Roles of Technology Licensing Organizations (TLOs) in the Commercialization of Life Sciences ～Japan’s Situation and Problems Takuji Hara Graduate School of Business Administration Kobe University April 2003 Takuji Hara, Kobe University 1 Contents The Process of Innovation The Bridging Problem TLO as an Organization for Bridging the Two Cultures The Area of Life Sciences Some Case Studies A Survey Conclusions April 2003 Takuji Hara, Kobe University 2 The Process of Innovation The Linear Model Sciences April 2003 Technologies Takuji Hara, Kobe University Products 3 The Interactive Model Sciences Technologies Organizations Institutions April 2003 Takuji Hara, Kobe University 4 The Interactive Model An Example: Pharmaceuticals Compound Application Organizational Authorization Market Hara, T. (2003), Innovation in the pharmaceutical industry, Edward Elgar April 2003 Takuji Hara, Kobe University 5 The Two Cultures The Culture of Academic Research (Universities) Pursuing Knowledge Diverse and Longer-term Perspectives The Culture of Market Economy (Business Enterprises) Pursuing Profits Focused and Shorter-term Perspective April 2003 Takuji Hara, Kobe University 6 The Two Culture and Innovation To achieve innovation requires both of the two cultures and their interaction. Bridging the gap between the two cultures is the key to innovation. April 2003 Takuji Hara, Kobe University 7 The Bridging Problem Bridging → Innovation Research World Business World Understanding Nature Reputation in the Academic Society Making Profits The Growth of the Company The Need of Research Funds The Need of New Products The Desire for Contribution to Society April 2003 Takuji Hara, Kobe University 8 The Gatekeeper Receiving Information and Translating April 2003 Takuji Hara, Kobe University 9 The Boundary Spanner Receiving and Sending Information Translating and Arranging Research World April 2003 Boundary Spanner Business World Takuji Hara, Kobe University 10 The System Builder Linking Elements Social Actors April 2003 Takuji Hara, Kobe University Technological Components 11 TLO as an Organization for Bridging the Two Cultures Receiving and Sending Information about Technology and Market Valuing and Enclosing Technology (Translating) Marketing Technology (Translating and Arranging) Choosing Licensees (Linking Elements) Licensing (Arranging and Linking) Management of Intellectual Properties and Licensing Contracts (Arranging) Consulting (Translating and Arranging) April 2003 Takuji Hara, Kobe University 12 TLOs in Japan Institutionalized in 1998 by so-called Japan’s TLO act. 32 Official TLOs in Japan (March 2003) Different Forms ・Stock Corporations ・Intra-university Organizations ・Foundations April 2003 Takuji Hara, Kobe University 13 Examples of TLOs in Japan Corporations: Hokkaido TLO (Hokkaido U. etc.) Tohoku Technoarch (Tohoku U. etc.) Institution of Tsukuba Liaison (Tsukuba U. etc.) CASTI (Tokyo U.) Kansai TLO (Kyoto U. etc.) Foundations: Osaka TLO (Osaka Prefecture, Osaka City, Osaka U. etc.) Hyogo TLO (Hyogo Prefecture, Kobe City, Kobe U. etc) Intra-University Organizations: Keio University Intellectual Property Center Waseda University Intellectual Property Center April 2003 Takuji Hara, Kobe University 14 Innovation in the Area of Life Sciences Very Long Lead-time Huge Costs High Risk, High Return Decisive Patents Exclusive Contracts Are Often Required. ↓ Significance of Each Licensing Contract →Finding Excellent Partners Is Crucial. April 2003 Takuji Hara, Kobe University 15 Case Studies OTM, UC San Francisco OTTL, Harvard Medical School IC Innovations, Imperial College, London CASTI, Tokyo University April 2003 Takuji Hara, Kobe University 16 OTM，UC San Francisco (Aug 2001) One of UC’s TLOs (Largest Income Source) 4 PhD Licensing Associates in Life Sciences ２ Associates Have Experience in Technology Transfer in Life Sciences 170 Contracts a Year, $(2)77m Income Personal Network Is Important Focus at First, Then Go Open Bio-network in the Bay Area April 2003 Takuji Hara, Kobe University 17 OTL, Harvard Medical School (Feb 2002) Intra-University Organization 4 PhD Associates in Life Sciences All Have Experience in Technology Transfer or Business. Income $25m Personal Network Is Important Bio-network in Boston April 2003 Takuji Hara, Kobe University 18 IC Innovations，Imperial College, London (Jul 2001) Stock Corporation Owned by Imperial College 5 Associates (2 PhDs in Life Sciences) 3 of Them Have Experience in Business 77 Inventions in Life Sciences 32 Patents in Life Sciences Human Network Is Important Bio-network in London April 2003 Takuji Hara, Kobe University 19 CASTI，Tokyo University (Aug 2001) Stock Corp. Owned by a Group of Academic Staff at Tokyo University 4 Associates (None Works Biotechnology Only) 2 Have Experience in Business but NOT in Life Sciences 10 Contracts (10 More Close to Agreement) Co-marketing with Recruit Co. Ltd., a Human Resource Management Consultant April 2003 Takuji Hara, Kobe University 20 A International Comparative Survey on the Situation of TLOs in