科学技術大国中国の台頭」

“China’s Remarkable Progress in
Science and Technology”
Akito Arima
Ｐresident of Japan Science Foundation,
Former Minister of Science and Technology Agency,
Former Minister of Education, Culture and Sports
1
List of Contents
・ The Transitional Change in the Budget for Research and
Development (R&D) and the Number of Researchers
・ The State of Education
- The State of Higher Education
- The Results of High School Students Participating in
International Scientific Olympiads
- Overseas Education of Researchers
・ Research Papers
- The Share of Published Papers
- Ranking of Published Papers in International Comparison
- Relationship in Joint Papers
・ Dreams and Hopes of the Youth
・ Science and Technology Cooperation in Asia
2
The Transitional Change in the Budget for Research and
Development (R&D) and the Number of Researchers
3
The total budget for research and development in China has increased
rapidly parallel to its economic development, exceeding 860 billion dollars
in 2006. Though this is not quite as much as the US, Japan or the total of
EU, it is more than that of Korea, France or Germany.
Figure 1. Transition of R & D Funds in the Major Countries of the World　(Converted into Purchasing Power Parity)
350000
US：343,748
US
EU25
EU15
300000
Japan
China
250000
EU25：241,369
EU15：230,596
Germany
Million Dollars（PPP）
France
UK
200000
Korea
Canada
150000
Japan：138,782
100000
China：86,758
Germany：66,689
50000
France：41,436
Korea：35,886
UK：35,591
Canada：23,306
0
1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006
Year
(FY)
Source: Center for Research and Development Strategy, JST
4
China’s R&D budget ratio in relationship to its GDP is also on the increase.
The Chinese government is planning to increase the present GDP ratio of
1.4 to more than 2.0 by 2010, and more than 2.5 by 2020.
Figure 2.Transition of R &D B udget R atios in R elationship to their G D P in M ajor C ountries
(％)
5.0
4.5
4.0
3.5
3.0
Japan
United States
Germany
France
United Kingdom
EU-15
EU-27
China
Korea
Russian Federation
India
Japan 3.61
Korea 3.23
United States
2.62
2.5
Germany 2.51
France 2.12
2.0
EU-15 1.91
EU-27 1.84
United Kingdom 1.78
China 1.43
1.5
Russian
Federation 1.08
1.0
India 0.61
0.5
0.0
198182 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99200001 02 03 04 05 06
（FY）
N otes: (1) For internationalcom parison,each country (excluding K orea) contains hum an and socialsciences
(2) The num ber of industries surveyed has increased in both FY1996 and 2001 in Japan.
(3) The num bers after 2005 in the U S ,and for the year of 2006 in France and G erm any are provisional. EU -27 is an estim ation m ade by O EC D .
(4) EU -15 represents the 15 countries of B elgium ,G erm any,France,Italy,Luxem bourg,N etherlands,D enm ark,Ireland, U nited K ingdom ,G reece,
P ortugal,S pain,A ustria,Finland and S w eden.
(5) EU -27 represents the additional12 countries of C yprus,C zechoslovakia,Estonia,H ungary,Latvia,Lithuania,M alta,P oland,S lovakia,S lovenia,
B ulgaria and R om ania,including the previous 15 countries.
(6) The num bers for C hina before 1999 are underestim ated or based on underestim ated data.Thus,the data of 2000 does not have
any continuity w ith the data of the previous year.
Source:
“
W hite P aper on S cience and Technology　(2008)”
,P ublished by P ublished by the M inistry of S cience,
Education,C ulture, S ports,S cience and Technology (M EX T)
5
The number of Chinese researchers in 1990 was approximately the same
as those in Japan, but by 2007, China has almost twice as many
researchers as Japan with 1.224 million, equal to those of the USA or
Europe in total.
Figure 3. Transition of the N um ber of R esearchers in M ajor C ountries
（10,000
persons）
160.0
Japan
United States
140.0
United States 139.5
Germany
United Kingdom
EU-27 130.1
China 122.4
Korea
EU-15 108.7
France
120.0
China
100.0
EU-15
EU-27
80.0
Japan 71.0
60.0
40.0
Germany 28.0
France 20.4
Korea 20.0
United Kingdom 18.0
20.0
0.0
1981
83
85
87
89
91
93
95
97
99
2001
03
05
07（FY)
S ource:“
W hite P aper on S cience and Technology　(2008)”
,P ublished by M EX T.
