JPN494: Japanese Language and Linguistics JPN520:

JPN494/598: History of the
Japanese Language
Sound Changes (2)
The differences between the phonetic
systems of modern/old Japanese
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
The vowel system: An 8-vowel system?
The consonants of the エ段 syllables (セ,
etc.)
The consonants of チ・ツ・ヂ・ヅ・ジ・ズ
The consonants of the ハ行・パ行 syllables
ワ・ヰ・_・ヱ・ヲ
ヤ・_・ユ・江・ヨ
7.
8.
9.
10.
There were no 拗音 (ようおん)’s (like キャ)
The syllable final nasal (‘ン’) didn’t exist
There was no consonant geminate (‘ッ’)
There was no long vowel (‘ー’)
1. The eight-vowel hypothesis


上代特殊仮名遣 (じょうだいとくしゅかなづかい)
万葉仮名: Use of 漢字’s as phonograms (借
音)
e.g. 夜麻 (やま), 也万 (やま)
甲類 vs. 乙類 (A-series vs. B-series)
こ (子), こひ (恋こい): 古, 故, 高, 胡, 姑, …
こ (此), こゑ (声こえ): 許, 去, 居, 虚, 巨, …
こ甲 vs. こ乙


カ・ガ・ハ・バ・マ行のイ段・エ段
カ・ガ・サ・ザ・タ・ダ・ナ・マ・ヤ・ラ行のオ段

The 8 vowel hypothesis:
[a], [i], [ï], [u], [e], [ë], [o], [ö]
甲類 (こうるい): [i], [e], [o]
乙類 (おつるい): [ï], [ë], [ö]

weak points


typologically unlikely system
constraints on consonant-vowel pairings (esp. for [ï] and
[ë])

The 6 vowel hypothesis:
[a], [i], [u], [e], [o], [ö] ([ə])


The vowel of “乙類オ段音” is a mid-central vowel.
The 甲/乙 distinction in the イ段音・エ段音 corresponds to
palatalization of the consonant.
キ甲 [ki] vs. キ乙 [kji]
ケ甲 [ke] vs. ケ乙 [kje]
{[ki], [kji]} → kji
{[ke], [kje]} → kje → ke
(cf. クィ vs. キ)
(cf. ケ vs. キェ)
The 甲・乙 distinction of イ・エ段 exists only in:
 カ・ガ・ハ・バ・マ行
but not in:
 ア行
 ヤ・ワ行 (palatal/velar approximant)
 サ・ザ・タ・ダ・ナ・ラ行 (alveolar)
上代 (hypothesis):
“An alveolar consonant preceding [i]
or [e] must be palatalized or become (alveo-)palatal.”
“A non-alveolar consonant preceding [i]
or [e] can be either palatalized or not.”
中古 ~ 中世 (hypothesis):
“A consonant preceding [i] or [e] must be
(alveo-)palatal or palatalized.”
現代 (fact):
“A consonant preceding [i] must be (alveo-)palatal or
palatalized.”
Nara
 シ [ʃi]・ジ [ʒi]・チ [tji]・ヂ [dji]・ニ [nji]・リ [rji]
 セ [ʃe]・ゼ [ʒe]・テ [tje]・デ [dje]・ネ [nje]・レ [rje]
modern
 シ [ʃi]・ジ [ʤi]・チ [ʧi]・ヂ [ʤi]・ニ [nji]・リ [rji]
 セ [se]・ゼ [ze]・テ [te]・デ [de]・ネ [ne]・レ [re]

Roland Lange (「文献資料に反映した中世日本
語エ列音の口蓋性」国語学 86 S46)
up to late 15c

[kje] > [ke]
[ʃe] > [se]


音節結合法則 (おんせつけつごうほうそく) (有坂
秀世ありさかひでよ; 1933)



乙類オ段音 do not co-occur with 甲類オ段音 within
a single word; e.g. イト甲コ甲（従兄弟）, ソ乙コ乙 (底)
乙類オ段音 rarely co-occur with ウ段音 within a
single word.
乙類オ段音 rarely co-occur with ア段音 within a
single word.

