Foreign Direct Investment and Exchange Rate Pass-through: Access to Foreign Markets Yushi Yoshida Faculty of Economics Kyushu Sangyo University 概要 • 海外直接投資が為替レートパススルーに 与える影響の分析 • 理論的背景 – 1)Appendix, 2)Yoshida(1999) • 実証分析:日本の電気機器・電子部品の データからは、理論と整合的な影響がある ことが確認された。 Feb17, 2001 Foreign Direct Investment and Exchange Rate Pass-through 2 パススルーの概念と応用 • パススルー – =1, complete – 為替レートの変動が全て輸出価格に反映される – =0, – 輸出価格は一定 • インフレショーン • 貿易収支調整 Feb17, 2001 Foreign Direct Investment and Exchange Rate Pass-through 3 海外直接投資の現状 Feb17, 2001 Foreign Direct Investment and Exchange Rate Pass-through 4 Figure1: Number of Local Subsidiaries 25000 20000 15000 R.O.W. Europe North America Asia 10000 5000 0 1988 Feb17, 2001 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 Foreign Direct Investment and Exchange Rate Pass-through 1995 1996 1997 5 Figure2: Investment Purpose by Geography 100% 90% 80% 70% 60% Information Local market Network Labor 50% 40% 30% 20% 10% 0% Feb17, 2001 World Asia Europe Foreign Direct Investment and Exchange Rate Pass-through North America 6 海外直接投資の概観 Feb17, 2001 Foreign Direct Investment and Exchange Rate Pass-through 7 independent local distributor with home production return DF Feb17, 2001 MJ Foreign Direct Investment and Exchange Rate Pass-through 8 流通拠点: subsidiary distributor with home production DF Feb17, 2001 return MJ Foreign Direct Investment and Exchange Rate Pass-through 9 生産拠点(代替的): independent distributor with multinational production return DF MJ MJ Feb17, 2001 Foreign Direct Investment and Exchange Rate Pass-through 10 生産拠点(補完的) : independent local distributor with multinational production return DF MJ MF MJ Feb17, 2001 Foreign Direct Investment and Exchange Rate Pass-through 11 3) subsidiary distributor with multinational production FDI return 海外直接投資 (生産拠点+流通拠点) DF MJ MJ Feb17, 2001 Foreign Direct Investment and Exchange Rate Pass-through 12 海外直接投資とパススルー • 生産目的 – substitution effect(代替的効果) - • 完成品(輸出品と競合する) – complimentary effect(補完的効果) +? • 部品 • 流通目的 – Power-shift effect – Elimination effect Feb17, 2001 Foreign Direct Investment and Exchange Rate Pass-through - + 13 Substitution Effect (生産拠点) • 帰無仮説:パススルーは低くなる 図 • 実証研究 Gron and Swenson (1996) AER • モデル (worked out but not in the paper) – Assumptions • linear demand • increasing MC (quadratic form) – Note: constant MC with minimum production Feb17, 2001 Foreign Direct Investment and Exchange Rate Pass-through 14 Complimentary Effect (生産拠点) 図 • 帰無仮説:パススルーは高くなる(可能性がある) • モデル Yoshida (1999) – Note: Yoshida(1999)のTable2は川下企業の 費用を考慮すると完全には成立しない。 