Group report How do human activities effect the environmental quality? Consideration: What are the main environmental activities effect by human? How do these activities effect the environment? How do the changed environment effect human survival and development? 1 Chapter 4 Human activities and environmental problems • • • • The relationship between human development and environment Human activities and environmental crisis Environment and human health Case study Analysis: • • • • Human behavior: In order to meet the human needs of survival and development, human obtain the material resources and energy from the environment.They obtain the products through a series of productive activities,and meanwhile discharge of waste to the environment. Law of human development: the diversity of needs, complexity of activity mode, time-varying of the development process. Law of the environment itself: Environment has objective attribute, its occurrence, development and change have its own rules. What is the relationship between these two laws? 3 4.1The relationship between human development and environment Law of basic relations : the unity of opposites Opposition: human subjective needs and the activities with purpose, inevitably contradict with the objective attribute and the development law of the environment. Unity:Environment is the carrier of the human.Human activities are restricted by the surrounding environment.There are Interaction and mutual restraint between humans and the environment. Corollary: Human Development should be in harmony with the environment. 4 • It should been fully understand that the interdependent relationship between humans and the environment . Human beings are the product of physical movement,the product of the evolution of the Earth's surface system The evolution of the Earth's surface system forms geographical environment, where human live and develop. Natural environment: the human material basis ,provide support systems for life. Geographical environment Economic environment: the production and economic complex formed by human production activity. Social and cultural environment: the human organization and behavior mode formed by human life activity, including population, language, folklore, etc. Human should fully respect the development laws of the environment. 5 The relationship between human development and the environment is changing historical fact:table 4.1, The relationship between human development and the environment in different development stages development stages development =economic growth economic growth ∈ development development is inseparable to environment Predevel Opment Period Agricultural revolution period Industrial Revolution period Industrial pollution control Development and environmental protection time span Ten thousand years ago Ten thousand years ago ---the beginning of the 18rh century Beginning of 18th century to 1950s 1950s to 1960s 1970s to 1990s 1990s up to now economic features Ingestion and hunting Self-sufficient Commodity Advanced market economy Developed market economy Ecology economy mode of production From hand to mouth Simple technology and tool resource-based model resource-based model resourcebased model Technology-based model Environmental Problems Not indicated soil fertility decrease, water loss and soil erosion Air pollution, heavy metal pollution and enrichment Photochemistry smoke, pollutant accumulation in food chain Continual occurrence of environment public hazard incident Environment recovery of developed country; continual occurrence of public hazard incident in developing country policy of human’s Primary coordinat ion Basic coordination disharmonious (unbalanced ecology ) 6 Extremely disharmonious Seeking measures Sustainable development Human development process is also the process which constantly adapt and adjust the environment Human keep deepening understanding the development, transform from only emphasis on economic growth into focusing on both economic growth and environmental protection. In action, Human also continue to evolve to the direction of environmentally friendly in production, economic and management. 7 Dialectical relationship chart of human development and environment * Economic development has brought environmental problems, but also enhances the strength to solve environmental problems.The solution of environmental problems also lays the foundation for sustained and stable economic development. * Protecting the environment is a condition for8 human development.protecting the environment is also inseparable from human economic development. The man-land relationship coordination model of regional sustainable development Gong Shengsheng，1999 9 Discussion:What’s human development per capita GDP ：GDP/population Human Development Index (HDI), is calculated out on the basis of three indicators : health and longevity,measured with life expectancy at birth ; education received, measured with both the adult literacy rate (2/3weight) and primary school, secondary school and university general admission rate (1/3weight); living standards, measured with per capita real GDP. ？？Basic services of possession ：service, function, How to measure ？ 10 ？？what’s your opinions ？？ 