6
The rising success of the younger researchers in their forties and early
fifties is obvious. For example, looking at the age distribution, 70 percent
of the research institute directors of the Chinese Academy of Sciences
are in their forties.
Figure 4.A ge D istribution of Each R esearch Institute D irector of the C hinese
A cadem y of S ciences (as of A ugust 2008)
60 years old
or m ore
3%
40 years old
or less
2%
５０～５４
years old
27%
４０～４４
years old
32%
４５～４９
years old
36%
S ource:“
The C apability of C hinese S cience and Technology”published by the S tudy
G roup on The C apability of C hinese S cience and Technology
7
The age distribution of the Presidents of each qualified university
participating in the 211 Project also shows that almost 60 percent of them
are in their late forties and early fifties.
Figure 5. A ge D istribution of the P residents of Each Q ualified U niversity in the 211 P roject
(as of A ugust 2008)
４０～４４
years old
1%
６0 years old
or m ore
24%
５５～５９
years old
17%
４５～４９
years old
18%
５０～５４
years old
40%
N otes: This P roject w as launched in 1993 to foster C hinese universities to becom e w orld class top level
by the 21st century,by intensively focusing on approxim ately 100 C hinese universities.Thus,
it is abbreviated as the 211 P roject.
107 universities w ere approved as being qualified for this project as of 2005.
S ource: “
The C apability of C hinese S cience and Technology”published by the S tudy G roup on The C apability
of C hinese S cience and Technology
8
The State of Education
9
The number of people who obtain doctorates in the scientific or
engineering field in China has increased dramatically (approximately a
1.9 time increase for the period 2000 – 2004). By 2003, China
surpassed Japan and the major European countries, becoming second
only to the USA in this number.
Figure 6.Transition in N um ber of D octorates in the Field of S cience and Engineering in M ajor C ountries
(1000 persons)
30.0
Japan
United States
28.0
United States
Germany
United Kingdom
25.0
China
Korea
20.0
China 14.9（2004）
15.0
Germany 12.2
10.0
United Kingdom 9.4
Japan 7.7
5.0
Korea 3.5（2004）
資料：　NSF ｢Science and Engineering Indicators 2008｣ Appendix table 2-42、2-43をもとに作成
0.0
1985
87
89
91
93
95
97
99
2000
01
02
03
04
05
(FY)
10
S ource:“
W hite P aper on S cience and Technology　(2008)”
,P ublished by M EX T.
The number of Chinese students advancing to graduate schools has
increased rapidly (approximately a quadruple increase for the period
2000 – 2007). By 2007, there were about 1.195million graduate
students in China, about 4.5 times more than Japan’s 262 thousand.
Figure 7. Transition in the N um ber of G raduate S choolS tudents in Japan and C hina
（
10,000 persons）
140
119.5
120
100
80
C hina
Japan
60
40
30.1
20
26.2
20.5
0
1990 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000
2001 2002
2003 2004
FY）
2005 2006 2007 （
S ource:P repared from “
C hina S tatisticalYearbook 2008”and “
S tatisticalA bstract Education,C ulture,S ports 2008”
11
According to an analysis in 2007 among those who were still attending
graduate school in China, about half of the students were majoring in
the fields of science and engineering.
Figure 8. B reakdow n of the M ajors in C hinese G raduate S choolS tudents (as of 2007)
M ilitary S cience
0.1%
A dm inistrators
11.3%
P hilosophy
1.2%
Econom ics
4.7%
Law
6.7%
Education
3.4%
M edicine
10.8%
Literature
7.9%
H istory
1.4%
A griculture
3.8%
S cience
12.2%
Engineering
36.5%
S ource:P repared from “
C hina S tatisticalYearbook 2008”
12
By comparison, one can see that the Japanese graduate school students
majoring in social sciences and science or engineering are both about 30
percent.
Figure 9. B reakdow n of the M ajors in Japanese G raduate S choolS tudents (as of 2007)
Education &
teacher training
4.5%
A rts
1.6%
O thers
8.6%
H um anities
6.6%
H ealth
11.6%
S ocialscience
31.3%
A griculture
4.2%
Engineering
25.2%
S cience
6.3%
S ource:P repared from “
S tatisticalA bstract Education,C ulture,S ports 2008”
13
Advancing to higher education has spread in China and the number of students who
enter university or graduate school has dramatically increased (by approximately 2.6
times during the period of 2000 – 2007), amounting to 6.078 million students in 2007.
