Foreign Direct Investment and Exchange Rate

Foreign Direct Investment and
Exchange Rate Pass-through:
Access to Foreign Markets
Yushi Yoshida
Faculty of Economics
Kyushu Sangyo University
概要
• 海外直接投資が為替レートパススルーに
与える影響の分析
• 理論的背景
– 1)Appendix, 2)Yoshida(1999)
• 実証分析:日本の電気機器・電子部品の
データからは、理論と整合的な影響がある
ことが確認された。
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Foreign Direct Investment and
Exchange Rate Pass-through
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パススルーの概念と応用
• パススルー
– =1,
complete
– 為替レートの変動が全て輸出価格に反映される
– =0,
– 輸出価格は一定
• インフレショーン
• 貿易収支調整
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Foreign Direct Investment and
Exchange Rate Pass-through
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海外直接投資の現状
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Exchange Rate Pass-through
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Figure1: Number of Local Subsidiaries
25000
20000
15000
R.O.W.
Europe
North America
Asia
10000
5000
0
1988
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1989
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
Foreign Direct Investment and
Exchange Rate Pass-through
1995
1996
1997
5
Figure2: Investment Purpose by Geography
100%
90%
80%
70%
60%
Information
Local market
Network
Labor
50%
40%
30%
20%
10%
0%
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World
Asia
Europe
Foreign Direct Investment and
Exchange Rate Pass-through
North America
6
海外直接投資の概観
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Foreign Direct Investment and
Exchange Rate Pass-through
7
independent local distributor with home production
return
DF
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MJ
Foreign Direct Investment and
Exchange Rate Pass-through
8
流通拠点:
subsidiary distributor with home production
DF
Feb17, 2001
return
MJ
Foreign Direct Investment and
Exchange Rate Pass-through
9
生産拠点(代替的):
independent distributor with multinational production
return
DF
MJ
MJ
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Foreign Direct Investment and
Exchange Rate Pass-through
10
生産拠点(補完的)
:
independent local distributor with multinational production
return
DF
MJ
MF
MJ
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Foreign Direct Investment and
Exchange Rate Pass-through
11
3) subsidiary distributor with
multinational production
FDI
return
海外直接投資
(生産拠点+流通拠点)
DF
MJ
MJ
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Foreign Direct Investment and
Exchange Rate Pass-through
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海外直接投資とパススルー
• 生産目的
– substitution effect(代替的効果)
-
• 完成品(輸出品と競合する)
– complimentary effect(補完的効果)
+?
• 部品
• 流通目的
– Power-shift effect
– Elimination effect
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Foreign Direct Investment and
Exchange Rate Pass-through
-
+
13
Substitution Effect (生産拠点)
• 帰無仮説:パススルーは低くなる
図
• 実証研究 Gron and Swenson (1996) AER
• モデル (worked out but not in the paper)
– Assumptions
• linear demand
• increasing MC
(quadratic form)
– Note: constant MC with minimum production
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Exchange Rate Pass-through
14
Complimentary Effect (生産拠点)
図
• 帰無仮説:パススルーは高くなる(可能性がある)
• モデル Yoshida (1999)
– Note: Yoshida(1999)のTable2は川下企業の
費用を考慮すると完全には成立しない。
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Exchange Rate Pass-through
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流通拠点の海外子会社設立
• 垂直統合した後のパススルーの方が大き
くなる Yoshida (1999)
– Assumptions
• 輸出企業は独占企業として、海外流通会社に販売
する
“Chain of monopolies”
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Exchange Rate Pass-through
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垂直的統合前: α=1
Chain of Monopolies
return
DF
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(0)
(1)
Foreign Direct Investment and
Exchange Rate Pass-through
MJ
17
垂直的統合前: α=0
Monopsony
return
DF
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(1)
(0)
Foreign Direct Investment and
Exchange Rate Pass-through
MJ
18
垂直的統合前:
0<α<1 Intermediate case
return
DF
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(1-α)
(α)