4.2 Human activities and environmental crisis The manner and purpose of human activity: using and transforming natural resources and environment to meet the life and production needs. Expression: obtain useful substances from nature, produce "service" and return generated waste to the environment . Essence: material exchange between human and the natural environment Direct consequences: interference with the native environment, the formation of environmental impact, also known as environmental impact (environmental loads) Process of accumulation: population growth.increased activity. the amount of resource usage and waste surge year after year. the increasing environmental load. Indirect consequences: When the environmental loads exceed the threshold of natural self-purification and adjustion, it will threaten the basic integrity of natural systems and stability,and affect the survival and development of humans and other organisms. 11 Environmental problems The various phenomena appeared in the global environment and regional environment led by natural forces or human activities.The phenomena are not conducive to human survival and social development. Classification:According to cause Environmen tal problems primary environmental problems due to natural forces The environmental problems which caused by volcanic eruptions, earthquake, flood, drought and landslide Environmental pollution Secondary environmental problems due to human activity Resources shortage and depletion ecological destruction 12 Relationship between human activities and global environment problems 13 （textbook figure 4-3 Eight public hazard incident in the middle of 20th century Incident name Main pollutant Time and place Poisoning state Formation cause Meuse River Valley smog Dust and SO2 Belgium，December of 1930 Thousands people attacked，about 60 dead Donora Air Pollution Episode Dust and SO2 Donora of America， October of 1948 About 43% in 4 days （about 6000 people ） invaded，17 people dead Concentrated factory 、large dust emission；abnormal weather, temperature inversion and heavy smoke happen London smog incident Dust SO2 London of UK, ， December of 1952 4000 people dead in 4 days Los Angeles photochemistry incident Photochemistry smog Los Angeles of America，May to November every year Minamata incident methyl mercury Kumamoto, Japan found Minamata in 1953 Some people dead found in 1953；180 people invaded in 1972 , 50 people dead Waste water containing Hg entered sea and polluted fish, seashell Tomiyama incident （ostalgia disease） Cadmium Tomiyama, Shet valley found The patients exceed 280 from 1931 to 1972, 34 people dead Spelter works wastewater containing cadmium polluted drinking water and farm land Yokkaichi time SO2,hevaay metal, dust Yokkaichi of Japan in 1970 （asthema）500 people have disease，10 people dead Plenty of SO2, dust containing heavy metal discharged from factory rice bran oil incident polychlorinated biphenyl Aichi-ken country, Kyrshu of Japan in 1968 More than 5000 patients,16dead and 14 10000 people affected Due to bad management polychlorinated biphenyl was mixed into rice bran oil Vehicle waste gas, weather conditions such as sunlight and calm wind We can see: As the production capacity improved,the rehabilitation and intervention to nature from human is more.When exceed the threshold value, the natural selfregulation can not restore balance. Human and nature will be in uncoordinated state. If human behavior do not exceed the allowed threshold, Huma n and nature will live in harmony. In other words, human activities exceed the bearing capacity of natural systems,which lead to environmental 15problems. The essence of environmental problems The essence of environmental problems: the imbalance between human and nature, this disorder causes of the destruction of the ecosystem balance, it is caused by the non-coordinated development of the population, economy, society, environment. To solve environmental problems fundamentally, human beings must change the uncontrolled production and maximum consumption way of life, get rid of blindly obtaining from nature to meet their own and shortterm interest values. 16 Concerned environmental problems Environmental problems The environmental problems which caused by volcanic eruptions, earthquake, flood, drought and landslide primary environmental problems due to natural forces Environmental pollution Secondary environmental problems due to human activity Resources shortage and depletion ecological destruction 17 Secondary environmental problems 1—environment problems of pollution Concepts: Human activities have resulted in harmful substances or factor into the environment. The structure and function of environmental system change by diffusion, migration and transformation process. There are phenomena which are not conducive to the survival and development of human and other organisms. 18 Green card-environmental background value Environmental background value is also known as natural background value.It is the content of various chemical elements and basic chemical composition in the environmental factors related to environment pollution when free from pollution. Note in application : Different regions have different background value. When relatively free from pollution,the basic chemical composition of the environmental elements. Purpose: It has great significance for promoting the evaluation of regional environmental quality, forecasting the environmental pollution trend, formulating the environmental standards, arranging rational distribution of agricultural and industrial production, etc. 19 Human activities and environmental problems （textbook figure 4-4） Classification: atmospheric pollution, water pollution, soil 20 pollution, sound pollution, light pollution, etc Environment problems of pollution 