On the other hand, the number of Japanese students advancing to higher education
has been gradually decreasing since the late 1990’s. In 2007, the number was 813
thousand students, a mere one seventh of China’s number.
Figure 10.Transition in N um ber of S tudents Entering H igher Education in C hina and Japan
(10,000 persons）
700
607.8
600
500
C hina
Japan
400
300
233.4
200
100
83.9
81.3
0
1990 1995 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 (FY)
N otes:(1) In C hina’s case,this num ber is the totalof students entering generalhigher education including university and higher vocationalschools
(specialcourses) graduate schoolm aster and doctoralcourses.
(2) In Japan’s case,this num ber is the totalof students entering junior college, university,graduate schoolm aster and doctoralcourses,professional
graduate schoolprogram s (e.g.M O T),nationaltraining schools　for teaching at schools for the handicapped,nationaltraining schools for teaching
at industrialhigh schools,and 4th year students of technicalcolleges.
14
S ource:P repared from “C hina S tatisticalYearbook 2008”and “S tatisticalA bstract Education,C ulture,S ports 2008”
The number of students attending schools in higher education in China
has sharply increased (by 3.4tmes during the period of 2000 – 2007)
amounting to 20.044 million, 6.6 times more than Japan.
Figure 11. Transition of the N um ber of S tudents A ttending H igher Education in C hina and Japan
(10,000 persons）
2500
2004.4
2000
C hina
Japan
1500
1000
586.2
500
309
304
0
1990 1995 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007
(FY)
N otes:(1) In C hina’s case,this num ber is the totalof students attending generalhigher education including university and higher vocationalschools
(specialcourses) graduate schoolm aster and doctoralcourses.
(2) In Japan’s case,this num ber is the totalof students attending junior college, university,graduate schoolm aster and doctoralcourses,professional
graduate schoolprogram s (e.g.M O T),nationaltraining schools　for teaching at schools for the handicapped,nationaltraining schools for teaching
at industrialhigh schools,and 4th year students of technicalcolleges.
S ource:P repared from “C hina S tatisticalYearbook 2008”and “S tatisticalA bstract Education,C ulture,S ports 2008”
15
The number of students entering a four-year university has rapidly increased
in China since the mid 1990’s (approximately 2.4 times during the period of
2000 – 2007). In 2007, the number of students totaled 2.821 million, which
was 4.6 times that of Japan.
Figure 12. Transition of the N um ber of Students Entering 4-year U niversities in C hina and Japan
（10,000 persons）
300
282.1
250
200
Japan
C hina
150
116
100
61.4
50
60
0
1990
1995
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
（FY）
N ote:In C hina’s case,this is the num ber of students entering generalhigher education excluding those of higher vocationalschools (specialcourses).
Source:Prepared from Statistics of the M inistry of Education of the People’s R epublic of C hina and “StatisticalA bstract Education,C ulture,Sports 2008” Japan.
16
The percentage of students entering a 4-year university in proportion to the
total population is showing an increasing tendency (a 2.3 time increase
during 2000 – 2007) at 0.21 percent by 2007. However, it is still about half
of that of Japan.
Figure 13.Transition of Students Entering 4-year U niversities in Proportion to the TotalPopulation in C hina and Japan
0.6%
0.48%
0.47%
0.5%
0.4%
Japan
C hina
0.3%
0.21%
0.2%
0.09%
0.1%
0.0%
1990
1995
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
(FY）
Source:Prepared from Statistics of the M inistry of Education of the People’s R epublic of C hina,“C hina StatisticalYearbook 2008”,“M onthly Statistics of Japan from the
M inistry of InternalA ffairs and C om m unications and “StatisticalA bstract Education,C ulture,Sports 2008” Japan.
17
The number of students attending 4-year universities in China increased
sharply from the mid 1990’s (by about 3 times during 2000 – 2007) amounting
to 10.243 million in 2007, approximately 3.6 times as many as Japan.
Figure 14. Transition in the N um ber of S tudents A ttending 4-year U niversities in C hina and Japan
（10,000 persons）
1200
1024.3
1000
800
Japan
C hina
600
340
400
282.9
274
200
0
1990
1995
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007 （FY）
N ote:In C hina’s case,this is the num ber of students attending generalhigher education excluding those of higher vocationalschools (specialcourses).
Source:Prepared from Statistics of the M inistry of Education of the People’s R epublic of C hina and “StatisticalA bstract Education,C ulture,Sports 2008” Japan.