the Life Science Area (conducted in October 2001 - March 2002) Licensing Associates in Life Sciences Social Networks Activities Performance April 2003 Takuji Hara, Kobe University 21 Licensing Associates in Life Sciences North America Number of Associates Number of Associates in Life Sciences April 2003 Japan Samples Average Samples Average 16 3.66 12 2.75 16 2.44 12 1.54 Takuji Hara, Kobe University t-test *p<.05 22 Social Networks North America 5 = Very Strong Linkage 1 = Very Weak or No Linkage April 2003 Machine Industry IT Industry Chemical Industry Pharma Industry Agri Industry Machine Engineering Chemical Engineering Electronics Computer Sciences Life Sciences Faculty of Engineering Faculty of Sciences Faculty of Agriculture Faculty of Medicine Faculty of Pharmacology Graduates Ministry of Industry Ministry of Health Financial Institutions Foreign Companies Samples 11 13 14 14 14 12 13 13 13 15 13 15 11 12 12 13 12 13 15 14 Average 2.36 3.15 3.27 4.14 3.14 2.50 2.77 3.00 3.62 4.40 3.85 4.00 2.82 4.25 3.83 4.00 2.67 3.15 3.27 2.43 Japan Samples Average 12 4.08 12 3.75 12 3.50 12 2.83 11 2.73 12 4.08 12 3.67 12 3.83 12 3.33 12 2.83 11 4.64 10 3.60 9 3.56 10 3.80 7 2.86 11 3.09 11 3.64 10 1.90 10 2.90 10 2.10 Takuji Hara, Kobe University t-test *p<.05 ＊ ＊ ＊ ＊ ＊ ＊ 23 Activities 5 Very Active ＝ 1 No Activity ＝ Finding Technology Seeds Evaluation of Seeds Supporting Patent Application Information Services, Advertisement Technology Licensing Management of Royalties Supports for Research (Grants) Supports for Spin-offs Investigation into Technology Needs Supports for R&D Collaboration Supports for Financing after Transfer Supports for Patent Disputes Proposal of Business Plans Education to Academic Researchers Education to Potential Licensees Appeal to Governments Enlargement of Social Network Enhancement of Operational Funds Improvement of Services Use of Information Technology April 2003 North America Samples Average 16 3.81 16 4.25 16 4.56 16 3.63 16 4.56 16 4.00 15 3.07 16 3.13 15 3.27 16 3.94 14 2.14 16 3.00 16 3.00 16 4.06 16 4.00 16 2.88 16 3.25 16 3.25 16 3.94 16 4.06 Japan t-test *p<.05 Samples Average 12 4.17 12 4.42 12 4.50 12 4.42 12 4.33 11 4.00 12 2.67 12 2.92 12 4.00 11 3.09 ＊ 11 1.73 9 1.56 ＊ 11 2.18 12 4.00 11 3.64 12 3.25 12 3.83 12 3.50 11 3.55 12 3.75 Takuji Hara, Kobe University 24 Performance Year 2000 Number of Patents Filed in Total North America Samples Average 16 46.50 Japan Samples Average 12 44.83 Number of Patents Filed in Life Sciences 13 30.54 12 11.17 Number of Licensing in Total 15 46.13 12 6.83 Number of Licensing in Life Sciences 12 30.33 12 1.33 Values of Royalties in Total 16 $9.10m 12 $0.05m Values of Royalties in Life Sciences 11 S7.15m 12 $0.0095m t-test *p<.05 Note) 1 dollar (Canada) = 0.6 dollar (US), 1 Yen = 0.008 dollar (US) April 2003 Takuji Hara, Kobe University 25 Conclusions TLOs are playing a role of bridging academic and business cultures. In the area of life science, each licensing contract is important. Ability in both life science and business is a key to successful technology transfer. Human network is another key to success. Life science expertise in TLOs is insufficient in Japan. Network in the life science area is underdeveloped in Japan. The linking function of TLOs is weak in Japan. April 2003 Takuji Hara, Kobe University 26 Key Tasks for TLOs in Japan Reinforcement of Expertise in the Life Science Area with Business Experience Development of Social Network in the Life Science Area Activation of the Linking and Arranging Functions of TLOs April 2003 Takuji Hara, Kobe University 27 Recently… The number of experts in life sciences in TLOs is increasing. Social networks and industrial clusters in life sciences are emerging. e.g. The Kobe Medical Industry Development Project “Saito” life science park, Osaka More and more university-industry technology transfers in the life science area are achieved. April 2003 Takuji Hara, Kobe University 28 Selected References Allen, T. (1977), Managing the Flow of Technology, Cambridge, MA: MIT Press. Friedman, R. A. and J. Podolny (1992), Differentiation of Boundary Spanning Roles, Administrative Science Quarterly, 37, 28-47. Hara, T. (2003), Innovation in the Pharmaceutical Industry, Cheltenham: Edward Elgar Harmon, B. et al. (1997), Mapping the University Technology Transfer Process, Journal of Business Venturing, 12, 423-434. Hughes, T. P. (1987), The Evolution of Large Technological Systems, in The Social Construction of Technological System (W. E. Bijker et al. eds) , Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, pp. 51-82. Jamison, D. B. (1984), The Importance of Boundary Spanning Roles in Strategic Decision-Making [1], Journal of Management Studies, 21(2), 131-152. Powell, W. W., K. W. Koput and L. Smith-Doerr (1996), Inter-organizational Collaboration and the Locus of Innovation, Administrative Science Quarterly, 41, 116-145. Wiesendanger, H. (2000), A History of OTL, http://otl.stanford.edu. April 2003 Takuji Hara, Kobe University 29
© Copyright 2024 ExpyDoc
