of the complex
assignment, but Van Hoogevest was considered to be the most suitable ‘as regards
professional know-how, experience and collaboration with the principal architect’.
Full reference
M-T van Thoor, ‘Back to Cuypers. Struggling with a theme’, in: P. Meurs and M-T
van Thoor (eds.), Rijksmuseum Amsterdam. Restoration and Renewal of a National
Monument, Rotterdam 2013, p. 137-157.
54
Interpreting structural damage in
masonry: diagnostic tool and
approach
Ilse de Vent, Jan Rots, Rob van Hees & Gerrie Hobbelman
A sound diagnosis can only be reached starting from a correct interpretation of the
damage. This is not always an easy task: symptoms may be misunderstood,
alternative hypotheses overlooked, and the context of the damage left
unconsidered. This paper aims to offer architects, contractors and engineers a
helping hand in interpreting structural damage in masonry. It presents a simple but
consistent approach for visual inspections, discussing both essences and pitfalls of
the diagnostic process. In addition, it explains the oudine of a diagnostic tooI that
incorporates this approach. The tooI, a prototype of which is available for
download, offers diagnostic guidance by means of 60 characteristic damage
patterns. Since plans are to further develop this tooI, the authors would we1come
feedback and opportunities for cooperation.
Full reference
I.A.E. de Vent, J.G. Rots, R.P.J. van Hees and G.J. Hobbelman, ‘Interpreting structural
damage in masonry: diagnostic tool and approach’, in: Restoration of Buildings and
Monuments / Bauinstandsetzen und Baudenkmalpflege, Vol. 19, No. 5, 2013, p.
291-307.
55
Jeruzalem Amsterdam, restoration
versus renovation
Hielkje Zijlstra
In 2002, the Jeruzalem neighbourhood in the residential area Frankendaal,
Amsterdam, threatened to be demolished. So far, it hasn’t come to that, but much
has happened over the past few years. Six blocks gained the status of listed
buildings, but this doesn’t mean that the future of the entire neighbourhood is now
secure. The long-lasting battle for preservation and recognition, as well as the
manner in which sustainability has become part of the preservation task make
Jeruzalem a fascinating study object. In this article the existing buildings are studied
from a lifetime cycle perspective / perspective of birth, existence and (after-)life
with regard to scales of context, object and detail.
The houses were built immediately after the Second World War as part of the 1939
General Development Plan by Cornelis van Eesteren (1897-1988). The urban
planning of the project was done by Jacoba Mulder (1900-1988). Architects Ben
Merkelbach (1901-1969) and Piet Elling (1897-1962) developed 792 houses as
duplexes, downstairs and upstairs apartments, that were delivered in 1952. The
original plan was characterised by high quality and especially its urban development
with green courtyards, designed by Mien Ruys (1904-1999), was striking. The
houses themselves were a modular construction in concrete, with the façades clad
in concrete panels.
In 2010, six courtyards and the school gained the status of listed buildings, while
work began on a restoration plan. The core question shifted from preservation for
the benefit of the current residents to preservation for the benefit of the existing
monuments, in which the reason for making any changes was based on the same
principle: to meet contemporary standards of the quality of housing with regard to
sustainability, comfort and safety. Technical innovations made it possible to achieve
a significant improvement in heat regulation in the enclosing construction, while
preserving the general outlook and keeping almost identical floor plans. The façade
panels were renewed, window frames were replaced, insulating glass was put in,
technical installations were updated and constructions were insulated.
The high-quality of the urban planning of Jeruzalem Frankendaal, the L shaped
blocks in the structure of green courtyards and the modest architecture of the
homes have always been guiding principles during the years of planning the
56
restructuring. It is quite amazing how relatively small interventions in the main