18
The percentage of students attending a 4-year university in proportion
to the total population is showing an increasing tendency (a 3 times
increase during 2000 - 2007) at 0.78 percent by 2007. However, it is
still about one third of that of Japan.
Figure 15. Transition of S tudents A ttending 4-year U niversities in P roportion to the TotalP opulation in C hina and Japan
2.5%
2.21%
2.16%
Ma
P
C
2.0%
In
1.5%
Japan
C hina
1.0%
0.78%
0.5%
0.27%
0.0%
1990
1995
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
(FY）
S ource:P repared from S tatistics of the M inistry of Education of the P eople’
s R epublic of C hina,“
C hina S tatisticalYearbook 2008”
,“
M onthly S tatistics of Japan from the
M inistry of InternalA ffairs and C om m unications and “
S tatisticalA bstract Education,C ulture,S ports 2008” Japan.
19
China exceeds the world in a variety of scientific olympiads for high school
students. The Chinese students who participate in the fields of mathematics,
physics, chemistry, biology and informatics, all do well and obtain many gold
medals.
Table 1. Num ber ofStudents O btaining M edals in China in InternationalScience O lym piads during 2000 – 2007
N um ber of
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
participant G old S ilver B ronze G old S ilver B ronze G old S ilver B ronze G old S ilver B ronze G old S ilver B ronze
M athem atics
6
5
1
6
5
1
6
4
2
N onparticipation
P hysics
5
5
5
5
4
1
N onparticipation
C hem istry
4
4
4
4
4
B iology
4
3
1
2
2
4
4
4
Inform atics
4
1
2
1
4
4
4
4
S ubject
S ource:“
The C apability of C hinese S cience and Technology”published by the S tudy G roup on The C apability of C hinese S cience and Technology
20
The number of gold medals obtained by China in the scientific olympiads
recently exceeds those of Japan, USA and Russia, constantly maintaining
its leading position.
Figure 16.Num ber ofGold M edals O btained by China,Japan,USA and Russia in InternationalScience O lym piads During 2003 –2007
（N um ber of
gold m edals）
25
23
21
20
20
C hina
18
15
15
13
10
9
12
9
3
3
2004
2005
U nited States
13
9
5
0
Japan
15
R ussian
Federation
10
5
5
2006
2007
1
2003
(FY)
Source:“The C apability of C hinese Science and Technology”published by the Study G roup on The C apability of C hinese Science and Technology
21
In many cases, people who have studied abroad are appointed as the heads of
major research institutes and universities in China. For example, 75 percent of
the heads of the research institutes of the Chinese Academy of Sciences have
studied abroad. Of them, 21 percent studied in the US.
Figure 17.Foreign S tudying Experience of Each R esearch Institute H ead
of the C hinese A cadem y of S ciences (as of A ugust 2008)
A ustralia
5%
O thers
9%
France
5%
N one
25%
Japan
7%
G erm any
12%
U nited S tates
21%
U nited
Kingdom
16%
S ource:“
The C apability of C hinese S cience and Technology”published by
the S tudy G roup on The C apability of C hinese S cience and Technology
22
About 70 percent of all presidents of the qualified universities in the 211
Project have studied abroad, of which 23 percent have studied in the
US. For comparison, about 32 percent of Presidents of Japanese
national universities have studied abroad.
Figure 18.Foreign S tudying Experience of allP residents of the Q ualified
U niversities in the 211 P rojects (as of A ugust 2008)
A ustralia
2%
France
2%
C anada
4%
O thers
8%
N one
30%
G erm any
9%
Japan
11%
U nited
K ingdom
11%
U nited S tates
23%
N otes:This P roject w as launched in 1993 to foster C hinese universities to becom e w orld class top level
by the 21st century,by intensively focusing on approxim ately 100 C hinese universities.Thus,
it is abbreviated as the 211 P roject.
107 universities w ere approved as being qualified for this project as of 2005.
S ource:“
The C apability of C hinese S cience and Technology”published by the S tudy G roup on The C apability
of C hinese S cience and Technology
23
Research Papers
24
The number of research papers published by China has dramatically
increased. China’s share of published papers were 3.6 percent in 2000,
but by 2006, this has increased to 8.2 percent showing a rapid increase
of 2.3 times, standing at the same level as Japan, UK and Germany.