[u] became unrounded ([ɯ]) in the mid-18th
century
2. サ・ザ行エ段音
サシスセソ; シャシュシェショ
(Nara)
 [sa] [ʃi] [su] [ʃe] [so]
(mid-Heian?)
 [sa] [ʃi] [su] [ʃe] [so]; [ʃa] [ʃu] [ʃo]
(Modern)
 [sa] [ʃi] [su] [se] [so]; [ʃa] [ʃu] [ʃe] [ʃo]
[ʃe] > [se] (ap-to-a)
by 16c in the East
in mid-19c in the West
(advanced issue)
Phonetics
[sa] [ʃi] [su] [se] [so]; [ʃa] [ʃu] [ʃe] [ʃo]
Phonology
/sa/ /si/ /su/ /se/ /so/; /sja/ /sju/ /sje/ /sjo/

hanas-u [hanasu], hanas-i-te [hanaʃite]
Realization Rules
1.
/s/ is realized as [ʃ] when it is followed by /i/ or /j/;
otherwise, /s/ is realized as [s].
2.
/j/ is deleted after Rule 1 was applied.
ザジズゼゾ; ジャジュジェジョ
(Nara)
 [za] [ʒi] [zu] [ʒe] [zo]
(mid-Heian?)
 [za] [ʒi] [zu] [ʒe] [zo]; [ʒa] [ʒu] [ʒo]
(Modern)
 [za] [ʒi] [zu] [ze] [zo]; [ʒa] [ʒu] [ʒe] [ʒo]
Note: in the 17th century, [ʒi]/[zu] (and [ʒa]/[ʒu]/[ʒo]) began to freely
alternate with [ʤi]/[ʣu] (and [ʤa]/[ʤu]/[ʤo]); affricates are more
common in modern Japanese.
(advanced issue)
Phonetics
[ʣa] [ʤi] [ʣu] [ʣe] [ʣo]; [ʤa] [ʤu] [ʤe] [ʤo]
Phonology
/za/ /zi/ /zu/ /ze/ /zo/; /zja/ /zju/ /zje/ /zjo/
(advanced issue)
ザジズゼゾ; ジャジュジェジョ (東日本)
(Nara)
 [za] [ʒi] [zu] [ʒe] [zo]
(mid-Heian?)
 [za] [ʒi] [zu] [ʒe] [zo]; [ʒa] [ʒu] [ʒo]
(by 16 c) (ap-to-a)
 [za] [ʒi] [zu] [ze] [zo]; [ʒa] [ʒu] [ʒo]
(late 17 c) (affrication)
 [za] [ʤi] [ʣu] [ze] [zo]; [ʤa] [ʤu] [ʤo]
(Modern)
 [za] [ʤi] [ʣu] [ze] [zo]; [ʤa] [ʤu] [ʤe] [ʤo]
(advanced issue)
ザジズゼゾ; ジャジュジェジョ (西日本)
(Nara)
 [za] [ʒi] [zu] [ʒe] [zo]
(mid-Heian?)
 [za] [ʒi] [zu] [ʒe] [zo]; [ʒa] [ʒu] [ʒo]
(late 17 c) (affrication)
 [za] [ʤi] [ʣu] [ʤe] [zo]; [ʤa] [ʤu] [ʤo]
(mid-19 c) (ap-to-a)
 [za] [ʤi] [ʣu] [ze] [zo]; [ʤa] [ʤu] [ʤo]
(Modern)
 [za] [ʤi] [ʣu] [ze] [zo]; [ʤa] [ʤu] [ʤe] [ʤo]
3. The consonants of チ・ツ・ヂ・ヅ・ジ・ズ
タチツテト; チャチュチェチョ
(Nara)
 [ta] [tji] [tu] [te] [to]
(mid-Heian)
 [ta] [tji] [tu] [te] [to]; [tja] [tju] [tjo]
(early 16c) (affrication)
 [ta] [ʧi] [ʦu] [te] [to]; [ʧa] [ʧu] [ʧo]
(modern)
 [ta] [ʧi] [ʦu] [te] [to]; [ʧa] [ʧu] [ʧe] [ʧo]
(advanced issue)
a single affricate or a stop-fricative sequence?
 pets
[pɛts]
/pɛts/
 松
[maʦu]
/matu/
[matsu]
(i) /t/ is realized as [ʦ] when followed by /u/
(ii) When /t/ is followed by /u/, [s] is inserted
between their realizations.
(advanced issue)
Phonetics
[ta] [ʧi] [ʦu] [te] [to]; [ʧa] [ʧu] [ʧe] [ʧo]
Phonology
/ta/ /ti/ /tu/ /te/ /to/; /tja/ /tju/ /tje/ /tjo/
ダヂヅデド; ヂャヂュヂェヂョ
(Nara)
 [da] [dji] [du] [de] [do]
(mid-Heian?)
 [da] [dji] [du] [de] [do]; [dja] [dju] [djo]
(early 16c) (affrication)
 [da] [ʤi] [ʣu] [de] [do]; [ʤa] [ʤu] [ʤo]
(modern)
 [da] [ʤi] [ʣu] [de] [do]; [ʤa] [ʤu] [ʤe] [ʤo]