1- --atmospheric pollution The content of certain substances of atmosphere was exceed the bear ability of ecological system, it appeared the phenomenon that against the survival and development of human and other biological 近10倍 107倍 table: the natural process on earth and emission source and emissions of atmospheric pollutants by human activity 21 Typical cases Incident name Main pollutant Meuse River Valley smog Dust and SO2 Donora Air Pollution Episode Dust and SO2 London smog Dust and SO2 incident Formation cause Concentrated factory 、 large dust emission； abnormal weather, temperature inversion and heavy smoke happen Los Angeles photochemistry incident Los Angeles photochemis try incident Vehicle waste gas, weather conditions such as sunlight and calm wind Yokkaichi time SO2,hevaay metal, dust Plenty of SO2, dust containing heavy metal discharged from factory Global environmental problems: ozone 22 depletion, global warming, acid deposition etc Environment problems of pollution 2---water pollution Definition: the pollutant discharged into water exceeds environmental capacity of the water,which results in adverse change of water physical, chemical and biological characteristics, and destruction of the intrinsic natural ecosystems and the function of the water. According to the pollution object: Surface waters pollution, groundwater pollution and Marine pollution Inorganic non-toxic pollutants Accod ing to the type of pollut ants particulate contamination （suspended solids ） Acid, alkali, inorganic contaminants plant nutrients ，such as nitrogen, phosphor Inorganic toxic pollutants The inorganic toxicity of heavy metal heavy metals toxicity Organic toxic pollutants （aerobic organism ） Organic non-toxic pollutants petroleum pollutants pesticides Plastic, synthetic rubber, man-made fibers dyes oil Oil products Other pollutants Radioactive substances 23 Thermal pollution cyanide arse nic Water pollution causes Causes of surface water pollution: Human discharge large variety of liquid and solid waste without safety treatment to surface water , so that the water pollution is more and more serious. Causes of groundwater pollution: * Over-exploitation of groundwater; * Industrial wastewater and domestic sewage discharge capacity is large,while the handling capacity is low; *Application of chemical fertilizers, pesticides and sewage irrigation results in groundwater pollution; * Human economic activity results in urban groundwater pollution. Marine pollution: human bring substances or energy into the marine environment and cause damage to biological resources, hazards to human health, damage to water quality, degradation of environmental aesthetics and other harmful effects. 24 Typical cases Main pollutant Formation cause Minamata incident methyl mercury Waste water containing Hg entered sea and polluted fish, seashell Tomiyama incident （ostalgia disease） Cadmium Spelter works wastewater containing cadmium polluted drinking water and farm land Incident name 25 Environment problems of pollution 3---soil pollution Definition: It's a kind of phenomenon that substances produced by human activities (pollution) enter into the soil through various channels.The quantity and speed exceed the soil capacity and soil purification speed, which lead to the destruction of the normal function of the land or decreased of the soil fertility ,the damage of Soil, plants and animals. agaricus can reflect the situation of soil pollution 26 Classification of soil pollution material classification of pollutant (Hg) Manufacturing caustic soda and mercury compounds, sludge, pesticide containing mercury and mercury evaporation. (Cd) Smelting, electroplating, dying material, industrial waste water, sludge, waste gas, fertilizer impurity (Cu) Smelting goods produce production sludge, waste solid and sludge, pesticide containing copper …… …………….. (137Cs) Atomic energy, nuclear power, isotope produces industrial sludge, waste solid, nuclear explosion (90Sr) Atomic energy, nuclear power, isotope produces industrial sludge, waste solid, nuclear explosion (F) Smelting, sodium fluorosilicate, phosphoric acid and phosphoric fertilizer, industrial sludge, waste gas and fertilizer Heavy metal Inorganic pollutant Radioactive elements paper pulp, fiber, chemical industrial sludge others Alkali, acid Organic pesticides Organic pollutant main sources sulfuric acid, petroleum and chemical industry, scouring, electroplating, industrial waste water air acid sedimentation Production and usage of pesticide phenol Coking, refining, synthetic phenol, rubber, fertilizer, pesticide and industrial waste sludge cyanide Electroplating, metallurgy, dying and industrial sludge, fertilizer Related environmental problems Soil erosion Desertification Soil salinization Soil degradation Soil pollution 28 Case study Sand-dust storm in north China Phenomenon and harm Formation reasons Strategies or control approach Self-study, and as the reference to the assignments 29 Concerned environmental problems Environmental problems The environmental problems which caused by volcanic eruptions, earthquake, flood, drought and landslide primary environmental problems due to natural forces Environmental pollution Secondary environmental problems due to human activity Resources shortage and depletion ecological destruction 30 Secondary environmental problems2— environmental problems of resources shortage and depletion environmental problems of resources shortage and depletion classification of natural resources natural resources