Figure 19.Transition of the S hare of P ublished P apers of M ajor C ountries Including C hina
(in the Fields of N aturalS cience and Engineering)
％
45
40
EU-25
35
米国
U nited S tates
論
S hares
30
文
of
P ubl発
ished 25
表
P apers
件
数
シ
ェ
ア
C anada
カナダ
イタリア
Italy
20
15
U nited K ingdom
イギリス
G ドイツ
erm any
Japan
France
フランス
日本
10
中国
C hina
5
FY
2006
0
1981
83
Japan
8.5
U nited S tates U nited Kingdom G erm any
31.1
8.1
8.4
85
87
89
91
93
95
97
France
6
99
C anada
4.8
01
03
Italy
4.6
K orea
韓国
05 2006年(FY)
C hina
8.2
Korea
2.7
EU -25
37.7
N ote:Joint P apers P ublished in M ulticountries are included as overlaps in each country.
Source:Science Indicator,Survey M aterial– 155 of the NationalInstitute of Science and Technology Policy (NISTEP)
25
The share of Chinese papers of all scientific areas in the world is rising
steadily. In the share of all scientific papers in the world, China has
risen from 14th (for 1991 to 1995) to 6th place (for 2001 to 2005).
Table 2.R anking of the M ajor Six C ountries Including C hina in the Share of allScientific Papers
(U pper num bers:share percentage, low er num bers:ranking)
U nited States U nited Kingdom
Japan
G erm any
France
C hina
Korea
36.1
9.4
8.5
7.8
6.1
1.7
0.5
1991-1995
1st place
2nd place
3rd place
4th place
5th place
14th place
26th place
1996-2000
2001-2005
33.2
9.6
9.4
8.7
6.5
3.1
1.4
1st place
2nd place
3rd place
4th place
5th place
9th place
16th place
31.6
8.8
9.2
8.6
6.1
5.9
2.5
1st place
3rd place
2nd place
4th place
5th place
6th place
14th place
Source:Survey M aterial– 158 of the NISTEP. Prepared by dynam ic rem odeling ofworldwide research activities and benchm arking dom estic scientific research.
Note: About the field analysis of the NISTEP:
This was prepared by calculating and re-classifying the papers stored in the WoS Database, utilizing ESI ‘s
(Essential Science Indicators) 22 areas of classification. (By journals. Refer to internet homepage
http://www.in-cites.com/journal-list/index.html)
26
China has risen from 18th (for 1991 to 1995) to 8th place (for 2001 to
2005) in the “Top 10 Percent Share of Papers”.
1991-1995
1996-2000
2001-2005
Table 3. R anking of the 6 M ajor C ountries Including C hina in the
“Top 10 Percent Share of Papers”for allfields of science and technology
(U pper num bers:share percentage, low er num bers:ranking)
U nited States U nited Kingdom Japan
G erm any France
C hina
54.0
10.3
6.9
7.9
6.1
0.8
Korea
0.4
1st place
2nd place
4th place
3rd place
5th place
18th place
25th place
50.1
11.3
7.7
10.1
7.0
1.7
1.0
1st place
2nd place
4th place
3rd place
5th place
13th place
19th place
48.2
11.4
7.8
11.0
7.1
4.1
1.8
1st place
2nd place
4th place
3rd place
5th place
8th place
15th place
N ote:“The top 10 percent papers”m eans the papers w ith strong im pact w hich rank w ithin the top 10 percent of the m ost cited papers in each field.
Source:Survey M aterial– 158 of the NISTEP. Prepared by dynam ic rem odeling ofworldwide research activities and benchm arking dom estic scientific research.
27
China has also risen from 19th (during 1991 - 1995) to 9th place
(during 2001 – 2005) in the citation indexing share of papers.
1991-1995
1996-2000
2001-2005
Table 4. R anking of the 6 M ajor C ountries Including C hina in the
C itation Indexing Share of Papers for allFields of Science and Technology
(U pper num bers:share percentage, low er num bers:ranking)
U nited States U nited Kingdom
Japan
G erm any
France
C hina
52.2
10.4
7.4
7.9
6.1
0.8
1st place
2nd place
4th place
3rd place
5th place
19th place
Korea
0.3
25th place
48.8
11.2
8.3
9.6
6.9
1.5
0.9
1st place
2nd place
4th place
3rd place
5th place
13th place
21st place
46.8
11.3
8.6
10.4
6.8
3.4
1.7
1st place
2nd place
4th place
3rd place
5th place
9th place
15th place
Source:Survey M aterial– 158 of the NISTEP. Prepared by dynam ic rem odeling ofworldwide research activities and benchm arking dom estic scientific research.