Feb17, 2001 Foreign Direct Investment and Exchange Rate Pass-through 15 流通拠点の海外子会社設立 • 垂直統合した後のパススルーの方が大き くなる Yoshida (1999) – Assumptions • 輸出企業は独占企業として、海外流通会社に販売 する “Chain of monopolies” Feb17, 2001 Foreign Direct Investment and Exchange Rate Pass-through 16 垂直的統合前: α=1 Chain of Monopolies return DF Feb17, 2001 (0) (1) Foreign Direct Investment and Exchange Rate Pass-through MJ 17 垂直的統合前: α=0 Monopsony return DF Feb17, 2001 (1) (0) Foreign Direct Investment and Exchange Rate Pass-through MJ 18 垂直的統合前: 0<α<1 Intermediate case return DF Feb17, 2001 (1-α) (α) Foreign Direct Investment and Exchange Rate Pass-through MJ 19 Power-shift Effect and Elimination Effect return Elimination 目的関数 輸出企業の利潤 統合企業 DFF D Feb17, 2001 Power-shift (0) (1-α) (1) (α) Foreign Direct Investment and Exchange Rate Pass-through MJ 20 Elimination Effect • 帰無仮説:パススルーは高くなる • モデル Yoshida (1999) Feb17, 2001 Foreign Direct Investment and Exchange Rate Pass-through 21 Power-shift Effect • 帰無仮説:パススルーは低くなる • モデル Appendix Feb17, 2001 Foreign Direct Investment and Exchange Rate Pass-through 22 海外直接投資 概念図 • 生産目的 – substitute effect(代替的効果) - • 完成品(輸出品と競合する) – compliment effect(補完的効果) + • 部品 • 流通目的 – Power-shift effect – Elimination effect Feb17, 2001 Foreign Direct Investment and Exchange Rate Pass-through - + 23 Data Source • サンプル期間:1988-1998(年次) • 為替レート – International Financial Statistics, IMF • 輸出価格 – 日本貿易月表(9桁分類) • FDI – 海外進出企業総覧 Feb17, 2001 Foreign Direct Investment and Exchange Rate Pass-through 24 貿易財のサンプル • 電気機器・電子部品産業 – ビデオ機器(852110000) • 1970億円 – IC部品(854290000) • 2730億円 – コピー機器(900912000) • 3900億円 Feb17, 2001 Foreign Direct Investment and Exchange Rate Pass-through 25 FDI変数 FDIINDS 電気機器・電子部品産業全体 貿易財レベル • FDIDEAL1 • FDIPLANT1 – (0,1)データ全期間 • FDIDEAL2 • FDIPLANT2 – 1 if 1企業以上 • FDIDEAL3 – 企業数 Feb17, 2001 構造変化 • FDIPLANT3 浸透度 Foreign Direct Investment and Exchange Rate Pass-through 26 パススルー推定式 Pit eit eit FDIit i t it • Two-way fixed effect パネル分析 – αi country fixed effect – 国別の価格差(品質の差) – λt time fixed effect – 生産性・限界費用の変化 Feb17, 2001 Foreign Direct Investment and Exchange Rate Pass-through 27 FDI係数の「期待される符合」 • FDIDEAL2 • (1 if 1企業以上) – Power-shift - • FDIDEAL3 • (企業数) – elimination Feb17, 2001 • FDIPLANT2 • FDIPLANT3 • - substitution • + complement + Foreign Direct Investment and Exchange Rate Pass-through 28 Table 1: Summary Statistics mean std. dev. min max 85.83 87.63 1 372 FDIDEAL1 FDIDEAL2 FDIDEAL3 FDIPLANT1 FDIPLANT2 FDIPLANT3 0.42 0.35 0.86 0.41 0.41 0.69 0.49 0.47 1.48 0.49 0.49 1.02 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 6 1 1 5 FDIDEAL1 FDIDEAL2 FDIDEAL3 FDIPLANT1 FDIPLANT2 FDIPLANT3 0.36 0.31 0.42 0.36 0.36 0.53 0.48 0.46 0.69 0.48 0.48 0.88 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 2 1 1 3 FDIDEAL1 FDIDEAL2 FDIDEAL3 FDIPLANT1 FDIPLANT2 FDIPLANT3 0.56 0.48 0.92 0.78 0.63 1.12 0.50 0.50 1.28 0.42 0.49 1.30 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 5 1 1 4 FDIINDS Video Copier IC Note: Sample countries for video are Australia, Canada, China, Germany, Hong Kong, Netherlands, Saudi Arabia, Singapore, UAE, UK, US; for copier, Australia, Belgium, Canada, France, Germany, Hong Kong, Italy, Netherlands, Singapore, UK, US; for IC, Canada Feb17, 2001 Foreign Direct Investment and Exchange Rate Pass-through 29 Table2: Estimated Pass-Through of Video Price Independent variable: (i) (ii) Specification (iii) (iv) ER 0.72 *** 0.80 * 1.01 *** 0.67 *** 0.79 * 0.85 *** (2.96) (1.71) (2.50) (2.54) (1.93) (3.46) -0.20 *** -0.21 *** -0.20 *** (-4.51) (-4.32) (-4.74) FDIINDS*ER (v) (vi) 0.00 * (-1.92) FDIDEAL1*ER -0.02 (-0.06) - + FDIDEAL2*ER FDIDEAL3*ER FDIPLANT1*ER -0.04 * 0.01 (-1.76) (0.31) 0.05 (0.12) - FDIPLANT2*ER 0.07 0.06 (0.22) (0.18) FDIPLANT3*ER Adj-R2 0.98 0.97 0.98 -0.04 -0.05 ** -0.05 ** (-1.50) (-2.24) (-2.25) 0.98 0.98 0.98 Note: Figures in parenthesis are t-values; ***, **, and * indicate that the coefficient is significant at the 1, 5, and 10 percent, respectively. Feb17, 2001 Foreign Direct Investment and Exchange Rate Pass-through 30 Table3: Estimated Pass-Through of Copier Price Independent variable: (i) (ii) Specification (iii) (iv) ER 0.18 0.31 0.34 0.39 0.37 0.35 (0.60) (1.06) (1.20) (1.43) (1.39) (1.32) 0.00 -0.13 *** -0.10 * (-0.18) (-2.32) (-1.92) 0.02 0.13 *** 0.10 ** (0.90) (2.49) (2.11) FDIINDS*ER (v) (vi) 0.00 (1.43) FDIDEAL1*ER 0.16 (0.44) - + FDIDEAL2*ER FDIDEAL3*ER FDIPLANT1*ER -0.18 (-0.44) - FDIPLANT2*ER -0.07 0.54 (-0.21) (1.50) FDIPLANT3*ER Adj-R2 0.99 0.99 0.99 -0.22 *** -0.34 *** -0.29 *** (-3.10) (-3.98) (-3.67) 0.99 0.99 0.99 Note: Figures in parenthesis are t-values; ***, **, and * indicate that the coefficient is significant at the 1, 5, and 10 percent, respectively. Feb17, 2001 Foreign Direct Investment and Exchange Rate Pass-through 31 Table4: Estimated Pass-Through of IC Price Independent variable: (i) (ii) Specification (iii) (iv) ER 0.57 0.66 0.42 (1.30) (1.19) (1.21) FDIINDS*ER (v) (vi) (vii) 0.92 ** 0.40 0.43 0.74 *** (2.36) (1.01) (1.26) (3.28) -0.52 *** -0.57 *** -0.56 *** -0.57 *** (-2.95) (-3.24) (-3.27) (-3.69) 0.00 (0.98) FDIDEAL1*ER 0.36 (0.80) - FDIDEAL2*ER + FDIDEAL3*ER FDIPLANT1*ER -0.01 0.00 (-0.27) (0.18) 0.04 (0.07) ? FDIPLANT2*ER 0.26 *** 0.34 *** 0.33 *** 0.34 *** (2.89) (3.49) (3.51) (3.83) -0.03 -0.07 ** -0.07 ** -0.07 ** (-0.81) (-2.02) (-2.03) (-2.19) 0.97 0.97 0.97 0.97 FDIPLANT3*ER Adj-R2 0.97 0.97 0.97 Note: Figures in parenthesis are t-values; ***, **, and * indicate that the coefficient is significant at the 1, 5, and 10 percent, respectively. Feb17, 2001 Foreign Direct Investment and Exchange Rate Pass-through 32 Summary of Conclusions(1) • パススルーの推定式において、FDIデータ は有意な変数である。 – a)FDIの目的を考慮する必要がある • 生産か流通か – b)FDIが存在するか、しないかの区別が重要 である。 • 構造の変化 – c)FDIの大きさ(件数)も重要である。 • 浸透度の変化 Feb17, 2001 Foreign Direct Investment and Exchange Rate Pass-through 33 Summary of Conclusions(2) • PTM効果を説明するのに、FDIが重要で ある。 – 二国間の統合度により、為替レートによる貿 易財価格の影響が異なって表れる Feb17, 2001 Foreign Direct Investment and Exchange Rate Pass-through 34 Summary of Conclusions(3) • 貿易収支の調整は、貿易相手国とのFDI によって影響をうける。 – 応用: – 通貨危機の発生と密接に関係のある貿易赤 字の調整 Feb17, 2001 Foreign Direct Investment and Exchange Rate Pass-through 35 End of presentation Feb17, 2001 Foreign Direct Investment and Exchange Rate Pass-through 36
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