ALMA Early Science ” Cycle1” Capability, Policy & Science Case Kazuya Saigo (NAOJ Chile Observatory) + ALMAJ Staff Members (Ken’chi Tatematsu, Daniel Espada, Erik Muller, Akiko Kawamura, Yasutaka, Kurono, Hiroshi Nagai, Eiji Akiyama, Daisuke Iono, Yuichi Matsuda) This Talk • ALMA Overview • ALMA Early Science Cycle 1 Capability I Basic (Frequency/Sensitivity/Resolution) • ALMA Early Science Cycle 1 Capability II Observational Modes/Limit • ACA M100 (CSV result 12m array + ACA) 2012/6 Town Meeting Cycle1 Capability, Policy, & Scince Case 1 What is ALMA Project. ALMA Project Overview Atacama Large Millimeter/submillimeter Array at 5000 m high site in northern Chile • ALMA is in construction phase now. Early Science Phase (Construction phase) 2011 Cycle 0 operation 2012 Cycle 1 operation … we are here! 2013 Cycle 2 operation Inauguration (The end of a construction phase) Full Operation Phase (All observation modes become available.) - Main Array: 12m x 50 Antennas - Atacama Compact Array: 12m x 4 + 7m x 12 BBC (C) 2012 • Even in cycle1 phase , ALMA achieves with the highest sensitivity and the highest spatial resolution in observation at submillimeter wavelength. • The ALMA Project is a joint project among East Asia, Europe, and North America in cooperation with Chile. 2012/6 Town Meeting Cycle1 Capability, Policy, & Scince Case 2 Cycle 1 timeline ALMA Early Science Cycle 1 Timeline Timeline - 31 May, 2012 (15:00UT) Call for Proposal Opening of the Archive for proposal submission ← we are here! 12 July 2012 (15:00 UT) Proposal submission deadline November 2012 Announcement of the outcome of the Proposal Review Process - 1 January 2013 Start of ALMA Cycle 1 Science Observations - (May 2013 Expected deadline for proposal submission for Cycle 2 ) - 31 October 2013 End of ALMA Cycle 1 Total observation time in Cycle1 2012/6 800 hours for 12m main array Up to 800 hours for ACA system (see later) About 200 highest priority projects are expected to be prepared for scheduling. Town Meeting Cycle1 Capability, Policy, & Scince Case 3 Cycle 1 Basic Capability Cycle 1 Basic Capability – Spectral Setting 1. Band (Frontend Detector) example line - Band 3 (2SB: 84GHz - 116GHz) : CO(1-0), HCO+(1-0), CS(2-1), N2H+(1-0),,, - Band 6 (2SB: 211GHz - 275GHz) : CO(2-1), HCO+(3-2), CS(5-4), N2D+(3-2),,,, - Band 7 (2SB: 275GHz - 373GHz) : CO(3-2), HCO+(4-3), CS(6-5/7-6), N2H+(3-2), N2D+(4-3), - Band 9 (DSB: 602GHz - 720GHz): CO(6-5), HCO+(7-6/8-7), CS(13-12/14-13), H2D+(8-7/9-8), H2S, 2. Frequency Resolution & Setting (Correlator) - We can select spectral setting from 15 spectral modes for each line. Effective Channel Number: 3840 (x 2 pol.) for each spectral line Frequency resolution: 30.5kHz~976.5kHz (⇔ Bandwidth=58.6MHz~2GHz) Correlator Modes, dual-polarization (Proposers Guide A5) Bandwidth (MHz) Channel spacing (MHz) Spectral Resolution (MHz) ↓ dv at 100GHz 2000 15.6 31.2 1875 0.488 938 0.244 469 0.122 234 0.061 117 0.0305 58.6 2012/6 0.0153 (93.7km/s) Velocity Resolution at 345GHz Number of channels 128 27km/s 0.976 (2.93km/s) 3840 0.85km/s 0.488 (1.46km/s) 3840 0.42km/s 0.244 (0.732km/s) 0.21km/s 3840 0.122 (0.366km/s) 0.11km/s 3840 0.061 (0.183km/s) 0.053km/s 3840 Town Meeting Cycle1 Capability, Policy, & Scince Case 0.0305 (0.091km/s) 3840 0.027km/s Correlator mode TDM FDM FDM FDM FDM FDM FDM 4 Cycle 1 Basic Capability Cycle 1 Basic Capability – Spectral Setting 1. Band (Frontend Detector) example