The Historical Tendency of Acceptance of Chinese Medicine in Surrounding Countries - From a Study of Existing Old Medical Documents – Prof. MAYANAGI Makoto Ibaraki University, Japan The Historical Tendency of Acceptance of Chinese Medicine in Surrounding Countries Mongolia：蒙醫 Mongol Medicine Korea：韓方 Hambang Medicine （東醫 Tong-i during Chosn Dynasty） Japan：漢方 Kampo Medicine Tibet：藏醫 Bod-gso Medicine Vietnam：南醫 Nom-Yi Medicine 2 The Historical Tendency of Acceptance of Chinese Medicine in Surrounding Countries Korea, The Kyujyanggak Royal Library 3 The Historical Tendency of Acceptance of Chinese Medicine in Surrounding Countries The National Library of Korea 4 The Historical Tendency of Acceptance of Chinese Medicine in Surrounding Countries Vietnam, The Han-nom Institute 5 The Historical Tendency of Acceptance of Chinese Medicine in Surrounding Countries The National Library of Vietnam 6 The Historical Tendency of Acceptance of Chinese Medicine in Surrounding Countries Library of Inner Mongolia Province 7 The Historical Tendency of Acceptance of Chinese Medicine in Surrounding Countries From the past until the present, nations around China have been the recipients of Chinese medical knowledge. That knowledge has been examined, incorporated as needed, and has contributed significantly to the formation of their medical. By analytical investigation of extant old medical books, the overall formation process and characteristics of their traditional medicine have become clear. 8 The Historical Tendency of Acceptance of Chinese Medicine in Surrounding Countries During the earlier period of acceptance, Japan and Korea were influenced by comprehensive medical works 醫學全書 of the Tang（唐）, Song（宋） and Yuan（元） dynasties, and they compiled comprehensive medical works which quoted suitable parts from these Chinese books. Representative of such works are the Japanese "Ishin Pou （醫心方）" (984), and the Korean " Uibang Yuch'wi（醫方類 聚）" (1477). In addition, Japanese and Koreans also collected their own medicines and drugs, and compiled indigenous texts. Two examples here are the Japanese "Daidou Ruijiu Hou（大同 類聚方）" (808) and the Korean " Hyang-yak Chipsng Bang （鄕藥集成方）" (1433). 9 The Historical Tendency of Acceptance of Chinese Medicine in Surrounding Countries The Japanese Ishin-pou 醫心方 (984) 10 The Historical Tendency of Acceptance of Chinese Medicine in Surrounding Countries The Korean Uibang Yuch'wi 醫方類聚 (1477) 11 The Historical Tendency of Acceptance of Chinese Medicine in Surrounding Countries Later, in what we might refer to as the early modern period, we find in neighboring countries the compilation of comprehensive clinical medical works most suitable for medicines and drugs available in those countries. Examples of these include the Japanese "Keiteki Shyu（啓迪集）" (1574), the Korean " Tong-i Bogam（東醫寳鑒）" (1611) and the Vietnamese "Y-tong Tamlinh（醫宗心領）" (1770). These works primarily quoted from Ming（明） dynasty clinical medical works. 12 The Historical Tendency of Acceptance of Chinese Medicine in Surrounding Countries The Japanese Keiteki Shyu 啓迪集 (1574) 13 The Historical Tendency of Acceptance of Chinese Medicine in Surrounding Countries The Korean Tong-i Bogam 東醫寳鑒 (1611) Korean original edition Japanese edition 14 The Historical Tendency of Acceptance of Chinese Medicine in Surrounding Countries Besides, each country continued reprinting various Ming dynasty comprehensive medical works, and clinical texts for small pox up to the latter half of the 19th century. In China, by contrast, we see no such fashion of reprinting these earlier works. A mixture of Chinese characters and native language in translation was also a phenomenon common to works produced in these neighboring countries. 