オーストラリア研究(英語)

オーストラリア研究(英語)
Chris Burgess (1号館1308研究室、内線164)
[email protected] ・http://edu.tsuda.ac.jp/~cburgess
Japan/Australia/US will likely hold trilateral
summit talks for the first time in seven years
on the sidelines of the Group of 20 summit
to be held in Australia next month
• “[In Japan] I have never experienced racism but
rather the us versus them concept — not
discrimination…I am so grateful to Australia —
a melting pot for so many nationalities — for
adopting me. I had no trouble assimilating in
Australia, and to this day I think of it as my
home.”
http://thoughtcatalog.com/michelle-reimann/2014/10/what-its-like-to-be-half-japanese/
4/5 doctors non-Australian!
800km
Cloncurry
Mount Isa claims to be the largest city in
world by area (40,977km2)
BUT, Population of only 20,000!
Flying Doctor Service (RFDS)
• Gives people living in the outback free &
regular access to medical treatment (24/7)
• 20+ bases covering 7,150,000 km2
(日本より広い守備範囲: 約１．３倍)
• Service started in Cloncurry in 1928
• Funded entirely by contributions,
donations, and government grants
A Tsuda Student Writes…
この旅行中、Flying Doctor Serviceという制度をはじ
めて知りました。この制度は、Northern Territoryのよ
うな医者が少なく、医療制度の整っていない地域で、
けが人や病人が出たとき、ヘリコプターに乗って、医師
が現地へ向かうというものです。確かに、人がまばら
に住むこのような広大な地域では、このような制度は
不可欠かと思います。また、この制度は、現地の人々
だけでなく、多くの旅行客によっても利用されているこ
ともそうです。このような乾燥した暑い地域では、簡単
に脱水症状のような症状を起こしやすく、死に至る場
合もあるそうです。この制度は、政府だけでなく、多く
の人々からの寄付金によっても支えられているという
ことです
Stop the whingeing, 'pom' is not
racist
(Electronic Telegraph, UK 22/10/2004)
Western Australia has passed legislation that
allows racially charged terms such as pom,
wog and ding to be used without fear of
prosecution.
POM(MY):
WOG:
DING:
People of
People of
People of
descent
descent
descent
Stop the whingeing, 'pom' is not
racist
(Electronic Telegraph, UK 22/10/2004)
Western Australia has passed legislation that
allows racially charged terms such as pom,
wog and ding to be used without fear of
prosecution.
POM(MY):
WOG:
DING:
People of English descent
People of Mediterranean descent
People of Italian descent
POMegranate + MIgrant
(ザクロの実) + （移民）
Cultural and Linguistic Diversity
Existed BEFORE European
Settlement…
（600+ tribes & 60+ languages)
Multiculturalism: Definitions
「多文化主義：多民族の複数の文化を社会体
制の中で調和・発展させて、社会の向上・発
展を目指す思想と政策」
新オーストラリア英語中辞典（２００１：４５３）
“A process of interaction between and
understanding/tolerance of different
cultures…the expectation that all members
of society have the right to equal access to
services, regardless of ethnic background”
Australian Sociology (2003:170)
Multiculturalism: Statistics
外国生まれの国民の割合は…
a) 20人に1人
b) 10人に1人
c) 4人に1人
d) 2人に1人
% Australian Residents (住民) Born
Overseas
25%
白豪主義スタート
白豪主義終了
Ｐ
Ｏ
Ｐ
Ｕ
Ｌ
Ａ
Ｔ
Ｅ
20%
15%
Ｏ
Ｒ
10%
ASIA 1%
5%
ASIA 6%
Ｐ
Ｅ
Ｒ
Ｉ
Ｓ
Ｈ
UK 18%
UK 6%
0%
1901
1947
1971
1992
2002
Speaking a Language Other than
English (LOTE) at Home
家で英語以
外の言葉を
話す
16%
200ヶ国語が
話されている
Italian
2.0%
Greek
1.5%
Canton 1.3%
84%
Arabic
1.2%
Viet.
1.0%
Mand.