28
The relationship between China and Japan in the area of joint papers has been enhanced
and research cooperation between the two countries has strengthened. Comparing the
period from 1991 to 1995 with 2001 to 2005, one can see that Japan has risen relatively as a
partner for joint papers from China’s viewpoint. Especially in the field of material science,
Japan is now the top collaborating partner in joint papers in this field, surpassing the US.
Table 6.M ajor P artners (C ountries and A rea) in InternationalJoint P apers of Japan
（
A ) 1991-1995
1位
A llfields of science and
technology
2位
3位
U nited S tates G erm any
49.0
9.2
U nited S tates C hina
C hem istry
36.4
M aterialscience
P hysics and space science
C om puter science and
m athem atics
9.3
43.2
13.4
U nited S tates G erm any
41.0
8.6
C anada
11.1
8.2
52.0
8.1
6.4
8.3
6.7
A ustralia
C anada
7.4
7.2
5.4
3.3
A ustralia
4.7
4.0
3.8
3.7
N etherlands
3.1
3.2
2.6
N ew Zealand
Italy
N etherlands
3.0
Italy
2.9
India
4.1
A ustralia
3.4
C hina
3.4
3.1
5.2
3.6
India
R ussian Federation
R ussian Federation
S w eden
3.5
France
3.8
G erm any
France
5.2
7.6
5.3
3.9
3.8
N etherlands
2.0
S w itzerland
N etherlands
4.9
France
U nited K ingdom
C hina
C anada
5.5
U nited K ingdom
2.1
4.8
Italy
2.4
R ussian Federation
K orea
5.9
K orea
3.0
2.2
C hina
2.7
R ussian Federation
Taiw an
4.1
6.2
C hina
8.2
C hina
7.5
9.3
U nited S tates U nited K ingdom G erm any
B asic biology
8.3
C hina
U nited K ingdom G erm any
6.2
U nited K ingdom
K orea
9.0
C anada
Environm ent/ ecology and earth U nited S tates France
science
41.8
10.3
C linicalm edicine and psychiatric U nited S tates
m edicine /psychology
62.3
8.3
6.0
2.7
3.0
P oland
R ussian Federation Italy
N etherlands
Italy
4.4
France
7.3
C anada
C anada
9.0
48.3
7.8
France
11.2
France
U nited S tates G erm any
Engineering
8.2
U nited K ingdom
3.4
India
4.8
C anada
10位
A ustralia
3.5
France
6.0
9位
K orea
5.3
K orea
G erm any
8位
Italy
5.7
7.0
K orea
7位
C hina
6.3
9.1
10.9
6位
France
U nited K ingdom C anada
U nited K ingdom
U nited S tates G erm any
5位
C anada
8.6
G erm any
U nited S tates C hina
39.4
4位
U nited K ingdom
3.0
S w eden
2.5
2.8
Italy
2.4
2.3
(B ) 2001-2005
1位
A llfields of science and
technology
39.5
11.6
25.1
M aterialscience
P hysics and space science
C om puter science and
m athem atics
C hina
4位
9.6
G erm any
18.3
22.5
35.9
13.9
U nited S tates C hina
31.7
C linicalm edicine and psychiatric U nited S tates
m edicine /psychology
58.0
14.8
10.1
U nited K ingdom
15.6
9.0
7.5
7.5
8.0
5.4
K orea
7.3
6.5
A ustralia
4.1
C anada
5.6
5.2
4.9
3.9
3.9
S w eden
3.6
Thailand
3.8
2.9
India
K orea
A ustralia
5.0
3.2
6.3
4.0
France
2.9
India
K orea
France
5.0
Taiw an
3.3
4.8
6.5
Italy
5.2
A ustralia
France
2.1
C anada
A ustralia
3.7
6.0
R ussian Federation
3.2
7.0
C anada
2.9
A ustralia
S w itzerland
Italy
5.0
6.2
6.9
6.7
G erm any
5.9
C anada
C anada
8.6
U nited K ingdom
3.6
A ustralia
3.1
C anada
3.4
Italy
R ussian Federation France
6.8
G erm any
C hina
9.3
3.8
3.6
3.8
Italy
R ussian Federation
R ussian Federation
K orea
10位
A ustralia
4.6
4.7
4.7
9位
C anada
France
France
6.9
8.7
5.0
5.0
C anada
U nited K ingdom
A ustralia
8.5
U nited K ingdom G erm any
8.9
7.0
8位
R ussian Federation
India
India
10.6
France
K orea
U nited S tates U nited K ingdom C hina
44.6
10.9
8.9
G erm any
6.0
6.3
U nited K ingdom
K orea
7位
C anada
France
6.3
U nited K ingdom
6.9
12.2
G erm any
6.9
7.8
G erm any
14.0
16.3
6位
France
U nited K ingdom
R ussian Federation C hina
U nited S tates C hina
30.0
8.5
K orea
8.0
20.4
U nited S tates G erm any
5位
U nited K ingdom K orea
U nited S tates K orea
Environm ent/ ecology and earth U nited S tates C hina
science
37.9
B asic biology
3位
G erm any
U nited S tates C hina
C hem istry
Engineering
2位
U nited S tates C hina
3.5
S w eden
2.9
Source:Survey M aterial– 158 of the NISTEP. Prepared by dynam ic rem odeling of worldwide research activities and benchm arking dom estic scientific research.