Relative to the human consumption level The constance of resources: Such as solar energy, wind energy, etc renewable resources ： land、forest the limitation of resources nonrenewable resources ： mineral resources Problems: because of the unreasonable exploitation and utilization of natural resources, it made the speed of natural resources from the environment demand by human is far more rapid than the regeneration speed of resources (renewable resources) For nonrenewable resources, it may lead to depletion by improper use 31 Relativity of resource problems Shortage and depletion of resources is relatively aim at the consumption level (or level of demand). Regional: the shortage and depletion of resources is usually aim at a particular region. Cause: resource distribution, technology level, state of economic development, consumer preferenceence,etc. Consequences and countermeasures: the fairness of resources usage? Trade?War? 32 The diagrammatic sketch of resource shortage and environmental problem relationship as the reference to the assignments:types, causes, performance, consequences, etc 33 Concerned environmental problems Environmental problems The environmental problems which caused by volcanic eruptions, earthquake, flood, drought and landslide primary environmental problems due to natural forces Environmental pollution Secondary environmental problems due to human activity Resources shortage and depletion ecological destruction 34 Secondary environmental problems 3 —ecological damage and environmental imbalance Ecological damage: Direct effect of human activities on natural ecosystems, results in significantly decreased of the production capacity of ecological systems and significantly changes of structures ,then causes environmental problems. Ecological balance and ecological imbalance ecological balance: the appropriate material, energy, information exchange between the ecosystem and its external environment, maintains the specific structure and function of ecosystem. ecological imbalance: When the outside interference exceeds the ability to regulate its own ecological system ,It will appear the destruction of ecosystem structure, function disorders and other phenomenon. 35 The devastating impact on the biosphere by human The devastating impact on the biosphere by human mainly in three aspects: change natural to artificial ecosystem in large-scale, interfere with the normal operation of the biosphere: such as agricultural development. take a lot of resources, destroy the ecological balance: such as deforestation, overexploitation of water resources. import large quantities of waste to the environment, seriously pollute the biosphere: such as dumping sewage and waste into rivers. Typical environmental problems brought in: desertification, destruction of biodiversity,etc. The analysis of desertification and the problem of biodiversity loss in 36 textbook can be the reference for homework ideas. Human activity should follow the ecology rule the schemes of relationship between ecological balance and environmental problems 4.3 Environment and human health hazards on human health by environmental pollution hazards on human health by environmental pollution Channels: poison in environment enters the body through the digestive tract, respiratory tract or skin, etc. Expression: two aspects of specific damage (human acute or chronic poisoning, teratogenesis , mutagenesis, cancer, etc.) and non-specific damage (increased incidence of frequentlyoccurring disease, decreased of the human resistance and the ability to work ) The human reflection process pathopoiesia factor by environment 38 （quoted from Liu Tianqi，2000） Example 1：the hazard of atmospheric pollutants on human health(brief) Pollutants Hazards on the human body Soot Cause bronchitis,etc. Sulfuric acid smoke Intense irritation and damage on the skin, conjunctiva, nasal mucosa, throat , etc. Lead Can cause red blood cell disorders, harm to the nervous system, etc. Sulphur dioxide Can cause heart palpitations, breathing difficulties, vocal cord spasm, laryngeal edema,even suffocation carbon monoxide Cause severe hypoxic symptoms (gas poisoning) Nitrogen oxides Damage on the respiratory tract, mucous membranes, nervous system,hematopoietic system Hydrogen sulfide Stimulate effect on the respiratory tract, eyes, may even harm the central nervous system then cause suffocation Cyanide Stimulate mucous membrane, cause convulsions, decrease of blood pressure,respiratory disorders,etc. Fluoride Damage bone, hematopoietic system, nervous system,etc. Chlorine Can cause chemical burns in the lungs Formaldehyde Stimulate the skin and respiratory mucosa , damage central nervous system , especially the visual organ quoted from Chen Limin and Wu Renjian,2003 39 example 2 ： the hazard of radioactive pollution on human health(brief) There's radioactive damage on human and animal under high dose irradiation. The main performance is a variety of cancer or shortening of the life span in varying degrees. The whole body acute exposure and Clinical symptoms Radiation doses (rad) Clinical symptoms 50 Have mild changes in hemogram. the reduction degree of lymphocytes and leukocyte is not serious. 100 Fatigue, nausea, vomiting occurred probability is 20 to 25%, significant changes in hemogram, mild acute radiation disease. 200 There will be nausea and vomiting after 24 hours.the incubation period of about a week later,there will be hair loss, anorexia, general weakness, accompanied by laryngitis, diarrhea. If the body is healthy, it will be expected to recover soon generally. 