0.8%
One in eight multilingual children
speak Arabic at home, despite
low levels of migration
• 18% of 1st graders
speak a language other
than English
• 11.8% of these
multilingual children
speak Arabic
• Other top 5 languages:
Vietnamese (8.4%),
Greek, Chinese, Hindi
Australia Early Development Index, April 2011
オーストラリアのアジア化
30%
26.7%
25%
20%
人口の％
15%
10%
10%
7.4%
5%
0.3%
0.4%
1945
1966
0%
1991
2003
2020
Immigration Settlement Policy:
Development of Multiculturalism
1) ASSIMILATION [同化主義] (1947+)
2) INTEGRATION [統合主義] (mid-60s+)
3) 多文化主義1: Migrant Rights (72+)
4) 多文化主義2: Cultural Pluralism (75+)
5) 多文化主義3: Access & Equity (83+)
6) POST- MULTICULTURALISM? (1996+)
1. Immigration Settlement Policy:
Development of Multiculturalism
• ASSIMILATION [同化主義] (1947+)
– Post-war migration from UK, Ireland, Northern,
Eastern, and (finally) Southern Europe
– Pressure to throw away own culture
– Pressure to conform to Anglo-Australian culture
and become indistinguishable from dominant
group
2. Immigration Settlement Policy:
Development of Multiculturalism
• INTEGRATION [統合主義] (mid-60s+)
– Immigration continues from Southern Europe,
extending to Middle-East Countries
– English lessons for NESB (Non EnglishSpeaking Background) children
– Ethnic community organisations becoming more
public and active
3. Immigration Settlement Policy:
Development of Multiculturalism
• 多文化主義1: Migrant Rights (72+)
– Multiculturalism became official policy
– Immigration slowdown
– Labour (Whitlam) government elected
– Focus on settlement process
– ‘ethnic’ radio introduced
4. Immigration Settlement Policy:
Development of Multiculturalism
• 多文化主義2: Cultural Pluralism (75+)
– Immigration from South-East Asia begins
– Growth of migrant programs and services
– Multiculturalism as a way to achieve social
cohesion and form a national identity
– Galbally Report (1975): 4 guiding principles
– ‘Ethnic’ (SBS) television starts…
SBS (Special Broadcasting
Service= 多言語放送局)
• 英語以外の言語によるニュースや映画などを
放送する
• １９７８年に連邦政府により定められた多様な
移民のためにそれぞれの民族語で１日一定
時間放送する制限に基づく
• more than 68 languages on radio, more
than 60 on TV, and more than 50 online!
SBS: “The Only Multicultural
Broadcaster in the World”
• “Multicultural” – the new definition
In the 21st century, multiculturalism means
more than bringing the cultures of other
worlds into your home. It is reflecting back
to us the increasingly multicultural spirit of
our own community. SBS celebrates
diversity and contributes to the social
inclusion and cross-cultural understanding of
all Australians - linguistically, sociologically
and culturally.
5. Immigration Settlement Policy:
Development of Multiculturalism
• 多文化主義3: Access & Equity (83+)
– Immigration reduced
– Questions over role of multiculturalism in
legitimising inequality and disadvantage
– Dangers of multiculturalism for social cohesion
raised
– Cuts in multicultural programs
Left wing critique: MC…
1) Disguises important class distinctions
– Working class solidarity undermined
2) Promotes middle-class elites as
unelected ethnic spokespersons
3) Maintains white power
–
Multiculturalism is a product of a 'White Nation' fantasy and
works to maintain the dominance of White culture and power
エスニック文化を維持すると、白人の優位も維持される
White Australian
‘Normal’
Dominant Group
セグリゲーション
による多文化？
?
Ethnic Minorities
‘Different’
Subordinate Group
Social
mobility
社会的
流動性
Multiculturalism, as a policy…
• tends to achieve much in the area of life
style (dance, diet, dress, dialect)
– E.g. 国際交流 events
• But tends to achieve little in terms of life
chances (migrant participation in the
economy and politics)
Right wing critique: MC…
Too much power has been given to
migrant minorities at expense of
whites..
Right wing critique: MC...
1) Is Waste of Government Money
– Promotion of ethnic languages, cultures &
traditions impedes assimilation
2) Undermines National Unity
– Support for cultural diversity undermines
social cohesion, creating ‘warring tribes’
3) Is ‘Anti-Australian’
– Denies/destroys distinct British heritage
Geoffrey Blainey (1984)
• Challenged Multiculturalism
– Level of Asian immigration
“straining public acceptance”
– Government policy ‘surrender
Australia’ policy
– Promotes separatism through
emergence of ‘warring tribes’
“Rarely in the history of the modern
world has a nation given such
preference to a tiny ethnic minority
of its population as the Australian
Government has done in the past
few years”
“The continued entry of Asians at
the present rate could weaken or
explode the tolerance extended to
immigrants over the past 30 years”
“The pace of Asian immigration to
Australia is now well ahead of
public opinion”
“If we gave $1000 to each of these
refugees to go to a place further
away it may be more beneficial”
The Fitzgerald Report (1988)
• Polls showing public discontent with the
levels of immigration: report commissioned
• Critical of the policy of multiculturalism
• Australia should disengage from the IndoChinese refugee programme
• Family reunion policy criticised: proposed
more emphasis be given to skilled workers
(more consideration of labour market
needs)
John Howard
• Echoed Blainey’s criticism of Asian
migration and multiculturalism
“I believe that Asian migration is in the eyes of
some in the community too great; it would be in
our immediate term interests in terms of social
cohesion if we could slow down a little so that
the capacity of the community to absorb this
would become greater.” (1988)
• Silent on Hanson (next week)…
Citizenship Test: No reference to
multiculturalism as a feature of Australia’s
national identity (instead emphasis on UK
heritage and “the special social values of
mateship and a fair go”)
The End of Multiculturalism?