line - Band 3 (2SB: 84GHz - 116GHz) : CO(1-0), HCO+(1-0), CS(2-1), N2H+(1-0),,, - Band 6 (2SB: 211GHz - 275GHz) : CO(2-1), HCO+(3-2), CS(5-4), N2D+(3-2),,,, - Band 7 (2SB: 275GHz - 373GHz) : CO(3-2), HCO+(4-3), CS(6-5/7-6), N2H+(3-2), N2D+(4-3), - Band 9 (DSB: 602GHz - 720GHz): CO(6-5), HCO+(7-6/8-7), CS(13-12/14-13), H2D+(8-7/9-8), H2S, 2. Frequency Resolution & Setting (Correlator) - We can select spectral setting from 15 spectral modes for each line. Effective Channel Number: 3840 (x 2 pol.) for each spectral line Frequency resolution: 30.5kHz~976.5kHz (⇔ Bandwidth=58.6MHz~2GHz) - ALMA can observe 4 spectral lines with different frequency resolution simultaneously. Band 7 example1 Frequency Band which can be observed simultaneously • CO (3-2) n = 345.8GHz BW=938MHz (dv=0.42km/s) Band 7 Lower Sideband Upper Sideband • H13CO+(4-3) n = 347.0GHz BW=469MHz (dv=0.21km/s) • HCO+(4-3) n = 356.7GHz BW=469MHz (dv=0.21km/s) 2012/6 • Continuum n= 358GHz BW = 2000MHz Town Meeting Cycle1 Capability, Policy, & Scince Case 5 Cycle 1 Basic Capability Cycle 1 Basic Capability – Spectral Setting 1. Band (Frontend Detector) example line - Band 3 (2SB: 84GHz - 116GHz) : CO(1-0), HCO+(1-0), CS(2-1), N2H+(1-0),,, - Band 6 (2SB: 211GHz - 275GHz) : CO(2-1), HCO+(3-2), CS(5-4), N2D+(3-2),,,, - Band 7 (2SB: 275GHz - 373GHz) : CO(3-2), HCO+(4-3), CS(6-5/7-6), N2H+(3-2), N2D+(4-3), - Band 9 (DSB: 602GHz - 720GHz): CO(6-5), HCO+(7-6/8-7), CS(13-12/14-13), H2D+(8-7/9-8), H2S, 2. Frequency Resolution & Setting (Correlator) - We can select spectral setting from 15 spectral modes for each line. Effective Channel Number: 3840 (x 2 pol.) for each spectral line Frequency resolution: 30.5kHz~976.5kHz (⇔ Bandwidth=58.6MHz~2GHz) - ALMA can observe 4 spectral lines with different frequency resolution simultaneously. Band 7 example2 Continuum emission only (single continuum mode) Band 7 7 Band Lower Sideband Upper Sideband Bandwidth=8GHz (2GHz x4) 2012/6 Town Meeting Cycle1 Capability, Policy, & Scince Case 6 Cycle 1 Basic Capability Cycle 1 Basic Capability – Sensitivity & Resolution 1. Band (Frontend Detector) example line - Band 3 (2SB: 84GHz - 116GHz) : CO(1-0), HCO+(1-0), CS(2-1), N2H+(1-0),,, - Band 6 (2SB: 211GHz - 275GHz) : CO(2-1), HCO+(3-2), CS(5-4), N2D+(3-2),,,, - Band 7 (2SB: 275GHz - 373GHz) : CO(3-2), HCO+(4-3), CS(6-5/7-6), N2H+(3-2), N2D+(4-3), - Band 9 (DSB: 602GHz - 720GHz): CO(6-5), HCO+(7-6/8-7), CS(13-12/14-13), H2D+(8-7/9-8), H2S, 2. Frequency Resolution & Setting (Correlator) - We can select spectral setting from 15 spectral modes for each line. Effective Channel Number: 3840 (x 2 pol.) for each spectral line Frequency resolution: 30.5kHz~976.5kHz (⇔ Bandwidth=58.6MHz~2GHz) - ALMA can observe 4 spectral lines with different frequency resolution simultaneously. 3. Sensitivity (Number of Antennas) Sensitivity in Cycle1 = x 2 of Cycle0 Main Array: 32 x 12m antennas Image quality improves! Additional subarray: 7 x 7m anntenas + 2 x 12m single dish (ACA system) New! 4. Spatial Resolution (Configurations) 6 configurations Maximum baseline = 166m ~ 1 km 2012/6 The maximum spatial resolution becomes 2.5 times higher than that in cycle 0. Town Meeting Cycle1 Capability, Policy, & Scince Case 7 参考 干渉計の基礎情報 分解能、イメージング領域、視野の関係 Dant Dmin Dmax Dを基線長と呼ぶ。 2012/6 Town Meeting Cycle1 Capability, Policy, & Scince Case 8 参考 干渉計の基礎情報 分解能、イメージング領域、視野の関係 干渉縞のことを、フリンジパターンなどと呼んだりする 干渉計観測は、天体のフラックス強度分布をフーリエ分解しその成分 を観測する装置。