[ʤi], [ʣu], etc., which resulted from
“affrication”, are similar to [ʒi], [zu], etc. in
their acoustic qualities.
As a result, ジ・ヂ・ズ・ヅ (四つ仮名) began to
be confounded. (山口: 132)
ジ・ヂ are most commonly pronounced as
[ʤi]; ズ・ヅ [ʣu]
[ʒi] and [zu] may occur in fast speech,
though.
4. The consonants of the ハ行 syllables

([p] >) [ɸ] > [h]
(Nara)
 [ɸa] [ɸji] [ɸu] [ɸe] [ɸo]
(16-17c)
 [ha] [çi] [ɸu] [he] [ho]
 (/ha/ /hi/ /hu/ /he/ /ho/)

If a language has [b], [t], [d], [k], and [g], it is
likely to have [p] as well.

母 (はは)

ひかり vs. ピカリ
(何かがピカリと光った)

はた vs. パタパタ
(旗がパタパタとはためいている)

パタパタ, ピカピカ, ピラピラ, …
(mid-Edo)
 パン, ペンキ; ピン (一), …
(10-11c)
 [ɸ]: word-initial


春はる, 昼ひる, 降るふる, 経るへる, 掘るほる
[w]: word-medial (ハ行転呼はぎょうてんこ)


川かは, 貝かひ, 買ふかふ, 帰りかへり, 顔かほ
粟あは ‘grains of millet’ vs. 泡あわ ‘bubble’; 濡れ
手でアワ (ぬれてであわ)
(16-17c)
 word-initial [ɸ] becomes {[h], [ç], [ɸ]}

[papa] > [ɸaɸa] > [ɸawa] > [hawa] (> [haha])
5. ワ・ヰ・_・ヱ・ヲ / 6. ヤ・ _ ・ユ・江・ヨ
(Nara)
 [wa] [wji] [u] [we] [wo]
 [ja] [i] [ju] [je] [jo]
(Modern)
 [wa] [i] [u] [e] [o]
 [ja] [i] [ju] [e] [jo]



ゐのしし (猪) ‘bore’, いのち (命) ‘life’
ゑ (絵) ‘picture’, 江 (枝) ‘branch’, え (榎) ‘hackberry
(tree)’
をとこ (男) ‘man’, おと (音) ‘sound’
[i] & [wji]; [e], [we] & [je]
(9-10c)
 [e] & [je] are integrated into [je]
(13c)
 [i] and [wji] are integrated into [i]
 [je] and [we] are integrated into [je]
(first word-medial, then word-initial)
(mid-18c)
 [je] > [e]
[o] & [wo]
(early 11th century)
 [wo] and [o] are integrated into [wo] (?)
(mid-18th century)
 [wo] > [o]







ゐのしし ‘bore’
いのち ‘life’
ゑ ‘picture’
江 ‘branch’
え ‘hackberry’
をとこ ‘man’
おと ‘sound’
7. 拗音 (ようおん)

拗音 (開拗音; ヤ行拗音) becomes part of the
Japanese phonetic system in the mid-Heian
period.


「行かなければ」>「行かなきゃ」
(「いらしてある?」>)「いらっしゃる」

合拗音 (ワ行拗音)





関 [kwaɴ], 願 [gwaɴ]
合拗音’s (labialized consonants) are present in the
カ・ガ行 only.
イ段・エ段・オ段ワ行拗音’s were marginally used
until the 13th century.
ア段ワ行拗音’s were lost in the 18th century (in
Edo).
くわ & ぐわ are part of the classical orthographic
convention; other 合拗音’s are not.
8. 撥音 (The syllable final nasal)
(13-16c)
 山サン [san] > [saɴ]
 三サン [sam] > [saɴ]
 散サン [saŋ] > [saɴ]

