Language of Anatomy

Language of Anatomy
Language of Anatomy
What is this fin called?
Language of Anatomy
Why is the back of your
hand called the dorsal
surface?
Language of Anatomy
To understand each other, anatomists use
common terms.
Anatomical Position
This defines all anatomical reference points.
It is defined as a person:
 STANDING STRAIGHT
Anatomical Position
This defines all anatomical reference points.
It is defined as a person:
 STANDING STRAIGHT
 FACING FOREWARD
Anatomical Position
This defines all anatomical reference points.
It is defined as a person:
 STANDING STRAIGHT
 FACING FOREWARD
 PALMS OUT OR FACING FORWARD
Anatomical Position
Anatomical Position
This defines a persons:
Front and back also known as
Ventral and dorsal
Anterior and posterior
Anatomical Position
This defines a persons:
 Left versus Right
Anatomical Position
This defines a persons:
 Top and Bottom also known as
 superior (cranial) and inferior
 cephalad and caudad
Directional Terms
Medial- towards the midline
Directional Terms
Medial- towards the midline
Lateral- away from the midline
Directional Terms
Medial- towards the midline
Lateral- away from the midline
Intermediate-between
Table 1.1 Orientation and Directional Terms (2 of 3)
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Directional Terms
Proximal-closer to the trunk of the body
Directional Terms
Proximal-closer to the trunk of the body
Distal- further from the trunk of the body
Directional Terms
Superficial-Towards the surface
Directional Terms
Superficial-Towards the surface
Deep- towards the center of the body
Table 1.1 Orientation and Directional Terms (3 of 3)
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Body Planes &Sections
Most anatomical studies, especially those
involved with radiographic studies, MRI’s and
CAT scans, use specific planes to study an area
of the body.
Body Planes &Sections
Sagittal plane-is a vertical plane that divides
the body into left and right halves.
Figure 1.8c Planes of the body with corresponding magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scans.
(c) Median section
(midsagittal)
Intestines
Rectum
Vertebral column
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Median
(midsagittal)
plane
Body Planes &Sections
Frontal planes-are vertical cuts that divide the
body into anterior and posterior sections.
Figure 1.8a Planes of the body with corresponding magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scans.
(a) Frontal section
(through torso)
Left and right lungs
Frontal
plane
Liver
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Spleen
Heart
Stomach
Arm
Body Planes &Sections
Transverse Planes- cut the body into inferior
and superior sections
Figure 1.8b Planes of the body with corresponding magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scans.
(b) Transverse section
(through torso, inferior
view)
Liver
Aorta
Spinal cord
Subcutaneous fat layer
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Pancreas
Spleen
Body wall
Transverse
plane
Body Planes &Sections
Oblique Planes- are
diagonal cuts between
the horizontal and
vertical planes.
Body Cavities
The body is divided up into two major body
cavities. These are the:
Dorsal body cavity
Body Cavities
The body is divided up into two major body
cavities. These are the:
Dorsal body cavity and
Ventral body cavity
Body Cavities
The dorsal body cavity protects the nervous
system. It contains 2 subdivisions:
• The cranial cavity which encases the brain
Body Cavities
The dorsal body cavity protects the nervous
system. It contains 2 subdivisions:
• The cranial cavity which encases the brain
• The vertebral or spinal cavity which encloses the spinal
column
Figure 1.9a Dorsal and ventral body cavities and their subdivisions.
Cranial cavity
(contains brain)
Thoracic cavity
(contains heart
and lungs)
Dorsal
body
cavity
Vertebral cavity
(contains spinal
cord)
Dorsal body cavity
Ventral body cavity
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(a) Lateral view
Diaphragm
Abdominal cavity
(contains digestive
viscera)
Pelvic cavity
(contains urinary
bladder, reproductive
organs, and rectum)
Body Cavities
The ventral body cavity is more anterior and is
the largest cavity, it contains the internal
organs known as the VISCERA.
Body Cavities
The ventral body cavity has two subdivisions:
• The thoracic cavity
Body Cavities
The ventral body cavity has two subdivisions:
• The thoracic cavity and the
• Abdominopelvic cavity
Figure 1.9a Dorsal and ventral body cavities and their subdivisions.
Cranial cavity
(contains brain)
Thoracic cavity
(contains heart
and lungs)
Dorsal
body
cavity
Vertebral cavity
(contains spinal
cord)
Dorsal body cavity
Ventral body cavity
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(a) Lateral view
Diaphragm
Abdominal cavity
(contains digestive
viscera)
Pelvic cavity
(contains urinary
bladder, reproductive
organs, and rectum)
Membranes of the
Body Cavities
The walls of the ventral body cavities and
outer surfaces of the organs are covered by a
thin, double layered membrane called the
Serosa.
Membranes of the
Body Cavities
The serosa or serous membranes are divided
into 2 parts:
 Parietal serosa covers the cavity walls
Membranes of the
Body Cavities
The serosa or serous membranes are divided
into 2 parts:
 Parietal serosa covers the cavity walls
 Visceral serosa covers the organs
Membranes of the
Body Cavities
The serosa or serous membranes are divided
into 2 parts:
 Parietal serosa covers the cavity walls
 Visceral serosa covers the organs
Membranes of the
Body Cavities
Together they form a potential space which
has a small amount of lubricating fluid called
Serous fluid.
Language of Anatomy
Language of Anatomy
Language of Anatomy
Peritonitis
Inflammation of the
serous membrane,
usually due to infection
or trauma.
Peritonitis
Inflammation of the
serous membrane,
usually due to infection
or trauma.
Leads to the organs
adhering to each other,
restricting movement.
VERY PAINFUL
Pericarditis
Inflammation of the
serous membrane
around the heart.
Anatomical Regions and
Quadrants
The Abdominopelvic Region is large and has
many organ systems. It is divided up into
smaller quadrants for study.
Figure 1.11 The four abdominopelvic quadrants.
Right upper
quadrant
(RUQ)
Left upper
quadrant
(LUQ)
Right lower
quadrant
(RLQ)
Left lower
quadrant
(LLQ)
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Figure 1.12 The nine abdominopelvic regions.
Right
Epigastric
hypochondriac
region
region
Right
lumbar
region
Umbilical
region
Right iliac Hypogastric
(inguinal) (pubic)
region
region
Left
hypochondriac
region
Left
lumbar
region
Left iliac
(inguinal)
region
(a) Nine regions delineated by four planes
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Liver
Diaphragm
Gallbladder
Stomach
Ascending colon of
large intestine
Transverse colon
of large intestine
Small intestine
Descending colon
of large intestine
Cecum
Appendix
Initial part of
sigmoid colon
Urinary bladder
(b) Anterior view of the nine regions showing the superficial organs

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