Foreign Direct Investment and
Exchange Rate Pass-through
MJ
19
Power-shift Effect and Elimination Effect
return
Elimination
目的関数
輸出企業の利潤
統合企業
DFF
D
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Power-shift
(0)
(1-α)
(1)
(α)
Foreign Direct Investment and
Exchange Rate Pass-through
MJ
20
Elimination Effect
• 帰無仮説:パススルーは高くなる
• モデル Yoshida (1999)
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Foreign Direct Investment and
Exchange Rate Pass-through
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Power-shift Effect
• 帰無仮説:パススルーは低くなる
• モデル Appendix
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Exchange Rate Pass-through
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海外直接投資
概念図
• 生産目的
– substitute effect(代替的効果)
-
• 完成品(輸出品と競合する)
– compliment effect(補完的効果)
+
• 部品
• 流通目的
– Power-shift effect
– Elimination effect
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Foreign Direct Investment and
Exchange Rate Pass-through
-
+
23
Data Source
• サンプル期間:1988-1998(年次)
• 為替レート
– International Financial Statistics, IMF
• 輸出価格
– 日本貿易月表(9桁分類)
• FDI
– 海外進出企業総覧
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Exchange Rate Pass-through
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貿易財のサンプル
• 電気機器・電子部品産業
– ビデオ機器(852110000)
• 1970億円
– IC部品(854290000)
• 2730億円
– コピー機器(900912000)
• 3900億円
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Exchange Rate Pass-through
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FDI変数
FDIINDS 電気機器・電子部品産業全体
貿易財レベル
• FDIDEAL1
• FDIPLANT1
– (0,1)データ全期間
• FDIDEAL2
• FDIPLANT2
– 1 if 1企業以上
• FDIDEAL3
– 企業数
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構造変化
• FDIPLANT3
浸透度
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Exchange Rate Pass-through
26
パススルー推定式
Pit  eit  eit FDIit  i  t   it
• Two-way fixed effect パネル分析
– αi
country fixed effect
– 国別の価格差(品質の差)
– λt
time fixed effect
– 生産性・限界費用の変化
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Exchange Rate Pass-through
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FDI係数の「期待される符合」
• FDIDEAL2
• (1 if 1企業以上)
– Power-shift
-
• FDIDEAL3
• (企業数)
– elimination
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• FDIPLANT2
• FDIPLANT3
•
-
substitution
•
+
complement
+
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Exchange Rate Pass-through
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Table 1: Summary Statistics
mean
std. dev.
min
max
85.83
87.63
1
372
FDIDEAL1
FDIDEAL2
FDIDEAL3
FDIPLANT1
FDIPLANT2
FDIPLANT3
0.42
0.35
0.86
0.41
0.41
0.69
0.49
0.47
1.48
0.49
0.49
1.02
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
6
1
1
5
FDIDEAL1
FDIDEAL2
FDIDEAL3
FDIPLANT1
FDIPLANT2
FDIPLANT3
0.36
0.31
0.42
0.36
0.36
0.53
0.48
0.46
0.69
0.48
0.48
0.88
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
2
1
1
3
FDIDEAL1
FDIDEAL2
FDIDEAL3
FDIPLANT1
FDIPLANT2
FDIPLANT3
0.56
0.48
0.92
0.78
0.63
1.12
0.50
0.50
1.28
0.42
0.49
1.30
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
5
1
1
4
FDIINDS
Video
Copier
IC
Note: Sample countries for video are Australia, Canada, China, Germany, Hong Kong,
Netherlands, Saudi Arabia, Singapore, UAE, UK, US; for copier, Australia, Belgium, Canada,
France, Germany, Hong Kong, Italy, Netherlands, Singapore, UK, US; for IC, Canada
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Exchange Rate Pass-through
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Table2: Estimated Pass-Through of Video Price
Independent variable:
(i)
(ii)
Specification
(iii)
(iv)
ER
0.72 ***
0.80 *
1.01 ***
0.67 ***
0.79 *
0.85 ***
(2.96)
(1.71)
(2.50)
(2.54)
(1.93)
(3.46)
-0.20 ***
-0.21 ***
-0.20 ***
(-4.51)
(-4.32)
(-4.74)
FDIINDS*ER
(v)
(vi)
0.00 *
(-1.92)
FDIDEAL1*ER
-0.02
(-0.06)
-
+
FDIDEAL2*ER
FDIDEAL3*ER
FDIPLANT1*ER
-0.04 *
0.01
(-1.76)
(0.31)
0.05
(0.12)
-
FDIPLANT2*ER
0.07
0.06
(0.22)
(0.18)
FDIPLANT3*ER
Adj-R2
0.98
0.97
0.98
-0.04
-0.05 **
-0.05 **
(-1.50)
(-2.24)
(-2.25)
0.98
0.98
0.98
Note: Figures in parenthesis are t-values; ***, **, and * indicate that the coefficient is significant at the 1, 5, and 10 percent, respectively.