唐トウ, 明メイ


[toŋ] > [tou] > [to:]
[meŋ] > [mei] > [me:]
9. 促音 (Consonant gemination)
(late-Heian)
 達成 (cf. 達人)
 学校 (cf. 学士)
[tatusei] > [tas:ei]
[gakukau] > [gak:au]
10. 長音 (Long vowel)
Mono-syllabic words
 蚊: か vs. かあ “加安”
Changes from vowel sequences to single long
vowels (連母音の長音化)



アラ+イソ = アリソ (荒磯)
ナガ+アメ = ナガメ (長雨)
カイ (櫂) ‘oar’
(歴史/現代)
ウ段
(mid-Muromachi)
 uu (u’u) > u:
食ふ/食ウ ([kuɸu] >) [kuu] > [ku:]
cf. 里親 [satooya] ([sato’oya] ) vs. 砂糖屋 [sato:ya]


iu > ju: ; Ciu > Cju:


言ふ/言ウ[iu] > [ju:]
流 [riu] > [rju:]
/iu/ > /ju:/
/riu/ > /rju:/
オ段
(mid-Muromachi)
 au > ɔ:
 孝行 ‘considerate action’ [kaukau] > [kɔ:kɔ:]
 書かふ/書コウ ([kakaɸu] >) [kakau] > [kakɔ:]
 ou > o:
 奉公 ‘service’ [houkou] > [ho:ko:]
 思ふ/思ウ ([omoɸu] >) [omou] > [omo:]
 eu > jo:
Ceu > Cjo:
 要 [eu] > [jo:]
/eu/ > /jo/
 今日 [keu] > [kjo:]
/keu/ > /kjo:/
ɔ: = ‘開音’, o: = ‘合音’; the 開合 distinction was lost by the end of
the
Muromachi period.
エ段
(Edo)
 ei > e:
 芸 [gei] > [ge:]




ai > e:
 高い [takai] > [take:]
ae > e:
 帰る [kaeru] > [ke:ru]
oi > e:
 太い [ɸutoi] > [ɸute:]
ie > e:
 教える [oʃieru] > [ose:ru]
ア段・イ段
 ui > i:



暑い [aʦui] > [aʧi:]
岡さん [okasaɴ] vs. お母さん [oka:saɴ]
鬼さん [onjisaɴ] vs. お兄さん [onji:saɴ]
ばあさま, かかあ,マー坊, …
じいさん, おひいさま, キー坊,
音便 (おんびん) ‘euphony’

Semi-systematic (grammatically conditioned)
sound changes that occurred in the Heian (~
Chusei) period




イ音便
ウ音便
撥音便
促音便
動詞の音便 (どうしのおんびん)
イ音便 (カ・ガ・サ四+テ・タリ)
 咲きて > 咲いて ‘to bloom’


注ぎて > 注いで ‘to pour’


sosog-i-te > soso-i-de
(指して > 指いで ‘to point’)


sak-i-te > sa-i-te
(sas-i-te > sas-i-te)
cf. つきたち (月立) > ついたち (一日)
ウ音便 (ハ・マ・バ四+テ・タリ)
 (思ひて > 思うて)


(飛びて > 飛うで)


omoΦ-i-te > omou-te
tob-i-te > tou-de
(飲みて > 飲うで)

nom-i-te > nou-de
促音便 (タ・ハ・ラ四/ラ変+テ・タリ)
 立ちて > 立って


思ひて > 思って


omoΦ-i-te > omot:e
取りて > 取って


tat-i-te > tat:e
toɾ-i-te > tot:e
在り > 在って

aɾ-i-te > at:e
撥音便 (マ・バ四/ナ変+テ・タリ)
 読みて > 読んで


呼びて > 呼んで


yom-i-te > yon-de
yom-i-te > yon-de
死にて > 死んで

sin-i-te > sin-de
形容詞の音便 (けいようしのおんびん)
ウ音便 (形容詞連用形)
 (白く > 白う)

siro-ku > siro-u
イ音便 (形容詞連体形)
 白き > 白い

siro-ki > siro-i

三 (さん)
達成 (たっせい)
平安 (へいあん)

ハ行転呼

アラ+イソ = アリソ (荒磯)
ナガ+アメ = ナガメ (長雨)
カイ (櫂) ‘oar’





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