それを逆フーリエ変換で画像に戻します※。 λ/Dmax 最大基線長Dmaxでは最も小さい空間ス ケールの情報を得ることが出来る。 つまり、これが空間分解能。 OT中の[Desired angular resolution] に相当 Dmax ※厳密にはDmaxは天体から見た射影長 基線長が大きい →角度のずれに対し光路長差が敏感 2012/6 Town Meeting Cycle1 Capability, Policy, & Scince Case 9 参考 干渉計の基礎情報 分解能、イメージング領域、視野の関係 Dant この幅で視野は制限される OT中の[Antenna beam size]に相当 注意! 視野内の感度は一様ではない!! 視 野の端の感度は中心の半分である 2012/6 Town Meeting Cycle1 Capability, Policy, & Scince Case 10 Cycle 1 Basic Capability Cycle 1 Basic Capability Sensitivity Examples1 (Continuum emission) BW=8GHz, t = 60 min 1s sensitivity Point Source Most Compact Conf. Band 3 (100GHz) : 13 mJ 0.12mK (3.7”) Band 6 (230GHz) : 17 mJ 0.15mK (1.6”) Band 7 (345GHz) : 29 mJ 0.25mK (1.1”) Band 9 (675GHz) : 220 mJ 2.0mK (0.55”) 2012/6 Most Extended Conf. 5.1mK (0.57”) 6.2mK (0.25”) 12mK (0.16”) 92mK (0.08”) Town Meeting Cycle1 Capability, Policy, & Scince Case 12 Cycle 1 Basic Capability Cycle 1 Basic Capability Sensitivity Examples2 (Line emission) ・ALMA Science Verification Data (TW Hya) integrated intensity, intensity weighted velocity field, TW Hya is neayby protoplanetary disk (d=50pc). This is HCO+(4-3) maps from TW Hya, with white continuum contours at 3 and 100 sigma. ・Sensitivity and Spatial Resolution in Cycle1 In Cycl1, ALMA enable us to obtain the emission line image map of nearby protoplanetary disks with the spatial resolution of a 0.1" order. Most Compact, dn=0.244MHz, t = 60 min Most Extended, dn=0.244MHz, t = 60 min Beam Size 1s Beam Size 1s Band 3 (100GHz) : 3.7”, 22 mK Band 3 (100GHz) : 0.57”, 0.92 K Band 6 (230GHz) : 2.6”, 28 mK Band 6 (230GHz) : 0.25”, 1.13 K Band 7 (345GHz) : 1.1”, 45 mK Band 7 (345GHz) : 0.16”, 2.11 K Meeting Policy, & Scince: Case Band 9 (675GHz) : 0.55”,Town 353 mK Cycle1 Capability, Band 9 (675GHz) 0.08”, 16.7 K 2012/6 13 Cycle 1 Basic Capability Cycle 1 Basic Capability UV plane/Beam Pattern Most Compact Configuration Case (Lmax=160m, t = 10min) UV Plane@345GHz Beam@345GHz y (m) Antenna Configuration Side lobes: below 10%! x (m) Most Extend Configuration (Lmax=1000m, t = 10min) UV Plane@345GHz Beam@345GHz y (m) Antenna Configuration Side lobes: below 10%! 2012/6 x (m) Town Meeting Cycle1 Capability, Policy, & Scince Case 14 ALMA Early Science Cycle1 Capability - Observing Mode/Operation ・ Observation Mode - No sub-array - Mosaic (up to 150 field) - No Polarization - No solar Observation ・ Operation M100 Mosaic (149 fields) at n=115GHz -Target of Opportunity (ToO) - Like standard proposals, these proposals must be submitted by the Cycle 1 proposal deadline. - Only a few ToO proposals are likely to be among the highest ranked Cycle 1 proposals. The reaction time for its execution from triggered may be as long as 3 weeks. Shorter reaction times (few days) may be possible but are not guaranteed. - Director Discretionary Time (DDT) ・ ACA (Atacama Compact Array) ACA(7m array + Single operation start! Town Dish) Meeting Cycle1 Capability, Policy, & Scince Case 2012/6 16 Cycle 1 Obs. Modes ALMA Early Science Cycle1 Capability - Additional Limitations - • Up to five Science Goals per proposal. * Science Goal: an Observational Setting (Spectral Setting/Sensitivity) • Limitation of Target Number – Up to 15 individual sources (within 15 degrees on the sky) in a single Science Goal – no more than five separate velocities in a single Science Goal Pointing Fields • We can set multi-points observation to each target. But total number of positions (fields) in