Discrimination against Children Born out of

Discrimination against Children
Born out of Wedlock:
Justified or Unjustified?
Yuiko Taguchi
Outline
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Introduction
Defining Terms
Justified
Unjustified
Analysis
Conclusion
Outline
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Introduction
Defining Terms
Justified
Unjustified
Analysis
Conclusion
Source: Tokyo Shimbun 2013a
Table 1:出生に占める婚外子の出生構成割合の国際比較
国および地域
最新年次
構成割合
日本
2005
2.0
フランス
2005
47.4
ドイツ
2005
27.9
イタリア
2005
14.9
スウェーデン
2005
55.4
イギリス
2005
42.3
アメリカ
2004
35.8
香港
1997
5.6
Source: MHLW, 2006
Supreme Court Judge
2013. 9. 4
Unconstitutional
Source: Mainichi Shimbun 2013
What is this law?
Civil Law (Paragragh 4 of Article 900)
1/2
equal
Source: Tokyo Shimbun 2013b
Outline
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Introduction
Defining Terms
Justified
Unjustified
Analysis
Conclusion
Defining Terms
• Discrimination
the practice of treating one person or group of
people less fairly or less well than other people
or groups
Source: Collins 2001, 311
Defining Terms
• Children
Someone’s sons and daughters of any age
Source: Collins 2001, 182
• Born out of Wedlock
born at a time when parents are not married
Source: Collins 2001,1249
Defining Terms
• Justified
reasonable or necessary
Source: Collins 2001, 601
• Unjustified
not shown to be right or reasonable
Source: Oxford 2006, 1928
The question is:
Is it reasonable/necessary or not that
the people who are born at a time
when parents are not married
are treated less fairly
than other people?
Outline
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•
•
•
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Introduction
Defining Terms
Justified
Unjustified
Analysis
Conclusion
3.1 Family Breakdown
Opinions by some politicians
• Illicit affair will be
promoted
• Family relationship will
be weakened
Justified
reasonable or necessary
Source: Tokyo Shimbun 2013c
Source: Yomiuri Shimbun 2013
3.2 Public Opinion
Figure 1:婚外子の相続分
（％）
Justified
reasonable or necessary
Source: The Cabinet Office, 2012a
3.3 Risk of Increase in Fake
Relationships &Citizenship Claims
Supreme Court Judge (2008)
→Unconstitutional
Justified
Risk
fake acknowledgement
reasonable or necessary
Source: MOJ
getting Japanese Nationality illegally
Source: Asahi Shimbun 2008
Outline
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•
•
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Introduction
Defining Terms
Justified
Unjustified
Analysis
Conclusion
4.1 Criticism by United Nations
The Economic and
Social Council
The Committee on the
International Covenant on
Civil and Political Rights
The Committee in the Convention
on the Elimination of All Forms of
Discrimination against Women
The Committee of the
Convention on the Rights of
the Child
Source: Hayashi, 2007: 126-128
第1回政府報告審査後の委員会の最終見解
（１９９８）
C. 主な懸念事項
14．・・・委員会は、嫡出でない子の相続権が嫡
出子の相続権の半分となることを規定している
民法第900条第4項のように、差別を明示的に
許容している法律条項、及び、公的文書におけ
る嫡出でない出生の記載について特に懸念す
る。・・・
Source: UN, quoted in MOFA (1998)
第２回政府報告審査後の委員会の最終見解
（２００４）
３．一般原則
差別の禁止
２５．委員会は、締約国が、婚外子に対するあ
らゆる差別、特に相続や市民権、出生登録に
おける差別や「非嫡出」なる差別的用語を法律
及び規制から撤廃するために法律を改正する
よう勧告する。・・・
Source: UN, quoted in MOFA (2004)
第３回政府報告審査後の委員会の最終見解
（２０１０）
３．一般原則
差別の禁止
33. 委員会は，いくつかの法的措置にもかかわ
らず，今なお，嫡出でない子が，相続に関する
法律において嫡出子と同様の権利を享受して
いないことを懸念する。・・・
Unjustified
not shown to be right or reasonable
Source: UN, quoted in MOFA (2010)
4.2 Family Structure has Changed
Figure 2: 家族類型別一般世帯数および割合
（％）
Source: IPSS, 2013
4.2 Family Structure has Changed
Figure 3: 性別生涯未婚率
(%)
Unjustified
not shown to be right or reasonable
Source: IPSS, 2011
4.3 Violation of Human Rights
「お前は二分の一の価値しかない人
間だ」と宣告されているようだ
Unjustified
Source: Yoshioka, 2007: 70
not shown to be right or reasonable
Outline
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Introduction
Defining Terms
Justified
Unjustified
Analysis
Conclusion
3.1Family Breakdown
「家族のかたちが多様化したから、それにふさわしい法制度が求められている」のであって
「法制度が変わらなければ、家族が変わらないでいられる」わけではない
与党で早く合憲をつくるのが、
司法の判断に対応する立法府のあり方だ
△
Source: Tokyo Shimbun 2013d
Source: Tokyo Shimbun 2013e
3.2 Public Opinion
Figure 4:婚外子の法律上の取り扱い
（％）
△
Source: The Cabinet Office, 2012b
3.3 Risk of Increase in Fake Relationships &Citizenship Claims
Articles about 偽装認知
(Asahi Shimbun Database)
2001-2008 ⑤→2009-2013 ⑩
The number of cases → ???
△
4.1 UN
Ratification 批准
The Convention on the Rights of the Child
Japan→1994
締約国とは
条約に批准、加入、あるいは継承している国のこと
で、条約の実行と進捗状況報告の義務があります。
○
Source: UNICEF, 2013
4.2 Family structure has changed
Figure 5:「夫は外で働き、妻は家を守るべきである」
という考え方について
（％）
△
Source: The Cabinet Office, 2012c
4.3 Violation of Human Rights
Children cannot control
whether their parents are married or not
→Why are they discriminated against?
○
Source: Tanamura, 2010: 33
Outline
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Introduction
Defining Terms
Justified
Unjustified
Analysis
Conclusion
Conclusion
3.1 △
4.1 ○
3.2 △
4.2 △
3.3 △
4.3 ○
Unjustified
Future Research: a view of family, marriage, life
Source: Tokyo Shimbun 2013f
Discrimination against Children
Born out of Wedlock:
Justified or Unjustified?
Yuiko Taguchi

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