Module 11 模組11 Interaction with other ethical concerns 其它的倫理議題 This module will enable you to 本模組將使您能夠 • Understand how concern for people and animals can be integrated了解如何整合人與 動物之關懷 • Be familiar with basic concepts in environmental ethics認識環境倫理的基本概念 • Understand the relationships between conservation and animal welfare ethics了解保 育與動物福利倫理 • Be able to debate the ethics of veterinary treatment of wild animals能夠辯論獸醫對野生 動物醫療倫理 People before animals? 人在動物之前？ • If resources are limited, can we afford to care about animals when people suffer?如果資 源不足,當人類受苦時是否 仍有能力照顧動物? • What should our priorities be?優先次序如何? • Is it immoral to waste resources on animals?如果 把資源浪費在動物身上是否 不道德? People before animals? 人優先動物 Case study: the RSPCA 皇家動物防虐協會案例分析 • RSPCA in UK is one of the earliest animal welfare societies 英國的皇家動物防虐協會 RSPCA是全世界最早的動物福利組織 • Formed before the equivalent society for children 比兒童福利組織要更早成立 • People involved were social reformers across a range of issues 那個時代有一連串的社會改 造議題,包括奴隸,童工等 Case study (continued) RSPCA案例研究(續) • Concern for animals and people 動物與人合併關心 • Drinking troughs and water fountains 飲水槽(牛飲水用)與噴水槽 (人飲水用) RSPCA water trough in Lewes, UK協會在英國路易斯 之水槽 ‘Open thy mouth for the dumb’ ’ 為啞巴開口。(譯註： 路易斯在英格蘭南區；你當為啞巴(不能自辯的)開口 聖經箴言 People before animals: Great Chain of Being? 人優先動物：生命的長鏈? • Is there a sliding scale of moral concern for different species?是否 有一個關懷各物種道德 地位的下降標尺 • Place on scale depends on mental complexity根 據動物思想的複雜度排 列道德的地位 • May justify putting all people before all animals?可否將所有人 類放在所有動物之上? People before animals: A sliding scale of moral concern? 人優先動物:階梯的道德考慮 • Sliding scale is different from the ‘equal consideration of equal interests’ 階梯的標尺異於”利益的平等思考” • Equal consideration suggests similar interests deserve similar attention whatever the species “平等思考”主張無 論何物種, 相似的利益應有相似的關懷 • Sliding scale devalues all animals’ interests on the basis of species membership 階梯標尺的做法是站在物種角度, 將所有動物之利益去價值化 • Human prejudice? Speciesism? 人的歧視?物種主義? • Lesser evils, greater evils 對人的大害可以忽視對動物小 害 People before animals: Lifeboats 人優先動物:生命之船 • Is all of life always in ‘the lifeboat’? 是否所有的生命 一直都在”生命之船”內? • We are not always competing for limited resources 我們並非總是必須 要對有限的資源爭奪 • There may be different ways of solving problems of limited resources 應該有許多解決資 源不足的方法 • Compassion: a magic liquid? 關愛: 魔術水? A case for indirect moral status? 間接道德地位的例子？ • Should we be concerned for animals because of the effects on humans? 我們是否應該站在對人的影響下思考動 物的事 • A form of indirect moral worth 間接道德的形式 Animal cruelty and crimes against humans 虐待動物與害人之罪行 • Kindness to animals might result in kindness to humans 對動物善良會導致對人善良 • Cruelty to animals might result in cruelty to humans 對動物殘忍可能導致對人殘忍 • Many studies identify animal mistreatment as first sign of later criminal behaviour towards humans 很多研究顯示對動物殘忍 是日後對人犯罪行為之前兆 Empathy 同理心 • Emotional effect of witnessing another’s emotion 同理心是目擊他人之情緒後, 對自 己情緒的影響 • Some correlation between empathy for animals and empathy for people 對動物的 同理心與對人的同理心有某些相關性 • Humane education 人道教育 Animals AND people 動物與人 • Animals and people sharing common interests 動物與人分享共同之利益 • Domestic animals in a symbiotic relationship with man: mutual benefit 家畜與人是一個共生的狀態: 互利 • Enlightened self-interest 對自我利益的覺醒 • Another form of indirect moral concern 另一個形式的間接道德 關懷 Animals AND people: examples 動物與人: 舉例 • The taxi owner depends on the horse for his living 馬計程車車主靠這 匹馬生活 • It makes sense for him to look after his horse well 因此 善待該馬是有道理 的 Animals AND people: examples 動物與人: 舉例 • Has the mutual relationship between people and animals broken down in some cases? – Intensive farming? 在此例中人與動物之互動關係中在哪裡被破壞 了？ －集約飼養 Animals AND people: examples 動物與人舉例 • Is pet-keeping good for humans? 養寵物有益於人? – Cardiovascular health effects 對心血管健康有效 – Protection against loneliness 避免孤獨 – Facilitate human contact 有助於人與人之接觸 • HOWEVER, are animals looked after properly? 但是動物是否適當被照顧? • Animal-assisted therapy 動物輔助治療 Animals AND people: examples 動物與人舉例 • Animal advocates often argue that we should become vegetarian for the animals’ sakes 動物 擁護者通常主張為動物 而吃素 • Arguments for vegetarianism from human perspectives (social justice, environment)從人類的 社會正義提倡吃素之論 述 Environmental ethics 環境倫理學 5.All mammals 所有哺乳類 2.My family 我家 3.My compatriots 同胞 4.All humans 全人類 1.ME 我 6.All living things 所有生物 7.The world? 