15 The Historical Tendency of Acceptance of Chinese Medicine in Surrounding Countries Yixue Rumen 醫學入門 Chinese original edition Korean edition 16 The Historical Tendency of Acceptance of Chinese Medicine in Surrounding Countries Yixue Rumen 醫學入門 Japanese edition Vietnamese edition 17 The Historical Tendency of Acceptance of Chinese Medicine in Surrounding Countries Yixue Zhengzhuan 醫學正傳 Chinese original edition Korean Edition Japanese edition 18 The Historical Tendency of Acceptance of Chinese Medicine in Surrounding Countries Tab.1 Number of Reprints of medical comprehensive works of Ming dynasty medical comprehensive works of Ming dynasty (compilation year) / number of each edition Ch. Ming edition1 Jpn. Edo edition2 Kor. Choson edition3 Vet. Annom edition4 Yuji Weiyi 玉機微義 (1396) 8 3 1 0 Dongyuan Shishu 東垣十書 (1399-1424) 7 5 3 0 Yilin Reizheng Jiyao 醫林類證集要 (1482) 4 1 1 0 Yixue Zhuangzhen 醫學正傳 (1515) 5 10(+10) 6 (1) Yixue Rumen 醫學入門 (1575) 5 8(+1) 5 1 Wanbing Huichun 萬病回春 (1587) 7 20 4 (1) Yunlin Shengou 雲林神彀 (1591) 4 5 0 (1) Shoushi Baoyuan 壽世保元 (1615) 1 1 0 1 1 my research+≪全國中醫圖書聯合目錄≫、2 my research+小曽戸洋「和刻本漢籍医書出版総合年表－書名索引」『日本医史 学雑誌』37巻3号407-415頁(1991)、3 my research+三木栄『朝鮮医書誌』、 4 my research+ "CATALOGUE DES LIVRES 19 HANNOM (Di San Han Nom Viet Nam, Thu muc de yeu)" The Historical Tendency of Acceptance of Chinese Medicine in Surrounding Countries On the other hand, we also find a phenomenon specific to Japan. Chinese medical classics and research books on them written by Chinese were reprinted 141 times in Japan. However, such books were reprinted only 16 (or 20) times in Korea, and I have been unable to find any reprints in Vietnam and Mongolia. 20 The Historical Tendency of Acceptance of Chinese Medicine in Surrounding Countries Tab.2 Reprinted Chinese medical classics and research books on them written by Chinese Chinese medical classics and research books Japan / Number of each edition edition1 Korea edition2 Vietnam edition3 Mongol edition4 Variety of Neijing 内經類 (Suwen素問, Lingshu靈樞, Nanjing難經 etc.） 13 7(+1) (0) (0) Research books on Neijing 内經研究書 52 6 (0) (0) Zhongjing’s writings 仲景醫書 (Shanghan-lun 傷寒論, Jingui-yaolue 金匱 要略etc.) 15 (1) (0) (0) Research books on Zhongjing’s writings 仲景研究書 55 3(+2) (0) (0) Shen-nong Bencaojing神農本草經 5 0 (0) (0) Research books on Shen-nong Bencaojing 神農本草經研究書 1 0 (0) (0) 1 my research+小曽戸洋「和刻本漢籍医書出版総合年表－書名索引」『日本医史学雑誌』37巻3号407-415頁 (1991)、2 my research+三木栄『朝鮮医書誌』、 3 my research+ “CATALOGUE DES LIVRES HANNOM (Di San Han Nom Viet Nam, Thu muc de yeu)”、4 my research 21 The Historical Tendency of Acceptance of Chinese Medicine in Surrounding Countries In addition, in the Edo（江戸） period alone, 797(or 847) kinds of research books on Chinese medical classics were written by Japanese. Again, by contrast, only one kind of such a book was written by Koreans, 6 kinds of such book were written by Vietnamese, no such book was written by Mongolians. 22 The Historical Tendency of Acceptance of Chinese Medicine in Surrounding Countries Tab.3 Research book on Chinese medical classics written by Japanese, Korean, Vietnamese and Mongolian by Jpn.1 by Kor.2 by Viet.3 by Mong.4 Research books on Neijing 内經研究書 143 1 1 (0) Research books on Zhongjing’s writings 仲景研究書 637(+50) 0 5 (0) 17 0 0 (0) 797(+50) 1 6 (0) Research books on Shen-nong Bencaojing 神農本草經研究書 Total 1 my research+『国書総目録』『古典籍総合目録』、2 my research+三木栄『朝鮮医書誌』、 3 my research+ “CATALOGUE DES LIVRES HANNOM (Di San Han Nom Viet Nam, Thu muc de yeu)”、4 my research 23 The Historical Tendency of Acceptance of Chinese Medicine in Surrounding Countries Why did only Japanese research Chinese medical classics so much? This phenomenon would seem to spring from the fact that only Japan is an island country. Because the traffic between Japan and China was extremely difficult, the Japanese could not learn from the Chinese directly. That is why the Japanese saw a book as a teacher and studied these difficult classics without being able to consult Chinese specialists. 24 The Historical Tendency of Acceptance of Chinese Medicine in Surrounding Countries Also, only Japan had no experience of long-term war with China and domination by them before the middle of the 19th century. Therefore it was needless for Japan to eliminate strong influence of China and to emphasize own culture. Consequently the Japanese felt a closeness to Chinese culture, and studied their classics. On the other hand, we find that in Korea and Vietnam the Chinese works used were mainly clinical works. The reason for this seems to be, in the face of strong cultural pressure, a reluctance to study classical works, and their theories, which were not seen as directly related to clinical needs. 25 The Historical Tendency of Acceptance of Chinese Medicine in Surrounding Countries There is a strong possibility that we would find a similar phenomenon in the acceptance of Chinese classics in other fields as well. Thank you for your attention. MAYANAGI Makoto 26
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