多文化主義について「よい」と
思う人
１９９７：７８％
２００５：７０％
6. Immigration Settlement Policy:
Retreat from Multiculturalism
• POST- MULTICULTURALISM? (1996+)
– Howard government elected
– Government withdraws visible commitment to
multiculturalism; support for mc wanes
– Rise of the One Nation Party
– Growing skepticism about multiculturalism;
structural multiculturalism no longer promoted
UK Minister Signals Beginning
of the End of Multiculturalism
• “We have moved from a period of uniform
consensus on the value of multiculturalism,
to one where we can encourage that
debate by questioning whether it is
encouraging separateness…On our attempt
to avoid imposing a single British identity
Ruth
and culture, have we ended up with some Kelly
communities living in isolation of each
other, with no common bonds between
them?” (August 2006)
In Germany, Voices Against
Immigration Grow Louder
• German Chancellor Angela Merkel declares that
the nation's attempts to create a multicultural
society have "utterly failed."
• In the speech to party members and supporters
over the weekend, Merkel also said new arrivals
need to do more to integrate into German society.
• Her comments reflect a growing and increasingly
bitter anti-immigration mood — especially
for Muslims — in Germany and across
much of Europe.
(October 18, 2010)
Britain’s Cameron Characterizes
Multiculturalism as a Failure
• “under the doctrine of
multiculturalism, we have
encouraged different cultures to
live separate lives, apart from
each other and the mainstream.
All this leaves some young
Muslims feeling
rootless…[which can] lead them
to extremist ideology”
Daily Yomiuri 2011/02/07 p. 4
Labor Government (Rudd/Gillard):
The Return of Multiculturalism
• Rudd re-instates National
Australian Multicultural
Advisory Council (NMAC)
that Howard abolished
• Laurie Ferguson,
Parliamentary Secretary
for Multicultural Affairs and
Settlements Services
promises ‘new emphasis
on Multiculturalism’…
“The Genius of Australian
Multiculturalism” (Feb. 2011)
• Argues that Australian multiculturalism is unique,
different to that found in Europe or Canada in 3
key respects:
(1) Respect for Australian values
- Australian cultural values take precedence
(2) Citizenship (not guest-worker) centred
- migrants urged to join as full-partners with equal rights
(3) Political bipartisanship
- multilculturalism is above party politics
The 2013 Scanlon Foundation
survey asked, for the first
time, a series of questions on
multiculturalism: The findings
indicate strong levels of
support for
multiculturalism. Thus 84% of
respondents agreed
that ‘multiculturalism has
been good for Australia’.
オーストラリア研究 : 多文化社会日本へ
の提言（２００９） 302.7104/W41
http://scanlonfoundation.org.au/wpcontent/uploads/2014/07/mapping-socialcohesion-national-report-2013.pdf
Josie Alibrandi （１７歳): Italian descent (WOG)
“It's where Josie comes from, but it's not
where she feels she belongs. In fact, Josie
私はイタリア人なのか、オーストラリア人なの
doesn't
know where she belongs. With her
か：自分は何人かわからなくなる
Nonna in one ear talking about the old country
and the stuck-up girls at her school telling her
she's an outsider, it's no wonder.”
オーストラリア研究(英語)
Chris Burgess (1号館1308研究室、内線164)
[email protected] ・http://edu.tsuda.ac.jp/~cburgess
オーストラリア研究(英語)
Chris Burgess (1号館1308研究室、内線164)
[email protected] ・http://info.tsuda.ac.jp/~cburgess
「炭素価格制度」
豪、炭素税を導入来年７月、企
業５００社に
オーストラリア連邦議会上院は８日、二酸化炭素（ＣＯ２）
排出企業に負担を課す「炭素価格制度」の関連法案を可
決した。排出量の多い企業５００社を対象に１トンあたり２
３豪ドル（約１８５０円）の負担を求める事実上の炭素税だ
。下院もすでに可決しており、来年７月から導入される。
ギラード首相は上院可決後、「歴史的な投票が長年の
論争を現実のものに変えた」と語った。政府は２０１５年に
は排出量取引制度（ＥＴＳ）に移行させる方針だ。ギラード
首相は昨年８月の総選挙で炭素税は導入しないと公言し
たが、環境重視の緑の党など少数派の協力を得て政権
を発足させており、炭素税価格制度の導入は、緑の党へ
の配慮があったとされる。
朝日新聞２０１１・１１・０９ｐ。１３

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