East Asian Community -Concepts, Reality and

Japan’s Foreign Policy and Regionalism
: Historical Perspective
June 1, 2006
Regional Anatomy I
Ken JIMBO
Regionalism in Asia-Pacific / East Asia
Political & Security Dimension
1) April 13
Overview and Introduction: What is Regionalism?
2) April 20
Regionalism & Regional Integration
3) April 27
Regionalism in Asia
4) May 11
East Asian Community and East Asian Summit
5) May 18
New Dynamics of Security in East Asia
6) May 24
Terrorism and Counter-Terrorism: Regional Perspective
7) June 1
Japan’s Foreign Policy and Regionalism 1)
Japan and the ‘Region’
Geo-politics
The links and causal relationships between
political power and geographic space
―Oyvind Osterud, “The Uses and Abuses of Geopolitics”,
Journal of Peace Research, no. 2, 1988
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Geo-politics and Japan
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Eastern end of Eurasia continent
Distant from continental powers
(China, Russia)
Monsoon climate
Maritime power
Historical Perspective of Region:
A View from Japan 1)
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Early Meiji-Era
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Territorial Sovereignty
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Mainland (Honshu), Shikoku, Kyushu,
Hokkaido, Okinawa, Chishima
Sino-Japan War / Japan-Russo War
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Treaty of Shimonoseki (1895)
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Liaodong（遼東）Peninsula
Taiwan
The Pescadores （澎湖諸島）
Treaty of Portsmouth (1904)
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Southern Sakhalin （南樺太）
Lease of Manchuria Railroad （満州鉄道）
Historical Perspective of Japan
A View from Japan 2)
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Greater Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere
（大東亜共栄圏）
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Japanese Claim
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Attempts by Japan to create a
self-sufficient bloc of Asian
nations led by the Japanese
and free of Western powers
Japanese Annexation and
Colonization
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Manchuria (1905-)
Korea (1910-)
Eastern China
Indo-China Peninsula
Borneo, New Guinea, Solomon,
Guadalcanal
San Francisco System
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San Francisco Peace Treaty (1951)
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The document officially renounces rights to Korea, Formosa (Taiwan),
(Hong Kong), the Kuril Islands, the Pescadores, Spratly Islands, Antarctica
and the Sakhalin Island.
Article 3 of the treaty formally put the Ryukyu Islands, which included
Okinawa, and the Amami, Miyako, and Yaeyama island groups, under U.S.
trusteeship. (The Amami Island group was eventually ceded back in 1953,
and Ryukyus in 1972)
Japan-US Security Treaty (1951, Revised in 1960)
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ARTICLE V Each Party recognizes that an armed attack against either
Party in the territories under the administration of Japan would be
dangerous to its own peace and safety and declares that it would act to
meet the common danger in accordance with its constitutional provisions
and processes
ARTICLE VI For the purpose of contributing to the security of Japan and
the maintenance of international peace and security in the Far East, the
United States of America is granted the use by its land, air and naval forces
of facilities and areas in Japan.
Post-War Economic Outreach
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Official Development Assistance (ODA)
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Origins
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‘Quasi-’ War Compensation
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The ODA started on October 5, 1954, when Japan
joined the Colombo Plan
Establishment of JICA/OECF
Burma, Philippines, Indonesia…
Commercial Liberalism
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Promotion of Exporting Japanese Goods
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Korean War (1950-)
Light Industry to Heavy Industry
Divided Notion of “Asia”
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Historical Debate
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“Leaving Asia, Entering Europe”
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Rich Nation, Strong Army
Greater Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere
Post-War China Question
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Pro-China Group
Pro-Taiwan Group
“1955 Regime” and
Divided Concept of Region
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Conservatives vs Reformist
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Liberal Democratic Party
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Japan Socialist Party
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Yoshida Doctrine / Japan-US Security Treaty
Non-Military / Neutrality
Logic of ‘Stability’ in ‘55 Regime’
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Pre-Determined Harmony
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Cf. Post-War Italian Politics
 Christian Democratic Party
 Italian Communist Party
Economic Development / Low-key Posture on
Defense Policy
Re-Distribution Policy
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Sub-urban develoment, social security,
progressive taxation
Nixon Doctrine and Japan 1)
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Nixon Doctrine (1969,1970)
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First, the United States will keep all of its treaty
commitments.
Second, we shall provide a shield if a nuclear power
threatens the freedom of a nation allied with us or of a
nation whose survival we consider vital to our security.
Third, in cases involving other types of aggression, we shall
furnish military and economic assistance when requested in
accordance with our treaty commitments. But we shall look
to the nation directly threatened to assume the primary
responsibility of providing the manpower for its defense.
Sato-Nixon Joint Statement (1969)
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“…stated that the security of the Republic of Korea was
essential to Japan's own security”
“…the maintenance of peace and security in the Taiwan
area was also important for peace and security of Japan”
Nixon Doctrine and Japan 2)
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Japan-China Rapprochement
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Nixon-Kissinger Visit (1970-71)
Japan-China Normalization (1972)
Japan-Korea Cooperation
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Industrial Cooperation (POSCO)
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Non-Lethal Heavy Industy
Japan-ASEAN Cooperation
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Tanaka Visit (1974)
Fukuda Doctrine (1977)
New Dimension of
Japan’s Asia Policy
Wake of ‘Regionalization’ in Asia
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‘De Facto’ Economic Integration
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Japan’s Economic Success
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‘Flying Geese’ Model (Kojima, 2001)
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Foreign aid, trade, investment and technology transfer
Production Networks
Fragmentation Model
Production Cycle Model (R. Vernon, 1966)
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Benefit of export-oriented ‘late comer’
Production Networks of Japanese Firms
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Fragmentation Model (F. Kimura, 1993)
Rise of Regionalization
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Asia-Pacific Regional Framework and Japan
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APEC
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1989 Member of APEC
1994 Bogor Declaration
ARF
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1991 Nakayama Proposal
1994 Member of ARF
Rise of Regionalization
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East Asia
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ASEAN+3
East Asian Summit
Northeast Asia
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Six-Party Talks
North East Asia Cooperation Dialogue (NEACD)

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