全世界? Introduction to environmental ethics 1 環境倫理學介紹1 • Human-centred environmental ethics 人類中心環境倫理 – Only humans have intrinsic worth 僅人有內在價值 – Other species have worth due to their utility to humans其他 物種之價值視對人類 的利用價值而定 Introduction to environmental ethics 2 環境倫理學介紹2 • Sentience-centred ethics 感覺中心倫理學 – Only sentient animals have intrinsic worth 僅有感覺的動物有內在價值 – An insufficient extension of traditional ethics?傳統倫理學的延伸不足？ Introduction to environmental ethics 3 環境倫理學介紹3 • Life-centred ethics 生命中心倫理 – All living things have intrinsic moral worth 所有有生命的都有內在價值 – ‘Reverence for Life’ “尊重生命” – Do even plants have interests and welfare? 植物是否有道德地位與福利? Introduction to environmental ethics 4 環境倫理學介紹4 • Environment-centred ethics 環境中心倫理學 – Not just individuals but ‘wholes’ count 整體考量而非個體考量 – Encompasses respect for biodiversity 包含尊重生物多樣性 – Must ‘preserve integrity, stability and beauty of biotic community’ 必須要維 護整體,安定,與美麗的生物社區 The environment and animals 環境與動物 • Concern for animals and the environment have much in common 關心動物與環境的共同性 • Animals are part of the environment 動物是環境的一部分 • Example: people campaigning against whaling because of: 例:人因二 項理由發動反對捕鯨運動 – Animal welfare 動物福利 – Effect on ecosystem 對生 態系統的影響 Eco-centric ethics and animal ethics – differences 環境中心倫理學與動物倫理學差異 1. 2. 3. 4. Unlike animal ethics, eco-centric ethics shows little concern for captive animals 異於動物倫理,環境倫理對 圈養動物不關心 Eco-centric ethics is concerned about more than just sentient animals 環境倫理超越動物知覺之議題 Animal ethics is concerned with pain and death, sometimes seen as essential parts of the life process 動物倫理重視痛與死亡,有時被視為生命過程必要部份 Eco-centric ethics is more concerned with systems or structures than individuals 環境倫理重視系統或構造勝 過每一個個體 Environmental VERSUS animal ethics examples 環境倫理對動物倫理舉例 • Feral goats shot to protect rare plant species 射殺野山羊保護稀有植物 • Capture and translocation programmes to reintroduce species to ecosystems 捕捉與移走以重新引入物種 至生態系統 • Captive breeding for endangered species 圈養育種瀕臨絕種之物種 Ethics of treating wild animals 對待野生動物之倫理學 • Welfare of animals in nature often poor 野生動物在自然的環境中通常很可憐 • ‘Natural’ not necessarily good benchmark for captive animal welfare 對圈飼之動物福利而言，”自然”並非充分之 基本點 • What should we do about wild animal welfare? 野生動物之福利應該怎麼做？ Wild animals Arguments against treating them 野生動物 反對治療之論述 • Too many individual wild animals suffer daily—it’s impossible to make a difference 太多受苦的野生動物－不可能有所改變 • Lack of knowledge & expertise 知識與專家不足 • Unpredictable consequences of altering ecosystems 改變生態系統會有預想不到的後果 • Interfering with natural selection 影響天擇 • Stress of treatment and captivity 治療與圈養的緊迫 • Unknown or low survival rate 生存率不明或甚低 Wild animals Arguments for treating them 治療野生動物的論述 • Can enhance knowledge 可增進知識 • Can enhance respect for environment 可更尊重環境 • Can be successful => improve welfare 可能成功並因而增進野生動物福利 • Treatment of endangered species 治療瀕臨絕種物種 • Compensate for human acts acts 補償人類捕殺破壞的生態 Wild animals: Stewardship? 野生動物: 應有的管理職責? • Should we treat wild animals where we have been responsible for the problem and try to avoid creating problems for wild animals? 在我們對問題有責任以及 嘗試避免對野生動物製造問題之地區，是否應該治療 野生動物？ • Through global climate change and environmental pollution, have we already interfered everywhere? 全球氣候之改變是否已經表示我們已經在到處干預了? Conclusions 結論 • The interests of animals and people have much in common動物與人的利益有共同之處 • Environmental and animal ethics have much in common, but important differences too 環境與動物倫理有相同處也有極大之差異 • The veterinary treatment of wild animals raises important ethical issues 獸醫治療野生動物產生了很大的倫理問題 Further Reading • BUDIANSKY, S., 1992: The Covenant of the Wild: Why Animals Choose Domestication. William Morrow & Co. ISBN 0517114860 • DEGRAZIA, D., 2002: Animal Rights: A Very Short Introduction. Oxford University Press. ISBN 0192853600 • DESJARDINS, J.R., 1997: Environmental Ethics: An Introduction to Environmental Philosophy. 2nd Ed. ISBN 0534505082 • KEAN, H., 1998: Animal Rights. Political and Social Change in Britain since 1800. Reaktion Books Ltd. ISBN 1861890141. Further Reading • FOOD AND AGRICULTURE ORGANISATION 2006: Livestock’s Long Shadow. Environmental issues and options. 408 pp. Rome: FAO. Available from: http://www.virtualcentre.org/en/library/key_pub/longshad/A0701E00. pdf • MEPHAM, B., 1996: Food Ethics. Routledge. ISBN 0415124522 • PODBERSCEK, A.L., PAUL, E.S. AND SERPELL, J.A., (Eds.) 2000: Companion Animals and Us: Exploring the Relationships between People and Pets. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0521631130. • SAPONTZIS, S.F.: Morals, Reason and Animals. Philadelphia: Temple University Press. ISBN 0877224935
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