structure of the original design can lead to a complex of 400 single-family dwellings
on a top location in Amsterdam.
Full reference
H. Zijlstra, ‘Jeruzalem Amsterdam, restaureren versus renoveren’, in: M-T van Thoor
et al. (red.), Bulletin KNOB 112 (1), 2013, p. 34-50.
.
57
RMIT Education at the Delft
University of Technology
Hielkje Zijlstra
RMIT stands for Research & Education in Modification, Intervention and
Transformation of the built environment. These areas are defined such that each
covers a different level of scale: Modification concerns the level of the use of
materials and technology, Intervention the level of reuse and redesign of a building,
and Transformation the development of the urban structure - all this while taking
account of the value of the whole in terms of our cultural heritage. RMIT’s mission
is to contribute to the sustainable and long-term preservation and use of the built
heritage by developing expertise and providing education in restoration,
conservation and reuse, at levels of scale ranging from the material through to the
built environment. Evaluation and appreciation, use of materials, design and
research are all key elements. The issues addressed by RMIT, i.e. modification,
intervention and transformation of and in the existing built environment (both
traditional restoration and reuse, repurposing and redesign) are becoming
increasingly important. At present, over 60% of construction projects relate to
interventions in and extensions of existing buildings. It is essential that the cultural
identity and materials of the existing structures be considered. RMIT studios are
increasingly popular and limited to 100 Master students (60 graduating MSc3/4 and
40 pre-graduating MSc1/2) each semester. RMIT consists of 20 (part time) staff
members who participate in education and research.
Full reference
H. Zijlstra, ‘RMIT Education at the Delft University of Technology’, in: ISC E+T
NEWSLETTER, spring 2013.
58
Other academic activities
Non-published presentations
Bert van Bommel: keynotespreker bij de bijeenkomst in de Oude Kerk in Delft, ter
gelegenheid van de voltooide restauratie van het grafmonument voor Maarten
Harpertsz. Tromp, 'Ick en hebbe gedaen. Houdt goeden moed! Monumentenzorg
door de Rijksgebouwendienst.', woensdag 2 oktober 2013.
Barbara Lubelli, Onderzoek naar de rol van zouten in de schade aan het
grafmonument van Maarten Tromp, Natuursteenplatform RCE, 22 Nov. 2013.
Rob van Hees, Silvia Naldini, Barbara Lubelli, workshop Diagnosis with MDDS, RLICC,
KU Leuven, 21-22 January 2013.
Rob van Hees, International Week RLICC – Raymond Lemaire International Centre
for Conservation, keynote lecture: Preventive conservation: from visual
assessment to documentation, Leuven, 23 January 2013.
Rob van Hees, Preventieve conservering: van visuele inspectie tot documentatie,
voordracht NVMz-TNO symposium Resultaatgericht restaureren, Maart 2013.
Rob van Hees, Sint-Servaaskerk te Maastricht. Ontwikkelingen in de restauratievisie, Studiedag Plafond- en wandschilderingen, April 2013.
Rob van Hees, interview on JPI project: Effectiveness of methods against rising
damp in buildings: European practice and perspective (EMERISDA).
Rob van Hees, Silvia Naldini, Heritage Conservation Directorate: workshop MDDS,
Ottawa, Canada, 28 October 2013.
Rob van Hees, M. Weaber Memorial fund, Lecture: A taste of salt in building
conservation, Ottawa, Canada, 29 October 2013.
Rob van Hees, Student workshop on Sustainable Heritage Carleton University,
Ottawa, Canada, 30 October 2013.
Rob van Hees, Round table on Heritage Education, Carleton University, Ottawa,
Canada, 30 October 2013.
Rob van Hees, Heritage Canada Foundation Symposium; theme: Cutting-Edge Tools
for Monitoring Architectural Heritage; lecture: Assessment & documentation of
historic buildings, The use of MDDS, 01 November 2013.
Rob van Hees, voordracht voor Bureau BMA Amsterdam, November 2013.
Marieke Kuipers, presentation of the nomination file of the Van Nellefabriek at
Rotterdam for World Heritage to the World Heritage Center, Unesco
Headquarters, Paris, 28 January, 2013 .
Marieke Kuipers, International Colloquium Conserving Modern Architecture,
