Information Ethics

Information Ethics
Hiroshi Toyoizumi
[email protected]
[email protected]
Contents
• Product and responsibility
• Copyright
• Code of ethics
• Data management: Privacy and
Public interest
• Moral
Product and responsibility
• Difference between Car, Book and
Software.
Car
– You might get sued if you made a car
harmful to users.
• Mitsubishi Motors?
Book
– You can write anything.
– You don’t have to liable to the
damage of your reader by displaying
defected information.
• Nostredame’s prediction in a book
Software
• Never read it before using it but…
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Aladdin Software License
Agreement
• Under no circumstances shall Aladdin Systems
be liable for any incidental, special, or
consequential damages that result from the use
or inablility to use the Software or related
documentation, even if Aladdin Systems has
been advised of the possibility of such damages.
In no event shall Aladdin Systems' liability
exceed the license fee paid, if any.
iTunes
•
7．責任の制限法が禁じない範囲において、アップルは、アップル
ソフトウェアの使用もしくは使用不可に起因するかもしくは関連する、
逸失利益、データの消失、仕事の中断またはその他の商業的損害
または損失等を含む、人体損傷または付随的、特別の、間接的また
は二次的損害等について、責任論（契約、不法行為等）に関係なく、
いかように発生し、アップルが当該損害の可能性を示唆していた場
合においても、一切の責任を負いません。人体損傷、付随的または
間接損害に対する責任の制限を法的に認めない地域において、本
制限は、お客様に適用されない場合があります。いかなる場合も（人
体障害を含む場合に適用法が求める場合を除いて）、すべての損害
50米ド
に関するお客様に対するアップルの賠償責任総額は、
ルを上限とします。上記の救済が本質的目的を達成できない場合
でも、前述の制限が適用になります。
Microsoft explorer
license agreement
•
•
損害に関する免責法律上の請求の原因の種類を問わず、マイクロソ
フトおよびその供給者は、本ソフトウェアの使用若しくは使用不能ま
たはサポートサービスの提供若しくは提供不能から生じる、または本
契約書の規定に関して生じる一切の損害 (逸失利益、機密情報若し
くはその他の情報の喪失、事業の中断、人身障害、プライバシーの
喪失、誠実または合理的な注意義務を含めた義務の不履行、過失、
またはその他の金銭的損失を含みますがこれらに限定されません)
に関して一切責任を負いません。
中略
本契約書に基づくマイクロソフトの責任は、本ソフトウェアについてお
客様が実際に支払った金額または700円のいずれか高い額を上
限とします。
Copy right
• What is copy?
• When copying is not acceptable?
• When copying is acceptable?
What is copy?
• Copy on the display
– Checking database on the monitor. Is it
copy?
– Legal in Japan, but illegal in EU.
• Morph the image
– Changing the color of original image. Is it
copy or secondary production?
– “West side story” is copy of “Romeo and
Juliet”?
Copying
• Users can copy the original for
private use.
• Is it reasonable to handle the
artistic product and commercial
product in the same way?
• Can a computer become an
author?
• Who can decide the copy right?
P2P is legal?
Why Software Should
Not Have Owners.
1.
Exaggeration.
Owners say that they suffer ``harm'' or ``economic loss'' when users
copy programs themselves.
 But the copying has no direct effect on the owner, and it harms no
one.
2.
The law.
Owners often describe the current state of the law.
 It's elementary that laws don't decide right and wrong.
Every American should know that, forty years ago, it was against the law
in many states for a black person to sit in the front of a bus; but only racists
would say sitting there was wrong.
3.
Natural rights.
Authors often claim a special connection with programs they have
written,
 their desires and interests concerning the program simply outweigh
those of anyone else---or even those of the whole rest of the world.
GNU
• http://www.gnu.org/
• The name GNU was chosen following a
hacker tradition, as a recursive acronym
for "GNU's Not Unix."
• Copy Left
• GNU GPL( General Public License)
The concept of Copyleft
•
The goal of GNU was to give users freedom, not just to be popular. So we
needed to use distribution terms that would prevent GNU software from being
turned into proprietary software. The method we use is called "copyleft".(1)
•
Copyleft uses copyright law, but flips it over to serve the opposite of its usual
purpose: instead of a means of privatizing software, it becomes a means of
keeping software free.
•
The central idea of copyleft is that we give
–
–
–
–
everyone permission
to run the program,
copy the program,
modify the program, and
distribute modified versions
--but
NOT permission to add restrictions of their own.
GNU GENERAL PUBLIC LICENSE
The specific implementation of copyleft that we use for most GNU software is the
GNU General Public License.
Example.