2.2
29
On the other hand, from Japan’s viewpoint, as an international partner for joint
papers, one can see that China has risen from 6th (during 1991 to 1995) to 2nd
place (during 2001 to 2005) in all fields of science and technology. As for the
material science field, Japan is 1st place as partner in China, and vice versa.
Table 6.M ajor P artners (C ountries and A rea) in InternationalJoint P apers of Japan
（
A ) 1991-1995
1位
A llfields of science and
technology
2位
3位
U nited S tates G erm any
49.0
9.2
U nited S tates C hina
C hem istry
36.4
M aterialscience
P hysics and space science
C om puter science and
m athem atics
9.3
43.2
13.4
U nited S tates G erm any
41.0
8.6
C anada
11.1
52.0
8.3
8.3
7.5
9.3
6.7
A ustralia
8.1
C anada
6.4
7.4
7.2
5.4
3.3
A ustralia
4.7
4.0
2.6
N ew Zealand
3.8
Italy
3.7
N etherlands
3.1
N etherlands
3.2
3.0
2.9
India
4.1
A ustralia
3.4
C hina
3.4
3.1
5.2
3.6
India
R ussian Federation Italy
R ussian Federation
S w eden
3.5
France
3.8
G erm any
France
5.2
7.6
5.3
3.9
3.8
N etherlands
2.0
S w itzerland
N etherlands
4.9
France
U nited K ingdom
C hina
C anada
5.5
U nited K ingdom
2.1
4.8
Italy
2.4
R ussian Federation
K orea
5.9
K orea
3.0
2.2
C hina
2.7
R ussian Federation
Taiw an
4.1
6.2
C hina
8.2
C hina
C hina
U nited S tates U nited K ingdom G erm any
6.2
U nited K ingdom
K orea
9.0
C anada
Environm ent/ ecology and earth U nited S tates France
science
41.8
10.3
C linicalm edicine and psychiatric U nited S tates U nited K ingdom G erm any
m edicine /psychology
62.3
8.2
B asic biology
8.3
6.0
2.7
3.0
P oland
R ussian Federation Italy
N etherlands
Italy
4.4
France
7.3
C anada
C anada
9.0
48.3
7.8
France
11.2
France
U nited S tates G erm any
Engineering
8.2
U nited K ingdom
3.4
India
4.8
C anada
10位
A ustralia
3.5
France
6.0
9位
K orea
5.3
K orea
G erm any
8位
Italy
5.7
7.0
K orea
7位
C hina
6.3
9.1
10.9
6位
France
U nited K ingdom C anada
U nited K ingdom
U nited S tates G erm any
5位
C anada
8.6
G erm any
U nited S tates C hina
39.4
4位
U nited K ingdom
3.0
S w eden
2.5
2.8
Italy
2.4
2.3
(B ) 2001-2005
1位
A llfields of science and
technology
39.5
11.6
25.1
M aterialscience
P hysics and space science
C om puter science and
m athem atics
C hina
4位
9.6
G erm any
18.3
22.5
35.9
13.9
U nited S tates C hina
31.7
C linicalm edicine and psychiatric U nited S tates
m edicine /psychology
58.0
14.8
10.1
U nited K ingdom
15.6
9.0
7.5
7.5
8.0
5.4
K orea
7.3
6.5
4.1
C anada
5.6
5.2
5.0
4.9
3.9
3.9
S w eden
3.6
Thailand
3.8
2.9
India
K orea
A ustralia
2.9
India
3.2
6.3
4.0
France
3.3
K orea
France
5.0
Taiw an
A ustralia
4.8
6.5
Italy
5.2
3.7
6.0
2.1
C anada
A ustralia
R ussian Federation France
A ustralia
3.2
7.0
C anada
2.9
A ustralia
S w itzerland
Italy
5.0
6.2
6.9
6.7
G erm any
5.9
C anada
C anada
8.6
U nited K ingdom
3.6
3.1
C anada
3.4
Italy
R ussian Federation France
6.8
G erm any
C hina
9.3
3.8
3.6
3.8
Italy
R ussian Federation A ustralia
R ussian Federation
K orea
10位
A ustralia
4.6
4.7
4.7
9位
C anada
France
France
6.9
8.7
5.0
5.0
C anada
U nited K ingdom
A ustralia
8.5
U nited K ingdom G erm any
8.9
7.0
8位
R ussian Federation
India
India
10.6
France
K orea
U nited S tates U nited K ingdom C hina
44.6
10.9
8.9
G erm any
6.0
6.3
U nited K ingdom
K orea
7位
C anada
France
6.3
U nited K ingdom
6.9
12.2
G erm any
6.9
7.8
G erm any
14.0
16.3
6位
France
U nited K ingdom
R ussian Federation C hina