each proposal should be less than 151. • • • • X Target Position The maximum observing time per proposal is 100 hours (Standard Program) Cycle 1 observations will be scheduled mainly during nighttime. All Cycle 1 Early Science observing will be conducted on a best effort basis. Cycle 1 projects that have not been completed by the end of the cycle 17 will Meeting2.Cycle1 Capability, Policy, & Scince Case 2012/6 17 not be carried over Town to Cycle 参考 What does five separate velocities mean? Proposers Guide A6.2. Multiple sources (3) can be observed with no more than five separate velocities that all fall within the same receiver band. Example: CO (5-4) line (rest freq. = 576GHz) target No.1 (z=1.00) Band7 target No.2 (z=1.05) Band7 OK target No.3 (z=1.10) Band6 unallowable LO setup is allowed to five about red shift of lines (in the same band) per science goal. 2012/6 Town Meeting Cycle1 Capability, Policy, & Scince Case 18 Accuracy ALMA observatory provides calibrator (PI can define it). • Accuracy of Absolute Amplitude Calibration – Band 3: good to 5% – Band 6/Band 7: good to 10% – Band 9 : good to 20% (Goal) • Positional Accuracy about 1/10th of synthetic beam size (It depends on noise level when a S/N ratio is low. ) 2012/6 Town Meeting Cycle1 Capability, Policy, & Scince Case 19 ACA (Atacama Compact Array) ACA is the tool for imaging of spread structure correctly. By combining the data of 12-m array and ACA array, we can recover Resolve Out which is a weak point of an interferometer with keeping high spatial resolution. • 干渉計最大の弱点 ACA System in Cycle1 (Resolve-Out) – 9 x 7m antennas array One configuration λ/Dmin (baseline = 8.5m ~ 43m Baseline) – 2~3台 x12m Single Dish (TP: Total Power Array) • この幅よりも大きい空間スケール の構造は、ほぼ検出できない ACA Cycle 1 Capability Dmin (俗にresolve-outと呼ぶ) – In Cycle 1, we can use ACA in compact 12-m Array configurations (tminimum baselines less than 25 m of = Lmax < 558m) . OT中の[Largest angular scale –source]に相当 TP array can not observe continuum emission. 12-m Array Min Baseline Max Baseline ACA Allowed? (7m-array can observe continuum) Configuratio (meters) (meters) n – Observation time of ACA C32-1 15 166 Yes 1 3 x (12-m Array observation time) 2012/6 C32-2 15 304 Yes C32-3 21 443 Yes C32-4 21 558 Yes C32-5 26 820 No 1091 No Town Meeting Cycle1 Capability,C32-6 Policy, & Scince Case 43 20 ACA (Atacama Compact Array) ACA is the tool for imaging of spread structure correctly. By combining the data of 12-m array and ACA array, we can recover Resolve Out which is a weak point of an interferometer with keeping high spatial resolution. • ACA System in Cycle1 – 9 x 7m antennas array Single configuration (baseline = 8.5m ~ 43m Baseline) – 2 antennas x12m Single Dish (TP: Total Power Array) • ACA Cycle 1 Capability – In Cycle 1, we can use ACA in compact 12-m Array configurations (tminimum baselines less than 25 m = Lmax < 558m) . – TP array can not observe continuum emission. 