400 medianlethaldose There will be nausea and vomiting after several hours;hair loss, loss of appetite, general weakness,increased temperature within two weeks;purpura, mouth infection,throat infection within three weeks; pale, nose bleeding, diarrhea, rapid weight loss after four weeks; 50% of people irradiated will be dead,and the survivors will go back to health after six months. 600 lethal dose There will be nausea, vomiting, diarrhea and other symptoms after 1 to 2 hours irradiating. Incubation period is short.There will be vomiting, diarrhea, sore throat, fever, rapid weight loss after one week,and death in the second week.The mortality will be nearly 100%. 600 lethal dose There will be nausea, vomiting, diarrhea and other symptoms after 1 to 2 hours irradiating. Incubation period is short.There will be vomiting, diarrhea, sore throat, fever, rapid weight loss after one week,and death in the second week.The mortality will be nearly 100%. quoted from Yu Yufu and Mao Jiajun,1985 40 example 3：The hazard of biological pollution on human health(brief) Concepts: Biological pollution is mainly due to parasite eggs, bacteria rickettsia, viruses and other pathogens in contaminated water, air, soil that cause prevalence of parasitic diseases and certain infectious diseases. Category biological pollution of air includes bacteria, fungi, pollen, viruses,and other organic ingredients. biological contaminants of water includes bacteria, viruses and parasites,etc. biological contamination of food includs bacterial, fungi, parasite and viruses, etc. 41 Positive effect on human health caused by global climate change environmental change the results of the performance adverse effects on human health Enhanced greenhouse effect global warming, sea level rise diseases related to heat waves increase, the possibility of natural disasters (tornadoes, floods, fires, etc.) and unexpected events increase. depletion of surface ozone Damage of ultraviolet radiation increase sunburn,immune system damage, skin cancer, vision loss, etc. acid mist Acid rain affect the respiratory system Cultivated land degradation Barren land, salinization, desertification,etc. food quality (nutritional), volume (production) decrease the loss of biodiversity the loss of genetic diversity,ecosystem function decline regional cultural decline, edible species reduce. the loss of medical supplies 42 Residential living environment and human health Residential living environment is a house centered regional environment . geography environment: the complex of environmental factors closely relate to geographic location. residential environment: refers to the living room environment, such as room structure, interior decoration, etc. Outdoor surrounded environment: refers to the residential housing and environmental conditions of uptown, such as hygienism, green, infrastructure, etc. effect factors of human heath by living environment 43 Indoor environmental pollution, from the source point of view, there are air pollution, construction and decoration materials, chemical pollution of daily necessities, radioactive pollution of household appliances and noise pollution, solid waste pollution,etc. Hazards of the living environment on human health include the following: cause respiratory diseases: inflammation carcinogenic: radon can cause lung cancer; formaldehyde can cause rhinitis cancer transmit diseases: such as viruses, bacteria can cause flu, etc. other hazards: such as damage to the nervous system, digestive 44 system, etc. 4.4 Case study：Largest flood disaster consideration caused by Changjiang River in 1998 Self-study, and as the reference to the assignments There was another flood basin in the Yangtze River Valley in 1998 after that in 1954. resulting in 1,320 deaths and economic losses of 166.6 billion yuan. cause analysis from the following aspects: sharp drop in forest, soil erosion reclamation of land from the lake , economic development too fast garbage dumping, blocking rivers and lakes greenhouse effect, sea level rise reflect and propound suggestion after disaster management : Protection of Ecological Environment Yangtze Flood Resources 45 Summary * The unity of opposites relationship between human and environment. *Produce process of environmental problems and essence of environmental problems. * Introduce a variety of environmental problems caused by human activities (pollution, resource shortages and ecological imbalance ) * Discuss the relationship between environment and human health, the relationship between the emphasis living environment and human health. 46 Homework (in group） Choose your own environmental problems experienced, analyse its manifestations, causes, consequences, and recommendations for improvement. 47 4.7 Reading material UNDP. The report of human development. Published each year Bergman ， E.F. Introduction to Geography ： People Places and Environment(2nd) . Pearson Education，2002 Dennis L.Meadows et al. The Limits to Growth. New York ：Universe Books，1974 Rachel L.Carson. Silent Spring. Published by arrangement with Frances Collin Literary Agent Trustee U-W-O，1962 Swanson, Timothy M. Global environmental problems and international environmental agreements: the economics of international institution building. Published in association with UNCTAD，1999 Word Commissin on Environment and Development. Our Common Future. New York： Oxford University Press，1987 48
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