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Exchange Rate Pass-through
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Table3: Estimated Pass-Through of Copier Price
Independent variable:
(i)
(ii)
Specification
(iii)
(iv)
ER
0.18
0.31
0.34
0.39
0.37
0.35
(0.60)
(1.06)
(1.20)
(1.43)
(1.39)
(1.32)
0.00
-0.13 ***
-0.10 *
(-0.18)
(-2.32)
(-1.92)
0.02
0.13 ***
0.10 **
(0.90)
(2.49)
(2.11)
FDIINDS*ER
(v)
(vi)
0.00
(1.43)
FDIDEAL1*ER
0.16
(0.44)
-
+
FDIDEAL2*ER
FDIDEAL3*ER
FDIPLANT1*ER
-0.18
(-0.44)
-
FDIPLANT2*ER
-0.07
0.54
(-0.21)
(1.50)
FDIPLANT3*ER
Adj-R2
0.99
0.99
0.99
-0.22 ***
-0.34 ***
-0.29 ***
(-3.10)
(-3.98)
(-3.67)
0.99
0.99
0.99
Note: Figures in parenthesis are t-values; ***, **, and * indicate that the coefficient is significant at the 1, 5, and 10 percent, respectively.
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Exchange Rate Pass-through
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Table4: Estimated Pass-Through of IC Price
Independent variable:
(i)
(ii)
Specification
(iii)
(iv)
ER
0.57
0.66
0.42
(1.30)
(1.19)
(1.21)
FDIINDS*ER
(v)
(vi)
(vii)
0.92 **
0.40
0.43
0.74 ***
(2.36)
(1.01)
(1.26)
(3.28)
-0.52 ***
-0.57 ***
-0.56 ***
-0.57 ***
(-2.95)
(-3.24)
(-3.27)
(-3.69)
0.00
(0.98)
FDIDEAL1*ER
0.36
(0.80)
-
FDIDEAL2*ER
+
FDIDEAL3*ER
FDIPLANT1*ER
-0.01
0.00
(-0.27)
(0.18)
0.04
(0.07)
?
FDIPLANT2*ER
0.26 ***
0.34 ***
0.33 ***
0.34 ***
(2.89)
(3.49)
(3.51)
(3.83)
-0.03
-0.07 **
-0.07 **
-0.07 **
(-0.81)
(-2.02)
(-2.03)
(-2.19)
0.97
0.97
0.97
0.97
FDIPLANT3*ER
Adj-R2
0.97
0.97
0.97
Note: Figures in parenthesis are t-values; ***, **, and * indicate that the coefficient is significant at the 1, 5, and 10 percent, respectively.
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Exchange Rate Pass-through
32
Summary of Conclusions(1)
• パススルーの推定式において、FDIデータ
は有意な変数である。
– a)FDIの目的を考慮する必要がある
• 生産か流通か
– b)FDIが存在するか、しないかの区別が重要
である。
• 構造の変化
– c)FDIの大きさ(件数)も重要である。
• 浸透度の変化
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Exchange Rate Pass-through
33
Summary of Conclusions(2)
• PTM効果を説明するのに、FDIが重要で
ある。
– 二国間の統合度により、為替レートによる貿
易財価格の影響が異なって表れる
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Exchange Rate Pass-through
34
Summary of Conclusions(3)
• 貿易収支の調整は、貿易相手国とのFDI
によって影響をうける。
– 応用:
– 通貨危機の発生と密接に関係のある貿易赤
字の調整
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Exchange Rate Pass-through
35
End of presentation
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Exchange Rate Pass-through
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