12-m Array Min Baseline Max Baseline ACA Allowed? (7m-array can observe continuum) Configuratio (meters) (meters) n – Observation time of ACA C32-1 15 166 Yes 1 3 x (12-m Array observation time) 2012/6 C32-2 15 304 Yes C32-3 21 443 Yes C32-4 21 558 Yes C32-5 26 820 No 1091 No Town Meeting Cycle1 Capability,C32-6 Policy, & Scince Case 43 23 ACA例 Demonstration of Data Combine (M100) 12m main array only Very Large Telescope (VLT) FORS ALMA band 3, CO(1-0) moment 1 http://almascience.eso.org/almadata/sciver/M100Band3/ 2012/6 Town Meeting Cycle1 Capability, Policy, M100 & Scince Case ALMA Science Verification Data: 24 ACA例 Demonstration of Data Combine (M100) CO(1-0) Moment Map 12m array (Main array) + 7m array 2012/6 12m Total Power (single dish) On the fly mapping Town Meeting Cycle1 Capability, Policy, & Scince Case 25 ACA例 Demonstration of Data Combine (M100) 12m array Very Large Telescope (VLT) FORS mJy/Beam CO(1-0) line profile 12m array + ACA ALMA ACA band Recovering 3, CO(1-0)bymoment 1 12m array only http://almascience.eso.org/almadata/sciver/M100Band3/ 2012/6 Town Meeting Cycle1 Capability, Policy, & Scince Velocity Case [km/s] 26 ACA (Atacama Compact Array) ACA is the tool for imaging of spread structure correctly. By combining the data of 12-m array and ACA array, we can recover Resolve Out which is a weak point of an interferometer with keeping high spatial resolution. • ACA System in Cycle1 – 9 x 7m antennas array Single configuration (baseline = 8.5m ~ 43m Baseline) – 2 antennas x12m Single Dish (TP: Total Power Array) • ACA Cycle 1 Capability – In Cycle 1, we can use ACA in compact 12-m Array configurations (tminimum baselines less than 25 m = Lmax < 558m) . – Observation time of ACA 12-m Array Min Baseline Max Baseline ACA Allowed? 3 x observation time of 12m main array Configuratio (meters) (meters) n → Total observation time = C32-1 15 166 Yes obs time of 12m main array C32-2 15 304 Yes + obs time of ACA C32-3 21 443 Yes C32-4 21 558 Yes – TP array can not observe continuum. C32-5 26 820 No (7m-array can observe continuum) 1 2012/6 Town Meeting Cycle1 Capability,C32-6 Policy, & Scince Case 43 1091 No 27 参考 具体的に、ACAが必要かどうかを調べる方法 Angular resolution and Maximum Angular Scale for the six Cycle 1 12-m Array configurations (Proposers Guide Table A.2) たとえば、 - 周波数 345GHzの観測 -空間分解能0.4” を要求する。 ただし!! Extendedな配列(高空間分解能) ではACAは利用できません。 Proposers Guide A.3参照 つまり、12mアンテナ配列 C32-3が観測で使われる配列である。 この配列では、5”を超える空間スケール構造はResolve Outする (観測できない)。 そのような観測にはACAを使うことが必要となる。 周波数、分解能、Largest Scaleの値から、OTがACAが必要かどうかを Town Meeting Cycle1 Capability, Policy, & Scince Case 2012/6 suggestionしてくれる。 28 参考 ACAには連続波観測に関しても制約がある。 Angular resolution and Maximum Angular Scale for the six Cycle ACAのうちsingle (TP array)は連続波を観測できない(7m 1 12-m Array dish configurations (Proposers Guide Table A.2) arrayは可能)。 逆に言うと、TP arrayのデータを使わないで済む空間スケールまでは連続波観測可。 ACAのうち、連続波観測が出来るスケールを調べる方法 Angular resolution and maximum angular scales for continuum4 observations using the allowed 12-m Array & ACA combinations (Proposers Guide Table A4) Town Meeting Cycle1 Capability, Policy, & Scince Case array + 12m arrayで事足りる)。 2012/6つまり、13”までは連続波観測が出来る(7m 29 Shadowing Shadowing fraction vs. Declination for the two most compact configurations of the 12-m Array and for the 7-m Array with a track duration of 2 hours (±1h HA). 2012/6 Town Meeting Cycle1 Capability, Policy, & Scince Case 30 Weather Condition Cycle 1 observations will be scheduled mainly during nighttime. The numbers indicate the percentage of time when the pwv is below 1 mm as a function of Local Sidereal Time (LST) and week number beginning with January 1, 2013. local midnight ALMA Band Band 3 Band 6 Band 7 Band 9 Fraction of time 100% 70% 40% 10% shuotdown ALMA engineering time Estimated maximum fraction of Early Science observing time suitable for observations in each band in Cycle 1 2012/6 Town Meeting Cycle1 Capability, Policy, & Scince Case 31 Summary