U nited S tates C hina
30.0
8.5
K orea
8.0
20.4
U nited S tates G erm any
5位
U nited K ingdom K orea
U nited S tates K orea
Environm ent/ ecology and earth U nited S tates C hina
science
37.9
B asic biology
3位
G erm any
U nited S tates C hina
C hem istry
Engineering
2位
U nited S tates C hina
3.5
S w eden
2.9
Source:Survey M aterial– 158 of the NISTEP. Prepared by dynam ic rem odeling of worldwide research activities and benchm arking dom estic scientific research.
2.2
30
Dreams and Hopes of the Youth
31
According to the results of an international comparison survey conducted by
the Japan Youth Research Institute, the percentage of high school students
who replied that the 21st century will become a society with hope was only 35
percent for the Japanese, compared to 89 percent for the Chinese.
Figure 20. The P ercentage of H igh S choolS tudents W ho R eplied P ositively
That the 21st C entury W illB ecom e a S ociety W ith H ope
C hina
89%
U nited States
63.5%
Korea
63%
Japan
35%
0%
20%
40%
60%
80%
100%
N ote:R esults from an internationalcom parison survey conducted by the Japan Youth R esearch Institute in 1999
S ource:K oichiK itazaw a “
Japan’
s Econom ic D ream From a S cientist’
s V iew point”
32
From another international comparison conducted by the International
Student Center, University of Tsukuba, 91 percent of Chinese junior
high school students replied positively that they had large hopes for
their future, while only 29 percent replied the same in Japan.
Table 7. R eplies of Junior H igh S choolS tudents to the Q uestion
“D o you have large hopes for your future?”
J apan
Chi na
Kor ea
Yes, I have hi gh hopes.
29%
91%
46%
Thi ngs wi l l wor k out somehow.
35%
7%
35%
I don’ t know what wi l l happen.
29%
2%
18%
No, I have no hope what soever .
5%
0%
1%
No answer
2%
0%
0%
N ote:S urvey conducted by the InternationalS tudent C enter,U niversity of Tsukuba,
in 2001,to the 3rd year junior high schoolstudents in Japan,C hina and K orea.
S ource:K oichiK itazaw a “Japan’s Econom ic D ream From a S cientist’s V iew point”
33
Science and Technology Cooperation
in Asia
34
The necessity for a moderate science and
technology alliance based in East Asia.
• Not just a few, but many recent researches in the leading
science and technology fields require a huge amount of
financial and human investment, which is getting more and
more difficult to be covered by just one single country.
• To meet this situation, EU has advanced its scientific and
technical cooperation with its various countries within the
union, and is now beginning to form a scientific and technical
corner in the world. Northern America is also another
scientific and technical corner with the US at its core.
• Thus, it is only natural to bring up the necessity to form a
base for research and development in Asia, otherwise difficult
to establish in a single country, by developing scientific and
technical cooperation, with East Asia at its core,
35
For example, facilities could be shared in the
following areas of research and development:
• Environmental technology (development of new
energy resources, environmental conservation
measures)
• High energy (Large Hadron Collider accelerating
facilities, etc)
• Thermonuclear fusion
• Astronomy (high powered large telescope, etc)
• Space exploration
etc.
36
Thank You !
37

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