Version 2, June 1991
Copyright (C) 1989, 1991 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
59 Temple Place - Suite 330, Boston, MA 02111-1307, USA
Everyone is permitted to copy and
distribute verbatim copies of this
license document, but changing it is
not allowed.
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Anonymous
Privacy
ACM Code of
Ethics and Professional Conduct
Adopted by ACM Council 10/16/92.
Contents & Guidelines
1. General Moral Imperatives.
2. More Specific Professional
Responsibilities.
3. Organizational Leadership Imperatives.
4. Compliance with the Code.
5. Acknowledgments.
GENERAL MORAL IMPERATIVES.
As an ACM member I will ....
1.1 Contribute to society and human well-being.
1.2 Avoid harm to others.
1.3 Be honest and trustworthy.
1.4 Be fair and take action not to discriminate.
1.5 Honor property rights including copyrights and
patent.
1.6 Give proper credit for intellectual property.
1.7 Respect the privacy of others.
1.8 Honor confidentiality.
MORE SPECIFIC PROFESSIONAL
RESPONSIBILITIES.
• As an ACM computing professional I will ....
2.1 Strive to achieve the highest quality, effectiveness and
dignity in both the process and products of professional
work.
2.2 Acquire and maintain professional competence.
2.3 Know and respect existing laws pertaining to professional
work.
2.4 Accept and provide appropriate professional review.
2.5 Give comprehensive and thorough evaluations of
computer systems and their impacts, including analysis of
possible risks.
2.6 Honor contracts, agreements, and assigned
responsibilities.
2.7 Improve public understanding of computing and its
consequences.
2.8 Access computing and communication resources only
ORGANIZATIONAL LEADERSHIP
IMPERATIVES
As an ACM member and an organizational leader, I will ....
3.1 Articulate social responsibilities of members of an organizational
unit and encourage full acceptance of those responsibilities.
3.2 Manage personnel and resources to design and build information
systems that enhance the quality of working life.
3.3 Acknowledge and support proper and authorized uses of an
organization's computing and communication resources.
3.4 Ensure that users and those who will be affected by a system
have their needs clearly articulated during the assessment and
design of requirements; later the system must be validated to
meet requirements.
3.5 Articulate and support policies that protect the dignity of users
and others affected by a computing system.
3.6 Create opportunities for members of the organization to learn the
principles and limitations of computer systems.
COMPLIANCE WITH THE CODE.
• As an ACM member I will ....
4.1 Uphold and promote the principles of
this Code.
4.2 Treat violations of this code as
inconsistent with membership in the ACM.
Waseda-net Code
Quiz
Are these OK?
1. Use a copy machine in university
office to make fliers to sell your used CDs.
2. Use your homepage in waseda.jp to
display your used CDs for sale.
3. Ask your friend to buy your used CD
by sending an email from waseda.jp
email account.
4. Place your used CDs on Yahoo auction
from a computer in Waseda.jp.
Data management
•
You can be responsible to managing
data.
1. Easy to collect: through the internet
2. Easy to open: by the internet.
•
Responsibility of data manager:
1.
2.
3.
4.
Privacy
Open
Security
Accuracy
Harmful information
There are many harmful information
distributing on the internet. How can
we avoid the exposure to them.
•
•
•
•
Filtering?
Rating?
Voluntary restriction?
Cyber Angel?
Who owns records?
Example of medical
service
• In American hospitals,
– The paper describing the medical
information is the hospital property.
– The information is the patient
property.
Freedom of information law
and Privacy
• 1999 Freedom of information law
• Disclosure of medical records
– What should be disclosed?
•
•
•
•
•
written records,
nurse records,
medical prescription,
inspection records,
X-ray images…
– To who?
• Patients
• Family
Administrative agency and
information
Infectious disease
• Prevention
• Privacy
Quiz
Suppose you are a hospital employee.
 Waseda university hospital asks you to
provide the information of patients,
such as age, gender and symptom for
their research work. How are you going to
deal with their request?
 The hospital director ask you to adjust
the records related to the mistakes in
the medical care. How are you going
to deal with their request?
Moral
• Suppose you can win a CD by
cheating in a game with your
friend.
• What are you going to do?
• Why?
Answers?
• Lying is illegal?
• Cheating leads to losing friend?
• Just to be a fair?
Some school girl answered like this:
“The memory of cheating lasts forever.”
Samples of topics
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Copy right differences by country
Delay of iTunes Music Store in Japan
Arrest of the author of Winny
DeCSS, Emulator
leak of customer information (Yahoo, TBC,
Credit cards,…)
6. 2channel (2ちゃんねる）
7. Anonymity: good or bad?
8. Chat, Copy, Paste, Prison
9. Google toolbar move raises online ire
10. Personal Information Protection Law

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