of Cycle1 Capablity • • • • Call for Proposal is scheduled the end of May. Proposal submission deadline is scheduled 12th of July. Total observation time of 12m main array is 800hours. Compared with Cycle0, The sensitivity: x 2 The maximum spatial resolution: x 2.5 (1.2" - 0.19" @345GHz). ACA is available. Summary of Most Extended Configuration Lmax= 1km ( )<=Most Compact Lmax=160m Band Frequency (GHz) Angular Resolution Maximum Scale Flux *1 (mJy) Tb *2 (K) Field of View 3 100 0.57” (3.7”) 8.6” (25”) 0.06 2.4 (0.056) 62” 6 230 0.25” (1.6”) 3.7” (11”) 0.09 1.9 (0.047) 27” 7 345 0.16” (1.1”) 2.5” (7.1”) 0.15 2.9 (0.062) 18” 9 670 0.08” (0.55”) 1.3” (3.6”) 1.10 16 (0.35) 9” 1: 5 sigma continuum sensitivity (Bandwidth=8GHz) for 1hr 2: 3 sigma line sensitivity for 1 hr (1 km/s) 2012/6 Town Meeting Cycle1 Capability, Policy, & Scince Case 32 2012/6 Town Meeting Cycle1 Capability, Policy, & Scince Case 33 Materials 2012/6 Town Meeting Cycle1 Capability, Policy, & Scince Case 34 Review Process • プロポーザルは、5つのCategoriesに分けられる。 • 各CategoryにあるReview Panelに振り分けられ、科学的審査される。 ※各Categoryには 2つ程度のReview Panel(6名程度)が作られる。 • High priority proposalになる可能性が高いものは技術審査を受け、観測 実現不可なProposalを除く。 • 全プロポーザルで採点の高い順からHigh priority proposalを採択する。 ただし、以下の割合となるようにされる。 -22.5% for East Asia (EA); -33.75% for Europe (EU); -33.75% for North America (NA); -10% for Chile. Review Panelによる審査は11月に行われる予定である。 2012/6 Town Meeting Cycle1 Capability, Policy, & Scince Case 35 ALMAによるサイエンス例 2012/6 Town Meeting Cycle1 Capability, Policy, & Scince Case 36 The narrow dust ring around Fomalhaut (Boley +12, Cycle0 paper) Optical images trace micron-sized grains, which are strongly affected by stellar radiation. Radio continuum trace millimeter-sized grains, which trace parent bodies. => ALMA high spatial resolution observation. © ALMA (ESO/NAOJ/NRAO). Visible image: the NASA/ESA (HST) 2012/6 ALMA obs. Suggest that debris confined by shepherd planets is the most consistent with the ring’s Town Meeting Cycle1 Capability, Policy, & Scince Case morphology. 37 Distributions of Deuterated Molecules in TW Hya Protoplanetary Disk (Oberg +12, science verification) integrated intensity, ALMA (SV band6) 2012/6 intensity weighted velocity field, TW Hya is neayby protoplanetary disk (d=50pc).This is HCO+(4-3) maps from TW Hya, with white continuum contours at 3 and 100 sigma (CASA home page). SMA (Qi et al. 2008) Town Meeting Cycle1 Capability, Policy, & Scince Case 38 [CII]158um emission at z=5 (Wagg+12, science verification) • [CII] line detection in a pair of gas-rich galaxies 30 25 20 Flux Density [mJy] Flux Density [mJy] 25 30 BR1202-0725 North [CII] z=4.69 15 10 5 0 BR1202-0725 South [CII] z=4.69 20 15 10 5 0 -5 -5 -600 -400 -200 0 200 Velocity Offset [km/s] 400 600 L[CII] = 10.0 x 109 L⊙ L⊙ -800 -600 -400 -200 0 Velocity Offset [km/s] 200 400 L[CII] = 6.5 x 109 [CII]-to-FIR ratio ~ 0.1 – 1% The total observing time 25 min (on-source) Follow up observation of K.Ohta +96, Iono +06 2012/6 20h SMA obs. => only 3 sigma (Iono + 06) Town Meeting Cycle1 Capability, Policy, & Scince Case 39 [NII]205um emission at z=5 (Nagao+12, cycle 0 paper) • The first measurement of the [NII]/[CII] flux ratio in high-z galaxies (SMGs are chemically evolved) 2012/6 Total observingTown timeMeeting 3.6hrsCycle1 Capability, Policy, & Scince Case 40 2012/6 Town Meeting Cycle1 Capability, Policy, & Scince Case 41
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