Assessing the Current State of Practice to Advance the Field, Getty Conservation
Institute, position paper: Modern Heritage - Identification, Assessment and
Interpretation, Los Angeles, 6 March, 2013.
Marieke Kuipers, International Expert meeting, Conserving Modern Architecture,
Assessing the Current State of Practice to Advance the Field, Getty Conservation
Institute, Identification, Assessment and Interpretation, Los Angeles, 7 March,
2013.
59
Marieke Kuipers, evening lecture Free University: Inheriting Optimism - Valuation
and preservation of post war architecture, Brussels, 21 March, 2013.
Marieke Kuipers, experts meeting Zonnestraal, Reuse and World Heritage,
Hilversum, 7 May, 2013.
th
Marieke Kuipers, 5 International Petrine Conference, lecture Bidloo’s Horticultural
Heritage in Moscow, Saint Petersburg, 9 June, 2013.
Marieke Kuipers, Suzanne Fischer, Arcam international student workshop Sweets,
Redesign and Reuse, lecture: Into 5 Sweets, Amsterdam 9 July, 2013 and review
12 July.
Marieke Kuipers, International Conference Reuse and adaption of historic buildings
to modern needs, position paper: Valorization of Built Heritage in the
Netherlands, Moscow, 4 October, 2013.
Editorships
Marieke Kuipers, Wido Quist, seminar organizers and editors, Culturele
Draagkracht, Delft, University of Technology, Delft, 29 November, 2013.
Marie-Therèse van Thoor, editor of Bulletin KNOB, 112 (1, 2, 3, & 4), 2013.
Interviews
Agnes van Alphen: ' Voor het voetlicht. Bert van Bommel.' Monumenten 2013, 10,
p. 5.
PhD committees
Rob van Hees, promoter, TU Delft, Faculty of Architecture, Herdis Heinemann,
Historic Concrete. From Concrete Repair to Concrete Conservation, 7 February
2013.
Rob van Hees, committee member, TU Delft, Faculty of CiTG, Qi Zhang,
Microstructure and Deterioration Mechanisms of Portland Cement paste at
Elevated Temperature, 11 July 2013.
Rob van Hees, committee member, University of Aveiro, Portugal, Ana Fragata Da
Costa, Revestimentos Compativeis para Alvenarias Antigas Sujeitas a Ação Severa
da Água, 2013.
Marieke Kuipers, committee member, TU Delft, Faculty of Architecture, Herdis
Heinemann, Historic Concrete. From Concrete Repair to Concrete Conservation, 7
February 2013.
Marieke Kuipers, promoter, Maastricht University, Christoph Rausch, Rescuing
Modernity; Global Heritage Assemblages & Modern Architecture in Africa,
Maastricht 18 October 2013.
Marieke Kuipers, peer reviewer of PhD presentations seminar Re-Use, Free
University of Brussels, Brussels, 21 March 2013.
Hielkje Zijlstra, committee member, TU Delft, Faculty of Architecture, Herdis
Heinemann, Historic Concrete. From Concrete Repair to Concrete Conservation, 7
February 2013.
60
RMIT is a section within the department of Architectural Engineering + Technology
of the Faculty of Architecture and Built Environment of Delft University of Technology.
RMIT aims at multidisciplinairy research, product development and knowledge transfer
in the fields of Modification, Intervention and Transformation. RMIT aims to support
innovation in education and research by improving the links between academia and
the profession.
RMIT
TU Delft - Faculty of Architecture
Department AE + T, section RMIT
Postbus 5043
2600 GA Delft
Secretary:
+31 (0)15-2781116
[email protected]
rmit.tudelft.nl
Research staff:
G. (Giovanni) Borsoi, MSc
S.J.C. (Sanne) Grannemann, MSc
prof.ir. R.P.J. (Rob) van Hees
ing. A.J. (Bert) van Bommel
prof.dr. M.C. (Marieke) Kuipers
dr. B. (Barbara) Lubelli
prof.dr.ir P. (Paul) Meurs
dott. S. (Silvia) Naldini
dr. I. (Ivan) Nevzgodin
dr.ir. W.J. (Wido) Quist
ir. J. (Job) Roos
dr.dipl.ing. S. (Sara) Stroux
dr. M-T. (Marie-Therèse) van Thoor
dr.ir. H. (Hielkje) Zijlstra
Department AE + T
Section RMIT
Publications
2013

Coördinator Kern naam straat in uitloper Eersel Boksheidsedijk A vd

Topscorers 1968-1969

Samenvatting aanvraag Algemeen Soort aanvraag (kruis

nieuw! - Van Hees gmbh

ADVISEUR MOET ZICH IN EXAMENS HERKENNEN

Download productsheet

Referentie Projecten Zomerhuis

Duivelse weken van Husqvarna Beleef het WK als VIP dankzij de

Download dan hier een pdf-bestand van de volledige CV

EP MultiUse Mortar